Skin cancer: symptoms and signs with photos, types, stages and treatment. Skin cancer first signs What happens with skin cancer

Skin oncology of malignant origin is a formation formed from skin epithelial cells. The pathology has no specific preferences and is diagnosed in patients of different age and gender groups.

However, scientists note a certain pattern in the development of such oncology in people with a light skin tone over 60 years of age who are exposed to the sun for a long time. Although theoretically, skin cancer can develop from any mole, regardless of its location. To do this, the presence of at least one malignant cell in the mole is sufficient.

Skin cancer classification

Skin cancer has several classifications according to structural differences, histological features, morphological features, etc.

Kinds

The following types of skin cancer are distinguished:

• Cellular cancer or a similar oncological form formed from melanocytes rarely metastasizes, but can produce processes, penetrating the circulatory and lymphatic systems. If this happens, the melanoma will quickly spread throughout the organs, and the patient’s survival will probably not exceed a year;

The photo clearly shows what the initial (1) stage of melanoma, skin cancer on the face, looks like

• – this type of cancer is widespread (75%), characterized by a tendency to relapse, but practically does not metastasize. Education is characterized by slow growth. For localization, it often chooses the scalp or epidermis; it can be multiple or single. Basal cancer is a round, dark red or pinkish formation that protrudes slightly above the skin.

Photo shows basal skin cancer on the scalp, nose, arm and leg

• – this type of cancer can be localized on any part of the skin, however, most often it develops in open areas and the lower lip. Education is not particularly selective regarding gender, but prefers patients of retirement age. Squamous cell carcinoma is a nodular formation; as it develops, the tumor practically loses its mobility and becomes bleeding.

Rare varieties

Experts have separately developed a classification of relatively rare skin cancers (less than 1% of cases):

1. – localized mainly on the limbs and torso, growing from connective tissue particles of the skin. It can manifest itself in several variants - dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, Kaposi's sarcoma, etc.;
2. Merkel cell oncology is a tumor localized primarily on the head or face of elderly patients, and in half of the cases the tumor produces multiple distant metastases.

Forms

Oncologists distinguish the following cancer forms:

1. Papillary form– considered the rarest form of skin cancer, it is a tuberous formation covered with multiple papillae. Such a formation is prone to rapid metastasis and germination inside the body, which leads to rapid exhaustion of the patient;
2. Infiltrating– is an ulceration with a bumpy crust and dense edges. Such a neoplasm is characterized by rapid germination into neighboring tissues, which quickly leads to its immobility;
3. Superficial oncology manifests itself as dense nodular neoplasms of a yellow-white hue, which subsequently degenerate into uneven plaques with a small depression in the center.

Causes and risk factors

The following people are at particular risk of developing skin tumors:

• Those who are elderly;
• Light-skinned, with a genetically reduced melanin content;
• With melanoma-dangerous pigment spots;
• Having;
• Suffering;
• With xeroderma pigmentosum;
• Having inflammatory skin pathologies;
• Suffering;
• Staying in the open sun for a long time;
• Those who abuse the use of solariums.

In addition to the risk group, doctors identify some other factors that contribute to the development of skin malignancy:

• Complication due to dermatitis of radiation origin;
• Chemical exposure to carcinogens, such as arsenic compounds, tar found in cigarettes, or lubricants;
• Damage at the site of an old scar;
• Radiation exposure;
• Consumption of products containing carcinogenic substances such as nitrites, nitrates, marinades, smoked foods, preservatives and excessively fatty foods;
• Exposure to various types of thermal factors or thermal radiation;
• Violation of the integrity of the mole;
• Oncology at the site where there was previously a deep burn;
• Abuse of tattooing;
• Presence of hepatitis or HIV infection;
• Living in southern countries.

How to identify a tumor at the initial stage?

A characteristic feature of skin cancer is its preferential location on the open body.

Among all cases of skin oncology, about 90% have this particular localization, with the majority of tumor cases observed on the face (more than 70%).

Symptoms of manifestations

Each form and type of skin cancer is characterized by separate symptoms, and identical skin oncology occurs differently in individual patients. But there are also common primary manifestations of symptoms that determine skin cancer:

1. The appearance of a persistent spot on the skin with unclear boundaries, gradually increasing in size;
2. The formation of a small ulcer that cannot be treated, which gradually becomes painful and bleeding;
3. The mole suddenly changed, became darker or changed its structure;
4. An unusual nodular bump-like formation of a purple, red, pink or black hue has formed;
5. Formation of compactions or hard formations that have a flaky or rough surface;
6. The formation of a white scar-like spot, which has a less elastic structure than normal nearby tissue.

Symptoms of skin changes in children

Skin cancer affects pediatric patients relatively rarely (less than 1%). There are two types of cancer: squamous cell and basal cell.

Squamous cell is most often localized on the face, limbs, ears, and scalp, forming against the background. The formation metastasizes to nearby lymph nodes; distant metastasis is not observed.

In the photo there is a child with the last stage of xeroderma pigmentosum - this is a rare type of skin cancer observed in children

The picture shows cancerous xeroderma pigmentosum of the facial skin, involving the eyes

Basal cell skin cancer also prefers the surface of the face. Such an oncoform is a dense nodule, gradually causing the appearance of similar formations nearby, with which it merges, occupying increasingly larger areas.

Stages

In the development of skin cancer, similar to other oncologies, a corresponding stage is observed.

• Stage 1– the initial stage of the development of a skin tumor, which is characterized by its small size (no more than 2 cm). Stage 1 skin cancer is characterized by the absence of metastases and high mobility; it moves with the skin without difficulty, although its lower layers are affected. The prognosis for treatment at this stage is favorable, since most patients are completely cured of skin cancer.
• Stage 2– characterized by an increase in tumor size up to 4 mm, although malignant cells have not yet reached the lymph nodes. In isolated cases, metastasis is found near the tumor in the lymph node. There may be a feeling of pain in the area where the tumor is located. This stage is characterized by a 50% five-year survival rate, but only with timely and adequate therapy.
• At stage 3 active damage to the lymph nodes occurs, although metastases have not yet been observed in the organs. The tumor becomes lumpy and causes a lot of discomfort. At this stage, the formation has already grown into the subcutaneous tissue, and therefore loses its mobility. For this stage, five-year survival is observed in only a third of patients.
• Education at stage 4 acquires large sizes, covering large areas of the skin. The tumor grows inside the body, involving cartilage and bone tissue in cancer processes. Usually at this stage, the neoplasm is characterized by bleeding; it poisons all body systems, spreading metastases throughout them. Usually the liver is the first to be affected, followed by the lungs. At this stage, the five-year survival rate is extremely low and does not exceed 20%.

Consequences

Each type of skin cancer has its own set of cells with varying aggressiveness, which is why such neoplasms behave differently.

Why are skin cancers dangerous?

1. Basalioma not prone to metastasis, characterized by slow growth, often found in the nose.
2. Squamous cell cutaneous oncology, on the contrary, grows quickly and metastasizes throughout the body.
3. The most dangerous form is considered melanoma, difficult to treat and often causing a lot of complications.

Diagnostics

The diagnostic process includes procedures like:

• Positron emission tomography;
• Laboratory blood tests, liver serology, etc.

How to cure pathology

The therapeutic process is complex. After identifying the specific type and stage of cancer, the doctor selects an adequate treatment plan. The main methods used in the treatment of skin cancer:

• Surgical treatment consists of open removal of the tumor. It is used for oncology of the limbs, body, or to get rid of metastases.
• involves irradiation when surgical treatment is not feasible or when oncology reoccurs;
• traditionally used to treat recurrent forms of cancer, as well as for large tumor sizes. The technique is based on the use of drugs that have a destructive effect on cancer cells. Often, with such treatment, a special anti-cancer ointment is used, which is indicated to be applied to the tumor daily for several weeks;
• The photodynamic method has been successfully used in the treatment of cancer localized in the upper layers of the skin. The technique is based on the use of a specialized drug applied to the area where the oncology is located, after which this area is subjected to light treatment, under the influence of which the applied drug is activated and destroys cancer cells;
• Laser treatment successfully eliminates cancer cells using a highly active beam of rays;
• The fulguration method involves removing cancer cells using special instruments, after which the operation area is treated with current, which kills the remaining cancer cells;
• Cryotherapy is justified only in the case of a shallow tumor location. The technique involves freezing the malignant material with liquid nitrogen.

Along with the above procedures, immunostimulating therapy is prescribed, which increases the body’s resistance to cancer cells. For this purpose, Interferon, 5-fluorouracil, Imiquimod, Aldesleukin, Dacarbazine and other drugs are prescribed.

Nutrition

Skin cancer requires a radical revision of the diet.

It is necessary to provide the body with a high content of retinol and carotene, found mainly in dairy products, fish oil, eggs, carrots, green tea, corn, tomatoes, soy, etc.

There are many products that can suppress the growth of malignant cells:

• Greenery;
• Garlic;
• Carrot;
• Citrus;
• Cabbage;
• Hot red pepper;
• Beet;
• Whole grain.

Survival prognosis

The practice of recent years shows that the prognosis for five-year survival for squamous cell carcinoma of the initial forms is about 90%, and for its final stages no more than 60%.

If the patient’s body has responded adequately to anticancer treatment, then there may be no further relapses.

The prognosis for malignant melanoma is also good.

At the initial stages, survival rate is slightly more than 95%, and at the final stage – no more than 20%.

Metastasis and life expectancy

Most often with skin cancer, spreading throughout the body through the blood and lymphatic pathways. After surgical excision of melanoma, 9 out of a dozen patients develop metastases over a 5-year period, which are usually localized in the subcutaneous tissue and on the surface of the skin.

With such metastasis, the patient’s life expectancy ranges from six months to one and a half years. If metastasis occurs in internal organs or, then subsequently the life expectancy of patients with skin cancer is reduced to 3-6 months.

Prevention

The main factor predisposing to cancer is UV radiation, so it is necessary to limit its harmful effects as much as possible.

Of course, it won’t be possible to constantly avoid sunlight, but anyone can limit themselves to tanning only during low solar activity. And it is better to abandon the solarium at least for the spring-summer period, when natural solar radiation is quite sufficient.

Video about the first signs of skin cancer:

A disease that develops from squamous stratified epithelium is called skin cancer. At the initial stage, oncology manifests itself as minor neoplasms on the epithelium, but if they go deep inside, affecting tissues and organs, then the survival rate in this case is very low (does not exceed 20%). For this reason, if the first signs of skin cancer are present, it is imperative to undergo a medical examination. The main symptoms of the initial stage are the presence of a nodule, spot, plaque or local change in skin color.

What is skin cancer

Among all malignant tumors, skin cancers occupy tenth place. The pathology equally affects both women and men. Elderly people over 70 years of age have a high risk of getting sick. Children suffer from this oncology much less frequently - the incidence of skin tumors does not exceed 1%. A malignant disease, as a rule, develops in open areas (hands, face), but there are cases when skin oncology affects the foot, lower leg and other areas of the body protected from solar radiation.

Symptoms

The disease begins with the appearance of a pathological lesion on the skin. Depending on the form of cancer, it may take the form of erosion, ulcers, warts, moles with unclear edges, a dense nodule or a pigment spot that has formed in the upper layers of the epidermis. In women who are fans of bronze tanning, early symptoms go unnoticed. At first, the superficial form of the lesion looks like a light nodule, but then it increases in size and bleeds.

Malignant skin tumors in men can be very diverse, depending on the stage of the process and the origin of the formation. Most often, the male population is diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma, which is characterized by the absence of symptoms for several years. Basalioma is manifested by the growth of a pimple, which may initially have a flesh-colored, pale pink or reddish color. If skin cancers are diagnosed in children, they first affect the limbs, and then can spread to the neck, head, and torso.

The main cause of skin cancer is the sun. The appearance of spots on the body is already a signal to consult a doctor. If the shape, size, or color of an existing mole changes, this is the first sign of melanoma, the most aggressive type of skin cancer. Skin spots with cancer have their own characteristics:

• vague boundaries of the neoplasm, smoothly turning into spots;
• increase in the affected area;
• change in the shade of the mole from white to red or even black;
• when touching the spot - painful sensations;
• the area of ​​skin around the tumor is itchy and itchy.

Symptoms of the initial stage

Each type of cancer ulcer is characterized by separate symptoms. An identical pathology in an adult and a child can occur differently. The first manifestations of melanoma are the formation of age spots that resemble birthmarks. Over time, the lymph nodes located nearby enlarge. The first external signs of carcinoma (squamous) are subcutaneous tumors and swellings that look like warts or non-healing wounds. Basal cell cancer is often asymptomatic. The first symptoms of the disease include ulcers, itching and soreness of the skin.

Causes

There are several underlying reasons why skin cancer occurs. Melanomas develop from radioactive, ultraviolet irradiation or radiation damage to the epidermis. Therefore, sunbathers often suffer from this form of oncology, which often leads to death. Other causes of malignant neoplasms on the skin include:

• long-term chemical or thermal effects on the skin (contact with arsenic, tar, soot, resins);
• hereditary predisposition;
• long-term use of corticosteroids or anticancer drugs;
• mechanical injuries of birthmarks, nevi, scars;
• precancerous skin diseases (fibroids and others);
• age over 50 years.

In the elderly

Superficial melanoma, which is characterized by rapid growth and the appearance of metastases, often occurs in older people after 65-70 years. This is explained by the general aging of the body and a decrease in the functionality of the immune system. Often, skin cancer in older people is a consequence of diseases such as Bowen's disease, Paget's pathology, or malignant skin formations develop from benign tumors.

Kinds

There are three types of malignant neoplasms on the skin:

1. Squamous cell carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma). This type of oncology is characterized by active growth and metastasis. More often, metastases affect the lymph nodes, less often the lungs (blastoma). Clinic of squamous cell carcinoma – single tumors of different localizations.
2. Basal cell carcinoma (basal cancer, basal cell carcinoma). Develops from the basal cells of the skin epithelium. The most common type of skin cancer. It is characterized by asymptomatic slow development without metastasis. With timely detection and adequate treatment, it has a favorable prognosis.
3. Melanoma. Develops after unsuccessful therapy for skin cancer of the two previous types. Melanoma arises from the pigment cells melanocytes, which are located in the basal layer of the epidermis. The early stage of the disease can be successfully treated. An advanced form or late detection of metastases can lead to trunk cancer, when cancer cells enter the lymph system and quickly spread throughout the body.

Forms

Skin epithelial cancer is divided into papillary, infiltrating and superficial forms. The first is a rare oncology and is a tuberous neoplasm with multiple papillae. The infiltrating form is a skin pathology in which ulcers appear with a bumpy crust and dense edges. They grow and immobilize neighboring tissues. The superficial type of skin oncology is distinguished by nodular dense formations of yellow-white color, most often appearing on the scalp.

Stages

Skin cancer is characterized by four stages.

1. The first or zero can be determined by the formation of a formation in the upper or lower epidermis. The cells of the basal (deep) layer are not affected.
2. The second is characterized by an increase in the tumor up to 4 cm. It can be recognized visually, since the cancer is noticeable on the surface of the skin.
3. The third stage is characterized by damage to the lymphatic system, but nearby organs are not affected. The process of ulceration begins.
4. At the last stage, metastasis affects almost all organs. The surface of the skin is affected by bleeding ulcers.

How quickly it develops

The timing of the onset of skin cancer is different for everyone. The development time depends on the classification of the tumor and the stage of the disease. For example, the growth phase of melanoma can last from 2 to 10 years. In some cases, cancer can go through all stages in just a couple of months. Skin cancer develops faster in people with fair skin than in dark-skinned patients. Survival depends on the type and stage of cancer.

Diagnostics

If a dangerous skin disease is suspected, all patients should consult a dermato-oncologist and undergo histological diagnosis. The doctor examines all parts of the body, palpates regional lymph nodes and performs dermoscopy. Ultrasound will show the depth of tumor growth; skiascopy is performed for pigmented formations. If necessary, a lymph node biopsy may be indicated. Histology reveals the presence of affected cells and their origin. To exclude the secondary nature of cancer, the doctor may prescribe additional tests:

• X-rays of light;
• Kidney CT;
• MRI of the brain;
• contrast urography;
• skeletal scintigraphy.

Treatable or not

If you discover a malignant neoplasm on the skin, do not panic. Cancer only becomes fatal if diagnosed too late. If the pathology is detected at the initial stage, then you can get rid of it quickly and almost painlessly. The reason for the incurability of oncology is a person’s negligent attitude towards his own health.

Skin cancer treatment

The therapy used is very different. Modern medicine offers several treatment methods - from the most popular surgical removal of the tumor to cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen). After determining the stage, the doctor not only chooses a method of treating the disease, but also prescribes a special diet that is high in carotene and vitamin A and low in fat. The main methods of treating skin cancer are:

1. Radiation therapy (radiotherapy). Radiation is used when surgery is not possible or when the cancer recurs.
2. Chemotherapy. Used for large tumors or during frequent relapses.
3. Laser surgery. Cancer cells are destroyed by a highly active, precisely directed light beam.
4. Fulguration method. It involves removing the affected cells with a special cutting instrument, followed by treatment with electric current.
5. Local antitumor application therapy. Used in complex treatment. Applications with an oil solution of vitamin A are applied to the affected area.
6. Photodynamic therapy. Cancer cells are destroyed by exposure to light and special medications.

Forecast

According to medical statistics, at the initial stage of oncology of the skin appendages, a five-year survival rate is found in 95-98% of cases. At the fourth stage of skin pathology, only 15-20% of patients remain alive. With the squamous cell form, survival rate is 90% at stages 1 or 2 and 60% at stages 3 or 4. If the body responds well to treatment, the person does not have relapses at all, and further life passes without the consequences of cancer.

How long do you live with skin cancer?

In this matter, the type of disease and the time of detection are of great importance. After timely surgical treatment of melanoma of the zero or first stage, patients fully live their lives. If the disease was detected at stages 3 or 4, then death may occur within 2-3 months. In the latter case, exclusively supportive therapy is carried out.

Prevention

The best method to prevent illness is to protect yourself from direct sunlight. This can be done through clothing or through sunscreen. The best cancer prevention is to avoid midday sun, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Also, do not overuse the solarium. To prevent cancer, it is necessary to remove suspicious warts in a timely manner, include vitamin A in the diet, and promptly treat any inflammatory processes in the body.

Photo of skin cancer at an early stage

Video

Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give treatment recommendations based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

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Oncological disease - skin cancer

Skin cancer is a malignant skin disease caused by impaired transformation of stratified squamous epithelial cells with significant polymorphism.

The main symptom of skin cancer is the appearance of a neoplasm in the form of a small lump, colored dark brown, red or even black, although the color may not differ much from the color of healthy skin.

Other signs include enlarged lymph nodes, increased body temperature, covering of the tumor with scales and its pain on palpation.

The main risk factor for skin cancer is exposure of the skin to ultraviolet rays (sunlight). That is why the development of skin cancer most often occurs in exposed areas of the skin exposed to sunlight - the forehead, nose, ears, corners of the eyes and other parts of the head.

Malignant skin neoplasms on the trunk, arms and legs are quite rare, the percentage of which does not exceed 10% of all cases of the disease.

It is customary to subdivide skin cancer into several types - melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma, each of which has its own clinical course.

Development of skin cancer

The development of skin cancer occurs gradually, over 4 stages, but melanoma also has a zero stage, in which there is already some kind of neoplasm on the skin, for example, a freckle, mole or other nevus.

Timely contact with a doctor at the zero stage gives a prognosis of almost 100% favorable outcome of the disease, because in this case, only the very top layer of the skin is affected.

Let's look at the stages of skin cancer development in more detail:

Stage 1 skin cancer (initial stage) is characterized by a visible neoplasm in one place, up to 2 cm in diameter, which moves with the movement of the skin, while the lower layers of the epidermis are also involved in the pathological process.

There are no metastases. The prognosis for the patient's full recovery is favorable.

Stage 2 skin cancer is characterized by a visible, painful malignant neoplasm with a diameter of about 4 mm and the absence of metastases. In rare cases, there is one metastasis in the form of inflammation of one of the nearby lymph nodes.

With timely detection, the prognosis is comforting - the 5-year survival rate is about 50% of patients.

Stage 3 skin cancer is characterized by a lumpy or scaly, very painful neoplasm, which, due to germination to the subcutaneous tissue, has limited movement.

Metastases are present only in the lymphatic system; internal organs are not affected at stage 3. The prognosis is relatively comforting - survival is about 30% of all patients.

Stage 4 skin cancer is characterized by an enlarged malignant tumor that is highly painful, often affecting other areas of the skin. The tumor grows deep under the skin, sometimes involving bones or cartilaginous tissue located under the skin tumor in the pathological process.

Tumor bleeding is often observed, and pathological cells are spread throughout the bloodstream throughout the body, poisoning it. Due to this, as well as damage to the lymphatic system, metastases spread to many organs, affecting primarily the liver, then the lungs, etc. The prognosis is disappointing - survival rate is about 20% of all patients.

Skin cancer - statistics

Both men and women are at risk for the appearance and development of skin cancer; people over 60 years of age, fair-skinned people, as well as people who often spend a lot of time in the open sun and lovers of solariums are especially susceptible to the disease.

About 90% of malignant tumors appear and develop on the scalp - nose, forehead, ears. The remaining 10% are arms, legs, torso.

Skin cancer ranks 1st among all cancers, with men accounting for about 12% of all types of cancer and women accounting for about 17%.

Melanoma is the most common form of skin cancer, accounting for about 55% of all cases as of 2014.

The disease tends to rejuvenate – from year to year, malignant skin disease is becoming more common in the younger population. In addition, every year, the number of skin cancer cases increases by approximately 4.5%.

The survival prognosis varies by place of residence: residents of the USA - about 88%, Australia and New Zealand - about 85%, Europe - 73%, developing countries - about 50%.

Skin cancer - ICD

ICD-10: C43-C44; ICD-9: 172, 173.

Skin cancer is a fairly common form of a malignant type of tumor, in which both women and men are affected almost equally, their age is generally from 50 years or more, although the possibility of the disease developing in one or another variety of forms in more than young patients. The affected area is, as a rule, areas of the skin that are open to one or another influence. The development of skin cancer is observed in 5% of the total number of cases of cancer as such.

Causes

The main causes of skin cancer are:

Causes are a condition or situation that is fertile ground for the development of a particular disease.

The causes of skin cancer are:

• influence of direct ultraviolet and ionizing radiation;
• long-term exposure to chemical carcinogens on the skin surface, such as tobacco smoke;
• genetic predisposition of the body to cancer, in particular skin cancer;
• prolonged thermal effects on any area of ​​the skin;
• occupational hazards, for example, many years of work associated with skin contact with arsenic and tar;
• various diseases of the skin related to precancerous conditions, for example, chronic dermatitis, keratoacanthoma, senile dyskeratosis, a large number of warts, atheromas and papillomas, which are often injured;
• scars left after illnesses, for example, lupus, syphilis, trophic ulcers or burns.

The presence of at least one or more possible factors raises suspicion of skin cancer. In order to have a clear example of what a precancerous condition is and what exactly you need to pay attention to, it is described in detail in our article.

You can also see an informative video about skin cancer in the “video” section. Another way to recognize skin cancer is to view photos of the affected areas of the skin in the photo gallery section, which also serves as a visual aid.

When considering the reasons that provoke the development of skin cancer, there are two main types of factors that are directly related to the process. In particular, these are exogenous factors, as well as endogenous factors; let’s consider them in a little more detail.

Otherwise, they can be defined as external factors. The most important of these factors is ultraviolet radiation and sunlight in particular.

What is noteworthy is that the development of squamous cell and basal cell cancer is ensured by chronic damage to the skin resulting from exposure to UV radiation, but the development of melanoma occurs primarily as a result of periodic intense exposure to sunlight.

Moreover, in the latter version, even a single exposure is sufficient for this.

Classification

Depending on which layer of cells the tumor grows from, squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma are distinguished. In the first case, degeneration of superficially located epidermal cells occurs, in the second - of the deepest layer.

Melanoma is formed from special cells - melanocytes, which contain the pigment melanin and are located in the basal layer of the skin.

There are four forms of basal cell carcinoma: nodular, superficial, ulcerative and cicatricial. Squamous cell carcinoma may appear as an ulcer, nodule, or plaque. Melanoma can be superficial spreading, nodular or lentigo melanoma.

It has been found that there are skin lesions that can exist for years, but eventually undergo malignant transformation and subsequently acquire all the symptoms and signs of skin cancer.

They are called obligate precancerous conditions. There is also a group of facultative precancerous conditions, accompanied by impaired trophism and chronic inflammation of the skin.

This creates favorable conditions for cell degeneration, but it does not always occur.

It is important to promptly identify and carry out radical treatment of precancerous conditions. This can save the patient unnecessary suffering and save his life. The following pathologies are classified as obligate precancerous lesions.

• Bowen's disease is a disorder of the process of keratinization of epidermal cells in a limited area. One or several red-brown spots appear on the surface, covered with horny scales, under which there is a granulating surface. If radical treatment (surgical or radiation) is not carried out, Bowen's disease develops into infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma, growing through the entire thickness of the skin and underlying structures.
• Keir's erythroplasia - predominantly affects the skin of the glans penis, has the appearance of one or more red scaly spots with possible ulceration, and is treated surgically.
• Xeroderma pigmentosum is a congenital condition characterized by increased sensitivity to sunlight. Red spots appear on the skin and begin to peel off. In this case, it is necessary to protect the body from exposure to direct sunlight and undergo regular examination by a dermatologist and oncologist.
• Paget's disease - the lesion is most often located in the area of ​​the nipples of the breast, reminiscent of eczema. The treatment is surgical, so girls should be especially wary of the first symptoms of skin cancer so that it is not too late.

There are 4 types of skin cancer:

Basalioma

The tumor develops very slowly, most often destroying only nearby tissue. Rarely, basal cell carcinoma can metastasize.

Most often appears on the face. At first it resembles a plaque, then an ulcer and a crust form.

If not treated promptly, this type of cancer will destroy bones, cartilage and disrupt the functioning of major organs. The disease can be cured using cryosurgical and radiation methods; surgery is rarely required.

Squamous cell tumor

As a rule, the neoplasm is single and appears in different parts of the body, most often open. Cancer develops quickly and over time can metastasize to lymph nodes and lungs. The prognosis is unfavorable. What causes a squamous cell tumor to develop? Due to dermatitis, trophic ulcers, scars.

The tumor develops in two ways:

• Endophytic - a node forms in the skin and gradually turns into an ulcer.
• Exophytic - a node in the form of a wart and papilloma.

Cancer appears from melanocytes, which are responsible for producing the pigment melanin. This is one of the aggressive types of cancer.

Due to the fact that the sun begins to increase the amount of melanin production, a malignant tumor develops. Melanoma most often forms on an open area of ​​skin, the mucous membrane.

It may differ in shape, color, size.

Sometimes melanoma is formed from a nevus, mole, or birthmark. In this case, the following symptoms appear:

• Redness, itching, tissue swelling.
• Increased bleeding.
• Skin color and size changes.
• The skin becomes thicker.
• Ulcers form in the center.

Skin cancer is divided into the following types:

Basal cell skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma, basal epithelioma, cellular skin cancer) is found in 75% or less of cases, but is the least dangerous type of malignant skin disease.

The survival rate is almost 100%. Metastases develop in less than 1% of patients.

Characterized by rapid destruction of tissue surrounding the tumor. The main reasons for its appearance are genetic predisposition (hereditary factor), disruption of the immune system, exposure to carcinogenic substances, ultraviolet radiation, burns.

The appearance most often occurs in the upper layer of the skin (epidermis), in the follicles, on the scalp. Basalioma is divided into several types:

• Superficial;
• Pigment;
• Tumor;
• Ulcerative;
• Scar-atrophic;
• Fibroepithelial.

Squamous cell skin cancer (synonyms: epithelioma, spinalioma) is found in 25% or less of cases. The prognosis for survival largely depends on the stage at which the disease was detected and in the early stages is 90%, at stages 2-3 – up to 45%.

Relapse develops in 40% of patients. The appearance occurs most often on areas of the body exposed to the sun, and rarely on the genitals.

The most common cause of development is sun exposure, frequent burns or mechanical damage to the skin in the same place.

Melanoma is found in 2-10% of cases and is the most malignant type of skin cancer, causing death in almost 90% of patients. Characterized by rapid development.

In addition, there are:

• Adenocarcinoma;
• Lymphoma of the skin.

areas affected by certain types of tumors

The classification of malignant skin tumors is based on their histological structure, depending on which the following types of cancer are distinguished:

• Basal cell (basal cell carcinoma);
• Squamous cell carcinoma.

In recent years, melanoma that grows from melanin-forming tissue and is therefore not associated with the surface epithelium and glands of the skin is often excluded from malignant tumors of the integumentary epithelium. Melanoma will be mentioned a little later.

Considering the fact that human skin consists of cells that belong to different types of tissue, we can talk about qualitative differences between different types of skin cancer.

Typically, malignant tumors develop in exposed areas of the body. Among oncological diseases they occupy one of the leading places.

The classification includes many types of skin cancer. However, doctors identify only the three most common forms of skin cancer.

Basal cell carcinoma

This type of skin cancer occurs in 60-80% of cancer patients. Basal cell carcinoma is characterized by a relatively slow growth in the number of cancer cells, which makes it possible to carry out effective treatment in time and get rid of the problem forever. Among other types of skin cancer, basal cell tumors can grow into the deep layers of the epidermis without forming metastases. The risk group consists mainly of elderly and senile people. Of all the characteristic symptoms of basal cell skin cancer, we can highlight:

• The appearance of a painless nodule or several nodules on the skin;
• Covering the nodule with a bleeding crust;
• Peeling of neoplasms.

As the nodule progresses, it may develop into a large, flat plaque or deep ulcer. Serious complications are observed only in advanced forms of cancer, when the tumor grows into the underlying tissue.

However, in the initial stages, most patients do not pay attention to skin changes until the tumor begins to ulcerate.

Squamous cell carcinoma

It ranks second in prevalence among other varieties and types of skin cancer (11-25% of cases diagnosed). A characteristic sign of squamous cell carcinoma is the formation of a small, hard, nodular or flat growth on the surface of the skin, covered with a crust, ulcers or scales.

This type of skin cancer often affects the skin on the face, arms, neck and ears. Other symptoms include:.

• Pain and itching in the area where the malignancy is located;
• Bleeding of the affected area of ​​the epidermis;
• Thickening of the skin on the lower lip (especially in smokers);
• Gradual deepening and expansion of the ulcer.

With squamous cell carcinoma, the tumor actively spreads both outside and deep into the tissue. The disease actively metastasizes, affecting nearby lymph nodes and causing excruciating pain to the patient.

Malignant melanoma

This type of skin cancer usually develops from moles and birthmarks after chemical or mechanical damage. Usually, patients do not immediately notice the altered state of nevi. Melanoma symptoms develop in several stages:

• The appearance of persistent pigmentation and redness around the birthmark, which is eventually accompanied by itching and pain when touched;
• Formation of nodules at the site of the tumor, which, disintegrating, transform into bleeding ulcers.

The disease is divided into several types: squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma. In the photo of the types of skin cancer, you can easily find the differences between them. A photo of skin cancer on the nose shows that a basal cell tumor most often develops in this area and, less often, a squamous cell tumor.

Squamous cell carcinoma develops from flat skin cells. This is an aggressive tumor that grows quickly and forms metastases, destroying surrounding tissue. Occurs in old age. Most often localized on the face, head, palms, legs, scars.

In the photo of the symptoms of squamous cell skin cancer, several forms of the tumor are distinguished:

• plaque. This is a dense neoplasm with small red bumps that bleeds and grows quickly;
• node The tumor looks like a cauliflower: dense, red or brown, covered with erosions or ulcers, growing quickly;
• ulcer This tumor has an uneven bottom, from which liquid with a very unpleasant odor is constantly released. It dries out and forms crusts, pink-red in color, growing both in depth and to the sides.
• melanoma. This is a tumor formed from pigment cells. Develops at the site of freckles, moles and birthmarks. This is the most aggressive tumor, forming multiple metastases throughout the body.

Basal cell carcinoma is formed from the basal epithelium, has no stages, but as it grows, it destroys nearby tissue. Rarely metastasizes, often located on the nose or eyelids, neck, arms and legs. Its forms:

Stages of cancer development

Initial

The tumor forms only in the epidermis layer and does not affect the deep layer of skin. If you notice changes early, you can completely get rid of cancer.

First stage

The disease is diagnosed when the tumor grows into the lower layer of the skin. At this stage there are no metastases to the lymph nodes. The disease can be cured.

Second stage

The tumor reaches 5 cm and begins to affect the entire thickness of the skin. In this case, pain appears, and metastasis to the lymph nodes may occur. Only 50% of people survive.

Third stage

Cancer affects all nearby lymph nodes, the tumor reaches 5 cm. Ulcers often appear, and the temperature may rise. Unfortunately, if the tumor is treated correctly and on time, the survival rate is only 30%.

Fourth stage

Metastases begin to affect the entire body, the lungs and liver are especially affected, ulcers constantly bleed, and general intoxication of the body is observed. The prognosis is dire.

Attention! Only at an early stage can you get rid of a tumor; at the last stage, the disease cannot be treated.

Zero. In the photo of the initial stage of skin cancer you can see that the changes are not visible to the naked eye, but there are suspicious elements. Cancer cells are located on the surface of the skin. Cure is possible in 100% of cases.

First. Cancer cells are located in the upper layers of the skin, the tumor is no more than 2 cm, the chance of cure is 100%.

Second. Thickness is up to 4 cm, the tumor grows on all layers of the skin, burning and itching appears, metastases in the nearest lymph node. Chances of cure are 50%.

Third. The tumor is more than 5 cm, there are ulcers on the surface of the skin, the tumor grows into nearby tissues. Metastases (tumor areas in other tissues and organs) in the lymphatic system. Clear visible changes and symptoms. Chances of survival are 30%.

Fourth. Multiple metastases throughout the body, deterioration of general condition, chances of recovery - 20%.

Photos of stage 1 skin cancer are extremely rare, because at this stage it rarely makes itself felt. The photo of scalp cancer shows that tumors in this area are often in late stages, because it is difficult to notice minor changes due to the localization of the pathological process.

You can read about other types of cancer, for example, lung cancer, its manifestations and types here. The signs of colorectal cancer are described in detail here.

The first signs of skin cancer

The main criteria by which dermatologists diagnose skin cancer are:

Asymmetry. During examination of symmetrical areas of skin, significant differences in their shape, size, and structure are revealed.

Boundaries. Upon examination, there may be uneven skin, a “jagged” edge of birthmarks, etc. Color.

There is a suspicious change in the color of the affected area of ​​the skin (too dark or light, as well as red, blue and even black). Diameter.

Suspicious in terms of oncology are deformed areas of skin whose diameter exceeds 6 mm.

The most typical first signs of skin cancer:

1. the presence of new moles or spots on the surface of the skin;
2. dark red growths that rise above the surface of the skin;
3. wound surfaces that do not heal for a long time;
4. moles that have been on the body for a long time began to change shape, color and size.

What skin cancer looks like is shown in the photo, which will also help you understand and answer the question “how to recognize skin cancer?”

How skin cancer manifests itself in each individual form:

Be healthy!

1. Redness of the skin area.
2. Peeling.
3. Itching in this area.
4. Ulceration of a mole.
5. Increasing its size.

Very often people do not pay attention to these symptoms, which contributes to the further development of cancer. Subsequent symptoms may include:

1. Easily tired, chronic fatigue.
2. Weight loss for no apparent reason.
3. Refusal to eat.
4. Prolonged low temperature (around 37°).
5. Enlarged lymph nodes.
6. Changes in moles, their shape, size and color.
7. In later stages, constant pain appears.

Symptoms

The only symptom in the initial stages of skin cancer is the presence of a skin pathological lesion. Depending on the form of the disease, it may appear as a spot, wart, ulcer or erosion.

Appearance of a lesion with basal cell carcinoma

Nodular basalioma has the appearance of a dense nodule of pearlescent pink color with a depression in the center, rising above the surface of the skin and bleeding easily when an injury is caused.

The main symptoms of the initial stage of skin cancer, diagnosed as superficial basal cell carcinoma, are red-brown plaques of round or irregular shape with shiny, waxy edges raised above the surrounding skin. Several lesions may appear at once, grow slowly, and rarely deepen.

Cicatricial basalioma has the appearance of a depression with waxy raised edges, at the bottom of which there is dense scar tissue. Ulcerations periodically appear along the periphery, which gradually scar and merge with the primary lesion.

The prognosis for ulcerative basal cell carcinoma is unfavorable; it grows into the underlying tissues like infiltrative forms. The bottom of the ulcer is characterized by a red-brown color and a lumpy surface covered with black crusts. The pink shiny edges of the ulcerative basal cell carcinoma are raised.

Appearance of lesions in squamous cell skin cancer

In the superficial form, several nodules first appear that are visible above the skin. Over time, they become whitish, yellowish in color, and begin to thicken.

At the beginning of the disease, the tumor may not bother you at all, then it begins to grow, and the surface of the skin becomes eroded. Infecting cancer is characterized by deep ulcers that are completely covered with a crust.

The tumor most often affects tissue. And with the papillary form of cancer, the skin becomes lumpy, reminiscent of “cauliflower”.

The main symptom of skin cancer is the appearance of a neoplasm, pink, red, brown or black, which, as the disease progresses, increases in size, becomes painful and even very painful, grows to the lower layers of the skin, and even deeper than the skin, right down to the bones.

The first signs of skin cancer

• The appearance on the skin of a small painless spot, a shiny plaque or a gray-yellow nodule;
• The neoplasm has an unusual color compared to freckles, moles and other formations on the skin;
• The tumor has no clear boundaries;
• After some time, the tumor may itch, itch, or tingle;
• The tumor increases in size;
• Chronic fatigue.

Skin Cancer Symptoms

Among the main signs of skin cancer are:

• A neoplasm with unclear boundaries, often having divisions and a color unusual for healthy skin or formations such as freckles and moles, the size of which ranges from 4-6 mm in diameter;
• Chronic fatigue, despite sufficient rest of the patient;
• Decreased appetite, rapid weight loss;
• Enlargement of lymph nodes, mainly close to the tumor;
• Pain syndrome throughout the entire period of the disease, intensifying with exacerbation or development of cancer.

Symptoms of skin cancer, depending on its type:

Melanoma is one of the most dangerous types of cancer and is characterized by rapid development and spread with a large number of metastases. The appearance in itself is impossible, and then the development of melanoma occurs from another formation already present on the skin - a nevus (mole, freckle).

The first signs of melanoma are a rapid increase in size of the nevus, as well as a change in its color to any color except brown. In addition, the signs of melanoma are an increase in the density of the tumor, its itching, swelling, swelling, and after a while, ulcers appear on the previous freckle or mole.

Basal cell carcinoma is characterized by the appearance of a single neoplasm, slightly raised above the skin, in the form of a hemisphere, colored greyish, pinkish or natural (skin color) color, with a pearlescent sheen.

The surface of the tumor is predominantly smooth, but in its center there are scales, when opened, erosion opens and blood appears. The development of basalioma is quite long - an increase in size can occur for years.

Metastases are also not particularly characteristic of this type of skin cancer; only occasionally do they bother the patient. The appearance of basalioma is usually observed on the skin of the face, and the functioning of those organs that are closest to the tumor is disrupted.

Squamous cell skin cancer is characterized by a rapid increase in the size of the neoplasm, which has the appearance of a dense structure, lumpy nodule, reminiscent of the surface of a cauliflower, colored in a red or brownish tint.

The formation may peel off or even have crusts on it. As it develops, the tumor becomes similar to a wart, with ulcers and periodic bleeding.

Squamous cell skin cancer appears only on skin exposed to sunlight.

Adenocarcinoma - characterized by the appearance and development of tumors mainly in places with a large accumulation of sebaceous glands - the armpits, folds under the breasts and other parts of the body.

Skin adenocarcinoma has the appearance of a small nodule or tubercle, which at the beginning has a rather slow development, but when it enters the active phase, the tumor increases in size rapidly, and tissues are affected up to the muscles.

It is a relatively rare form of skin cancer.

Kaposi's sarcoma is characterized by the appearance of multiple malignant neoplasms on the skin, often involving the lymphatic system, mucous membranes and internal organs in the pathological process.

In 50% of cases, it occurs in men with HIV infection, and also often accompanies other types of malignant diseases - leukemia, lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymphogranulomatosis), multiple myeloma.

Neoplasms in Kaposi's sarcoma are small dense spots, slightly raised above the skin, colored in colors from red and bright burgundy to blue-violet, with a glossy surface, sometimes slightly rough.

When the spots are combined into one tumor, an ulcer may appear on them, and the patient may feel tingling, itching, and swelling in this place. Additional symptoms may include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting blood, cough with bloody sputum, pain when eating.

The development of Kaposi's sarcoma is slow.

In general, the appearance of cancer is preceded by certain types of pathological processes and precancerous diseases, which are usually defined as precancers. Precancers, in turn, can be obligate or facultative.

Obligate precancers in almost all cases transform into a malignant process. Precancerous diseases include the following:

• Keir's erythroplasia;
• Paget's disease;
• Bowen's disease;
• xeroderma pigmentosa.

Facultative precancers can transform into cancer under a certain combination of unfavorable factors from the influence of internal or external environments on the body. In particular, these include:

• actinic keratoma or actinic keratosis;
• cutaneous horn;
• radiation ulcers (late);
• keratoacanthoma;
• scarring;
• trophic ulcers;
• skin lesions noted with syphilis, systemic lupus erythematosus, tuberculosis;
• arsenic keratoses.

The following signs are identified that indicate the malignant nature of the degeneration of a nevus (that is, a mole):

• vertical growth relative to surrounding tissues;
• partial or complete change in color, formation of areas of associated depigmentation;
• irregular outline, asymmetry of the edges (in other words, a change in the shape of the nevus);
• burning, itching;
• formation of pronounced ulcerations over the mole;
• wet surface (wetting) or bleeding;
• disappearance of hair from the surface of the nevus (its loss or absence);
• the appearance of inflammation in the area of ​​the mole, as well as the tissues surrounding it;
• peeling of the surface, the appearance of dry crusts;
• the formation of additional formations on the skin around the mole (pink or pigmented);
• loosening or softening of the mole (that is, a change in its inherent consistency);
• disappearance of the previously characteristic skin pattern from the surface of the nevus;
• formation of a glossy and shiny surface.

Basal cell carcinoma, also defined as basal cell epithelioma, basal cell carcinoma, or cutaneous carcinoid, is a type of skin cancer that typically affects the skin of the neck and face, and in some cases the nose or eyelids. .

The name of the disease is determined by the area of ​​the lesion - that is, here cancer cells are formed from the basal layer of the skin, which is the deepest in humans.

This form of cancer develops extremely rarely. Its characteristic clinical picture determines the absence of differences from the previous form of cancer; its diagnosis can be made on the basis of a histological examination.

The form of cancer considered in this case can manifest itself, in turn, in one of two varieties, in particular, they include cancer of the sweat glands and cancer of the sebaceous glands.

In addition, the development of this type of cancer can occur directly from the hair follicles. Its peculiarity lies in its tendency to hemato- and lymphogenous metastasis.

In terms of frequency of occurrence, metastases are observed in about 2-5% of cases, predominantly occurring to regional lymph nodes.

Melanoma (also known as melanosarcoma, melanocarcinoma or malignant melanoma) is one of the most malignant tumor formations relevant to humans.

Melanoma develops regardless of whether it corresponds to a specific age category, and therefore the possibility of its occurrence in both young and older people cannot be ruled out.

It is noteworthy that melanoma develops more often in women than in men. Over the past decades, there has been a sharp increase in the total incidence of melanoma.

As a rule, melanoma develops in the area of ​​open areas of the skin, although, as in previous variants of the disease we are considering, its formation in the mucous membranes (conjunctiva, oral cavity, genitals) is not excluded. Risk factors contributing to its development include, first of all, the above-mentioned exposure to ultraviolet radiation; in addition, a hereditary factor in terms of predisposition to this disease cannot be excluded. Additional factors include the following:

• red hair, fair skin;
• a large number of moles on the body (exceeding 50);
• the presence of many freckles, as well as their rapid appearance;
• history of sunburn.

In any case, it is important to consider that cutaneous melanoma can occur in people of any race and skin color, although this is true for a lower incidence rate.

Taking this into account, we note that melanoma is not limited to only affecting the category of people with fair skin and their compliance with the listed factors.

Photos of signs of skin cancer can be found on any website. Of course, this dangerous disease can hide for a long time, so it is important to monitor your health and undergo medical examination. inspections.

Photos of symptoms of facial skin cancer are especially frightening, because not only a person’s appearance changes, but also vital organs are quickly damaged due to their close location to the tumor (eyes, brain, etc.).

Main symptoms of cancer:

• constant fatigue and overwork;
• sudden weight loss;
• lack of appetite;
• low-grade fever (37 o C);
• enlarged lymph nodes;
• changes in the size, shape and appearance of moles or warts;
• pain (a sign of the final stages).

The symptoms of this disease are pronounced. They begin with the degeneration of a certain mole on the body. Skin cancer has two classifications:

1. Squamous cell skin cancer develops in the area of ​​moles.
2. Basal cell skin cancer that develops from a hair follicle or sebaceous gland.

How to recognize skin cancer? The first thing that should alert you is the lumpy growths at the site of moles. They may appear due to a bacterial nature or the presence of ulcers.

Often older people are affected by this disease, so they need to be more attentive to all kinds of changes in the skin. Symptoms depend on the stage of cancer.

Diagnostics

If the presence of a cancerous lesion is suspected, a full examination of the patient’s body is carried out, identifying all suspicious lesions and formations, and palpating regional lymph nodes. Then they move on to instrumental research methods.

Dermatoscopy is an examination of the skin with magnification, performed using a manual or digital dermatoscope. In the first case, the doctor examines the surface of the skin through the lens of a portable microscope, in the second, the enlarged image is transmitted to the monitor screen and subjected to automatic analysis.

The shape of the edges and the microstructure of the surface of the neoplasm are assessed - based on these data, a preliminary diagnosis can be made.

Ultrasound of the skin is performed using high-frequency ultrasound machines operating at a frequency of 20 MHz. Using this research method, you can see how deep the lesion spreads and clarify its boundaries in area. Enlarged lymph nodes are also examined using ultrasound.

Siascopy is used to diagnose melanoma; the procedure is based on the principle of spectrophotometry. Using siascopy, it is possible to determine the content of melanin, hemoglobin and collagen in the neoplasm tissue and visualize its internal three-dimensional structure to a depth of 2–4 mm.

The final diagnosis can only be established on the basis of histological examination. You can obtain material for it using a fingerprint smear or scraping. In this case, a cytological analysis is performed: the presence of atypical cells and the general cellular composition of the smear are determined.

The material obtained from a biopsy (partial - incisional or complete - excisional) is subjected to histological examination. In this case, the doctor can evaluate not only the cellular composition, but also the structure of the tumor at the tissue level.

If a malignant tumor is suspected, an excisional biopsy is attempted, since additional trauma to the tumor can stimulate its growth.

In addition to the characteristics of the main focus, the diagnosis of a malignant tumor includes information about enlarged regional lymph nodes and distant metastases.

If an enlarged lymph node was detected during a clinical examination, a puncture or excisional biopsy is performed.

If distant metastases are suspected, an ultrasound, CT or MRI of the chest and abdominal cavity, kidneys and brain is performed.

If a malignant tumor is suspected, the patient should contact a dermatologist, who can refer him to an oncologist. The doctor conducts a thorough examination and examines the lymph nodes. Sometimes an ultrasound is additionally prescribed.

The diagnosis of skin cancer can be confirmed by histological examination (carried out after a biopsy of the tumor or after its removal) or cytological examination (microscopic examination of fingerprint smears from eroded surfaces).

Sometimes, if tumor metastasis is suspected, patients are recommended to undergo a lymph node biopsy. In the presence of a rapidly growing and metastasizing tumor, the diagnosis of the disease can be expanded, using: CT, MRI, urography, radiography, scintigraphy, etc.

First, the doctor carefully examines the skin. Then he definitely prescribes a biopsy. In this case, a piece of the tumor is taken and carefully examined under a microscope. A biopsy can help determine the type of cancer.

Diagnosis of skin cancer includes the following examination methods:

If involvement of the lymphatic system in the pathological process is suspected, a fine-needle aspiration biopsy is prescribed.

Photos of skin cancer fully characterize the severity of the disease, its symptoms and complications. It is very important to diagnose the pathology in time, because the sooner the correct diagnosis is made, the higher the chances of recovery.

Diagnosis of cancer is based on examination, medical history and additional laboratory methods: biopsy of the affected area, cytological and histological studies, blood, feces and urine tests, radioisotope studies, ultrasound, CT, MRI.

Therapeutic measures depend on the form of cancer, its stage of development, as well as on the age of the patient, his general condition and the presence of chronic pathology.

Main methods of treatment:

• radiation therapy. Helps with the initial stages;
• chemotherapy;
• drug therapy (as part of complex treatment);
• surgery;
• modern methods (cryodestruction of the lesion, laser excision, etc.).

Treatment options

Most tumors and tumor-like formations of the skin are benign processes. Their treatment is limited to mechanical removal with mandatory subsequent sending for histological examination. Such operations are carried out at the outpatient stage.

Unfortunately, new surgical techniques (electric knife, for example), used to remove a tumor without prior cytological examination, do not always make it possible to accurately examine the removed material. This leads to a high risk of “losing” the patient from sight until he or she presents with a relapse or signs of widespread metastases of a previously undiagnosed malignant skin pathology.

If the question of the presence of melanoma is not raised, then the standard treatment for any diagnosed skin cancer is removal.

Features of the operation:

The five-year survival rate for skin cancer patients is as follows:

• when treatment begins in stages I-II, survival rate is 80-100%;
• When metastases are detected in the regional lymph nodes with tumor invasion into underlying tissues and organs during the diagnostic process, about 25% survive.

Treatment of melanoma

The main treatment method is surgical removal of the tumor with a combination of radiation and chemotherapy in the presence of screenings.

Initially, for the removal of pigmented formations that do not have signs of malignancy, local anesthesia is allowed with the obligatory condition of “remote” anesthesia (the needle and the injected anesthetic should not affect the superficial and deep parts of the skin in the projection of the object being removed).

In diagnosed cases of melanoma, the operation is performed under general anesthesia in an oncology hospital. A prerequisite for tumor removal should be the possibility of intraoperative histological examination to clarify the degree of germination and the scope of further surgical treatment.

The boundaries of visually unchanged tissues within which melanoma is removed are at least:

If the tumor is already large and has an ulcerated surface, then excision occurs at least three centimeters from the edge in the direction from the group of regional lymph nodes and at least 5 cm in the direction towards them. Removal occurs simultaneously, in a single area with subcutaneous tissue and underlying fascia.

If the tumor is located on the phalanges of the limbs, then amputation of the fingers is performed.

If the tumor is localized in the upper thirds of the auricle, it is removed entirely.

Removal of the affected regional lymph nodes occurs simultaneously with the removal of the tumor.

To eliminate skin defects formed as a result of the operation, elements of plastic surgery are used to eliminate them.

General treatment tactics by disease stage

Stages I and II (pT1-4 N0 M0)	Removal of the tumor with immediate or subsequent plastic surgery.
Stage III (any pT N1–3 M0)	Removal of melanoma (including daughter screenings and metastases to lymph nodes on the opposite side). Regional lymph node dissection. Postoperative local radiation irradiation of the lymphatic collector SOD 60 Gy. Regional injection chemotherapy for detection of multiple metastases (N2c) on the extremities.
Stage IV (any pT any N M1)	If general intoxication is not pronounced, then the scope of complex treatment is strictly individual. The terminal stage of the disease, unfortunately, allows the use of new experimental treatment methods that give the patient a chance to prolong life, such as chemoimmunotherapy under normal or variant conditions (hyperthermia, hyperglycemia, etc.). Palliative radiation therapy is allowed. Surgical interventions are auxiliary.

Forecast of five-year survival of patients with melanoma:

• Stage I – 97-99%
• Stage II – 81-85%
• Stage III – 54-60%
• Stage IV – 14-19%

Prediction of ten-year survival of patients with melanoma:

• Stage I – 94-95%
• Stage II – 65-67%
• Stage III – 44-46%
• Stage IV – 10-15%

Skin cancer prevention:

1. Elimination of damaging factors.
2. Regular self-examination of existing pigmented formations.
3. Seek immediate medical attention if a disturbing rash appears on the skin.

Treatment depends on the type, stage and extent of the process.

• Surgical removal of the tumor focus within healthy tissues, followed by histological examination, is used independently when there is no infiltrative growth of the tumor and screening in the lymph nodes - signs that characterize the initial stage of skin cancer. In later stages, it may be the final stage of treatment after radiation and chemotherapy.
• Radiation therapy is used as an independent method, as well as to prevent relapse after surgical treatment. As a rule, repeated irradiation is carried out with relatively small doses. In this case, the tumor receives the maximum radiation dose, while surrounding tissues are spared. This therapy is often used when skin cancer is diagnosed in women.
• Chemotherapy is used for metastatic and disseminated skin cancer (those with multiple lesions in different parts of the body). It can be combined with radiation therapy and precede surgical removal of tumor foci.

Treatment for skin cancer depends entirely on the type of tumor, stage of the disease and general condition of the patient. The main treatments for skin cancer are:

• Surgical treatment, accompanied by removal of the tumor and affected lymph nodes, is the most common method. Typically, after surgery, patients are given radiation therapy (radiotherapy) or chemotherapy.
• Radiation therapy – allows you to destroy tumor cells by exposing them to close-focus radiotherapy. Radiation therapy prevents tumor metastasis.
• Drug treatment for skin cancer is treatment with chemotherapy drugs that destroy cancer cells.

Small tumors are excised using curettage, electrocoagulation, cryodestruction or laser removal. In each case, the treatment option is selected individually.

The prognosis for skin cancer is ambiguous; it depends on the degree of differentiation of the tumor and the type of cancer. However, with timely treatment, skin cancer has a relatively benign course compared to cancerous tumors of other locations.

Negative prognoses apply only to squamous cell carcinoma, which grows very quickly and often metastasizes.

Depending on the stage, radiation, surgical, cryogenic, medicinal, and laser treatment may be prescribed. The location, shape, and stage of cancer must be taken into account.

Drug treatment

Interferon, Aldesleukin, Dacarbazine, 5-fluorouracil can be prescribed, with their help you can boost the immune system and completely get rid of cancer cells.

Radiation therapy

This method is used if the cancerous tumor is small. The therapy has its drawbacks: it takes more than a month to be treated, and the surrounding healthy tissue begins to be damaged.

Operation

Surgical intervention is used for skin cancer on the trunk and limbs. In this case, liquid nitrogen is used, which has a cryogenic effect.

Are you afraid of skin cancer? Always remember about prevention: don’t get carried away with tanning, treat all damage in a timely manner, follow the basic rules when coming into contact with various chemicals, use nourishing creams for dry skin. Be healthy!

How to treat skin cancer? Treatment of skin cancer may include the following therapy methods, the choice of which depends on the diagnosis, stage and form of the disease:

1. Surgical treatment2. Radiation therapy3. Micrographic surgery according to MOHS4. Cryogenic therapy;5. Laser therapy;6. Drug therapy.

1. Surgical treatment

Surgery is one of the main treatments for skin cancer, which is the physical removal of the tumor and other tissues that were involved in the pathological process in which cancer cells were found. Affected lymph nodes may also be removed.

2. Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy is used in cases where surgical treatment has not brought the desired result, as well as in combination with surgical treatment, or in cases where treatment with a scalpel cannot be carried out - if the tumor is in the corner of the eyes, on the nose and other similar places.

Additional indications for the use of radiation therapy include the initial stages of cancer, the presence of metastases, the occurrence of relapses and the prevention of the development of the disease after surgical treatment (operation).

Radiation therapy involves exposing areas of the body to ionizing radiation to areas of the body affected by cancer cells.

The advantage of radiation therapy is a good cosmetic effect - no scars from cutting objects, painlessness. The disadvantage of radiation therapy is the poisoning of the body with radioactive substances, which often damage healthy organs and body tissues.

Among the methods of radiation therapy for skin cancer are:

The fractionated irradiation method involves a single course of irradiation of a malignant tumor with a high dose of radiation - up to 4000 rads, in fractions, over 10-15 days.

The advantage of fractionated irradiation is the absence of a repeated course of therapy, since radiation tends to accumulate in the body, and a repeated course can lead to necrosis of tissues adjacent to the tumor and changes in vascularization.

With a single course of fractionated radiation, healthy tissue is damaged less, while cancer cells are destroyed first.

The concentrated short-focus Shaul irradiation method involves irradiating a malignant cancer tumor with radium in a single dose of 400-800 rad, and in a total course dose of 6000-8000 rad, using a special X-ray tube.

The Shaul irradiation method is based on the distribution of X-ray energy and γ-rays between the tumor and the surrounding tissues. Due to this, the maximum dose of radiation falls on the tumor itself, and the surrounding tissues are less irradiated.

This method is used instead of the outdated method of radium irradiation.

Stages of radiation therapy

Treatment of stage 1 and 2 skin cancer is carried out using short-focus radiotherapy in a single dosage of 300-400 rads and a total dosage of 5000-7000 rads.

Large single doses can shorten treatment time, but they leave worse cosmetic defects on the skin. The prognosis for recovery is 95-98% with irradiation at stage 1, and 85-87% at stage 2.

Treatment of stage 3 and 4 skin cancer is carried out using deep irradiation with X-rays on a cesium or telegamma installation. A single dosage should not exceed 250 rad (at stage 3). The total dose is determined by the attending physician.

After irradiation, additional surgical or electrosurgical treatment may be prescribed.

Surgical treatment of a malignant tumor on the skin is also indicated for x-ray cancer against a background of scars, as well as for relapses.

After radiation therapy, patients should visit a doctor for monitoring every 6 months for 5 years.

Results of radiation therapy

The results of cancer radiation therapy largely depend on the location, depth, and stage of the cancer, as well as the method of irradiation and the rays used.

The effectiveness of radiation therapy for skin cancer is reduced in the following situations:

• Late stages of the disease;
• With the basal cell type of skin cancer, in which radiation-resistant cells are often present;
• For pathology in the area of ​​the incision of the eyes, auricle;
• When cancer cells spread to bone and cartilage tissue;
• The development of the disease occurred against the background of lupus, skin scars, due to which the surrounding tissue is weakened and cannot give the necessary reaction to X-ray irradiation;
• If the quality of the rays, the appropriate voltage and radiation dosage are selected incorrectly.

3. Micrographic surgery according to MOHS

Micrographic treatment of skin cancer according to MOHS was developed by surgeon Frederic E. Mohs (1910–2002).

The treatment method is based on making a microscopic incision at the edge of the tumor under local anesthetic, at an angle of 45 degrees, after which its type is determined in the laboratory by staining the borders of the tumor.

Next, the tumor is frozen and cut into thin pieces, only 5-10 microns thick, after which they are again stained in the laboratory using a special method, and if cancer cells were not found in 2 fragments in a row, then the tumor was removed and reconstruction of the skin area is carried out, if If they are discovered, further studies with micro-sections are carried out until they are discovered.

The prognosis for recovery using MOHS treatment ranges from 97% to 99.8%. Other advantages include minimal cosmetic defects on the skin.

4. Cryogenic therapy

Cryogenic therapy involves the removal of a tumor and other tissues affected by cancer cells by exposing them to ultra-low temperatures, for example, liquid nitrogen.

Important! Before using folk remedies against cancer, be sure to consult your doctor!

Treatment of the disease is carried out based on taking into account a number of factors accompanying its course (type of cancer, stage, condition of the patient as a whole, etc.). The main treatment options include the following:

• Surgery. It implies the removal of tumor formation, which is one of the most common methods used in the treatment of skin cancer. In this case, the tumor itself is excised, as well as the lymph nodes (in case they were subject to the corresponding lesion). Additionally, radiotherapy or drug therapy may be prescribed after surgery.
• Radiotherapy. It involves irradiating the area in which the tumor has developed. With this treatment method, it is possible to remove those tumor cells that were not removed during surgery.
• Drug therapy involves taking medications aimed at destroying cancer cells or increasing immune activity to help the body fight the disease.

Complications of skin cancer

Complications of skin cancer include:

• Tumor bleeding;
• Accession bacterial infection, contributing to the appearance of suppuration;
• Tumor growth below the skin - to the bones, cartilage tissue, brain, eyeball and other organs, depending on the location of the pathology;
• Death.

Prevention

Preventing skin cancer includes following these recommendations:

• Minimize frequent exposure to direct sunlight for long periods of time, especially if you have very fair skin;
• Avoid visiting solariums;
• When exposed to the sun, especially during its peak activity, use sunscreen, and it is better to avoid sunbathing at this time;
• If ulcers, fistulas or other suspicious growths appear, consult a doctor;
• Avoid burns, as well as mechanical damage to the skin, papillomas, warts and other formations;
• Avoid direct contact of exposed skin with carcinogenic substances;
• Observe personal hygiene rules;
• Try to include foods of plant origin, as well as foods enriched with vitamins and microelements;
• Give up alcohol, quit smoking;
• Give up the idea of ​​getting a tattoo on your body;
• If you have any diseases, consult a doctor so that the disease does not become chronic.

Fortunately, the development of malignant skin tumors can be avoided. It is enough to pay due attention to the care and protection of the skin from the harmful effects of external factors and carefully monitor the condition of nevi and birthmarks on the body.

Since one of the main causes of various types of skin cancer is excessive solar radiation, it is necessary to protect exposed areas of the body from direct rays using closed, light clothing and sunscreen.

Skin cancer is a dangerous disease of malignant origin that goes through several stages of development. In total, it is customary to distinguish four stages of skin cancer, the rate of development of which depends on the form of the tumor and its aggressiveness. To identify the stage of the disease, it is necessary to undergo a thorough diagnosis, assess the condition of the lymph nodes and internal organs.

Skin cancer is considered the only cancer that can be seen without the use of instrumental methods. Characteristic external defects, their shape, color, density have significant differences from benign formations.

A special role is played by collecting anamnesis - the presence of precancerous conditions, scars, burns and mechanical damage to the skin increases the risk of developing cancer. Therefore, for experienced dermatologists, it is not difficult to identify an oncological lesion during a visual examination, determine the stage of skin cancer and prescribe appropriate treatment.

The concept of stages, how many are there?

The photo shows the stage of skin cancer spread

The stages of skin cancer are a conditional division of the stages of tumor development according to its size, damage to the lymph nodes and the presence of secondary malignant foci in the internal organs.

There are four main stages of skin cancer, which determine general and local symptoms, the patient’s well-being and survival prognosis. Sometimes a zero or precancerous stage is identified, in which there are completely no signs of the disease.

Precancerous stage or stage 0

When skin cancer first develops, a small number of cells undergo malignancy. A person may not even know that he is sick, since there are very few atypical cells and they do not extend beyond one layer of the epithelium. Therefore, there are no local or general manifestations.

If the patient’s immune system is fully functioning, it can destroy cancer cells, preventing tumor formation. But in patients with a decrease in the body’s defenses, the process of malignancy continues, the altered cells continue to divide, and a malignant neoplasm is formed.

The early stage responds well to treatment, and if a malignant focus is detected, it is enough to perform one operation so that the disease does not return. Precancerous skin cancer does not require radiation or chemotherapy to avoid recurrence.

Initial or stage 1 skin cancer - first symptoms and signs

Like the zero, the first stage of skin cancer does not pose a serious threat to the patient’s life. It differs from other stages of development in the absence of metastases, so only local manifestations appear.

What does early stage skin cancer look like? The appearance of the neoplasm depends on the morphological structure. The first changes on the skin may look like a mole with uneven edges, one or more fused nodes, a rough plaque or an ulcerative-erosive lesion.

At this stage, the size of the malignant formation is no more than 2 cm, it does not grow into deep tissues, therefore there are no general symptoms of skin cancer at stage 1. Some patients note that the development of the tumor was preceded by a slight increase in temperature, weakness and constant drowsiness. It is not always possible to determine whether these are symptoms of the initial stage of skin cancer or the body’s reaction to overwork. Grouping according to TNM classification - T1, T2, N0, M0.

The photo shows the development of skin cancer in the initial stages in the form of skin basal cell carcinoma

Stage 2 skin cancer

Stage 2 skin cancer is characterized by an increase in the size of the primary lesion. The neoplasm grows, affects several layers, but does not yet go beyond one anatomical zone.

Symptoms at stage 2 become more pronounced - signs of inflammation appear in the affected area - redness of the skin, swelling, soreness. General signs are also absent or insignificant, which can be attributed to fatigue or overwork.

At stage 2 of skin cancer, it is necessary to conduct a thorough examination to exclude damage to regional lymph nodes. Often the disease recurs at this stage due to poor diagnosis. Grouping according to TNM classification - T2, T3, N0, M0.

Skin cancer stage 3, how not to miss it?

Unlike the previous ones, stage 3 skin cancer has a less optimistic prognosis. The size of the tumor is more than 5 cm, it spreads to neighboring anatomical areas, penetrates into deep tissues, affects blood vessels, nerve fibers, muscles, cartilage and bone structures. Regional metastases appear.

If the tumor is presented in the form of a plaque or ulcer, constant bleeding or exudate separation occurs. Bacterial microflora can attach to the affected area of ​​the skin, which leads to suppuration.

Signs at stage 3 are characterized by a general deterioration of the condition, which is explained by a weakening of the immune system. The lymph nodes become denser and inflamed, and their mobility is impaired. Dysfunctions of some organs and systems appear, depending on where the tumor grows. Grouping by TNM classification - Any T, N0, N1, M0.

The photo shows the spread of skin cancer at stages 3 and 4

Stage 4 skin cancer, why is it dangerous?

The terminal or fourth stage of skin cancer is characterized by significant growth of the tumor and the formation of secondary tumors in the internal organs. This leads to the development of multiple organ failure and complete loss of strength.

Stage 4 symptoms:

• chronic fatigue;
• sleep disorders;
• significant loss of body weight;
• anemia;
• increased temperature, fever;
• depression.

Stage 4 skin cancer with metastases reduces the chances of a successful recovery to zero, since treatment for multiple metastases is difficult and is based only on symptomatic relief. Grouping by TNM classification - Any T, N, M.

Classification of stages according to the TNM system

The international classification for determining the prevalence of the process is easy to use and is used by oncologists around the world to make an accurate diagnosis.

• T - indicates primary tumor:

1. Tx - means that for some reason it was not possible to evaluate the parameters of the tumor.
2. T0 - considered stage zero without detection of a malignant node as such.
3. T1 - the tumor is detected and measures no more than two centimeters.
4. T2 is a malignant node measuring two to five centimeters in diameter.
5. T3 - tumor larger than five centimeters.
6. T4 - formation of any size with damage to other organs and penetration deep into the tissue.

• N - assesses damage to regional lymph nodes:

1. Nx - it is impossible to assess the state of the nodes.
2. N0 - there are no metastases in the lymph nodes.
3. N1 - the presence of metastases in the lymph nodes is confirmed.

• M - characterizes the presence of secondary foci of neoplasm in distant organs:

1. Mx - for a number of reasons it was not possible to evaluate.
2. M0 - no distant metastases.
3. M1 - confirms the presence of distant metastases.

How to notice the emerging disease?

Many people are interested in a completely logical question: how does skin cancer begin and how not to miss it? On the body of each person there are unique nevi, they are better known as moles, and there may also be pigment spots or birthmarks. So, it is very important to monitor their possible changes and, if possible, prevent them from being damaged.

It happens that a mole or age spot begins to change in shade, becomes darker or more convex in shape, begins to grow, or may become covered with a crust that is unusual for them. All this cannot be ignored; this may be the first news of a possible diagnosis - skin cancer. Of course, no one is saying that this is definitely an early stage skin cancer (photo attached), but it definitely requires consulting a doctor.

Another option for the occurrence of a tumor may be the sudden formation of a small and sometimes completely inconspicuous pink spot, in some cases more than one. With the use of a drug that relieves inflammation, the spot may disappear for a while, but soon it returns with renewed vigor. The resulting neoplasm is usually slightly compacted and may have a dimple in the middle, in the form of a funnel. Peeling is possible, followed by the formation of a crust and bloody and bloody discharge from the wound.

Distinctive features of development

Not only what it looks like, but also its developmental characteristics depends on the morphological structure of cancer formation. It is customary to distinguish three main types of tumors that form on the skin -, and.

Squamous cell formations and basalioma have common stages described above, but there is a slight difference. Squamous cell carcinoma develops very quickly and actively spreads throughout the body.

Basalioma, on the contrary, grows slowly, rarely penetrates into the deep subcutaneous layers and almost does not metastasize. But, if rare forms of basalioma develop - scleroderma-like or ulcerative, the tumor rapidly progresses, destroying cartilage and bone tissue.

The most aggressive and dangerous form is melanoma, the initial stage of which looks like a birthmark that changes its color and size. Melanoma often forms from existing moles, and less often forms on healthy areas of the body.

Stages of melanoma:

• I – up to 2 mm., without manifestation
• II – up to 4 mm, without manifestation.
• III – any thickness of melanoma, with or without ulceration, but with damage to the lymph nodes.
• IV – has gone beyond one anatomical zone, regional and distant metastases are present.

Even the early stage of melanoma causes unpleasant local symptoms - itching, burning, swelling of surrounding tissues, bleeding. But the most important sign is a significant difference in color and shape from other moles and nevi.

How to detect skin cancer at an early stage?

There are moles and age spots on every person’s body; with age, they become more numerous, and various skin defects appear. Therefore, many people have a question: how to detect skin cancer at the initial stage?

It is important to monitor your body and pay attention to all changes that may become the first signs of cancer:

• the appearance of an uneven mole on the body;
• change in color, size and shape of existing nevi;
• the formation of dense nodules protruding above the skin;
• painful swelling under the skin;
• the appearance of ulcers with uneven raised borders;
• exudative, bloody or purulent discharge from skin defects.

When examining the body, it is especially important to pay attention to open areas of the body - the face, neck, chest and shoulders. It is these areas that are most susceptible to negative factors that cause the development of cancer.

Diagnosis at stages 1, 2, 3 and 4

If signs of skin cancer appear, you should visit a dermatologist for an initial diagnosis. The doctor examines the patient's entire body, paying special attention to the affected area.

The area of ​​changed skin is subject to detailed examination using a magnifying glass or dermatoscope. It is especially important to carry out dermatoscopy of suspicious moles - to determine the boundaries, symmetry and uniformity of pigmentation.

Further work is carried out by an oncologist using the following methods:

1. Cytological examination - scrape the surface layer from the surface of a scaly node or take a smear from weeping erosions. The resulting material is studied under a microscope.
2. Biopsy – performed to diagnose squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma. It is not recommended for suspected melanoma, since damage to the tumor can provoke its aggressive growth. During a biopsy, a small number of cells are removed from the lesion using special forceps or a puncture needle, and then sent for histological examination.
3. Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity and lymph nodes is necessary to identify secondary tumors.
4. Mammography is performed if a tumor has formed in the area of ​​the mammary glands, in order to exclude their damage.
5. X-rays – photographs of the chest and bone structures located in the area of ​​the tumor, can detect secondary malignant foci.
6. CT, MRI, PET/CT - these methods necessarily include stage 4 diagnostics in order to identify even small foci of atypical cells that have spread throughout the body.

Diagnostics includes laboratory tests of blood and urine using general biochemical methods. The tests allow us to assess the patient’s general condition, the functioning of the body, the presence and severity of the inflammatory process.

Treatment

Treatment of stage 1 skin cancer is carried out using gentle methods that not only allow for maximum preservation of healthy tissue areas. The initial stage responds well to radiation therapy, which can achieve complete recovery without surgery.

The first stages of skin cancer must be removed using minimally invasive methods:

• laser cauterization;
• electrocoagulation;
• cryodestruction.

The initial stages of skin cancer can be treated with a modern method - photodynamic therapy. The method consists of introducing photosensitizing agents into the patient’s body or applying photosensitizing agents to the affected area. After a few hours, laser beams are directed at the tumor, under the influence of which the tumor cells are destroyed.

Immune and targeted therapy are modern methods of treating oncology, which involve the use of drugs that are selected taking into account the genetic characteristics of the patient. These methods are effective, regardless of the morphological structure and aggressiveness of the cancer.

Treatment for stage 2 skin cancer involves surgical removal of the affected and surrounding tissue, followed by radiation or chemotherapy to prevent recurrence.

Treatment for stage 3 begins with chemotherapy or radiation therapy to reduce the size of the primary tumor before surgery. Since the first signs of metastasis appear, surrounding tissues and lymph nodes are excised during the intervention. After surgery, one or more courses of radiation, targeted therapy, immune therapy, or chemotherapy are given.

Treatment of stage 4 skin cancer is aimed at alleviating the patient’s condition. Radiation therapy is administered in short courses to stop the progression of malignant tumors in size. Chemotherapy is prescribed for the same purpose, but it is much less tolerated, causing side effects in all organs and systems.

To improve well-being, palliative operations can be performed:

• installation of nephrostomy for renal disorders;
• drainage and stenting of bile ducts;
• vein stenting for tumor obstructions;
• removal of part of the intestine when its lumen narrows.

Since multiple secondary formations cause pain throughout the body, treatment for metastatic skin cancer includes strong painkillers. Initially, non-narcotic analgesics are used, but when they stop working, you have to resort to more powerful drugs.

At what stage does skin cancer metastasize?

When skin cancer develops, it affects not only the superficial layers, but also penetrates into the deep subcutaneous layers. When a tumor grows into blood vessels and lymphatic ducts, cancer cells are separated from it, which can settle in any organ, provoking the formation of new lesions.

Skin cancer at stage 3 begins to produce the first metastases in the nearest lymph nodes, and at the next stage, secondary tumors appear in internal organs or bone structures. The location of secondary lesions depends on the location of the primary tumor, but most often they are located in the lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract and brain.

What is the life prognosis for stages 1, 2, 3 and the last, 4 stages of cancer?

According to statistics, the most favorable prognosis for skin cancer is stage 1. If you detect the disease at this stage and undergo high-quality testing, you can achieve complete recovery in more than 90-95% of patients.

How long do people live with stage 2 skin cancer? Since the tumor has not yet affected deep tissues and does not metastasize, the prognosis is quite favorable - more than 70% of patients survive within five years.

When the nearest lymph nodes are affected, the life prognosis worsens - five-year survival at stage 3 is recorded in 50-55% of cases.

How long do people live with stage 4 skin cancer? At this stage of development, multiple metastases appear in the internal organs, disrupting their functioning. As a result, severe complications develop from the liver, lungs, and heart, leading to the death of the patient. Survival at the fourth stage of skin cancer for 5 years is recorded in no more than a quarter of patients.

Malignant skin lesions are among the most common forms of cancer. Skin cancer on the face in most cases it occurs after the age of 50, but the disease can also occur in young people.

The prognosis depends on the type of skin cancer. Thus, it is considered the most aggressive, therefore rapid metastasis to the liver and brain is observed. If the disease is diagnosed at the stage of metastasis, the disease can no longer be cured.

Early signs of skin cancer on the face

In order to consult a doctor in a timely manner, you need to know the first signs of malignant degeneration of moles. These include:

• increase over several months;
• color change (darkening, lightening, uneven pigmentation, clearing in the center);
• violation of shape (asymmetry);
• unclear outline (the boundaries become “blurred”, which makes it impossible to accurately determine the size of the formation);
• pain;
• the appearance of an erosive defect on the surface of the mole.

If the mole was not initially on the skin, then the person first notices its appearance, and then its further transformation.

Mature symptoms

Presented by several types of formations:

1. Melanoma;
2. Squamous cell carcinoma;

The most commonly diagnosed is superficial melanoma, which is localized in the upper layers of the skin. It protrudes slightly above the skin and visually resembles an ordinary nevus.

Nodular melanoma occurs in 25% of all melanomas. She is considered the most aggressive type. Outwardly it looks like a dark-colored nodule raised above the surface.

In people over the age of 70, lentigo melanoma is diagnosed on the head and neck area. It rises somewhat above the surface. The subungual form is manifested by the formation of a formation under the thumbnail.

The squamous cell type, basal cell carcinoma, is less aggressive and therefore responds well to treatment. They manifest themselves as a crack, a wound on the face, neck, which does not heal for a long time.

When to see a doctor?

It is recommended to consult a doctor when the first signs of malignant transformation of a mole appear. In order to promptly detect the pathological process, it is necessary to regularly examine all the nevi that are on the body, especially in open areas of the skin.

Particular attention should be paid to nevi that are located in areas with constant friction, for example, in the area of ​​cuffs, collars, bras, and belts. In this case, it is recommended to consult a doctor in advance about this, without waiting for their malignancy.

What is included in the diagnosis of skin cancer on the face?

Skin cancer is diagnosed by an oncologist after a preliminary examination by a dermatologist. The diagnostic process includes visual examination of a changed nevus or a new mole.

Instrumental diagnostics include examining a smear (print) under a microscope. This technique is carried out most often, as it does not require trauma to the formation. Histological analysis is performed if cancer is suspected. In this case, the material is examined to identify atypical structures and cells.

In order to detect metastases (closely located, distant), the oncologist prescribes additional diagnostics. It involves the use of ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. If necessary, a targeted puncture is performed followed by histological analysis.

Modern treatment

Treatment tactics depend on the stage of the oncological process. When metastases are detected, the prognosis worsens significantly. Treatment of skin cancer on the face involves surgical removal of the malignant lesion. The material is subjected to histological examination.

In addition to surgery, radiation and chemotherapy are prescribed. Thanks to an integrated approach, the primary focus is removed, the remaining cancer cells are destroyed through radiation and chemotherapy. Thus, further metastasis is prevented. If secondary foci of screening have already been identified, chemotherapy will reduce the rate of their increase and further spread of altered cells throughout the body.

Prevention of relapse

To reduce the risk of re-formation of a malignant neoplasm on the skin of the face, it is necessary to follow the main rules, including:

1. It is forbidden to sunbathe under the sun during its maximum activity.
2. If you plan to stay in the sun for a long time, you need to use protective equipment, for example, sunscreen, a hat, loose trousers, long-sleeved summer tunics.
3. You should not use a solarium or cosmetics to enhance your tan.

The main prevention is to consult a doctor in a timely manner. With early diagnosis skin cancer on the face it is possible to cure without allowing metastasis and unfavorable outcome of the disease.