Pipe area history of the name. Pipe area. Performance History

– My neighbor says that on Bolshaya Nikitskaya, in house number 13, the great composers Tchaikovsky and Glinka, as well as Bach and Beethoven, settled in 1901. They probably went to visit each other and walked together. Was it really beating?

– Bolshaya Nikitskaya, 13? Yes, this is the building of the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory! It was built exactly in 1901. On the walls of the hall are portraits of great composers. Their music lives there, which means they themselves live there! This is probably what our reader’s neighbor had in mind. Only the years of life of Russian composers are: 1840-1893. - Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky; 1804-1857 - Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka. Years of life of German composers: 1685-1750. - Johann Sebastian Bach; 1770-1827 - Ludwig van Beethoven. And the year 1901 is the twentieth century!

– I live on Mytnaya Street. Why is it called that? Maybe people washed here when there were no baths yet?

– There was once a livestock market on Mytnaya Street. The name of the street comes from the Mytny Dvor that existed under Ivan the Terrible (the customs house through which in the 16th-17th centuries large and small cattle, pigs, and poultry brought to Moscow for sale were passed through). Here, for each head of livestock or bird, a certain duty was collected in favor of the treasury - “washed” - and the animal or bird was stained with a “washed spot” - a seal, without which the sale of animals and birds in Moscow was prohibited.

– I think that Trubnaya Square is so called because in ancient times all Moscow brass bands performed there. The trumpeters blew all the trumpets, and so it became Trubnaya Square.

– There are so many versions about Trubnaya Square! So our reader has a rich imagination. But in reality, everything happened like this. In the 17th century, the Neglinnaya River flowed under the fortress wall, passing through an opening called a pipe. Therefore, the entire area around was called Pipes. Hence Trubnaya Square.

I would like to know who a “one-man band” is?

– An ancient entertainment: a man-orchestra! In appearance, he looked like a knight in full armor. On his head he was wearing something like a helmet, hung with metal bells, and behind his back was a huge drum with bells, which the man hit with sticks with leather-covered balls at the ends. The sticks were attached to his elbows. Above the drum are copper plates driven by a special drive attached to the boot. On the chest, under the chin, there is a wind harmony. The man twitched his leg, shook his head and elbows, and blew in harmony!

“I guessed that in ancient times, Solyanka sold pickled cucumbers, herring and other pickles. That's why the street is called after all. Right?

– Pickles, herring and even solyanka soup have nothing to do with the name of the street. In the 17th-18th centuries, on the corner of this street and Bolshoy Ivanovsky Lane there was a royal salt yard, in the barns of which salt was stored. It was a state monopoly. Everyone who mined salt was required to hand it over to the treasury. And small sellers had to buy it from the barns of the Salt Yard. And sell at a set price. Only in 1733 was free retail trade in salt allowed. From this Salt Yard the street got its name - SOLYANKA.

The radial-ring principle of planning of ancient Russian cities is a feature of the development of ancient Russian cities and Moscow in particular. From the center of the settlement, the expanding city was surrounded by ever new defensive walls. This was precisely the prerequisite for the emergence of many, including Trubnaya.

Pipe Square: history of origin

“The Underworld” is the second part of the complex, accessible only to “initiates”. It consisted of small rooms - "forges" and large rooms - "devil's mills".

There was also an underground part - the "Hell" tavern, where a very dangerous public gathered. Here they played cards for money and life, drank drinks common among exiles and convicts, and resolved issues displeasing to the government.

It is with Trubnaya Square that important events in the political life of the city are connected: an assassination attempt on the Tsar was being prepared, and there was also a mass death of residents of the capital going to the funeral of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin.

Monument on Trubnaya

In 1994, a stele “Grateful Russia to the soldiers of law and order who died in the line of duty” was unveiled on Trubnaya Square in Moscow. This event sums up everything said above. After all, this square is a bloody place in the capital, where not only citizens died, but also guardians of the law who tried to restore order in the most gangster corner of Moscow. The authors of the stele are A. V. Kuzmin and A. A. Bichukov.

The monument is made in the form of a Roman triumphal column, the trunk of which is cast in bronze. The column is installed on a granite stepped pedestal, the base is decorated with bas-reliefs. One of them depicts a Mother grieving over the body of her deceased son.

On the column is a figure of St. George the Victorious, killing a serpent with a spear. The symbolism of the sculpture is obvious: St. George the Victorious personifies the warrior of Law and Order, and the snakes represent the criminals with whom he fights and invariably wins. It should be noted that the image is different from the canonical one - St. George the Victorious is depicted not as a horseman, but as a standing warrior trampling the enemy snake with his foot.

The height of the column reaches 32.5 m, which is 15.5 m lower than the famous Alexander Column in St. Petersburg.

Every year, a Memory Watch is held near the monument, where Moscow police officers gather and lay flowers - a tribute to the memory of the fallen defenders of law and order.

Sights of Trubnaya Square

At the corner of Trubnaya Square and Neglinnaya Street there is a historical building that houses the School of Contemporary Play. Previously, on the site of this building there was a tobacco stall, and in the 19th century, according to the design of D. Chichagov, this building was built, intended for the fashionable “Hermitage”, which attracted the entire aristocratic elite of Moscow. It was here that the famous chef-inventor Lucien Olivier shone with his art.

This restaurant is also associated with the name of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, who signed a contract here with the famous book publisher Suvorin to print the complete collection of his works.

But the house on the corner of Bolshoi Golovin Lane has the historical name “House with Pregnant Caryatids.” It housed one of the most popular brothels in aristocratic Moscow.

Nearby, on Tsvetnoy Boulevard, is the famous Yuri Nikulin Circus.

How to get to Trubnaya Square? The most convenient way to travel is the Moscow metro: to the Trubnaya Ploshchad or Tsvetnoy Boulevard stations.

And in order not to confuse anything, we suggest that you look at the photo of Trubnaya Square in advance.

Have a nice trip and unforgettable impressions!

The history of the appearance of metal pipes goes back centuries. The beginning of metallurgical production is considered to be the 8th-7th millennium BC. Water shortages in Asia and the Middle East have led to the emergence of pipelines.

The first pipelines in ancient Egypt

In Egypt, metal processing began in the 4th millennium BC. Due to the lack of water in this country, the need for the manufacture of water pipes was very great. It is not surprising that such products began to be produced here so long ago. Initially, bamboo trunks and products made from molded baked clay were used for these purposes.

The earliest pipelines known to mankind were found in Abusir. In the palace part of the pyramid of King Sahure, a copper pipe was discovered, designed to drain rainwater. It was laid in stones and secured with plaster.

Pieces of copper pipes were interconnected with an overlap; for this purpose, each subsequent link was narrowed on one side. The pipes were inserted into one another with tension. Already in the 2nd century BC. In Egypt, long water pipelines from copper pipes were actively built. Water was delivered to the settlements from storage facilities and reservoirs overlooking the area.

Roman pipes

Improvements in pipe making in Ancient Rome led to improvements in the quality of plumbing systems. Pipes were made here from tin, lead and bronze. There was a whole industry for the production of lead pipes with the marks of masters, trademarks and stamps of customers.

Pipes with a diameter of 20-300 mm were formed from sheets of metal. The seam was made from lead-tin solder. The connections were made end-to-end or overlapping.

Sometimes there were products in which the bend of the edge was grooved. The edge was treated with a special putty. However, these products were only used for walling.

Lead pipes Ø30 to Ø600 mm with the same wall thickness (8 mm) were used to install water supply systems. As a result, a pipe with a diameter of 30 cm had a working pressure of up to 1.5 atm, and a pipe with a diameter of 60 cm had a working pressure of up to 1.25 atm.

Sometimes thick-walled lead pipes were also used. In the Alatri water supply there are pipes that can withstand relatively high pressure (no more than 10 atmospheres). This is due to the thickness of the pipes, the diameter of which is 10 cm, and the walls are 10-35 mm.

Pipelines in Europe

Until the 17th century, pipes made of non-ferrous metals and even wood were used in various systems in Europe.

For centuries, metal and ceramic pipes have competed with their wood counterparts! And in 1430, a special machine for making wooden pipelines was even developed in Germany. Da Vinci improved this invention by installing a rotation accelerator designed for vertical and horizontal drilling.

Pipe making in Rus' and Europe developed at the same speed. Water pipelines were initially installed exclusively on large farms. The first Kremlin water supply system, the construction of which began in mid-autumn 1631, deserves special attention. Water for water supply was taken from the Moscow River. It was carried by gravity through lead pipes into the well of the Sviblova Tower, and from there, using a water-lifting machine, it was delivered in different directions to the palaces. Water tanks and ponds were installed in the houses. The system capacity was up to 4 thousand buckets per day.

Over time, a network of water pipelines was created - separate pipelines were laid from the reservoir.

The technical level of Moscow's water supply system was not lower than similar structures in Europe. The Kremlin's water supply was maintained by separate personnel. The king appreciated the advantages of the water supply system and soon took care of its organization in all places of his stay.

All existing plumbing systems in the past were simple. Years of research have led to the improvement of plumbing, thanks to which every resident of the country today has the opportunity to use tap water.

Old Moscow
Historical districts, main streets and squares of the great city

PIPE AREA

The square lies at the intersection of the Boulevard Ring with Neglinnaya Street and Tsvetnoy Boulevard. This is one of the busiest squares in Moscow. Trams, cars and numerous pedestrians move along it in a continuous stream. Unlike other Moscow squares, usually surrounded on either side by ladies, this square is bordered not so much by houses as by boulevards: Petrovsky in the west, Tsvetnoy in the north, Rozhdestvensky in the east, and even in the south, the wide Neglinnaya Street recently still had a boulevard in the middle .
In the 17th century, Trubnaya Square was crossed from north to south by the Neglinnaya River, and from west to east by the fortress wall of the White City, which had a large opening for the river to pass through - a pipe fenced with a thick cast-iron grate. On the site of Petrovsky Boulevard there was Lubyanoy Torg - a market where ready-made log houses, huts, and ordinary churches (for daily prayer at home) were sold. Tree seedlings, flower and vegetable seeds were also sold here. With frequent fires in Moscow, fire victims could buy a ready-made log house here and build a new hut in two or three days, even arranging a small garden and vegetable garden with it, buying trees and seeds for sowing at the same market.

Trubnaya Square from Rozhdestvensky Boulevard. 1947

Pipe Square was formed after the wall of the White City was demolished. In 1779, a water canal from Mytishchi began to be built through the square. It was completed only in 1804. A stone pavilion was built on the square, in which the water passing through the canal fell into a vertical pipe and flowed to the fountains on Neglinnaya Street.
At this time, a wooden bridge across the river. Non-clay was replaced by stone.
In the 1820s, Petrovsky and Rozhdestvensky boulevards were built on the sides of the square, in the 1830s - Trubny Boulevard, to the north and south of the square.
In 1840, wooden shops were transferred to Trubnaya Square from Okhotny Ryad, where they sold songbirds in cages, pigeons and small animals (rabbits, hedgehogs, cats, as well as dogs of various breeds). In the same year, shops selling flowers, flower seeds, and small trees were moved here from Teatralnaya Square. These shops are located on the northern side of the square and at the beginning of the boulevard, from which they received the name “Tsvetnoy”. Flower shops stood here until recently.

Pipe area. Bast trade on Truba in the 17th century.

Trubnaya Square from Rozhdestvensky Boulevard at the end of the 19th century.

In the 1860s, the stone pavilion of Mytishchi water was destroyed. In its place a fountain was built, fed by water from the Moscow River. But near Rozhdestvensky Boulevard there was also a natural fountain in the wall that crossed the boulevard, from which water of local origin continuously flowed. It was recently destroyed.
On the site of the Peasant's House there was a vacant lot, unsafe for passers-by at night, since on the opposite corner of the square there was a tavern "Hell" in the basement, where thieves, robbers, and the scum of society in general gathered at night.
In the 1880s, on the site of a remote, gloomy wasteland, the fashionable Hermitage-Olivier restaurant was built, run by the French chef Olivier. Luxurious carriages, carriages, and reckless cabs drove up to the restaurant every now and then, bringing the wealthy public: manufacturers, bankers, prominent officials, and large merchants. Merchants loved to celebrate weddings, anniversaries and funerals at Olivier's restaurant.
For a long time, on the other corner of Neglinnaya Street and Square there was a pharmacy, and on the corner of Tsvetnoy and Petrovsky Boulevards there was a grocery store. They are still here now.
At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, Trubnaya Square was famous throughout the city for its Sunday bird trade, beautifully described by A.P. Chekhov in the artistic essay “In Moscow on Trubnaya Square.”
There were almost no permanent tents on the square, except for five small tents with fishing equipment. Early in the morning, sellers brought in and brought cages with birds and small animals; the goods were sold secondhand. Boys brought their own or caught other people's pigeons for sale and exchange. Fans of canaries, siskins, goldfinches, quails, and tits brought young and old birds, singing and not singing. Cats, puppies, huge Great Danes and St. Bernards were also sold here. On Sundays the crowd was so thick that, as they say, there was nowhere for an apple to fall. Chekhov compared its movement to the movement of crayfish in a sieve. From a distance we could already hear the multivocal chatter and scream of the crowd, dogs barking, birds singing, and boys whistling. Sometimes a pigeon or siskin burst out of the cage or from the hands; the dove rose into the sky - and the whole crowd, raising their heads up, watched its flight; The siskin usually sat on the nearest tree - and then the crowd, led by the owner of the bird, began to catch it. If he was not caught, he soon became the prey of cats. In the summer, on holidays, carts with flowers came to the square from the villages.
Already in 1906, it was planned to remove all trading from Trubnaya Square, but nothing was done. Only after the October Revolution the market was moved to the circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard, and Trubnaya Square was freed from the crowd that had been crowding it.
In our time, the "Hell" tavern was closed. On the site of the restaurant. "Hermitage-Olivier" a Peasant's House was created, in which those who came to the city began to stay. Moscow delegates from collective farms, state farms and other rural organizations.

This story was born out of confusion. It intertwined the fates of three Moscow houses at once, located on Trubnaya Square, near Tsvetnoy Boulevard: the Hermitage restaurant (known to ordinary people by the name of its founder, the French chef Olivier), the Crimea tavern (Vnukov’s three-story house) and the tavern of a certain Alexander Ivanovich Kozlov.

This story was born out of confusion. It intertwined the fates of three Moscow houses at once, located on Trubnaya Square, near Tsvetnoy Boulevard: the Hermitage restaurant (known to ordinary people by the name of its founder, the French chef Olivier), the Crimea tavern (Vnukov’s three-story house) and the tavern of a certain Alexander Ivanovich Kozlov.

Previously, the Neglinka flowed here, the banks of which were “strewn” with monastery gardens (Rozhdestvensky girls’ garden and Sretensky men’s garden) and arable lands. Silence and space. The river communicated with Moscow through a hole made especially for it in the fortress wall - a wide arch with an iron grating. Therefore, there were no gates here, but only this “Pipe”. However, Moscow expanded, and already in the 16th century, craftsmen who tore millet settled in this area, outside the city; in the 17th century, printers of the Printing House and craftsmen who made “rooks” - special projectiles - settled in this area. The memory of the settlements remains in the names of the streets - Pechatnikov Lane, Drachikha, also known as Grachikha and Grachevka. The latter is now known as Trubnaya Street.

The two settlements apparently explain why Trubnaya Street is called in old books either Drachikha - Drachevka, or Grachikha - Grachevka. It seems that until the 20th century Muscovites used both names equally often.

In the upper reaches, the river was especially leisurely, and a pond was formed on the site of the current Tsvetnoy Boulevard. Neglinka was called Samoteka for its congestion and laziness. In 1789-1791, a “communication canal with swimming pools” was built from Samoteka to the city center along the Neglinnaya River, which you can read about in Sytin. At the end of the 18th century, the pond was improved by making a pool with trees planted along the banks, and after the war with Napoleon and the confinement of the river into an underground pipe, they even planned a park on the site of the pond. The place of the pool was taken by Samotechny, also known as Trubny Boulevard, which later, due to the flower trade, became Tsvetnoy.

By the way, the ancient old women who live in the alleys between Tsvetnoy and Rozhdestvensky, who bask in the sun in the summer, remember well that the flower shops on the boulevard were destroyed only after the Great Patriotic War. But they won’t remember the old name of Trubnaya Street. But, with pleasure remembering the stories of their grandmothers, they tell what a hot place Trubnaya and the surrounding area were.

In the 19th century, you could put the night you spent on Tsvetnoy on the list of your most daring and reckless actions. The monastery gardens and blissful silence are long gone. And there are slums, brothels and numerous taverns. Robbery, carnal pleasures and gambling. Between Trubnaya Street, Tsvetnoy Boulevard and the vacant lot on the site of Trubnaya Square stands a huge, long gloomy three-story house of Vnukov - one of the heroes of our history. So, the middle of the 19th century. Only visitors don’t know about the Crimea tavern. And everyone will tell you about what is happening there. Moreover, he will add on his own behalf, widening his eyes to heighten his fear. Actually, it is not so much the tavern itself, which occupies two floors of the house, the second and third, that is surrounded by legends, but the large basement floor, which is hidden under the shops and shops huddled on the first floor. "Hell".

“A man is sitting on a bench on Tsvetnoy Boulevard and looking out into the street, at Vnukov’s huge house. He sees about five people walking along the sidewalk past this house, and suddenly – no one! Where did they go?... He looks - the sidewalk is empty... And again, out of nowhere, a drunken crowd appears, makes noise, fights... And suddenly disappears again.” (V. Gilyarovsky, “Moscow and Muscovites”)

“Hell” was in charge, as it should be, “Satan”. Only no one has ever seen this man. Between him and random people who wandered in there were always the barman and the bouncers. But, move on, the common, drunken and smelly hall is not yet hell. The heart of “Hell” is deeper and only a select few can get there. “The Underworld” occupies half of the dungeon, all entirely of corridors and closets, which are divided into “hellish forges” and “devil’s mills.” This is where big games are played and fortunes are lost. There are no days off here, money rules here. Once you come here, you can disappear forever. If you chase the offender, you will never find him - he will leave through one of the many underground passages.

The assassination attempt on Alexander II was forged in the “hellish forges”. Students who decided to actively fight the tsarist government found shelter here. The Ishuta people, having conceived the regicide, did not think long about the name of their group - “Hell”. The attempt was unsuccessful, nine “hell men” were sent to hard labor, and the shooter Karakozov was hanged. Their unsuccessful attempt was the beginning of the end of “Hell”; the police were forced to take on the underworld...

“Deposits are beneficial to you” - this sign decorated a house on Tsvetnoy Boulevard in the 1970s. Nobody even remembered about “Hell”. After the abolition of serfdom, Moscow revived, unable to cope with the influx of visitors eager to squander the contents of their heavy wallets. The vacant lot was bought for inexpensively and soon, diagonally from “Crimea”, on the other side of the square, the most elegant “Hermitage Olivier” - the second hero of this story - grew up. Unprecedented success: a columned hall, separate offices, a French chef, exquisite delicacies and wines from abroad, fabulous prices. But the proximity of the rollicking, unrestrained “Crimea” was very confusing. True, not that long. At the beginning of the 20th century, “Crimea” no longer existed on Trubnaya Square. Vnukov’s house came into the possession of the merchant Praskovya Stepanovna Kononova, who set up a trade in alabaster and building materials in the former tavern. And she rented part of the house to Nikolai Dmitrievich Chernyatin to organize a manufacturing store. In general, everything is orderly, profitable and decent. No robberies - just a kit, and no students with a revolutionary consciousness.

And modernity connected “Olivier” and “Crimea”. One of the journalists, having read Gilyarovsky’s phrase “long before the Hermitage restaurant, the riotous tavern “Crimea” was located in it,” taken out of context, decided that the tavern and the restaurant were located in the same building. Which is what he convinced many of. Although a careful reading leaves no doubt that this is not the case.

But there is a third participant in this story: the house that stood across the road from “Crimea”, on the corner of Rozhdestvensky Boulevard and Trubnaya Street and had the even number 2. The Safatovs’ private house belonged to Dmitry Mikhailovich Shishkin, and at the beginning of the 20th century the building housed a tavern , whose owner was Alexander Ivanovich Kozlov. This house, unlike the violent “Crimea,” was not convicted of anything sinful and was only a silent witness to what was happening in the square. But its even number ruined its reputation after the demolition. He allowed it to be confused... again with “Krym”, which had an odd number on Trubnaya Street, but an even number, second on the boulevard.

Neither “Crimea” nor Kozlov’s tavern opposite, across the road on Trubnaya Street, no longer exist. And there is only this construction site. December 2004. Of the three houses on Trubnaya Square, only the Hermitage survived. “Crimea” was demolished in the 1980s, and in its place grew a massive socio-political center of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU, subsequently the Parliamentary Center of Russia (which in itself is a curiosity in the context of the story being told) and a center for training in electoral technologies of the Federation Council. The center is already about to be demolished. According to a recent decision of the Moscow government, a “multifunctional complex of administrative and residential buildings” will appear here. Everything would be fine if all the design work did not provide for an even greater increase in the volume of the building, and in some cases - giving it an official centric composition like the Congress building in Washington.

In the mid-1990s, Kozlov's tavern (Trubnaya, 2/3/2) was also demolished. One after another, architectural projects for the development of the resulting wasteland were replaced, each subsequent one higher and more terrible than the previous one. At first there was supposed to be a 2-4-story hotel, now it seems there are offices. Moreover, the building on Rozhdestvensky Boulevard will rise to the same level, or maybe one floor higher, than the neighboring constructivist building. Visually it "bans" the prospect of the street. Rozhdestvenka will finally hide the view from Pechatnikov Lane to the bell tower of the Petrovsky Monastery, which has not been spoiled until now, unlike the views from Rozhdestvensky Boulevard, which were destroyed by the construction of an office and hotel center in the 1990s. There is also construction going on on the other side of the square. In general, practically nothing remains from the development of Trubnaya Square. And mass demolitions give birth to stories in which one house merges with two others. Our memory is successfully destroyed by an excavator. And in place of “Hell” the Parliamentary Center appears...