home All hormones In what region is Bashkiria located? Republic of Bashkortostan - brief information

In what region is Bashkiria located? Republic of Bashkortostan - brief information

The names “Republic of Bashkortostan” and “Bashkortostan” are equivalent.

Geographical position

The Republic of Bashkortostan is located in the Southern Urals and adjacent territories - the Cis-Urals and partly the Trans-Urals. Area = 143.6 thousand square meters. km. The length of the territory from north to south = 550 km, from west to east = 430 km. Population more than 4 million people.

In the west, Bashkortostan borders on Tatarstan and Udmurtia in the north - on the Perm and Sverdlovsk regions in the east - on the Chelyabinsk region in the south - on the Orenburg region.

Bashkortostan is characterized by a variety of natural conditions, and is clearly divided into 3 main zones:

Bashkir Cis-Urals - 2/3 of the entire territory. Hilly plain. The most favorable for the life and activities of the population.
Mountain Bashkir Urals - more than 1/4 of the territory. A less favorable area for the life and activities of the population.
Bashkir Trans-Urals - 1/10 of the entire republic. A narrow strip that passes into the West Siberian Plain.

Natural conditions are favorable for the development of agriculture and industry. Large areas are occupied by black soil and rich forests. Rich mineral and water resources (surface and underground). Favorable agroclimatic resources. Bashkortostan is part of a well-populated and developed zone of Russia.

The development of the republic is facilitated by its geographical location. Here are the most important railways, pipelines and highways connecting the European part of the Russian Federation with the Urals and Siberia. Bashkortostan has direct access by rail to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, the Lower Volga, and Turkmenistan.

The Belaya River is an integral part of the unified deep-water system of Russia, providing the Republic of Belarus with access to the ports of the Caspian, Baltic, Black Sea and Azov basins.

Bashkortostan has positive opportunities for the import and export of both raw materials and fuel, and finished products - with the Western and Eastern regions of the country.

The most important feature of the geographical location of Bashkortostan is that it is located at the junction of not only 2 continents, but also at the junction of 2 economic regions (Volga and Ural) and connects them. Historically, Bashkortostan has closer ties with the adjacent Ural regions. Bashkortostan is an integral part of the Ural economic region. The proximity of Bashkortostan to the highly developed regions of the Urals and Volga region is one of the advantageous factors of its geographical location.

Landscapes of the Republic of Belarus include:

mountains and plains;
taiga and feather grass steppes;
excessively wet and acutely dry areas; etc. This is due to the physical and geographical location. Bashkortostan in its nature combines the features of adjacent diverse spaces.

The flora and fauna represent a motley mixture of Volga-Kama, Ural and Siberian-Kazakh species.

The territory of Bashkortostan stretches from north to south and has 4 geographical zones, the temperate zone:

mixed forest zones;
deciduous forests;
forest-steppe zone;
steppe zone.

Additional natural diversity is provided by the Ural Mountains, which stretch across the entire republic in a wide strip; the landscape varies from steppes at the foot of the mountains, to taiga at an altitude of 600 - 1000 m, and the alpine belt at the highest peaks.

The relief of Bashkortostan is surprisingly diverse: plains; rolling plains; hills; plateau; plateau; mountain ranges; intermountain "depressions" (depressions). This is due to the peculiarities of the geographical structure of the territory. It covers parts of heterogeneous tectonic formations.

Russian platform (Eastern outskirts);
Pre-Ural trough;
Ural folded region (country)

The surface of Western Bashkortostan is a gently undulating, sometimes hilly, plain with average heights of 150 - 300 m.

Bugulminskaya - Belebeyevskaya upland maximum height = 480 m.

Ufa plateau - maximum height = 517 m.

Pribelskaya plain and Yuryuzano-Aiskaya - north-east of Bashkortostan.

Mountainous Bashkortostan occupies the southern Urals in terms of relief - a system of mountain ranges that are separated by intermountain depressions. The main ridge is considered to be the Ural-Tau - not the highest, but it is a watershed (up to 1 km no higher), Avayak, Mashak - up to 1.5 km in height, they have the highest peaks of the Urals. Iremel height = 1584m, Yaman-tau height = 1640m. The maximum length is 190 km.

To the south, all these ridges descend and pass into the Zilair plateau. The slow movements of the Southern Urals continue mainly in height.

The Bashkir Trans-Urals stretches in a narrow strip - it is a ridge-hilly area in places with hills. The Urals region is associated with the presence of various minerals. Bashkortostan has:

fossil fuels;
ore, metallic minerals;
non-metallic minerals;
The groundwater.

In terms of species, Bashkortostan's raw materials surpass all other countries. More than 3,000 types of minerals have been identified.

Climatic and hydrological conditions.

The territory of the Republic of Belarus is located inland. Air masses from the Atlantic come here more transformed (i.e. less humid, colder). From the north of the republic it is widely open to the influence of the Arctic Ocean. From the south, Bashkortostan is influenced by the arid regions of Kazakhstan and the Caspian lowland. The low Ural Mountains do not prevent the influence of cold from Siberia - this determined the continental climate of Bashkortostan.

The climate is characterized by:

warm summer (sometimes hot);
long cold winter.

This is due to:

annual course of solar radiation;
changes in the radiation properties of the earth's surface throughout the year;
circulation processes (air masses) - cyclonic activity, the nature of the influence of these masses is different.

Bashkortostan is influenced by air masses from the south, continental warmth from Central Asia, sudden changes in weather, and instability.

Western Bashkortostan is a zone of temperate continental climate. The western slopes of the Ural Mountains are the most humid. The eastern slopes and the Trans-Urals are dry, and a purely continental climate predominates. Mountainous Bashkortostan - the most precipitation up to 600 mm. With altitude, the temperature decreases, the frost-free summer period decreases, at an altitude of about 1000m and at higher altitudes, winter is 1.5 months longer. Moderately cold climate.

The average annual temperature in Bashkortostan is +2.8 ° C.

The average July temperature is +17-19 ° C; January - 15-17 ° C.

A stable transition of temperature through zero in the first ten days of April goes up, and in the third ten days of October it goes down. The distribution of precipitation is uneven.

An important factor is the wind. The wind regime is determined by seasonal characteristics and atmospheric circulation. In the cold - intensification, the southern and southwestern ones are most repeated. In summer there are calms and northerly winds.

Bashkortostan is rich in surface waters. Numerous rivers and lakes adorn its nature. There are approximately 13,000 rivers in the republic, their length is 57,000 km. The main part is less than 100 km long.

The entire river network belongs to 3 river systems:

Volga system;
Ural system;
Ob system (less than 1% of the territory, Greeks, Uy, Myas);

The main river is Belaya 1430 km; the source is at Mount Iremel, the channel increases to 1/2 km, the main part of the water is consumed - 920 cubic meters. m/sec.. The main tributary of the Belaya River is the river. Ufa; length 918 km. A deep valley cuts through the Ufa plateau. Pavlovskoye Reservoir - 120 sq. km. Large rivers: Dema - 556 km; Ai - 549 km. The main sources of river nutrition are: precipitation and groundwater.

There are more than 1000 lakes in Bashkortostan (including reservoirs).

West - Asly Kul (more than 23 sq. km), Kandy-Kul.
Trans-Urals - Urgun, Bolshie Uchaly, Yakty-Kul, Chebarkul, Talkas.

The origin of the lakes is different. Western ones are located in depressions that were formed as a result of Karst encroachments, Trans-Urals as a result of tectonic ones. Most lakes are very small - floodplain, oxbow lakes.

Tourist resources

In accordance with the recreational potential and historical and cultural opportunities, the republic can be conditionally divided into 7 recreation areas, most of which are already sufficiently developed and functioning.

Central zone with the center in Ufa. Recreational area of Ufa with adjacent suburbs - Forest Park area with a ski jump and ski slope, "Victory Park" with a ski slope, Lekarevka, Yumatovo, Mill Plant, Shakshi and Melnichnoye Lake area;

Southern zone with a center in the Meleuzovsky district (Nugushskoye reservoir and Muradymovsky caves). Recreation area Sterlitamak, Salavat, Ishimbaya, Meleuz and Kumertau;

Northern zone with the center in the village. Pavlovka (Pavlovskoye Reservoir). Recreation area of Ufa;

Western zone centered on Lake Kandra-kul, including Lake Asly-kul. Recreation area Ufa, Tuymazy, Belebey, Oktyabrsky, village. Serafimovka;

Eastern zone with center in the village. Maloyaz (sanatorium "Yangan-tau" with a complex of ski slopes under construction and infrastructure for it);

Eastern zone with center in the city. Asha and Sim, Chelyabinsk region. A recreation area, amateur tourist routes and a training place for climbers, rock climbers and mountain tourists. In recent years, alpine skiing has been actively cultivated in Asha and Minyar.

South Ural zone with the center in the Beloretsk region. The main planned and amateur tourist routes that were developed before 1990 are concentrated here, some of them still operate today (meaning routes with an organized type of recreation). In recent years, Beloretsky and Abzelilovsky districts have become the center of ski tourism. The ski resorts "Abzakovo" and "Metallurg-Magnitogorsk", a ski slope in Beloretsk, were built and operate here, and two tourist bases of the Joint Stock Company "BASHTUR" are located in the area. The area borders the Burzyansky district, where the famous Burzyansky reserve and the famous Shulgantash cave with rock paintings of primitive man are located.

Minerals

Bashkortostan has oil deposits (about 200 registered deposits), natural gas (predicted reserves of more than 300 billion m³), coal (about 10 deposits, balance reserves of up to 0.5 billion tons), iron ore (more than 20 deposits, balance reserves of about 100 million tons), copper (15 deposits) and zinc, gold (over 50 deposits), rock salt, high-quality cement raw materials.

Oil and gas

Oil deposits are distributed throughout the republic, but the largest and most numerous of them are concentrated in several oil and gas bearing areas

Tuymazinsko-Shkapovsky (west and southwest), Arlansko-Kushnarenkovsky (Birskaya saddle and part of the Blagoveshchensk depression, northwest)

Bashkir arch (north), Blagoveshchensk depression and southeast slope of the South Tatar arch (center, south)

area of the Pre-Ural trough (east, southeast).

The Tuymazinskoye, Serafimovskoye, Shkapovskoye fields are located in a vast elevated structural zone, which also extends into the territory of neighboring Tatarstan and the Orenburg region.

The Arlanskoye, Mancharovskoye and other deposits are controlled by the side zones of the Aktanysh-Chishminsky trough of the Kama-Kinel system and are mainly associated with the terrigenous strata of the Lower Carboniferous.

In the area of the Bashkir arch, oil fields are developed in its central part (Kushkulskoye). More than 20 fields are concentrated on the northwestern slope and adjacent part of the Upper Kama depression (Oryebash, Igrovka, Buraevo, Kuzbaevo, Chetyrman, Yugamash, Tatyshly, Voyady, etc.), confined to the reefs and lining structures of the side zones of the Shalym trough.

In the area of the Blagoveshchensk depression and the southeastern slope of the South Tatar arch, the deposits are controlled by graben-like troughs and associated narrow swell-like zones (Demskoye, Sataevskoye, Raevskoye, Sergeevskoye).

In the Pre-Ural trough, small but numerous oil, gas and combined fields are controlled by reef massifs and linear anticlines (Kinzyabulatovskaya, Karlinskaya).

In the section of the platform cover, oil deposits are located at several age levels.

Most oil fields are multi-story, their constituent deposits are located within the average oil-bearing contour at different stratigraphic levels. Multilayer deposits predominate in the platform part. Within the Pre-Ural trough - deposits in reef massifs and linear folds of the Kinzyabulagov type, the oil-bearing capacity of Upper Devonian carbonate deposits (Tabynskoe) has been established.

All oil deposits of the republic are divided into 4 genetic types: structural, lithological, stratigraphic, reef (massive), and deposits of the first type sharply predominate.

Other fossil fuels

Brown coal deposits are common. The greatest importance in this case is the South Ural basin, the territory of which covers the territory of part of Bashkortostan and the Orenburg region.

Coal reserves in the republic amount to 252.7 million tons. Their mining was carried out by Bashkirugol JSC (closed in 1999). Maximum production occurred in 1975 (9.4 million tons, including production in the Orenburg region), currently it has decreased to approximately 3.5 million tons (including 425 thousand tons in Bashkortostan itself) due to the depletion of low-ash reserves coals.

In Bashkortostan, 34 brown coal deposits have been explored, the most important are Babaevskoye, Mayachnoye, Kuyurgazinskoye, Yuzhno-Kuyurgazinskoye and Krivlevskoye, their total reserves account for 25.4% of the reserves of the South Ural basin.

In the northwestern part of Bashkortostan (Kama coal basin), several layers of hard coal with a thickness of up to 20-25 m have been discovered (forecast resources are about 20 billion tons).

In the Urals, oil shale is common in the sediments of the Domanik horizon of the Frasnian stage. A number of occurrences of oil shale were discovered in Upper Carboniferous deposits on the southwestern edge of the Ufa Plateau.

Solid minerals

They are widespread in the Cis-Ural region, in the mountainous part of the Southern Urals and in the Trans-Ural region and are represented by deposits of copper, gold, iron ore, rock salt, fluorite, magnesite, barite, bauxite, etc.

There are 3 mineragenic zones on the territory of the republic:

1st zone Pre-Ural trough with the adjacent platform region. and the Western Ural folding zone

2nd zone to the Zyuratkul-Yuryuzan fault

3rd eastern part of the Krakino zone and the Uraltau anticlinorium

In the first zone, sedimentary deposits of rock salt of the Sterlitamak-Salavat salt-bearing province, gypsum and anhydrite in the deposits of the Kungurian stage, manganese in carbonate deposits of the Early Permian and Carboniferous ages, phosphorites in the Lower Permian carbonate rocks, copper in the red and variegated molasse deposits of the Upper Permian, bauxite are developed in Upper Frasnian carbonate deposits in the Salavat region.

In the second zone, stratiform deposits of siderite, magnesite, barite and base metals are common. There are deposits of naturally alloyed brown iron ores. Numerous occurrences of ore gold and its placers, as well as fluorite, are widespread along large faults.

The third zone contains numerous small deposits and occurrences of copper and chromite.

In 2006, 3.2 million tons of copper pyrite ores, 45.8 thousand tons of copper, 97.1 thousand tons of zinc, 5132 kg of gold, 76.8 tons of silver were mined on the territory of Bashkortostan. 932.8 kg of gold were extracted from oxidized gold-bearing ores, and 70 kg of alluvial gold. Extraction of rock salt amounted to 3.5 million tons, limestone for the chemical industry - 4.3 million tons, gypsum - 80 thousand tons, cement clays - 660 thousand tons, facing stone (granite) - 20 thousand cubic meters.

Temperature

The number of sunny days per year ranges from 287 in Aksenovo and Beloretsk to 261 in Ufa (the smallest number of days occurs in December and January, the largest in the summer months).

The average absolute minimum air temperature is -41°, the absolute maximum is +38°. A stable transition of air temperature through 0° occurs on April 4-9 in spring and October 24-29 in autumn, in mountainous areas on April 10-11 and October 17-21, respectively. The number of days with positive air temperatures is 200-205, in the mountains 188-193. The average date of the last frost is May 21-30, the latest is June 6-9, and in the northern and mountainous regions - June 25-30. The average date of the first frost is September 10-19, the earliest is August 10-18.

Precipitation

300-600 mm of precipitation falls annually; there is a fairly sharp differentiation of precipitation across the territory of the republic, and its amount depends primarily on the nature of atmospheric circulation. The influence of the Ural Mountains is especially strong here. On the western slopes of the Ural Mountains, the annual precipitation reaches 640-700 mm, on the eastern slopes it does not exceed 300-500 mm, in the western flat part of Bashkortostan - 400-500 mm. 60-70% of precipitation falls in the warm season (from April to October). The summer months account for the maximum daily precipitation (78-86 mm).

Snow cover

The earliest date for the appearance of snow cover is September 12-20, the earliest date for the formation of stable snow cover is October 16-24, in mountainous areas October 5-12, the average date for the establishment of snow cover is November 3-13. The average date for the melting of snow cover is April 14-24. The number of days with snow cover is 153-165, in mountainous areas - 171-177. The average and maximum height of snow cover is 36-55 cm, the maximum height can reach 106-126 cm. The average density of snow cover at the highest height is 240-300 kg/m3.

Vegetable world

Forests occupy more than 40% of the republic's territory. In the Cis-Ural region these are mixed forests; to the north, in the western foothills, there are pine-deciduous and birch forests and dark coniferous taiga.

Forest-steppes with birch and oak forests, and forb-feather grass steppes are also common in the Cis-Ural region.

The soils are mainly gray forest, chernozem, soddy-podzolic.

Animal world

The rivers, lakes and ponds of the republic are home to 47 species of fish, 13 of them are listed in the Red Book of Bashkiria. These include sterlet, sturgeon, taimen, brook trout, and European grayling. More widespread are bream, white-eye, chub, ide, roach, crucian carp, rudd, as well as perch, ruff and pike-perch. There are catfish, burbot, sprat, and buckle.

The territory of Bashkortostan is home to 286 species of birds, 76 species of mammals, 700 species of worms, 121 species of mollusks, about 500 species of arthropods, 10 species of amphibians and the same number of reptiles. The fauna of the region is quite diverse. Many species of animals and birds have a wide habitat, although the distribution of some European species is limited to the Ural Range.

Among the mammals in the southern regions there are small pika, gray and Eversman's hamsters, and on the left bank of the Belaya River there is a reddish ground squirrel. However, most animals live throughout the republic: marmot, jerboa, brown hare, steppe ferret, gray partridge, skylark, bear, lynx, marten, chipmunk, squirrel, hazel grouse, beaver, otter, muskrat, various types of ducks and gulls, swamp turtle, elk, roe deer, wild boar and many others.

The objects of hunting at present are mainly ducks: teal, as well as hazel grouse, black grouse, capercaillie, woodcock, etc. They hunt marten, American mink, ermine, weasel, light ferret, badger, wolf, fox, raccoon dog, and hare.

Moose, wild boar, bear and beaver are hunted strictly according to certain standards, since their numbers have greatly decreased as a result of deforestation and pollution of water bodies and fields. Many species of birds have disappeared - the pelican, shelduck, bustard, bustard, steppe eagle have stopped nesting in Bashkortostan, and the muskrat has been completely exterminated. Some species of birds of prey, reptiles, mammals and insects are included in the Red Book of Bashkortostan.

In order to preserve natural complexes, the Bashkiria National Park, the Bashkir Nature Reserve, the South Ural Nature Reserve, and the Shulgan-Tash Nature Reserve were created.

Timezone

Bashkortostan is located in a time zone designated by international standard as Yekaterinburg Time Zone (YEKT/YEKTST). The offset from UTC is +5:00 (YEKT, winter time) / +6:00 (YEKTST, summer time) due to daylight saving time in this time zone. Relative to Moscow time, the time zone has a constant offset of +2 hours and is designated in Russia accordingly as MSK+2. Yekaterinburg time differs from standard time by one hour, since maternity time is in effect in Russia.

History of Bashkiria

Ancient period

The very first monument of human habitation on the territory of modern Bashkortostan, dating back to the Early and Middle Paleolithic period, is the Mysovaya site near Lake Karabalykty in the Trans-Urals, where various tools used by humans were discovered: hand-held points, axes, chips, various products from local stones.

The territory of the Southern Urals (and present-day Bashkiria in particular) was characterized by an abundance of vegetation, livestock and stone raw materials, and attracted people from various areas (including quite remote ones).

Caves Shulgan-Tash(Kapovaya) in the upper reaches of the Belaya River and Ignatievskaya (Yamady-Tash) in the upper reaches of the Sim River belong to the Late Paleolithic. Various images of rock art (silhouette images of mammoths, horses and other animals) were found on the walls of the cave.

During the Mesolithic era (12-7 millennia BC), there was a significant increase in population in the current territory, as evidenced by various archaeological sites of this period in the Bashkir Trans-Urals (for example, the sites of Yangelka, Murat, Yaktykul). The racial type of the local population of that period was Caucasoid with signs of Mongoloidity.

During the same period, the development of productive forces occurred, as evidenced by the discovery of plate technology for the manufacture and use of more complex tools. This period is the time of dominance of the appropriating economy - hunting, fishing and gathering.

In the Neolithic era (6-4 millennia BC) there was a transition from the appropriating to the producing economy of agriculture and cattle breeding, but it was slowed down by climatic conditions, and fishing remained the most rational activity. Widespread pottery production also developed during this period. Flint tools were also made, the most common of which were scrapers, knives and hunting tool tips. Drilled axes, chisels, and various jewelry were also found.

During the Chalcolithic era (end of the 4th - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC), the development and interaction of the previously formed population groups of the Southern Urals continued. During this period, the local population raised small and large livestock. It is believed that it was in these places that the horse was first domesticated.

From the middle of the 2nd to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e., in the Bronze Age, a period of intensive development of the territory of the Southern Urals begins and is associated with the arrival here of the tribes of the Abashevo culture. The Abashevites had a high level of processing bronze and making tools from it. A pastoral economic and cultural type of activity was created, as well as permanent settlements.

During the formation of the Timber-Andronovo antiquities (16-15 centuries BC), settlement and burial structures appeared, indicating the deepening social heterogeneity of society (rich burials of leaders and the nascent military aristocracy) and the consolidation of various population groups into large inter-tribal communities. Vivid evidence of these processes is the development of the villages of Balanbash, Tyubyak, Sintashta, Ustye, Arkaim, etc.

In the last centuries BC, the state formation Kangyuy emerged, which subjugated the tribes living on the territory of present-day Bashkortostan.

In the 5th-8th centuries, the Bakhmutinsky, Turbaslinsky and Kushnarenkovsky cultures formed here, dating back to the Kangyuy culture.

Early history

The first written mentions of the Bashkir tribes are found in Herodotus. (V century BC)

The first mention in the form "Bashgurd" for the area (mountains and provinces) dates back to the 8th century.

The very name of the people - “Bashkort” - was first found in the works of Sallam Tarjeman (the first half of the 9th century). The country of the Bashkirs, its people and customs were reported in the 9th-13th centuries by Arab geographers Ahmed Ibn Fadlan and al-Balkhi, the Italian monk Carpini Plano and the Dutchman Willem Rubruk. Ibn-Ruste noted that the Bashkirs are “an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural ridge between the Volga, Kama, Tobol and the upper reaches of the Yaik.” And the geographer Idrisi in the 12th century wrote about two regions of the Bashkirs “internal” and “external” and mentioned the Bashkir cities of Nemzhan, Gurkhan, Karakia, Kasra and Masra.

From the second half of the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century, the Bashkirs occupied lands from the left bank of the Volga in the southwest to the upper reaches of the Tobol in the east, from the Sylvyna River in the north to the middle reaches of the Yaik in the south.

In the X-XIII centuries. the western part of the Bashkirs was part of the Bulgar Khanate. Since the 10th century, Islam has been spreading among the Bashkirs, becoming the dominant religion in the 14th century.

The first battle of the Bashkirs with the Mongols took place in 1219-1220, when Genghis Khan, at the head of a huge army, spent the summer on the Irtysh, where the Bashkirs had summer pastures. The confrontation between the two peoples continued for a long time.

From 1220 to 1234, the Bashkirs continuously fought with the Mongols, in fact, holding back the onslaught of the Mongol invasion to the east. The Bashkirs repeatedly won battles and finally concluded a treaty of friendship and alliance. The Mongol-Bashkir war lasted 14 years (while the campaign through Rus' took only 3 years).

The Bashkirs receive the right to fight (labels), that is, in fact, territorial autonomy within the empire of Genghis Khan. In the legal hierarchy of the Mongol Empire, the Bashkirs occupied a privileged position as a people who owed the Khagans primarily military service and retained their own tribal system and administration; in legal terms, it is possible to talk only about suzerainty-vassalage relations, and not “allied” ones.

In the XII-XIV centuries. the entire territory of settlement of the Bashkirs was part of the Golden Horde. From the time of the formation of the Golden Horde in 1243 until 1391, that is, a century and a half, two “ils” functioned on the territory of Historical Bashkortostan - Bashkir and Tabyn, ruled by their princes - biys.

In August 1391, the “Battle of Nations” took place near the Kondurcha River. The armies of two world powers of that time collided in the battle: Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh and Emir of Samarkand Timur (Tamerlane). The battle, which ended in the defeat of the Golden Horde, put an end to Bashkir autonomy within the Golden Horde.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the territory of Historical Bashkortostan became part of the Kazan, Nogai, Siberian and Astrakhan khanates.

As part of Russia

By 1557, most of modern Bashkortostan voluntarily joined Russia. By the time of their entry, the Bashkirs occupied territories from the middle reaches of the Tobol to the middle reaches of the Volga. After the fall of Kazan, Ivan IV turned to the Bashkirs with a call to voluntarily join the Russian state. The first to arrive in 1554 to the royal governor in Kazan were ambassadors from the northwestern Bashkir clans (yryu) and agreed in advance on the terms of entry.

In 1554-1555, representatives of the central, southern and southeastern Bashkirs (the Yurmat, Burzyan, Kypsak, Usergan, Tamyan clans) traveled to Kazan.

In 1555-1556, ambassadors of the Bashkir clans (yryu) went to Moscow for the so-called “letters of grant,” which set out the conditions for their entry into Russia. They stipulated the full right of the Bashkirs to dispose of their territory, to have their own army, administration, and religion on it. At the same time, Russia assumed obligations to help the Bashkirs repel external aggression, for which the Bashkirs had to pay tribute and allocate troops to participate in Russia’s defensive wars.

The voluntary accession to Russia and the receipt of letters of grant by the Bashkirs is also spoken of in the chronicle of foreman Kidras Mullakaev, reported to P.I. Rychkov and then published in his book “Orenburg History”: “... not only those lands where they were before their citizenship, being still sparsely populated and living in extreme squalor, namely, beyond the Kama River and near the Belaya Voloshka (which was later called the White River), they, the Bashkirs, were confirmed, but in addition, many others, on which they now live, were granted, as this This is also evidenced by the letters of commendation, which many still have today.”

The exclusivity of relations between the Bashkirs and Russia is reflected in the “Cathedral Code” of 1649, where the Bashkirs, under pain of confiscation of property and the sovereign’s disgrace, prohibited “... boyars, okolnichy, and Duma people, and stolniks, and attorneys and nobles from Moscow and from the cities, nobles and children of boyars and local Russian people of all ranks should not buy or exchange any land, and should not have it as a mortgage, or by rent, or for rent for many years.”

By the middle of the 16th century, after the collapse of the Siberian Khanate, the territory of present-day Bashkortostan actually became part of Russia.

Map: “Division of the Ufa province and Bashkiria into darugs”, Land maps of the Orenburg province” by Krasilnikov, 1755.

The territory of Bashkortostan in the XVI-XVII centuries. in royal documents it was designated as “Ufa district”, which was divided into Nogai, Kazan, Siberian and Osinsk roads (darugs). Trans-Ural Bashkirs were part of the Siberian Road. The roads consisted of tribal volosts, which, in turn, were divided into clans (aimags or tubes).

A road or daruga in this case is considered as a type of economic land management for that period.

Bashkiria at that time consisted of the following administrative units: Kazan Daruga, Nogai Daruga, Osinskaya Daruga and Siberian Daruga.

Each daruga was controlled by a foreman.

Daruga, in turn, was divided into volosts. So, let’s say when designating a geographical object it was said: on the Nagai road, in the Kara-Tabyn volost, or more fully: in Bashkiria on the Siberian road in the Murzalar volost, etc. In 1708, the local region was included in the Kazan province as the Ufa Voivodeship, which since 1719 has been renamed the Ufa Province. In 1737, the trans-Ural part of Bashkortostan was assigned to the newly created Iset province, the territory of which covered the modern Kurgan, northeastern part of the Chelyabinsk, southern Tyumen, eastern Sverdlovsk regions. In 1744, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, by her highest decree, ordered that “there should be a province in Orenburg and be called the Orenburg province and Privy Councilor Neplyuev should be its governor.” The Orenburg province was formed as part of the Orenburg, Ufa and Iset provinces. In 1744, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, by her highest decree, ordered that “there should be a province in Orenburg and be called the Orenburg province and Privy Councilor Neplyuev should be its governor.” The Orenburg province was formed as part of the Orenburg, Ufa and Iset provinces. The Iset province included Trans-Ural Bashkiria and the counties of Isetskaya, Shadrinsky and Okunevsky; Ufa province - Osinsky, Birsky and Menzelinsky districts.

In 1774, the Ufa province became part of the created Orenburg province.

In 1781, the Ufa governorship consisted of two regions, Ufa and Orenburg. In 1796, the Ufa governorship was renamed the Orenburg province.

The cantonal reform of 1798 put an end to the functioning of roads. From that time on, petitions indicated the province, district, numbers of Bashkir cantons and military yurts (teams).

In 1865, the Ufa province was formed by dividing the Orenburg province into Ufa and Orenburg, consisting of Ufa, Belebeevsky, Birsky, Zlatoust, Menzelinsky and Sterlitamak districts.

Education of Little Bashkiria

Main article: Bashkir ASSR cantons of Little Bashkiria in September 1919.

After the February Revolution of 1917, a process of national movement for the creation of national-territorial autonomy began in the region. In July-August 1917, the I and II All-Bashkir Congresses (kurultai) were held in Orenburg, where it was decided that it was necessary to create a “democratic republic on a national-territorial basis” within federal Russia. Elected by the first and re-elected by the second congresses, the Bashkir regional (central) shuro (council) worked in Orenburg and prepared for the Constituent Assembly of Russia, which was to take place in January 1918.

The October Revolution made adjustments to the process of formation of autonomy. On November 16, 1917, the Bashkir regional (central) shuro (council) proclaimed parts of the territories of the Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces as an autonomous part of the Russian Republic - the territorial-national autonomy of Bashkurdistan. The last decision was approved at the III All-Bashkir Congress (kurultai), which took place on December 8-20, 1917 in Orenburg.

The concept of “Little Bashkiria” was introduced in January 1918 during the development of the draft “Regulations on the autonomy of Little Bashkiria”. The southern part of Krasnoufimsky (Perm province), southern Osinsky (Perm province), southeastern Ekaterinburg (Perm province), southwestern Shadrinsky (Perm province), southwestern Chelyabinsk (Orenburg province), western Trinity were included in Little Bashkiria (Orenburg province), Verkhneuralsky (Orenburg province), northwestern Orsky (Orenburg province), northern Orenburg (Orenburg province), southwestern Birsky (Ufa province), northeastern part of Sterlitamak district (Ufa province), eastern Buguruslan ( Samara province). Estimated: territory - 78,439 km², population - 1219.9 thousand people.

On March 20, 1919, the “Agreement of the central Soviet government with the Bashkir government on Soviet Autonomous Bashkiria” was concluded. Published in print on March 23, 1919, therefore this day is considered the official date of the formation of the republic. In accordance with the “Agreement...” the Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic (ABSR) was formed. The term “Little Bashkiria” continued to be used in relation to the ABSR.

According to the “Agreement...” the location of the capital of the Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic was to be determined by the Congress of Soviets. In connection with Kolchak’s offensive, the leadership of the republic (Bashrevkom) was evacuated to Saransk, where they stayed from the end of April to August 1919. On August 20, 1919, Bashrevkom returned to the city of Sterlitamak, which became the de facto capital of Little Bashkiria, while being located on the territory of the Ufa province. On August 20, 1920, the city of Sterlitamak, and in November of the same year, 16 volosts of the Sterlitamak district were transferred to the republic.

Education of Greater Bashkiria

On June 14, 1922, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, taking into account the wishes of the Bashkir people, adopted a decree “On expanding the borders of the Bashkir Autonomous Socialist Republic.” According to this decree, the Ufa province was abolished, and its territory was transferred to the Bashkir Republic. The capital of the republic was moved from the city of Sterlitamak to Ufa.

Soviet period

Regions of the Tatar and Bashkir ASSR in 1953

During the Great Patriotic War, more than 100 industrial enterprises, dozens of hospitals, a number of central government bodies, and 278 thousand refugees were evacuated to Bashkiria (of which 104 thousand were in Ufa).

In May 1952, the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was divided into Ufa and Sterlitamak regions. In April of the following year, this decision was canceled and the regional division in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished.

On October 11, 1990, the Bashkir ASSR became the Bashkir SSR (Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Bashkir SSR). The republic remained part of the RSFSR. During the State Emergency Committee, the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the BASSR spoke out against the State Emergency Committee.

Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan

On October 11, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic proclaimed the Declaration of State Sovereignty. On March 31, 1992, Bashkortostan signed a federal agreement on the delimitation of powers and subjects of jurisdiction between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the sovereign republics within it and the Appendix to it from the Republic of Bashkortostan, which determined the contractual nature of relations between the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation. The Appendix to the Treaty reserves the right of the republic to have an independent legislative system, judicial system and prosecutor's office. It was also noted that the land, subsoil, and natural resources on the territory of Bashkortostan are the property of the multinational people of Bashkortostan, and that issues of ownership, use and disposal of this property are regulated by the legislation of the republic.

On December 12, 1993, Murtaza Rakhimov was popularly elected as the first president of the Republic of Bashkortostan; in 1998 and 2003, he was re-elected to this post.

In October 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted Rakhimov’s candidacy to the local parliament, which approved his powers until 2011. On July 15, 2010, the President of Bashkortostan Murtaza Rakhimov resigned.

On July 19, 2010, the State Assembly - Kurultai of the Republic of Bashkortostan approved Rustem Zakievich Khamitov as President of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Volga Federal District. Republic of Bashkortostan. Area 142.94 thousand sq. km. Formed on March 23, 1919 as the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Since October 11, 1990, the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Administrative center of the federal district - City Ufa.

, , , .

- a subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Volga Federal District and the Ural Economic Region, located in the foothills of the Southern Urals, in the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals. The main river is Belaya with tributaries Nugush, Sim, Ufa, Dema. There are more than 12,000 rivers and about 2,700 lakes, ponds and reservoirs in Bashkortostan.

It is part of the Ural economic region, one of the leading industrial and agricultural regions of Russia, one of the main oil-producing regions of the country, a center of the chemical industry and mechanical engineering. The republic has powerful construction and transport complexes, and is actively developing branches of industrial and social infrastructure. The main specialization of the republic is oil production and oil refining. The republic ranks 1st among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of oil refining volume, gasoline production, diesel fuel production, livestock numbers, milk and honey production. There is also a wood processing industry and a building materials industry. A major representative of the food industry is OJSC Bashspirt. The region is generously endowed with natural resources; geologists have already explored more than three thousand deposits of sixty types of minerals. Among them are hard and brown coal, peat, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, aluminum, gold, rock salt, manganese and chromium ores, cobalt, nickel, barite, phosphorites, magnesite.
Agriculture of grain and livestock production. Wheat, rye, oats, barley (grain crops) and sugar beets and sunflowers (industrial crops) are grown. The republic has developed meat and dairy farming, meat and wool sheep farming, poultry farming, horse breeding, koumiss making and beekeeping. Bashkir honey is widely known in Russia.
Bashkortostan is one of the most favorable natural regions in Russia for tourism and recreation. Hundreds of tourist routes have been developed here, tourist centers and sanatorium-resort organizations have been built.

On March 20, 1919, the “Agreement of the central Soviet government with the Bashkir government on Soviet Autonomous Bashkiria” was concluded, published on March 23. March 23, 1919 is considered the official date of formation of the Bashkir Republic.
In accordance with the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 14, 1922, the Ufa province was abolished, its territory was transferred to the Bashkir Republic, and the city of Ufa became the capital of the republic.
On October 11, 1990, the Supreme Council of Bashkiria proclaimed the Declaration of State Sovereignty.
On March 31, 1992, Bashkortostan signed a federal agreement on the delimitation of powers and jurisdiction between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the sovereign republics within it.
She was awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution and the Order of Friendship of Peoples.

Cities and regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Cities of the Republic of Bashkortostan: Ufa, Agidel, Baymak, Belebey, Beloretsk, Birsk, Blagoveshchensk, Davlekanovo, Dyurtyuli, Ishimbay, Kumertau, Mezhgorye, Meleuz, Neftekamsk, Oktyabrsky, Salavat, Sibay, Sterlitamak, Tuymazy, Uchaly, Yanaul.

Urban districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan:"City Ufa"; "City of Agidel"; "City of Kumertau"; “City of Mezhgorye ZATO”; "City of Neftekamsk"; "City of October"; "City of Salavat"; "City of Sibay"; "The city of Sterlitamak".

Municipal districts - Administrative center: Abzelilovsky district, Alsheevsky district, Arkhangelsky district, Askinsky district, Aurgazinsky district, Baymaksky district, Bakalinsky district, Baltachevsky district, Belebeevsky district, Belokataysky district, Beloretsky district, Bizhbulyaksky district, Birsky district, Blagovarsky district, Blagoveshchensky district, Buzdyaksky district, Buraevsky district , Burzyansky district, Gafuriysky district, Davlekanovsky district, Duvansky district, Dyurtyulinsky district, Ermekeevsky district, Zianchurinsky district, Zilairsky district, Iglinsky district, Ilishevsky district, Ishimbaysky district, Kaltasinsky district, Karaidelsky district, Karmaskalinsky district, Kiginsky district, Krasnokamsky district, Kugarchinsky district, Kushnarenkovsky district, Kuyurgazinsky district, Meleuzovsky district, Mechetlinsky district, Mishkinsky district, Miyakinsky district, Nurimanovsky district, Salavatsky district, Sterlibashevsky district, Sterlitamaksky district, Tatyshlinsky district, Tuymazinsky district, Ufimsky district, Uchalinsky district, Fedorovsky district, Khaibullinsky district, Chekmagushevsky district, Chishminsky district, Sharansky district, Yanaulsky district.

Republic of Bashkortostan- a subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Volga Federal District and the Ural Economic Region, located in the foothills of the Southern Urals, in the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals. The main river is Belaya with tributaries Nugush, Sim, Ufa, Dema. There are more than 12,000 rivers and about 2,700 lakes, ponds and reservoirs in Bashkortostan.
Republic of Bashkortostan is part of the Ural economic region, one of the leading industrial and agricultural regions of Russia, one of the main oil-producing regions of the country, a center of the chemical industry and mechanical engineering. The republic has powerful construction and transport complexes, and is actively developing branches of industrial and social infrastructure. The main specialization of the republic is oil production and oil refining. The republic ranks 1st among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of oil refining volume, gasoline production, diesel fuel production, livestock numbers, milk and honey production. There is also a wood processing industry and a building materials industry. A major representative of the food industry is OJSC Bashspirt. The region is generously endowed with natural resources; geologists have already explored more than three thousand deposits of sixty types of minerals. Among them are hard and brown coal, peat, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, aluminum, gold, rock salt, manganese and chromium ores, cobalt, nickel, barite, phosphorites, magnesite.
Agriculture of grain and livestock production. Wheat, rye, oats, barley (grain crops) and sugar beets and sunflowers (industrial crops) are grown. The republic has developed meat and dairy farming, meat and wool sheep farming, poultry farming, horse breeding, koumiss making and beekeeping. Bashkir honey is widely known in Russia.
Bashkortostan is one of the most favorable natural regions in Russia for tourism and recreation. Hundreds of tourist routes have been developed here, tourist centers and sanatorium-resort organizations have been built.

Cities, Urban Districts and Municipal Districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Urban districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan:
Urban district "City of Ufa"
Urban district "City of Agidel"
Urban district "City of Kumertau"
Urban district "City of Mezhgorye ZATO"
Urban district "City of Neftekamsk"
Urban district "City of Oktyabrsky"
Urban district "City of Salavat"
Urban district "City of Sibay"
Urban district "City of Sterlitamak"

Municipal districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Administrative center:
Abzelilovsky district, Alsheevsky district, Arkhangelsky district, Askinsky district, Aurgazinsky district, Baymaksky district, Bakalinsky district, Baltachevsky district, Belebeevsky district, Belokataysky district, Beloretsky district, Bizhbulyaksky district, Birsky district, Blagovarsky district, Blagoveshchensky district, Buzdyaksky district, Buraevsky district , Burzyansky district, Gafuriysky district, Davlekanovsky district, Duvansky district, Dyurtyulinsky district, Ermekeevsky district, Zianchurinsky district, Zilairsky district, Iglinsky district, Ilishevsky district, Ishimbaysky district, Kaltasinsky district, Karaidelsky district, Karmaskalinsky district, Kiginsky district, Krasnokamsky district, Kugarchinsky district, Kushnarenkovsky district, Kuyurgazinsky district, Meleuzovsky district, Mechetlinsky district, Mishkinsky district, Miyakinsky district, Nurimanovsky district, Salavatsky district, Sterlibashevsky district, Sterlitamaksky district, Tatyshlinsky district, Tuymazinsky district, Ufimsky district, Uchalinsky district, Fedorovsky district, Khaibullinsky district, Chekmagushevsky district, Chishminsky district, Sharansky district, Yanaulsky district.

Story Bashkortostan has gone through a long and difficult path of historical development. The Bashkirs are one of the ancient peoples of Eurasia, formed in the Southern Urals as an independent ethnic group in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. The first written mentions of individual tribes that became part of the Bashkir people are found in the writings of Herodotus (5th century BC). The map of Ptolemy (2nd century AD) shows the river. Daiks (now the Ural River). Valuable information is contained in op. Sallam Tarjeman (9th century) and Ahmed ibn Fadlan (10th century); al-Balkhi (10th century) wrote about the Bashkirs as a people divided into two groups, one of which lived in the Southern Urals, the other near the Danube, near the borders of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste noted that the Bashkirs are “an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural ridge between the Volga, Kama, Tobol and the upper reaches of the Yaik.” Numerous historical legends have been preserved that in the distant past the basis of the Bashkir ethnic group was a stable union of seven tribes, and state formations were headed by Bashkort Khan, Muyten-biy, Mayky-biy, Myasem Khan, Dzhalykhan. It is no coincidence that Arab authors of the end of the first millennium AD. e. Sallam Tarjeman, Ahmed ibn Fadlan, Jeyhani, Abu Zaid Al Balkhi and others wrote about the Bashkirs as a large ethnic group that had long lived in the Southern Urals. Since the 10th century, Islam has been spreading among the Bashkirs, which became the dominant religion in the 14th century and was one of the main factors in the preservation of the Bashkir ethnic group. In 1574, on the site of an ancient Bashkir settlement, the city of Ufa was founded - the administrative center of the region and the future capital of Bashkortostan. The history of Bashkortostan is the history of the indigenous inhabitants of the region, the Bashkirs, as well as those who moved to this region during the 17th–20th centuries. Russians, Tatars, Mishars, Mari, Chuvash, Udmurts, Mordovians, Ukrainians and other peoples of Russia. Unions of Bashkir tribes at the end of the millennium began to gradually develop into early states. In the X–XI centuries. they have developed a certain socio-economic and political way of life. An important feature of the history of the Bashkirs is that for many centuries they lived in the neighborhood or as part of fairly large state formations, such as the Turkic Kaganate, Khazar Kaganate, Dasht-i-Kipchak, Bulgar Khanate, Golden Horde, which negatively influenced their political consolidation and forced us to look, along with the fight against them, for other forms of preserving ethnic and territorial integrity and national identity.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Bashkir tribes were part of the Nogai Horde, the Kazan and Siberian Khanates and partly the Astrakhan Khanate. In the difficult situation of the mid-16th century, the Bashkirs accepted Russian citizenship on the basis of an agreement with the government of Tsar Ivan the Terrible and thereby gained the opportunity for a normal existence. As a result of Bashkortostan joining Russia, civil strife in the region ceased, which had a positive effect on economic development and population growth. Economic and cultural ties were established between the Bashkirs and Russian settlers, the productive forces of the Bashkir region developed, and the borders of the Russian state were strengthened. From the middle of the 17th century, the seizure of Bashkir lands began. Fortresses were built on them, and factories were built on them from the end of the 18th century. By the beginning of the 18th century, 31 fortifications appeared on the territory of the Bashkirs. The lands around them were distributed to nobles, monasteries, merchants, and small service people. Ufa governors allowed arbitrariness and violence towards the indigenous inhabitants during the collection of yasak and legal proceedings. In the second half of the 17th – early 18th centuries, attempts were made repeatedly to Christianize Muslim Bashkirs. The seizure of land, the increase in taxes and duties caused discontent among the Bashkirs. Defending their lands and freedom, they submitted petitions to the central government, then repeatedly rebelled against oppression. The Bashkirs took an active part in the Peasant War of 1773-1775. - the largest anti-feudal movement in Russia under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev. The entire second stage of the uprising - from April to mid-July 1774 - took place on the territory of Bashkortostan. Twice during the entire period of the Peasant War, the rebels approached Ufa, but were unable to take it by storm. One of Pugachev’s most prominent associates was the improvisational poet, national hero of the Bashkir people Salavat Yulaev. After the defeat of the rebels, he was captured by a government detachment, punished and exiled to lifelong hard labor in Rogervik (Paldiski, Estonia). The 17th–18th centuries, when the Bashkirs and other peoples persistently defended their rights, can well be characterized as a heroic period in the history of Bashkortostan. At the same time, one cannot help but pay attention to the fact that the brutal suppression of uprisings led to the destruction of the productive forces of Bashkir society and a significant reduction in the number of the indigenous population. By the end of the 19th century, the Bashkirs already occupied second place after the Russian population of the region in terms of numbers. The infringement of the Bashkirs' patrimonial rights to land continued - by the middle of the 18th century, the Bashkirs lost about half of their lands, and by the beginning of the 20th century, the indigenous population of Bashkortostan retained no more than 20 percent of their lands. In the first half of the 19th century, in Bashkortostan, as well as throughout the country, there was a decomposition and crisis of the feudal-serf system of economy, the development of market relations, and the aggravation of social contradictions, which led to the great reforms of the mid and second half of the 19th century. For the Bashkir population, the 19th century was a time of significant restructuring of the socio-economic way of life. The culture of the Bashkirs was formed in accordance with the main stages of historical development. They created the richest folklore, reflecting the most significant aspects of their lives. Since the adoption of Islam, a written spiritual culture and a unique education system have developed. In their new homeland, Bashkortostan, the culture of representatives of the Russian, Tatar, Mishar, Chuvash, Mari and other peoples also developed. After the February and October revolutions of 1917, a workers', peasants' and national movement developed in Bashkortostan. Various sections of the Bashkir population demanded recognition of their right to self-determination. In November 1917, the Bashkir Regional Shuro proclaimed the autonomy of Bashkortostan as part of the Russian Republic. In December of the same year, at the third All-Bashkir Constituent Kurultai, the autonomy of the so-called Little Bashkiria (nine eastern cantons) was approved and the Bashkir government was formed, headed by the leader of the Bashkir national liberation movement, orientalist-Turkologist Akhmetzaki Validov. The jurisdiction of Bashkortostan included ensuring public safety, collecting and spending taxes, courts, armed forces, public education, managing capital, land, subsoil, forests, and waters of the republic. In the initial period of the Civil War, due to disagreements with the Bolsheviks, the Bashkir government and the Bashkir Corps created by it supported the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly created in Samara. However, soon after the establishment of Kolchak’s dictatorship in Omsk, Validov’s government, which advocated the autonomy of Bashkortostan, went over to the side of Soviet power. On February 21, 1919, in the village of Temyasovo, at a congress of representatives of Bashkir regiments, the Provisional Government of Bashkortostan - the Military Revolutionary Committee - was formed, and on March 20 of the same year, an Agreement between the central Soviet government and the Bashkir government on the Soviet Autonomy of Bashkiria was signed in Moscow. The autonomous republic was created within the boundaries of Little Bashkiria and included the southern, southeastern and northeastern parts of the modern territory of Bashkortostan. On May 19, 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a resolution on the state structure of the Autonomous Soviet Bashkir Republic, which determined the relationship between the state authorities of the republic and the Russian Federation. The resolution established the direct subordination of the People's Commissariat of Finance, Food, the National Economy Council, the Military Commissariat, the BCHK, post and telegraph to the Center. The Bashkir Regional Committee of the RCP (b) supported this resolution, but the Bashrev Committee opposed the strict centralization of the administration of the autonomous republic. As a sign of protest, almost all of its members left their posts on June 15, and Bashrevkom ceased to exist as a government body. On June 26, 1920, a new revolutionary committee took over the administration of the republic, and a month later, the republican Bash Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars formed at the 1st Congress of Soviets. The consequences of the civil war and general devastation in the RSFSR also affected Bashkortostan. As a result of the famine of 1921-22. The population of the republic decreased by 22 percent, the number of cultivated areas decreased by half. It was not until 1928 that the small handicraft industry reached its pre-war level. In general, Bashkortostan still remained an agricultural region. The growth of industrial production began at the turn of the 20s and 30s, after the implementation of complete collectivization in the countryside. During the years of the first five-year plan in Bashkortostan, the Beloretsk plants were reconstructed, which became the country's largest enterprises producing high-quality steel, 35 new plants, factories and power plants were built, and the construction of a number of large enterprises began. By the end of the first five-year plan, the republic had turned from an agrarian one into an agrarian-industrial one; in 1932, the share of industry was 50 percent of gross output. In the second and third five-year plans, over 70 large enterprises were built. During the Great Patriotic War, Bashkortostan became one of the largest regions for receiving evacuated enterprises and population, providing the front with weapons, fuel, food and equipment. In 1941-42 The republic received and housed about 100 evacuated plants and factories, dozens of hospitals, a number of central government and economic organizations, and 278 thousand refugees. In the winter of 1941-42, in addition to general military formations, two Bashkir cavalry divisions (112th and 113th) were created in the republic. In total, during the war years, about 700 thousand soldiers were sent from the republic to the front. For courage and heroism, 261 people born and conscripted from the republic were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, including M.G. Gareev - twice, 36 soldiers became full holders of the Order of Glory. Since the beginning of the war, industry and cooperation have been restructured to produce military products. The extraction of rare metals for the defense industry is expanding. At the end of 1943, the Kinzyabulatovo oil field was discovered near the city of Ishimbay. In total, during the war years, more than 5 million tons of oil were produced, and its processing increased by 1.5 times. Labor productivity in industry has doubled, and in mechanical engineering – threefold. The transition of the republic's national economy to peaceful construction after the war was completed by the end of 1946. Oil production at the Tuymazinskoye, Shkapovskoye and Arlanskoye fields increased, as a result of which Bashkortostan turned into the largest center of the country's oil industry. Along with production, oil refining also developed. Thus, in the early 50s, the republic occupied second place in oil production, and first place in refining in the USSR. At the same time, Bashkortostan became one of the centers of the chemical and petrochemical industries. In the post-war years, the oil, mining, and machine-building industries developed significantly. Oil production and refining proceeded intensively. The production of polyethylene, plastics, urea, herbicides, rubber, fertilizers, and soda ash was mastered. The chemical industry has become one of the leading sectors of the republic's national economy. During the years of Soviet power, the republic was awarded two Orders of Lenin (1935, 1957), the Order of the October Revolution (1969), and the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972). In 1966-1980 832 enterprises came into operation in the republic. In 1985, fixed production assets in industry increased by 2.8 times compared to 1970, and production output by 2.4 times. In May 1978, a new Constitution of the republic was adopted, which repeated all the main provisions of the Constitution of the USSR and the RSFSR. On October 11, 1990, the Supreme Council of the republic proclaimed the Declaration of State Sovereignty. On March 31, 1992, the Federative Agreement on the delimitation of powers and subjects of jurisdiction between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the sovereign republics within it and the Appendix to it from the Republic of Bashkortostan were signed, which determined the contractual nature of relations between the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation. By 1993, the Supreme Council of the Republic prepared a draft of a new Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan. On December 24, 1993, the Constitution was adopted at the next session of the Supreme Council of Bashkortostan. Of great importance in the socio-political life of the republic was the signing on August 3, 1994 of the agreement on the delimitation of jurisdiction and mutual delegation of powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the Republic of Bashkortostan. For the Republic of Bashkortostan, this agreement became a confirmation of its new state and legal status. When compiling its text, the results of the republican referendum of April 25, 1993 were taken into account, when the overwhelming majority of citizens (75.5%) spoke in favor of the economic independence of the republic and its contractual relations with Russia. In accordance with the new Constitution of the Republic of Belarus, a bicameral parliament was formed in the republic - the State Assembly - Kurultai of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Elections of deputies to the new parliament of the republic took place on March 5, 1995. During the ongoing reforms, the competence of the republican bodies increased significantly: they began to resolve the main issues of the economic, social and cultural development of Bashkortostan. Since the beginning of the 90s, various political parties, social movements, centers, and associations began to function in the republic. In the new political conditions at the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st century, notable events took place in the Republic of Bashkortostan related to policies aimed at strengthening state power in the Russian Federation. On December 3, 2002, the adoption of the Law “On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan” actually completed the constitutional reform. The updated version of the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan contains a number of fundamental provisions aimed at further harmonizing relations with the federal center, optimizing the state structure within the republic, and a clearer distribution of powers between the branches of government and the state bodies representing them.

Tourists from all over the world come to the republic to explore its culture and admire the sights. The area of Bashkiria is large, and the nature is diverse and unusual. If you ever wanted to visit there, be sure to do it.

Story

The republic and its inhabitants were first mentioned in written materials from the 10th century. Numerous were inhabited by one part of the indigenous people, the other part lived in the free steppes. Their main activities are hunting, cattle breeding and fishing.

In the 12th-14th centuries, the Bashkirs were oppressed by the Tatar-Mongols; after the collapse of the Horde, the very existence of the people was under threat - the people were suppressed and divided. In 1557, a decision was made to join the Russian state. Gradually, the territory of Bashkiria begins to be populated. Several fortresses were founded to protect against enemy raids. Local residents adopted Russian farming experience. In the 18th century, the Southern Urals became the center of the mining industry.

The Bashkirs took an active part in the Peasant War. Their detachment was led by the poet and talented military leader Salavat Yulaev, who was captured by the government and sent into exile after the defeat. He subsequently became a national hero.

With the advent of the Soviets, an autonomous republic was formed. In 1992, due to the collapse of the USSR and the change of government, it was renamed. The beautiful region was named the Republic of Bashkortostan. This is how we know him today. To the question “how old is Bashkiria?” It’s difficult to answer definitively. The republic was formed as an independent region more than 700 years ago. But its birth dates back to the middle of the 15th century - it was then that it was annexed to Russia.

The republic is located in the southern part of the Ural Mountains, at the border of Europe and Asia. The Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, and Orenburg regions are located nearby. In the west and north-west it neighbors Tatarstan and Udmurtia, respectively. The exact area of Bashkiria is 143,600 thousand square kilometers (this is 0.8% of the entire territory of Russia).

The capital of the republic is the city of Ufa. Beloretsk, Ishimbay, Kumertau, Neftekamsk, Salavat, Sibay, Sterlitamak are the large cities that Bashkiria can boast of. The language with which its inhabitants communicate is Russian. They also speak their native Bashkir, and in some areas people communicate fluently in Tatar. The population of the republic (according to the 2010 census) is 1,172,287 people. There are about 2 million Bashkirs in the world.

Weather and climate

The climate of the republic is continental. The weather in Bashkiria is changeable and sometimes unpredictable. The low mountain range does not prevent the penetration of Siberian air masses.

Summer in the republic is warm. The temperature in the steppe zone of the foothills of the Urals rises to 40 degrees. On average, in July the temperature ranges from 16 to 20 °C. The number of sunny days in the capital is around 260. Winter in Bashkiria is quite severe. The negative temperature stays around 15 degrees, but sometimes the thermometer drops to -40 °C. Snowstorms are typical for the steppes, blowing snow away from the elevated areas of the valleys of the Urals. Snow appears in September and lasts until April. The weather in Bashkiria directly depends on the wind; on average, it develops a speed of 3.4-5.2 meters per second.

Nature

Most tourists come to the republic to admire the diversity of its nature. When traveling around Bashkiria, be sure to look into the coniferous and deciduous forests. Noble oaks, light lindens, Norway maples, and sharp firs are located proudly and majestically in them. The area is rich in magnificent flora and diverse fauna - animals characteristic of the taiga live in these forests. Mice, jays, badgers and hedgehogs are only a small part of the animals that may catch the eye of a tourist.

The forest-steppe of Bashkiria is rich in foxes, wolves and hares, and in some places you can find roe deer. The most open areas are inhabited by steppe rodents. Seagulls and ducks settled near the lakes. The steppe area is sparse with trees, there are few plants here, and cereals grow - sheep and feather grass. Local residents include gophers and jerboas. There are many birds of prey - golden eagles, eagles, kites. They can often be seen hovering in the air or sitting on slopes - this is how they observe and look out for prey. The Trans-Urals are teeming with birds, and near the rivers you can meet the inhabitants of the neighboring forests.

The main attraction of Bashkortostan is its magnificent mountains. The largest mountain of the Southern Urals is located here - the elevation with two peaks Yamantau, from which numerous rivers flow. Another popular mountain is the sacred Iremal, which was strictly forbidden to climb until the 19th century. Mount Premel is the mother of two rivers, by swimming in which you can recharge yourself with remarkable strength for the long year ahead.

There are legends about the appearance of the Yurak-Tau, Kush-Tau, Shah-Tau and Tra-Tau mountains. It is believed that many years ago the arrogant horseman Ashak was in love with the daughter of the old Ural, the beautiful Agidel. He tried to attract the girl's attention, but his feelings were not reciprocated. Ashak then mounted his horse and chased his beloved. Having caught up, he hit her with a whip, which angered old man Ural. He turned his daughter into a fast river, and Ashak could not catch the naughty Agidel - the water flowed through his fingers.

He decided to send a falcon after the girl, but he also failed. Ashak realized everything, tore his own heart out of his chest, and threw it at the feet of his beloved. She touched him, but could not return to human form. Now at the site of the tragedy there are four shihans - Yurak-Tau (heart), Kush-Tau (bird), Shah-Tau (Ashak) and Tra-Tau (mountain of the Bashkir tribe).

Rivers

Rivers, like mountains, are the pride of this beautiful republic. The largest and strongest river in Bashkiria is the Belaya. It flows, meandering through the Cis-Urals and along the western foothills. Its tributaries are the Nugush, Sim, Ufa and Dema rivers. In November, after severe frosts, the rivers quickly freeze. After 5 months they gradually thaw.

In areas of forests and steppes one can count a huge number of lakes of varying sizes. They are wide but shallow, and many of them are overgrown with reeds, cinquefoil and other marsh vegetation. The lakes are different - fresh, salty, but they are all beautiful in their individuality.

Nature reserves

A large area of Bashkiria is occupied by valuable natural reserves.

State reserve. It is located on the border of deciduous and birch forests, close to the Trans-Ural steppes. The flora and fauna are very rich; both mammals and large predators live here. The reserve's workers monitor the conservation and breeding of birds and animals, many of which can be found in the Red Book.
Shulgan-Tash. There are no analogues to this place in the Russian Federation - wild bees are protected and studied on the territory of the reserve. They easily tolerate cold and are resistant to diseases, and their productivity is many times higher. Rare birds are also protected in the reserve.
Bashkir National Park. Filled with rare species of plants and animals. Tourists have the opportunity to walk along ecological trails (specially designed routes).

Modern Bashkiria

Bashkortostan is one of the most economically stable regions of the Russian Federation. The republic has a developed industry, and the capital is ideal for doing business (according to Forbes ratings). The living wage in Bashkiria is set by the government at 8,691 rubles per capita. For workers - 9205, for pensioners - 7061, for children - 8856.

Grain and industrial crops are grown in the fields, and sheep, horses, and poultry are grown on farms. Wool production and beekeeping are popular. Oil refining, mechanical engineering and metalworking are developed in the republic. Factories in Bashkiria are engaged in woodworking and the production of building materials.

There are 1,644 preschool institutions, 1,587 schools and 10 state universities on the territory of the republic.

Tourism sector

Tourism is one of the main areas in the life of Bashkiria. It is often called the second Switzerland due to its diversity of natural resources. When planning a trip, rest assured: they can offer you different options for relaxation in sanatoriums and resorts. You can stay at camp sites, comfortable hotels or budget hostels.

The Republic of Bashkortostan offers its guests to take advantage of numerous tourist routes. There are hundreds of summer and winter bus tours to choose from, including through the capital and nature reserves. For lovers of horse riding, rafting on catamarans or kayaks, there is also fun. You can book a ski or cycling tour, snowmobile safari, trekking, caving tour or a simple sightseeing walk.

Ufa is the capital of Bashkiria

Ufa is located in the very center of Bashkiria, at the confluence of three main rivers. The history of the city dates back to 1574 - then Ufa was the first Russian fortress. Gradually spreading its influence to all corners of the republic, the fortress held its defenses and repelled enemy attacks.

The city has numerous theaters open to visitors, where you can see drama and comedy, opera and ballet, and watch puppet shows. Tourists can spend their time in the city's national and art museums, as well as look at religious monuments and go to modern cinemas.

Ufa is a very beautiful and picturesque city. Along the edges of busy highways there are linden, poplar and maple trees in even rows. Houses give way to parks, and parks to houses. The main highlight of the city is the views across the river. They are visible even to the naked eye: in the distance you can see the green floodplain, pouring out the bends of lakes and rivers that slowly go to the horizon. A little further you can see round hills covered with bright greenery. In the west there is a luxurious valley with creeks, forests and beaches - favorite vacation spots for city residents.

Head of the Republic

In 2014, Rustem Zakievich Khamitov was elected to a second term. His political career began with his appointment as chairman of the Commission on Environmental Problems, then he worked as director of the institute, and in 1994 he became Minister of the Environment. Behind him are many years of work in the structure of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. In 2010, the former president of Bashkiria, Murtaza Rakhimov, resigned. was appointed in his place by Dmitry Medvedev. The State Assembly of the Republic supported his candidacy. On July 15, 2010, Rustem Zakievich Khamitov officially began working in this responsible position.

Khamitov instills in young people a love of sports and develops international relations. The President of Bashkiria travels throughout the republic and actively participates in its entire life.

National cuisine

Bishbarmak - boiled horse meat or lamb, cut into pieces. As a side dish - noodles with meat broth.
Dried
Salty and sour cheese curds (short).
Berry marshmallow.
Kumis is a milk drink made from mare's milk. It tastes sour, but the benefits of kumiss are appreciated all over the world.
Buza is a drink made from sprouted grains of rye or barley.
Ayran is sour milk diluted with water. An ideal assistant in the fight against thirst.

Traditional clothing

A long shirt with a turn-down collar and a short sleeveless vest (kamzul) worn on top is the basis of the men's national costume. Warm sheepskin in winter or a warm robe (zhilyan). On the feet are boots with cloth shins and soft leather ends (saryk) and hand-made leather shoes (kata). The poor had to wear bast shoes. You could put a skullcap on your head, and on top - a hat made of otter or beaver fur.

The woman's clothes are wide, long dresses to the toes, embroidered with multi-colored ribbons along the hem. They went out into the world wearing an apron with rich embroidery and a sleeveless vest trimmed with tinsel at the edges. Robes decorated with plaques and beads were used as outerwear; in winter, a fur coat was used. Headwear - a chintz scarf and a fur hat. The shoes are similar to men's: saryk with embroidery, kata with heels. Girls from wealthy families wore various jewelry: rings, necklaces, bracelets, earrings, pendants.

Nowadays, you can see traditional costumes on older people or during special events, as well as when performing folk dances and songs.

Ceremonial events

Bashkiria Day is associated with the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic. It is celebrated on October 11.
Constitution Day is December 24.
Eid al-Fitr is celebrated in accordance with the lunar calendar. A holiday in honor of the end of fasting in the month of Ramadan.
Kurban Bayram - like the previous holiday in Bashkiria, is appointed according to the lunar calendar. This is an Islamic holiday commemorating the sacrifice of the Prophet Ibrahim.
Sabantui. The time of celebration is set by government decree. Held in honor of the end of spring field work.
Salauat yiyiny is another holiday in Bashkiria, a republican folklore holiday in honor of Salavat Yulaev.

Places worth visiting

Are you walking around Ufa? Visit a monument of Bashkir architecture - the mausoleums of Husein-Bek and Keshene (translated as “house of decay”). Located 40 kilometers from the capital, the time of their construction is the 11th and 13th centuries, respectively.

In the Shulgan-Tash Nature Reserve, do not pass by the Kapova Cave (the right bank of the Belaya). Having three floors with a total length of 1.8 kilometers, it is a significant archaeological monument. On the territory of the Bashkiria National Park there is a natural Kuperlya bridge. Many years ago, the river cut through an underground channel, creating a large cave, which collapsed over time and created a work of art - part of it continues to hang over the river as a bridge.

In Birsk you can learn everything about the folk crafts of the indigenous peoples of Bashkiria. There is an art products factory here that produces souvenirs from capo root (a growth on the roots and trunks of birch trees) and various clay products.

The republic boasts many cultural monuments, as well as places that are not - they are simply very beautiful. Guests of Bashkiria love to visit the Ufa Plateau (along the Ufa River). The view is beautiful: a fast river framed by green forests, caves and funnels, gushing springs - all this will take your breath away!

It amazes with its unique and inexplicable beauty. It is impossible to describe all its beautiful places in words, but you can see them in person. When planning a trip, be sure to think about Bashkiria - a wonderful region with rich nature.