home All hormones Providing first aid for bleeding. Types of bleeding and first aid. Bleeding - how to help? Classification, types, external, internal, arterial, venous, capillary, symptoms and signs, methods of stopping blood

Providing first aid for bleeding. Types of bleeding and first aid. Bleeding - how to help? Classification, types, external, internal, arterial, venous, capillary, symptoms and signs, methods of stopping blood

Timely first aid for bleeding can save a person’s life, regardless of the location of the damaged vessel and the type of acute blood loss.

First aid for bleeding is a set of urgent preventive and therapeutic measures in case of violation of the integrity of blood vessels (capillaries, veins and/or arteries), carried out before the arrival of qualified assistance or the victim’s admission to the hospital. The total volume of circulating blood in an adult is about 5 liters. In this case, a loss of more than 30% of this volume is a threat to life, especially in a short time (with rapid blood loss). Depending on the location, external and internal bleeding is distinguished, according to the type of damaged vessel - capillary, arterial and venous. First aid for bleeding has its own characteristics for each of the above types.

General rules for providing first aid for bleeding:

first of all, you need to make sure that neither the victim nor you are in danger (if necessary, remove or carry the victim out of the affected area or danger, put on rubber gloves, a mask, etc.);

the victim should be laid down (if possible) with his legs elevated;

with the help of others or yourself, call an ambulance;

Do not touch the wound with your hands;

wash the wound if rust, sand, etc. gets into it. it is impossible (this can cause even more harm and increase bleeding);

do not remove glass fragments, etc. from the wound;

if the wound is contaminated, the dirt around the wound should be carefully removed (in the direction away from the wound) and the cleaned edges should be treated with an antiseptic;

First aid for capillary bleeding

Capillary bleeding, as a rule, is not accompanied by significant blood loss and is quite easily stopped. A sign of damage to small blood vessels (capillaries) is that the entire wound surface bleeds, but not too profusely (like a sponge). The first aid for bleeding of this type is to treat the edge of the wound with an alcohol-containing antiseptic (iodine tincture, for example) and apply an aseptic gauze bandage. In this case, cotton wool is applied to the wound itself under a bandage. It should be remembered that the bandage should not be tight. In most cases, capillary bleeding does not require going to the hospital, except in cases with a large area of the damaged surface.

First aid for venous bleeding

A sign of venous bleeding is the dark color of blood flowing out at high speed, but in a uniform stream (without pulsation or gushing). In addition, the formation of blood clots is possible, which in no case should be removed, as this will provoke increased blood loss. As first aid for bleeding from venous vessels, apply a pressure aseptic bandage to the wound. If this method is ineffective, it is necessary to apply a tourniquet below the injury site. In this case, a soft pad is placed under the tourniquet to avoid additional trauma to the skin and soft tissues, as well as a note indicating the time of application of the tourniquet. The maximum time during which the tourniquet can be left in place is 1 hour in cold conditions (winter) and up to 2 hours in the warm season. Exceeding this time limit can lead to tissue death in the bloodless limb. In the absence of a tourniquet, it is possible to use a twist (twisting a towel, bandage, belt, tie or any available fabric using a short stick, handle, etc.). The time frame remains the same.

Temporary stop of arterial bleeding

Arterial bleeding is more dangerous than capillary and venous bleeding. A sign of damage to the artery is the bright scarlet color of the blood flowing out at high speed in a pulsating stream (pulsating in time with the heart contractions), and if large arteries are damaged, the blood can flow like a fountain, intermittently. First aid for bleeding from arterial vessels consists of raising the limb (if there are no fractures) and applying a hemostatic tourniquet above the site of injury (closer to the body). You can also use a twist. The time limits are the same as for venous bleeding. In the absence of a tourniquet and twist (or searching for them), it is necessary to stop the bleeding by finger pressing the artery above the damaged area (at the pulsation point). In case of bleeding from the femoral, popliteal, ulnar and brachial arteries, it is also possible to fix the maximally bent limb in an elevated position.

First aid for internal bleeding

Internal bleeding is dangerous because it cannot be visually diagnosed. This type of bleeding can be suspected by the following signs: pallor of the victim’s skin, dizziness, fainting, cold sticky sweat, shallow breathing, frequent weak pulse. In this case, first of all, it is necessary to call an ambulance, and the victim should be placed in a semi-sitting position, ensure complete rest and apply a cold compress or ice to the suspected site of bleeding.

Thus, the main goal of first aid for bleeding is to temporarily stop it (1-2 hours) at the pre-medical stage, which will allow the patient to be transported to a medical facility to provide qualified assistance.

Issues regarding bleeding will never lose their relevance. After all, no matter how medicine learns to deal with them, there will still be unresolved issues in some cases. This is especially important in relation to massive blood loss, in which it is extremely important to instantly recognize specific types of bleeding, which will allow the correct assistance to be provided. And although, at first glance, there is nothing complicated about this, even experienced doctors in some critical situations can make mistakes, getting lost at the sight of a large amount of blood. Therefore, every person is obliged to know what a specific type of bleeding looks like, and what extent of measures should be provided in this case.

General classification

The division of bleeding into different types is of great expediency due to the ease of determining treatment tactics at different stages of medical care. Wherever she finds herself, all doctors know her clear algorithm. This approach minimizes the time spent and minimizes the amount of blood loss. People who are not involved in medicine should also know the main features and possible types of bleeding in order to help themselves or their loved ones if necessary.

The classification is given in table form.

External bleeding (bleeding with direct contact with the external environment)	Internal bleeding (the spilled blood does not have direct contact with the environment)
Capillary; Arterial; Venous; Mixed.	Into the free abdominal cavity; Hemorrhages into internal organs (intraorgan hematomas); Gastrointestinal bleeding.
According to the amount of blood loss during any bleeding
Mild blood loss; Moderate blood loss; Severe blood loss; Extremely severe blood loss.

Capillary bleeding

The most common type of external bleeding is capillary. They occur with any traumatic injury that disrupts the integrity of the skin. They manifest themselves as a low-intensity, uniform flow of blood from the wound due to damage to the capillaries (the smallest vessels of the body). They rarely lead to severe blood loss, since in most cases they stop on their own. They present no difficulties either for diagnosis or for treatment. The exception is extensive superficial wounds, in which prolonged neglect of medical care can cause large blood loss.

Venous bleeding

Venous bleeding occurs with superficial and deep wounds of any size, in which the integrity of the saphenous or intermuscular veins is disrupted. In this case, quite intense bleeding occurs. The following symptoms can clinically recognize venous bleeding:

Dark blood;
The bleeding is very heavy, like a constant flow of blood from the wound;
It decreases when the area below the wound is pressed.

Venous bleeding is extremely dangerous if medical assistance is not provided in a timely manner. In this case, massive blood loss occurs in a short time, up to a state of shock. They rarely stop on their own, so stopping them should not be neglected. Superficial veins bleed less intensely, while damage to deep veins causes profuse bleeding.

Differences between arterial (a) and venous (b) bleeding

Arterial bleeding

Given the deep location of the arteries in the tissues, their damage is the least common. The most common causes are knife, gunshot and mine-explosive wounds. In everyday life, these can be puncture wounds from thin and narrow objects. Clinically, arterial bleeding can be suspected by the following signs:

Bright red blood;
Flows out in the form of a pulsating stream;
Very intense;
Does not decrease with normal pressure on the wound or tissues above and below it;
The localization of the wound corresponds to the projection of the course of large arteries.

Typically, arterial bleeding is very intense and quickly leads to massive blood loss and shock. If a complete rupture of an artery occurs, then in just one minute you can lose almost the entire volume of circulating blood. Therefore, such bleeding requires immediate assistance.

Internal bleeding

Unlike external bleeding, in which it is impossible not to notice their symptoms, internal bleeding is more insidious. After all, recognizing them is not so easy. They usually manifest themselves when there is already quite a lot of blood loss. Therefore, it is extremely important to know all the possible signs of this dangerous condition. These include:

General weakness and drowsiness;
Discomfort or pain in the abdomen;
Unmotivated decrease in blood pressure;
Frequent pulse;
Pale skin;
The appearance of pain in one of the halves of the neck, which occurs in a horizontal position and decreases in a vertical position (Vanka-Vstanka’s symptom).

The occurrence of internal bleeding is preceded by closed or penetrating wounds of the abdomen, lower back, rib fractures, stab or gunshot injuries. In this case, damage to internal organs occurs, which causes a violation of the integrity of blood vessels and bleeding. The result is an accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity, chest, and saturation of the damaged organ or visceral fatty tissue (hematoma).

Such bleeding can progress at lightning speed, but can also increase over several days after the injury. It all depends on their intensity and the extent of damage to the injured organ. Usually the spleen is affected, less often the liver. With a one-stage rupture, bleeding occurs immediately; with a two-stage rupture, an intraorgan hematoma first appears, which ruptures after a few days, causing an immediate worsening of the patient’s condition.

Gastrointestinal bleeding

If you understand thoroughly, this type of bleeding cannot be classified unambiguously. After all, blood flows into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, but at the same time it comes into contact with air. But this is not as important as detecting the symptoms of such a condition. After all, the patient’s life sometimes depends on timeliness. Signs of gastrointestinal bleeding include:

General weakness and dizziness;
Frequent pulse and low blood pressure;
Pale skin;
Vomiting blood or brown matter;
Thin, bloody or thick black stool.

Gastrointestinal bleeding occurs with peptic ulcers, tumor diseases, various necrotic processes in the mucous membrane of the digestive tract and some other diseases. Therefore, people with such a pathology must be aware of the possibility of bleeding and, if they occur, be sure to seek medical help.

Educational video on first aid for bleeding:

What to do if you are bleeding

Therapeutic tactics must be differentiated and depend on the specific type of bleeding. There is a general scope of activities that must be carried out in any type. All specific manipulations are purposeful, since their incorrect implementation can cause harm to the patient. General measures to help with bleeding include:

Place the victim in a horizontal position;
Monitor consciousness, pulse and blood pressure;
Rinse the bleeding wound with hydrogen peroxide and apply a clean pressure bandage;
If possible, apply ice to the source of bleeding;
Transport the patient to the nearest facility.

The listed measures will never harm, regardless of the source and characteristics of the bleeding.

Differentiated tactics are presented in table form.

Type of bleeding	Scope of necessary activities
Type of bleeding	First aid (temporary stop of bleeding)	Specialized medical care (final stop of bleeding)
Capillary	Wash the wound with an antiseptic; Cover with a sterile, dry or peroxide-moistened bandage.	Stitching the wound if necessary.
Venous	Carry out measures as for capillary bleeding; Apply a pressure bandage, covering the wound with the above and underlying areas (about 10-15 cm).	If the superficial veins are damaged, they are ligated and the wound is sutured; If deep veins are damaged, the defect in the vein and the skin wound are sutured.
Arterial	Perform general activities; Finger compression of a bleeding vessel in the wound; Tightly pack the wound with a bandage soaked in peroxide; Apply a tourniquet above the wound site.	Suturing or prosthetic replacement of the damaged artery with further suturing of the wound.
Internal and gastrointestinal bleeding	General measures for bleeding, typical for the prehospital stage.	Administration of hemostatic drugs; Infusion therapy to replace blood loss; Observation; Surgical treatment if there are signs of ongoing bleeding.

Rules for applying a tourniquet

A tourniquet should be applied exclusively for arterial bleeding. Its erroneous use for venous bleeding will lead to their intensification. Characteristics of correct application of a tourniquet:

It is applied to the affected segment no lower than 20 cm from the wound. Can be higher. A lower location is permissible only if it is impossible to perform the classic manual;
A fabric bandage is placed on the skin under the tourniquet;
A special hemostatic tourniquet or improvised materials that replace it can be used as a tourniquet;
The first circular tours of the tourniquet around the limb are less tight. After them, tighter tours should be applied;
After a properly applied tourniquet, bleeding decreases. If this does not happen, this indicates either that it was applied incorrectly or that there is no indication for this;
The permissible duration of holding the tourniquet on a limb should not exceed 2 hours in the summer and 1-1.5 hours in the winter;
If it is impossible to apply a tourniquet (neck wounds, high wounds of the shoulder and thigh), it is replaced by other methods of stopping bleeding: external digital pressure on the pulsating vessel above the wound or directly in it.

Correct application of a tourniquet as one of the ways to stop arterial bleeding

Only strict adherence to algorithms for determining the type of bleeding and step-by-step implementation of therapeutic measures can really effectively help in the fight against this problem. Remember the general rules and then you can protect yourself and your loved ones from dangerous complications of any bleeding.

The human body is a complex and at the same time unique system that collectively ensures the coordinated functioning of all internal organs. One of the most significant systems of the human body is the circulatory system. Its main function is to continuously provide blood circulation or blood circulation.

Everyone knows that injuries that result in damage to the vessels of the circulatory system are extremely dangerous to human life and health. Often, we are not talking about minutes, but even fractions of seconds while providing assistance to victims. No one can be immune from such injuries. An industrial accident, road traffic accident, domestic injury or bleeding as a result of mechanical tissue damage, as well as complications of certain diseases, can cause sudden, severe, sometimes profuse bleeding, as a result of which a person can die. That is why each of us needs to learn how to provide emergency first aid for bleeding of varying degrees of severity.

The structure of blood vessels - arteries, veins and capillaries is not the same. The arteries are equipped with a thick muscular wall; blood moves through them at high speed and pressure. Such bleeding is extremely dangerous and has the most unfavorable prognosis for life and health. Veins have fairly elastic walls and valves that prevent backflow of blood. But since the walls of the veins are not thick enough, when they are damaged, as a rule, they always collapse. Damage to veins, especially large ones, also poses a threat to human life and health. The thinnest blood vessels in humans are capillaries. Their damage in almost all cases does not threaten anything.

Let's take a detailed look at each type of bleeding separately, and also learn the rules for providing first-aid care to victims of bleeding of any etiology and severity.

Capillary bleeding

These are the thinnest vessels in the human and animal body, having the shape of a tube with a diameter of only 5-10 microns. By connecting with each other, capillaries form a network through which blood supply occurs to many organs and systems. Capillary bleeding is the most common. They are easily treated, do not cause significant harm to the body, and a person is quite capable of helping himself independently. The exception is bleeding from the nasal cavity, where if a large number of capillaries are damaged, significant blood loss can occur. Such bleeding must be examined by a doctor. Let's consider in each specific case what are the causes of bleeding.

Cause of capillary bleeding

Skin injuries of various etiologies (abrasions, cuts, burn wounds);
Genetic diseases, as a result of which either the blood clotting process is disrupted (hemophilia), or as a result of pathology, the vessels have increased permeability (Von Willebrand disease), or the level of platelets in the blood is significantly reduced (Werlhof disease);
Capillary bleeding can also be caused by diseases not related to the pathology of the circulatory system: tumors, purulent processes on the skin, hormonal disorders, etc.

As mentioned earlier, bleeding from the nasal cavity should be included in a special group of capillary bleeding. Such bleeding should not go unnoticed. Due to the anatomical structure of the nasal cavity, capillary blood can flow not only outward, but also into the stomach. Then it is quite difficult to estimate the amount of blood loss and, as a result, we get a sharp deterioration in the victim’s condition. Then it will be impossible to do without medical help.

If, with capillary bleeding, the wound area is quite large, the person has any chronic diseases, or is a person of retirement age or a child, the following symptoms may be observed:

Increased heart rate, feeling restless or anxious;
Cyanosis or paleness of the skin, especially in the nasolabial triangle;
Feeling of dryness in the mouth and lips;

As a rule, with capillary bleeding, the blood is bright red, released either in small drops or slightly oozing from the wound. There is no pulsation. The affected area is completely covered with blood.

What to do if a person is injured before your eyes and capillary bleeding occurs. Or you yourself are a hostage of the situation.

Rules for stopping capillary bleeding

Calm the victim, sit him down or put him in a comfortable position.
If the bleeding is minor, treat the wound with any antiseptic or hydrogen peroxide. Remember! Under no circumstances should you pour iodine into a wound. This will lead to even greater trauma to the skin and worsen the healing process.
If the wound is not extensive, then the edges of the wound can be treated with brilliant green or fucracin.
Apply a pressure bandage to the wound area.
If the victim feels well, then you can limit yourself to the above measures.
If the victim has the symptoms that we discussed above, then you should seek medical help and determine further treatment tactics.

Venous bleeding

The work of our veins is a rather complex process, in which the veins of the lower leg play a large role. In general, the venous system can be imagined as a large and fast river that has tributaries. The blood in this river only moves in one direction. The back flow of venous blood is prevented by venous valves, which act as barriers. This is a feature of the venous wall. The venous wall itself is quite elastic, easily stretches and has a small muscle layer compared to the arterial wall.

Bleeding from the veins poses a serious danger to the body, especially if these are the veins of the neck, as well as deep veins, when damaged, massive blood loss occurs, leading to hemodynamic disorder and disruption of the entire circulatory process.

Cause of venous bleeding

Cuts, stabs, lacerations of varying degrees of severity and area of the wound surface;
Bleeding as a result of an open fracture of the limbs, when a large vein is damaged as a result of damage from a piece of bone.
Internal venous bleeding as a result of injury, bruise (often the liver and spleen), or traffic accident.
Bleeding of a non-traumatic nature, especially in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and diseases of the lower extremities.

With venous bleeding, the blood is always dark cherry in color, does not flow intensively, and flows evenly. There is no pulse wave with this type of bleeding. If large veins are damaged, blood can flow out intensely, profusely, with a sharp increase in general symptoms: weakness, faintness, sticky cold sweat, severe pallor or cyanosis of the skin.

Superficial, shallow, small veins are capable of thrombosis on their own. The greatest danger comes from injuries to the veins of the neck or chest. Due to some anatomical features associated with their structure, oxygen can enter the wound during injury. This will cause blockage in the blood vessels of the heart or lungs and lead to instant death of the victim. Internal venous bleeding is also dangerous.

With this type of bleeding, the blood does not flow to the surface, and a person may experience the following characteristic symptoms:

Severe weakness, sweating, confusion;
Low blood pressure numbers, up to collapse;
Tachycardia and shortness of breath increase;
The skin is sticky and moist;
A person experiences constant thirst.

Rules for stopping venous bleeding

Arterial bleeding

These are the channels through which blood leaves the heart. At first they are large, but as they branch, they become smaller and turn into capillaries. Typically, arteries are located in the body where muscles and bones are located. The artery wall consists of three layers, it is strong, elastic and resilient, densely supplied with nerve and muscle fibers. With trauma and injury to the arteries, both the upper layer of the arterial wall and all three layers can be damaged simultaneously. In this case, the bleeding becomes profuse and in most cases ends in death.

When arteries are injured, blood can flow into nearby tissues and form large hematomas. Over time, the hematoma can put pressure on surrounding tissues and organs, disrupting their blood supply, with the development of an area of ischemia and even the development of necrosis.

During arterial bleeding, the blood is always pulsating, bright, and rapidly (sometimes like a fountain) pours out of the wound. In many cases, you can literally see a pool of blood around the victim. When large internal arteries are damaged, a vivid clinical picture of hemorrhagic or hemorrhagic disease immediately develops. The severity of shock depends on the amount of blood loss and the presence of concomitant chronic diseases or injuries.

Confused consciousness or complete loss of consciousness.
A rapid drop in blood pressure, up to vascular collapse.
Dry skin, thirst.
The skin takes on a marbled tint, it is cold and clammy.
Tremor of the limbs.
Tachycardia, thread-like pulse, weak filling and tension.
Breathing is pathological.

In case of arterial bleeding, you should act immediately. The main task is to stop the bleeding as quickly as possible. Seconds count. If you are providing assistance alone, do not rush to call an emergency team. It is necessary to stop the bleeding as quickly as possible, and then. The victim should not be left alone until paramedics arrive. In some cases, when pressing the artery with fingers, it is necessary to remain in this position until the doctor arrives, and sometimes even until they arrive at the wound suturing site.

Rules for stopping arterial bleeding

If a small artery is damaged and the bleeding is not so intense, then you can try using a pressure bandage with mandatory packing of the wound. Help is provided in the same way as for injuries to large veins. First, a napkin with an antiseptic is applied, then a tampon, and everything is completed with a round of bandage.
As a rule, a tourniquet is most often used to stop arterial bleeding. Any belt, thick rope or belt will do for this. The tourniquet is applied to a layer of clothing with the obligatory condition that it is applied above the wound site. The time is recorded. If there is no paper at hand, write directly on the healthy part of the hand. In winter it is 1 hour, and in summer 2 hours. The correct application of the tourniquet is determined by the absence of a pulse and paleness of the limb. If the journey to the hospital is long, after the application time has passed, you can loosen the tourniquet for 5 minutes to restore blood circulation in the limb.
When the hip is wounded, the intensity of blood loss is so great that a person can die within 30 seconds. First aid consists of immediately applying pressure with your fist to the area where the vessel is located. You should remain like this until the ambulance arrives.
If the arteries of the neck are injured, the artery should be pressed against the cervical vertebrae. On the wound and fix it with a tourniquet drawn around the arm placed behind the head on the opposite side.
If a fragment of an object is sticking out of the wound, under no circumstances should you remove it yourself. Help consists of applying a tourniquet, and the wound with the object should be covered with a piece of clean cloth and wait for the doctor to arrive.

Remember, any bleeding causes significant damage to the victim’s health, worsens his well-being, and in some cases can be fatal. Provide assistance immediately. Act quickly, without panic, be guided by the situation. This will allow you to save the life of the victim.

What to do before the ambulance arrives

Video for classes

This is a violation of the integrity of blood vessels and the outpouring of blood fluid from the vascular bed. Blood can escape into the environment, into the abdominal or pleural cavity, or into the cavity of some organ. Bleeding is divided into external and internal. Blood leaks into the environment through lesions on the skin, as well as through the mouth, nose, anus, and vagina.

If bleeding begins immediately after injury, it is classified as primary. Secondary are divided into early (the blood clot went away within 3 days) and late (after 3 days, usually with the development of purulent inflammation).

General rules for first aid

To properly provide first aid for bleeding, it is necessary to determine its type, which depends on the damaged vessel:

Capillary;
Venous;
Arterial;
Parenchymatous;
Mixed.

Based on severity, blood loss is classified into mild, moderate, severe and massive. The severity rating determines the danger to human life.

Extensive bleeding can lead to death, so each person needs to learn how to provide first aid until the victim is taken to a medical facility.

The total blood volume in adults is approximately 4.5-5 liters. Blood loss of more than 30% of the volume is dangerous. Such a victim must be given first aid before the medical team arrives.

A set of therapeutic measures must be carried out according to certain rules:

The primary measure is the withdrawal or removal of the victim from the dangerous source;
Next, you definitely need to call a medical team., inform the dispatcher of the exact address or landmark of the place where the patient is located. The patient’s condition must be indicated; if a traumatic amputation has occurred, also report this;
In case of severe bleeding, the victim should wait for medical personnel in a supine position, the injured limb should be elevated;
What not to do: touch the wound with your hands, clean it of sand, dirt, rust etc., remove foreign objects and glass fragments from the wound. The damaging object must be carefully secured with a gauze bandage to stop further tissue rupture;

You can treat the edges of the wound surface with an antiseptic in the direction from the center of the damage, preventing iodine tincture from getting into the wound itself.

Incorrectly provided first aid leads to infection, inflammation, and large blood loss.

First aid for external bleeding(capillary)

Damage to the capillaries does not cause large blood loss. Most often, the resulting blood clot closes the lumen of the capillary, and the bleeding ends on its own. This type of bleeding occurs when the epidermis, muscles, and mucous membranes rupture.

First aid for bleeding is provided not only for injuries, but also when leaking from the ear, uterus, stomach, after tooth extraction. Parenchymal bleeding from the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys is also capillary.

How to stop bleeding? When choosing, you need to take into account the intensity of leakage. To provide first aid in this case, use a pressure bandage, tamponade, and ice application.

With internal capillary bleeding, red blood cells appear in the urine, the stool becomes brown in color, and the sputum becomes rusty in color. Symptoms of parenchymal hemorrhage can be erased or disguised as other diseases.

When an injury occurs, you need to pay attention to the patient’s appearance. If there is cold sticky sweat, pallor of the skin, increased heart rate and low blood pressure, in this case the victim is placed in a horizontal position, the legs are raised up, and cold is applied to the area of the suspected lesion until the ambulance arrives.

What to do in case of venous hemorrhage

Veins are vessels that carry blood from organs and tissues to the heart. When the blood has a dark red color, the outpouring occurs in a smooth, uninterrupted stream, without pulsation or with a very weak pulsation.

Even with a mild injury, there is the possibility of severe blood loss, as well as the risk of air embolism. When inhaled, air bubbles enter the bloodstream through the wound and then into the heart muscle, which causes death.

First aid for venous hemorrhage:

If the veins of the neck and head are damaged, the wound is tightly clamped with a gauze pad with hydrogen peroxide to prevent air embolism. Apply cold to the wound site, then transport the victim to a medical facility.

How to stop arterial bleeding

The tourniquet cannot be applied to a naked body; cloth or clothing of the victim is placed under it;
After this, you need to write a note indicating the exact time of application;
Ensure that the part of the body where the tourniquet is applied is accessible for inspection.

In the cold season, the limb with a tourniquet should be well wrapped so as not to cause frostbite.

In winter, the tourniquet can be applied for no more than 1.5 hours, in summer for 2 hours. If the permissible time is exceeded, the tourniquet must be loosened for 5-10 minutes, during which time finger pressure on the artery is used.

A correctly applied tourniquet or twist stops bleeding, but this method should be used only in the most extreme cases; for the vast majority of bleeding, a correctly applied pressure bandage is sufficient.