Classification of adjectives by meaning. Qualitative adj. Classes of adjectives by meaning
Stefanova Larisa Mikhailovna, teacher of Russian language and literature, State Educational Institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan “Republican Education Center”, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic
Classifications of adjectives by meaning
Textbook: " Russian language", 6th grade. Authors Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Trostentsova L.A. Textbook for educational institutions in two parts. Moscow, “Prosveshchenie”, 2015.
Purpose of the lesson: formation of the concept of the categories of adjectives.
Tasks:
Orumbling:
- introduce students to the categories of adjectives and their distinctive features;
developing:
- to develop in students the ability to determine the category of adjectives;
- develop students' spelling and punctuation skills;
educational:
- cultivate interest in the Russian language as an academic subject.
Cognitive UUD:
- ability to work with information;
- use of sign-symbolic means, general solution schemes;
- performing logical operations (comparison, analysis, generalization, establishing analogies).
Regulatory UUD:
- drawing up a plan and sequence of actions;
- self-control, correction of knowledge, skills and abilities;
- awareness of the quality and level of assimilation.
Communication UUD:
- the ability to express one’s thoughts, construct an oral statement taking into account the sphere and situation of communication, participate in a conversation, discussion;
- the ability to draw conclusions, generalize, and argue one’s point of view.
Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, screen, lesson presentation created in Power Point 2003.
Lesson progress:
Organizational moment.
Blitz survey on the topic “Adjective”:
What questions does an adjective answer?
State the general grammatical meaning of adjectives.
How do adjectives change?
What syntactic role do adjectives play in a sentence?
What degrees of comparison does an adjective have? How are they formed?
State the topic and purpose of the lesson.
- Guys! Today we will continue our acquaintance with adjectives. Write down the topic of the lesson. Slide 1.
Observation of language material.
Exercise: write out phrases like “adj.” from the sentence. + noun”, determine the gender, number and case of adjectives. Slide 2.
Winter came and covered the badger hole with a deep snowdrift.
badger mink (f. r., unit of h., Vin. p.)
deep snowdrift (m.r., singular, tv.p.)
snowdrift (m.r., unit, tv.p.)
Creation of clusters.
Slide 3. Qualitative adjectives.
What adjective denotes a characteristic (quality) of an object that may be present in this object to a greater or lesser extent?
Which adjective has degrees of comparison?
Which adjective forms the short form?
What adjective can be combined with the adverb VERY?
Which adjective forms compound adjectives through repetition?
What adjective is formed by adjectives with the prefix NOT?
All of the above characteristics are inherent in the adjective DEEP. This is a qualitative adjective.
What signs (qualities) can quality adjectives denote?
Slides 4-11 are shown, examples are given:
color - red ball,
size - tall house,
shape - round apple,
age - young man,
the inner qualities of a person are a brave knight,
a person's state of mind is a cheerful girl,
taste - sour lemon,
qualities that give a general description of the subject - an interesting book.
Slide 12. Relative adjectives.
Which of the adjectives denotes such a feature of an object that cannot be to a greater or lesser extent? Denotes the material from which the object is made? Does not have degrees of comparison, short form and does not combine with the adverb VERY? ( SNOW)
Absolutely right, guys. This is a relative adjective.
Relative adjectives can denote the material from which the object is made, the object consists, spatial, temporal characteristics of the object, and characterize the object by its action.
Slides 13-16. Meanings of relative adjectives (examples):
material - clay jug,
time - winter day,
place - mountain river,
action - swimming pool.
Slide 17. Possessive adjectives.
And we have one more adjective left - BADGER. This is a possessive adjective.
Why do you think possessive adjectives got this name? What questions do possessive adjectives answer and what do they mean? (Possessive adjectives denote that something belongs to a person or animal and answer the questions WHOSE? WHOSE? WHOSE? WHOSE?).
What suffixes do possessive adjectives have? (-OV (-EV), -IN (-UN), -II).
5. Primary consolidation. Development of students' skills and abilities.
Task 1. Copy the sentences by inserting the missing letters and marking the spelling in place of the gaps. Read expressively passages from poems by Russian poets; remember their names and authors. Find adjectives and determine their category.
1. Lingonberries are ripening,
The days have become colder,
And from the birds...his cry
My heart became sadder.
(K. D. Balmont “Autumn”)
2. It smelled like winter cold
To the fields and forests.
Light up bright purple
Before sunset the sky.
(I. A. Bunin “First Snow”)
3. Under blue skies
In... magnificent carpets,
Damn it’s in the sun, there’s snow.
(A. S. Pushkin “Winter Morning”)
Checking the completion of the task. Slides 18-20.
Task 2. Working with the textbook. Execution of exercise 341 (p. 17). Slide 21.
Determine the category of the resulting adjectives. Prove your opinion. (These are qualitative adjectives, since they form compound adjectives through repetition).
Task 3. From these nouns, form adjectives, create phrases with them like “adj. + noun"; determine the category of adjectives. Slide 22.
fox - ... (fox hole - possessive);
stone - ... (stone house - relative);
happiness - ... (happy child - qualitative);
bear - ... (bear's den - possessive);
evening - ... (evening twilight - relative);
running - ... (treadmill - relative);
sea - ... (seashore - relative);
mom - ... (mom's umbrella - possessive).
Checking the completion of the task. Slide 23.
Say the words LI WITH YA , MEDVE AND YA. What sounds do you hear in place of the highlighted letters? What function does b perform? (Separating b)
Task 4. Working with the textbook. Execution of exercise 350 (page 22). Slide 24.
Punctuation in direct speech (incidental repetition). Work according to the schemes:
6. Summing up the lesson. Reflection. Evaluation of students' work in class by the teacher. Self-assessment using the “Unfinished Sentence” technique (slide 25):
1) Today in class I learned...
2) I felt... (difficult, difficult, easy, interesting, etc.).
3) I learned (as) ...
7. Homework. Ex. 344, 349.
Slides 26-27. Internet sources used.
In Russian, it is a part of speech, the main function of which is to designate a non-procedural attribute of an object (in contrast to the participle, which denotes an attribute of an object by action). Adjectives can change according to cases and numbers, and in the singular form - also according to gender, and are also classified into special lexical and grammatical groups - categories. Thus, the categories of adjectives are three large groups that unite words that are similar in meaning and way of denoting the attribute of an object. Adjectives belonging to each of the categories have their own characteristics of change and use. Let's talk about this in more detail below, and below is a summary table.
Places of adjectives
Discharge | Hue of value | Degree of comparison | Short form | Combination with the adverb “very” | Examples |
Quality | A sign of an object in terms of its quality, that is, the sign can manifest itself to one degree or another | Good, kind, easy, beautiful, poor, old |
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Relative | A sign of an object that denotes a relationship to place, time, material, etc., that is, constant, unchanging | Evening (hours), iron (rod), milk (soup), continental (climate) |
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Possessives | A sign of an object as a designation of belonging to something or someone | Wolf (skin), maiden (honor), grandfathers (jacket) |
features of meaning, change and use
Qualitative adjectives are a lexical-grammatical category that combines words denoting the quality of an object, that is, a feature that can manifest itself to one degree or another, to a greater or lesser extent, for example: expensive doll, beautiful girl, poor artist, talented actor. Qualitative adjectives, in addition to changing by case, gender and number, can also form short forms, degrees of comparison and be combined with the adverb “very”. Other categories and possessives) do not have these characteristics.
Education of short forms
The short form is formed from the full form and has a close semantic connection with it: cramped - cramped, cramped, cramped; beautiful - beautiful, beautiful, beautiful; harmful - harmful, harmful, harmful. There are a number of adjectives that once had both full and short forms in the Russian language, but today are used only in the short form, for example: glad, love, much, must and others.
It is noteworthy that historically it is considered to be the basic, initial one, and at the initial stages of language development, the full form was formed from the short one. Today, when forming a short form, alternation or loss of vowels can be observed: green - green, green, green; sharp - cutting, cutting, cutting. Adjectives in the short form are inflected by number and gender (in the singular), but are not declined. In a sentence, as a rule, they perform the function of a predicate: The Countess looked extraordinarily beautiful in this dress.
Education of degrees of comparison
Comparative and simile is an illustration of how clearly and fully expressed this quality is in an object: dad is good - better - best; talented artist - more talented than another - most talented. Let us recall that other categories of adjectives designate the attribute of an object as constant, incapable of gradation.
Degrees of comparison can be formed synthetically - suffixally ( expensive - more expensive, beautiful - most beautiful), and analytically - using special words:
- comparative - more, less + initial form of adjective ( more complex, less interesting);
- superlative - most, least, most + initial form of adjective ( the most attractive, the most cheerful) or all, all + simple comparative degree of adjective ( sings best, is valued most highly).
The words of this part of speech in synthetic comparative form do not change in case, number and gender and do not agree with the noun whose attribute they denote. Their syntactic function in a sentence is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate ( An old friend is better than two new ones).
For most qualitative adjectives, simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison can exist in parallel, but there are words that in modern language do not form a simple comparative degree: massive, early, timid and others.
Another nuance to pay attention to is education from different foundations, for example: good - better, bad - worse, small - less.
From adjectives in the comparative and superlative degrees, one should distinguish words that are manifestations of subjective assessment, which denote not the degree of manifestation of a given characteristic in a particular situation, but the assessment of this characteristic by the speaker: tiny hand, pretty face, huge paws. Adjectives with suffixes should not be included in this group - ovat-/-evat-: such words do not denote a subjective assessment of a characteristic, but the objective incompleteness of its manifestation, for example: whitish haze, greenish tint.
Relative adjectives
If we compare the categories of nouns and adjectives, we can draw the following parallel: material nouns denote a substance, material, and relative adjectives - a sign in relation to this substance, material: wood - wooden, rice - rice, ice - ice. However, the feature denoted by the adjectives of this group can relate not only to the material, but also to place, time, etc., for example: evening, summer, foreign, domestic, coastal. This feature appears constantly and cannot be expressed to a greater or lesser extent, therefore relative adjectives are unable to form degrees of comparison.
Possessive adjectives
This category combines adjectives that answer the question whose? and denoting the belonging of an object to someone or something: dad's friend, wolf fang, sheep's wool, grandfather's cap.
Classes of adjectives: the use of words in a figurative meaning
To improve in some cases, adjectives from one category can be used in the meaning of words from another category, for example: an iron mug - iron nerves, a wolf's trail - a wolf's gaze, a gold chain - golden hands. In this regard, the category of an adjective is determined not only taking into account general formal indicators, but also with close attention to the context.
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Target: developing students' knowledge about the categories of adjectives.
Educational: introduce students to the categories of adjectives and their distinctive features.
Developmental: continue to practice comparison skills, matching adjectives, learn to recognize their categories.
Educational: to cultivate a positive attitude towards acquiring knowledge, interest in the Russian language.
Lesson type: lesson in acquiring new knowledge.
Equipment: computer, projector, multimedia screen, electronic presentation with necessary images, textbook, table template.
Lesson structure
1. Organizational moment. Psychological mood for the lesson
3. Lesson message. Designation of the purpose of the lesson.
4. Studying new material.
5. Consolidation.
1) definition of the category of adjectives
2) physical minute
3) crossword
4) working with text
5) eliminate unnecessary things
6. Lesson summary.
7. Homework.
Lesson progress
1. Organizational moment. Psychological mood for the lesson.
Hello. Sit more comfortably in your seats, calm down, listen to the silence. I would like to start our lesson by reading the epigraph: “To digest knowledge, you need to absorb it with appetite.” - Guys, what do you think the French writer France Anatole wanted to express in these lines?
Do you agree with him?
So let's show interest in new material in today's lesson. And to whet your appetite, we will hold a competition between the rows, thereby checking the material covered.
2. Repetition of the material covered.
There are three columns of words on the board for each row. It is necessary to quickly and accurately form degrees of comparison from adjectives, if possible.
Children take turns conducting a dialogue between the rows, forming chains of adjectives. (Correct answers are scored)
3. Report the topic of the lesson. Designation of the purpose of the lesson.
Slide No. 1. Today, guys, we continue to get to know the adjective. Namely, with the ranks of the adjective by meaning. A wise owl will help me explain the material to you.
Open your notebooks, write down the date and topic of the lesson.
Let's try to formulate the purpose of today's lesson. What are we going to talk about? What should we “take away” from today’s lesson? (Children answer)
4. Studying new material.
(The students have table templates on their desks. When explaining the material, the children fill it out.)
Slide number 2. Adjectives have three categories: qualitative, relative and possessive. Can you guess why the categories of adjectives are named this way?
How will we recognize them? Each category has its own distinctive features.
Slide number 3. Let's start filling out the table.
Slide number 4. Qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic of an object, which can be to a greater or lesser extent.
Slide number 6. Only qualitative adjectives form comparative and superlative degrees of comparison.
Slide number 7. The doll is beautiful - this doll is more beautiful - and this doll is the most beautiful.
Slide number 8. Qualitative adjectives have a short and a long form.
Slide number 9. Tall is tall, handsome is handsome, kind is kind.
Slide number 10. Qualitative adjectives can be combined with adverbs very, extremely, too and others.
Slide number 12. Relative adjectives denote a characteristic of an object that cannot be greater or lesser.
Slide number 13. Wooden spoon. The other spoon will also be WOODEN, but not WOODEN.
Slide number 14. Relative adjectives can refer to material. Clay jug. The jug is made of clay.
Slide number 15. Relative adjectives can indicate time. Autumn day. We see in the photo one of the days of autumn.
Slide number 16. Relative adjectives can indicate place. Pet. The cat lives in the house.
Slide number 17. Relative adjectives can indicate action. Treadmill. The track is intended for running.
Slide number 18. Possessive adjectives answer the question WHOSE? They may indicate that an object belongs to a person or an animal.
Slide number 19. WHOSE egg? CHICKEN EGG.
Slide number 20. Possessive adjectives have the suffixes -in- (-yn-), -nin, -iy, -ov, -ev, -sk. For example, dad's hat, rabbit trail.
Slide number 21. Let's, guys, compare your completed signs with mine.
5. Consolidation.
1) Determine the category of adjectives.
Slide No. 22-33. Let's, guys, together determine the category of the adjective. One student reads the phrase, the other answers, reasoning.
A garden apple, a delicious cake, a cleft palate, a comfortable chair, grandma’s slippers, a railroad.
2) Physical exercise.
To prevent visual fatigue, a set of exercises by E. S. Avetisov was used.
I.p. – sitting, leaning back in your chair, take a deep breath. Lean forward towards the table top - exhale. Repeat 5-6 times.
I.p. – sitting, leaning back in a chair, cover your eyelids with your hands, close your eyes tightly. With your eyes closed, open your eyelids, then open your eyes. Repeat 4 times.
I.p. - sitting, hands on waist. Turn your head to the right, look at the elbow of your right hand, turn your head to the left, look at the elbow of your left hand, return to IP. Repeat 4-5 times.
I.p. – sitting with your hands forward, look at your fingertips, raise your hands up (inhale), follow your hands with your eyes, do not raise your head, lower your hands (exhale). Repeat 5-6 times.
3) Crossword.
Guys, here is a crossword puzzle for you. Let's try to guess the adjectives that denote quality. What are these adjectives called?
Slide number 34.
Slide number 35. At rest. (Calm)
Slide number 36. Existing for a long time. (Old)
Slide number 37. Absolutely correct answer. (Accurate)
Slide number 38. Loving idleness. (Lazy)
Slide number 39. Knowing no fear. (Brave)
Slide number 40. Pleasant. (Nice)
Slide number 41. Lasting for a very long time. (Eternal)
Slide number 42. Full of anger. (Wicked)
Apple Pie (Apple)
Guys, will the adjective APPLE be quality? Why? How do we reason when determining the category of relative adjectives? (Answer)
4) Working with text.
Write the text using relative adjectives instead of dots. Indicate the meaning of adjectives. (Time, place, material, etc.)
On (summer) days it is good to wander in the (birch) grove. A warm wind rustles green leaves overhead. It smells like (forest) mushrooms and ripe fragrant strawberries. (Sun)rays break through the dense foliage. It’s good to lie in a (flower) meadow, with your hands under your head, looking into the heights, where high clouds float and float across the blue sky, like white swans, above the tops of the birches.
5) Eliminate unnecessary things.
Among the pairs of pictures, choose the one to which this combination of words could be applied as a possessive adjective + noun.
Guys, when looking for a possessive adjective, how will you reason? What do these word combinations mean in another version?
Slide No. 43-48. Crocodile tears, pansies, crow's nest, mouse eyes, ravenous appetite, ponytail.
Expression "crocodile tears" means hypocritical regret, deceit, deception. It is applicable to people who pretend to be upset by the misfortunes of those for whom they are preparing, if not death, then thorough disgust. This expression arose in connection with the ancient belief that before a hearty meal, a crocodile sheds tears, with which he mourns the impending death of an innocently eaten victim. According to another version, the crocodile calls its victim with a plaintive cry, after which it grabs it and devours it. It was also believed that the crocodile began to cry at the end of lunch, when only the head remained of the victim. One way or another, the crocodile was a symbol of treachery, cunning and deceit. Crocodile crying turned out to be a purely physiological process - in this way the animal gets rid of excess salt in the body, that’s all.
Crow's nest - a person's hair sticks out in different directions, the volume does not hold.
A ravenous appetite is when a person eats unusually large quantities of food.
Pansies are flowers.
Mouse eyes are very small eyes, like those of a mouse.
Ponytail - hairstyle, hair tied in a ponytail. The tail looks like a horse's.
6. Lesson summary.
What digits of value did we get acquainted with today in class?
Do the names match the meanings of the adjectives?
What does each category of adjectives mean?
Well done! Everyone who worked in class received grades.
7. Homework assignment.
Compare the table that you filled out in class with the theoretical material in § 50-52. Slide number 49. Come up with adjectives and arrange them in columns in your notebook.
Try to guess which house the quality adjectives should be placed in? Relative and possessive? Why?
§1. General characteristics of the adjective
An adjective is an independent significant part of speech.
1. Grammatical meaning- “sign of an object.”
Adjectives include words that answer the questions: which?, whose?
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full/short form and degree of comparison,
- changeable - case, number, singular - gender.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of qualitative adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of qualitative adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.
§2. Morphological features of adjectives
An adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a qualitative adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to changeable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, is considered by linguists to be permanent characteristics. Different permanent signs are expressed differently. For example:
sweeter - comparative degree of adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has the ending -й.
Inconstant features: case, number, gender (singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.
§3. Classes of adjectives by meaning
Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:
- qualitative: big, small, good, bad, cheerful, sad,
- relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
- possessive: fox, wolf, father's, mother's, fathers.
Qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives denote characteristics that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:
- full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
- degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.
Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of qualitative adjectives are producing stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meanings of qualitative adjectives are such that most of them enter into a relationship
- synonyms: large, large, huge, huge
- antonymies: big - small.
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives are related in meaning to the words from which they are derived. That is why they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden←gold, tomorrow←tomorrow, forest←forest, spring←spring. Features expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?
Possessive adjectives
These adjectives express the idea of belonging. Unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, they answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: lisiy - -ii- [ij’], mamin - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples it is clear that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings -
-y, -y, -oh.
Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives and plural, like nouns, and the rest - like adjectives:
Singular
Name w.r. - a: mother’s, fox, m.r. - : , mother’s, fox, m.r. - oh, e: mom’s, fox.
Rod.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - wow, his: mom’s, fox’s.
Daten.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, him: mother’s, fox’s.
Vin.p. w.r. - u, yu: mother’s, fox, m.r. and Wed r. - as im.p. or r.p.
Tv.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.
P.p. w.r. - oh, her: mom’s, fox’s, m.r. and w.r. - oh, I eat: my mother’s, fox’s.
Plural
Name - s, and: mother’s, foxes.
Rod.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Daten.p. - ym, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Vin.p. - as im.p. or v.p.
Tv.p. - s, them: mother’s, fox’s.
P.p. - oh, them: mother’s, fox’s.
Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are determined by the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:
- fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning is relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
- bitter medicine is a qualitative adjective, and bitter truth is relative (correlates with bitterness)
- light bag is a qualitative adjective, and light life - relative (correlates with ease)
§4. Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have both forms: full and short.
In full form they bow, i.e. vary by number, by gender (in singular) and by case. Full adjectives in a sentence can be a modifier or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Late at night they left the house.
Late - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular parts, zh.r., tv.p.
In short form, adjectives are not inflected. They do not change by case. Short adjectives vary in number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.
The girl is sick.
Sick - qualitative adjective, positive. degree, short form, units, w.r. In modern language, as definitions, short adjectives come in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful maiden, in broad daylight.
Don't be surprised:
Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.
Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. the form of v.p. coinciding with it. ending - as in short forms.
§5. Degrees of comparison
Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how language expresses the fact that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And language conveys this content.
Degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of comparison. They do this systematically. There are three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.
- Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: tall, cheerful, warm.
- The comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, taller, more cheerful, warmer, less tall, less cheerful, less warm.
- The superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.
From the examples it is clear that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In the comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is conveyed either using suffixes: higher, more cheerful, highest, most cheerful, or using words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:
- simple forms: higher, highest,
- compound forms: taller, less tall, highest.
Among the simple forms in the Russian language, as well as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from another stem.
- good, bad - positive degree
- better, worse - comparative degree
- best, worst - superlative
Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change differently:
- Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
- Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
- Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - changes according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
- Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change according to cases, numbers, and in the singular - according to gender, i.e. as in a positive degree.
Adjectives in simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:
Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.
Other forms of comparison can be used both as a definition and as a predicate:
I approached the older guys.
The guys were more mature than I thought.
I turned to the oldest guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who study in the circle.
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is an adjective an independent part of speech?
What adjectives can express characteristics that are expressed to a greater or lesser extent?
- Quality
- Relative
- Possessives
Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?
- For quality
- For relative
- For possessives
Are relative adjectives derivatives?
Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?
- In quality
- In relative
- In possessive
Do adjectives change by case in their full form?
What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of definition?
- For overweight people
- For short
Do all adjectives change by case?
- Not all
Do all adjectives change according to gender?
- Not all
Do superlative adjectives change according to case?
Can comparatives or superlatives be expressed in one word?
Can adjectives change from one category of meaning to another?
Correct answers:
- Quality
- For quality
- In possessive
- For overweight people
- Not all
- Not all
According to their meaning and grammatical characteristics, adjectives are traditionally divided into 3 categories: qualitative, relative and possessive. But modern linguistics also has other classifications. Russian Grammar–1980 (vol. 1, p. 540) proposes to classify adjectives on two grounds: firstly, according to the nature of the attribute being called; secondly, by the nature of the designation of the feature. Taking into account which feature is considered more important, a classification of adjectives is constructed.
I option. All adjectives are divided into two lexical and grammatical categories: qualitative and relative. Relative, in turn, are divided into relative, ordinal and pronominal. At the next stage, relatives themselves are divided into non-possessive and possessive.
Option II. According to the second criterion, the classification divides all adjectives into significant and pronominal. Next, nominative adjectives are divided into qualitative and relative; relative ones are divided into relative ones and ordinal ones. Finally, the relative ones themselves are divided into non-possessive and possessive [Russian Grammar – 1980, vol. 1, p. 540].
In school grammar, there are 3 categories: qualitative, relative and possessive. The same categories are highlighted in a number of university grammars. Taking into account the broad understanding of the term “adjective” adopted in this work, we add another category to them - ordinal adjectives. Let's consider each of the selected categories.
Qualitative adjectives. Qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic of an object that can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent. By lexical meaning they are very diverse and can be called:
a) color: blue, gray, bright, faded etc.;
b) properties of objects perceived by all senses: bitter, sweet, soft, elastic, warm, thick, long etc.;
c) physical qualities of living beings: fat, old, strong, tall, stately etc.;
d) spiritual qualities of people, their character traits, etc. .: kind, proud, sweet, affectionate, strict, honest etc.
Qualitative adjectives can be included in antonymous pairs: long - short, narrow - wide, close - far, high - low, thick - thin etc. At the same time, different LSVs may have their own antonyms, for example: fresh bread -stale bread,fresh wind -warm wind,fresh cucumber -salty cucumber,fresh shirt -dirty shirt,fresh news -old news etc.
Word-formation features of qualitative adjectives. Qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative (unlike possessive adjectives, whose stems are derivative): blue, good;
may have their own suffixes - iv, -ov, -liv, -chiv, -ist, -ast: gamesive oh, naughtyive oh, thoughtfulive oh, silverist y;
form forms of subjective assessment: white, whitish, whitish;
abstract nouns with suffixes are formed from them -ost, -is, from (a), -from (a)) : white - whiteness, strict - severity, fresh - freshness, deaf - deafness;
from them adverbs are formed -o, -e, -i: beautiful - beautiful, fresh - fresh, brutal - brutal.
Grammatical features of qualitative adjectives :
ability to have degrees of comparison: white– whiter, whiter(comparative degree); whitest, whitest, whitest of all (of all)(superlative);
availability of short and long forms ( white - white, thin - thin);
they can be combined with adverbs of degree extremely, very, very etc.: very kind, extremely shy, very sweet.
The main features that distinguish quality adjectives are grammatical: degrees of comparison, short and long forms. Since not all qualitative adjectives have a full set of these features (for example: blind, barefoot, oblique have no degrees of comparison; business– short form, etc.), then the presence of two or even one of the main features is considered sufficient to classify an adjective as qualitative, for example: the river is navigable.
Relative adjectives. Relative adjectives denote the characteristics of an object by indicating its relationship to a person, animal, object, action, place, time, number, for example: children's drawings - children's drawings, wooden spoon - wooden spoon, Ukrainian village - village in Ukraine, yesterday - the day that was yesterday; double knot - a knot tied twice, etc.
Relative adjectives, as a rule, are characterized by the absence of lexical and grammatical features characteristic of qualitative adjectives. Synonyms of many relative adjectives are nouns, including the genitive adjective (a noun in gender after the noun): village street - village street, university building - university building.
Replacement with nouns is not possible in the following cases:
in geographical names, street names, hotels, etc.: Deribasovskaya embankment, hotel "Kyiv" etc.;
in case of discrepancy in the meanings of the nominal construction and the corresponding adjective: urban view (characteristic of a city dweller) and view of the city;
in phrases with adjectives in a figurative meaning : silk hair (not silk hair, but hair soft like silk) etc.
In some cases, relative adjectives can be replaced by gendered nouns. p. with prepositions: from: paper bag – a bag made of paper; straw hat - a hat made of straw; from: Crimean delegate - delegate from Crimea; For: smoking room - smoking room; nouns in wine. p. with a pretext
Possessive adjectives. Possessive adjectives express the attribute of an object by naming the belonging of the object to the owner (person or animal) and are formed using suffixes -ov- (-ev-), -in-, -nin-, -y-, -sk-, -ovsk- (-evsk-), -insk-.
There are several groups of possessive adjectives.
1. Adjectives with suffixes -in-, -nin-, -ov-, -ev-:sisters, grandfathers, brothers, teachers. They are used in them. n. only in a short form and have a special declension (see “Declination of adjectives”). These adjectives are formed by adding the specified suffixes to the stem of nouns denoting the names of persons or animals. In modern Russian they are used extremely rarely; genus is usually used instead. n. accessories of nouns: sister's book, brother's coat. The use of adjectives in - ov-, -ev-. This happens because such words indicate belonging to one person, and in modern language there is a tendency to expand the scope of use of those adjectives, the meaning of which combines an indication of belonging to a person and an entire group.
Adjectives starting with - nin- are used somewhat more often, mainly in colloquial speech. There are only a few of them: brother, daughter, husband, brother-in-law.
Adjectives of the first group often become components of phraseological combinations: pyrrhic victory, crocodile tears, pansies.
2. The next group consists of adjectives with a suffix -th- (-iii-): fox, bear, wolf. They denote not individual, but general gender affiliation, are formed from common nouns naming persons and animals, and are widespread in modern Russian: avian hubbub,fishy eye,wolf flock,shepherd's pipe,girlish pride. Some scientists classify such adjectives as relative possessive, while others include them in relative adjectives. It is necessary to take into account the semantics of such adjectives: if they denote belonging to an animal or a person, they should be classified as possessive ( fox tail– a tail belonging to a fox; wolf ear– wolf ear etc.); if an adjective denotes the material from which something is made, it belongs to the category of relative adjectives: fox coat - fox fur coat, sable hat - sable hat. Some adjectives with suffix -y- (-y-) have not a direct, but a figurative meaning and are included in stable combinations: voracious appetite, bearish gait, disservice.
3. A small group consists of possessive adjectives, indicating that an object belongs to one person and containing suffixes -sk-, -ovsk-, -insk-: Chekhov's story, Pushkin's poem.
Some linguists have tried to classify adjectives with suffixes as possessives -sk-, -ovsk-, -insk-, formed from the names of settlements and denoting belonging to a city, etc. .: Simferopol plant, Feodosia beach, Oryol theater. Such a broad understanding of “possessiveness” defies logic. As is known, the semantic basis for identifying possessive adjectives is an indication of belonging to a person or animal; The basis for identifying relative adjectives is the ability to denote the characteristics of objects in their relation to other objects. Therefore, adjectives like Leningradsky (park), city (street), yesterday's (news) must be included in the relative category.
Ordinal adjectives. Ordinal adjectives name the attribute of an object through its relation to number, quantity. They are formed from cardinal numbers, for example: nine - nine, ninety-nine - ninety-nine. The peculiarity of their declension in comparison with the corresponding cardinal numerals is that only the last component changes in compound words.
Table 1
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one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine one thousand nine hundred ninety nine one thousand nine hundred ninety-nine one thousand nine hundred ninety-nine (o) one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine |
