home Audience 1 Biography of Medvedev. Dmitry Medvedev. Medvedev's domestic policy Directions of President Medvedev's policy in brief

Biography of Medvedev. Dmitry Medvedev. Medvedev's domestic policy Directions of President Medvedev's policy in brief

In the official biography of Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev it is written that he was born on September 14, 1965 in Leningrad. His parents were teachers: his father was a professor at the Leningrad Technological Institute named after Lensovet, his mother was a philologist, she taught at the Pedagogical Institute named after A. I. Herzen, and later worked as a guide in Pavlovsk. All his ancestors come from Central Russia, so his nationality is Russian.

Dmitry Anatolyevich studied at school No. 305 in Kupchino. In 1983 he entered the Faculty of Law of the Leningrad State University named after A. A. Zhdanov, from which he graduated with honors in 1987. After graduating from university, he entered graduate school, graduating in 1990. At the university, D. Medvedev became a member of the Komsomol, and then the CPSU (he remained a member of the party until 1991).

Career before the 2008 presidential election

From 1990 to 1999 he taught at Leningrad State University (St. Petersburg State University), at the same time being an adviser to the chairman of the Leningrad City Council of People's Deputies A. Sobchak, then an expert of the Committee on External Relations of the St. Petersburg City Hall, which was headed by V. Putin.

Then he moved to Moscow, where he became Deputy Chief of Staff of the Government of the Russian Federation D. Kozak.

After V. Putin’s victory in the presidential elections (he headed his campaign headquarters), in 2000 he took the position of first deputy head of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation. In 2003 he became the head of the Presidential Administration and a member of the Security Council. Since 2005, he began to oversee all priority national projects, became a member of the United Russia party and took the position of Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation.

From 2000 to 2008 (with interruptions) Chairman of the Board of Directors of OJSC Gazprom.

2008 presidential elections and presidential term

Medvedev’s brief biography states that since 2007 he became an official participant in the presidential election “race” from the United Russia party. Medvedev's election headquarters was headed by S. Sabyanin, who temporarily left the post of head of the Presidential Administration. The elections were won and the inauguration ceremony took place on May 7, 2008.

During his presidency, Medvedev paid great attention to innovation, the fight against corruption and national projects. Also during his presidency, the Ministry of Internal Affairs was reformed, a financial crisis occurred, for which the head of the Government V. Putin took responsibility, and the so-called Five-Day War (Georgian-Ossetian conflict).

Current career

By refusing to participate in the 2012 presidential race and supporting V. Putin, Medvedev secured the position of Prime Minister (head of the Government of the Russian Federation).

On May 8, 2012, his candidacy was approved by the State Duma deputies. On May 26, he became chairman of the United Russia party.

Personal life and family

D. Medvedev has been married (since 1993) to Svetlana Linnik (the wife of the former President of the Russian Federation, originally from the city of Murom, Vladimir Region; she is the initiator of the annual holiday - the Day of Love, Family and Fidelity). In 1995, the couple had a son, Ilya (currently a student at MGIMO).

My aunt, Svetlana Afanasyevna Medvedeva, is a member of the Union of Writers and Journalists of Russia, the author of 9 poetry collections.

Other biography options

Since his youth, the future president was fond of hard rock (his favorite Russian band is Chaif).
At university I became interested in weightlifting and even won competitions.
During his studies, as an excellent student, he worked part-time as a janitor and received 120 rubles a month (+50 rubles increased stipend), and also worked in the summer in the paramilitary security of the USSR Ministry of Railways.

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Dmitry Medvedev- Russian statesman and political figure. His figure is largely controversial and ambiguous. However, in politics it cannot be otherwise, as statesmen are shown.

Regardless of how most people feel about him, he is an important component in the political mechanism of the new.

We present to your attention biography of Medvedev.

Brief biography of Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev was born on September 14, 1965 in Leningrad. His father, Anatoly Afanasyevich, was a professor at the Leningrad Technological Institute. Lensovet.

Mother, Yulia Veniaminovna, taught at the Pedagogical Institute. Herzen. After some time, she began working as a tour guide in Pavlovsk.

Childhood and youth

Dima was the only child of his parents, so they did everything possible to give their son a good upbringing and education.

While studying at school, he especially liked it, to which he devoted a lot of time. For this, the boy even sacrificed walks with his peers.

The ideas of communism, popular in that era, greatly influenced the future biography of young Medvedev. In this regard, already in adolescence he aspired to become a Komsomol member.

In 1982, he entered the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg State University. In addition to his interest in studies, Dmitry was also fond of weightlifting.

He, like many of his comrades, really liked rock music. He could spend hours listening to the songs of famous Western groups that were fantastically popular among young people.

Soon Medvedev acquired a camera, thanks to which the young man became seriously interested in the art of photography.

Despite the fact that during his student years Dmitry participated in military training that took place in the north-west of Russia, he never served in the army.

Having received a law degree in 1987, Medvedev wanted to continue his studies in graduate school. Interestingly, at the same time, he worked part-time, cleaning yards and receiving 120 rubles for his work. per month.

Political biography of Medvedev

By the end of the same year, his candidacy was supported by Putin, who was ending his second presidential term and who, according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, could not run for the highest post in the country for the third time in a row.

Before the elections, Medvedev promised that if he became president, he would leave all other positions he held at that time.

President Medvedev

This was a real triumph of his political biography.

Having received presidential powers, he publicly stated that he intended to improve the economy and carry out social reforms.

The start of President Medvedev's reign was accompanied by the onset of a financial crisis and increased tension in Georgian-Russian relations.

The politician himself later said that he could not even imagine that an armed conflict could occur between Russia.

Medvedev called Mikheil Saakashvili the initiator and culprit of the “five-day” war. Peace was restored on August 12, 2008 with the support of French President Nicolas Sarkozy.

According to experts, the foreign policy pursued by Medvedev had both positive and negative sides.

Despite good relations with Viktor Yanukovych, and then Viktor Yushchenko, she never joined the Customs Union.

In addition, relations were spoiled by “gas” scandals, which were constantly discussed in the media.

However, the reforms carried out in the social sphere have yielded good results. During the reign of President Medvedev, Russia began to experience population growth, citizens' incomes increased by 20%, pensions doubled, and many families were provided with new housing.

According to experts, the level of security in the country has increased due to the corresponding transformations carried out in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Due to growing criticism of the mayor of the capital, Yuri Luzhkov, Medvedev decided to dismiss him from his position. He was appointed instead.

Despite many successes and achievements, Dmitry Anatolyevich’s work caused discontent in society. He was accused of condoning corruption, as well as lacking real power.

Further biography of Medvedev

After Putin was elected president in 2012, Medvedev became prime minister of the Russian Federation and was also elected chairman of United Russia. In 2017, he became involved in a corruption scandal.

A representative of the non-systemic opposition, Alexei Navalny, published a high-profile investigation under the scandalous title “He’s not your Dimon.”

In it, various corruption schemes of former President Medvedev, as well as his luxurious mansions located in different countries, were presented to the public.

This film became a real sensation and received millions of views on the Internet. An interesting fact is that Medvedev himself refused to comment in any way on the video, which significantly reduced his rating and level of trust among the population.

Medvedev with his wife

Prime Minister Medvedev is registered on various social networks, through which he communicates with the citizens of the country and informs them about key events. In this he is similar to the American president.

Medvedev is a fan of Apple technology. In 2010, when he managed to visit, he presented the then president with a new iPhone 4 model, which had not yet been sold in the Russian Federation.

The interest in photography, which Dmitry Anatolyevich showed in his youth, remains to this day. On his Instagram page you can constantly see new ones with him and his loved ones.

Medvedev today

Having re-taken the post of Prime Minister in 2018, Dmitry Medvedev expressed gratitude to the State Duma deputies for the trust they placed in him. In mid-2018, he initiated a law regarding raising the retirement age.

On January 15, 2020, two hours after Russian President Vladimir Putin announced his message to the Federal Assembly, Medvedev announced the resignation of the entire government, making this decision against the backdrop of fundamental changes to the Constitution that were proposed by the president in this message.

Putin instructed the old staff to perform duties until the appointment of a new government and proposed to appoint Dmitry Medvedev to the post of Deputy Chairman of the Russian Security Council, specially created for him.

By Decree of the President of Russia dated January 16, 2020, he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. The salary is set at 618,713 rubles.

Medvedev’s biography does not end there, because his political activities can still bring the most unexpected surprises. But this is a matter for the future.

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MOSCOW, May 3 - RIA Novosti. Dmitry Medvedev's presidency began with a difficult decision on a military operation against Georgia, which attacked South Ossetia, and ends with large-scale political reform, including simplification of the registration of political parties and the return of gubernatorial elections, a decree on which the head of state signed the day before. Medvedev's four years as president will also be remembered for the renaming of the militia into the police, the replacement of approximately half of the governor's corps, the formation of "greater Moscow" and the abolition of the seasonal change of clock hands, which is customary for Russians.

After the inauguration of President-elect Vladimir Putin, scheduled for May 7, Medvedev is leaving the highest government post and is expected to become prime minister. The State Duma may consider his candidacy for the post of head of government on May 8.

1. Modernization

Modernization of the Russian economy has become the main program feature of the new President Dmitry Medvedev, who actually introduced this word into the modern Russian lexicon. In a message to the Federal Assembly in 2009, he said to the country that it was no longer possible to delay this. According to Medvedev, it is necessary to modernize the economy as a whole, as well as the production sector, the army, medicine, technology, including space technology, education and human upbringing. In this regard, the introduction of innovation and energy efficiency is of great importance. The Skolkovo innovation center, created on the initiative of Medvedev after he visited the famous Silicon Valley in the United States, is intended to become a symbol of the new economy. In the future, Skolkovo should become Russia's largest testing ground for the new economic policy. In a specially designated area in the near Moscow region, special conditions will be created for research and development, including the creation of energy and energy-efficient technologies, nuclear, space, biomedical and computer technologies. In 2012, about 1 trillion rubles will be allocated for modernization programs, according to Medvedev.

2. Constitutional changes

The main foreign policy event in Medvedev’s activities as president was the outbreak of hostilities in South Ossetia. As a result of Georgian aggression, civilians and Russian peacekeepers died. The President of the Russian Federation gave the order to send troops into South Ossetia and conduct an operation “to force Georgia to peace.” The result of the five-day operation was the destruction of the main military infrastructure of the Georgian army and ships of the Georgian battle fleet in the port of Poti. On August 12, Medvedev announced the end of the operation, saying that its goal had been achieved - the safety of the peacekeeping forces and civilian population had been restored, the aggressor had been punished and had suffered very significant losses. On the same day in Moscow, the presidents of Russia and France agreed on a plan called “Medvedev-Sarkozy” and provided for the withdrawal of Russian troops from Georgian territory and guarantees for the security of South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

Two weeks later, on August 26, after corresponding requests from Tskhinvali and Sukhumi, the Russian President announced that Moscow would recognize the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Later, Russian military bases were deployed on the territory of these countries, which were not recognized by most states of the world. Georgia, in response to this, withdrew from the CIS and continues to insist on its territorial integrity and demand the withdrawal of the Russian military from South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

6. START Treaty

Relations between Russia and the United States in the field of arms over the past four years have not been easy, but in April 2010, the heads of the two countries in Prague signed a new START treaty, designed to become one of the foundations of the modern international security system. The parties intend to reduce the total number of warheads by a third over seven years - to 1.55 thousand - compared to the Moscow Treaty of 2002 and more than halve the maximum level for strategic delivery vehicles. To enter into force, the treaty had to be approved by both houses of the Russian parliament, as well as the Senate of the US Congress. Russia's demand for synchronous ratification of the document was fundamental, and this was achieved.

7. Replacement of governors

The years of Medvedev's presidency in the field of domestic policy were marked by a change in the overwhelming number of governors and heads of regions, among whom there were many political centenarians from the era of the 90s. So, in 2010 alone, the President of Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev, his “neighbor” from Bashkiria Murtaza Rakhimov and the head of Kalmykia Kirsan Ilyumzhinov left their posts “at their own request”. Another “heavyweight,” Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov, was dismissed by Medvedev with the humiliating wording “due to loss of trust.” Intensive replacement of governors began after the December elections to the State Duma, as a result of which the ruling United Russia weakened its position. Thus, over the past months, the heads of the Primorsky, Perm, Stavropol territories, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Yaroslavl, Smolensk, Kostroma, Saratov and a number of other regions have resigned.

Medvedev's most controversial reform as president was the reduction of the number of time zones in Russia and the change of standard time in a number of regions. In June 2011, the president signed a law that abolished the seasonal change of clock hands. On the night of March 27, 2011, Russians moved their clocks forward an hour for the last time and switched to “summer time.” However, the past year has shown that the change of the already familiar regime is perceived very ambiguously by Russian citizens, which has given rise to new discussions. The other day Medvedev said that for winter and summer time, if the majority supports it, for example, by electronic voting.

May 04, 2012 1:06pm

Dmitry Medvedev's presidency began with a difficult decision on a military operation against Georgia, which attacked South Ossetia, and ends with large-scale political reform, including simplification of the registration of political parties and the return of gubernatorial elections, a decree on which the head of state signed the day before. Medvedev's four years as president will also be remembered for the renaming of the militia into the police, the replacement of approximately half of the governor's corps, the formation of "greater Moscow" and the abolition of the seasonal change of clock hands, which is customary for Russians.

1. Modernization

Modernization of the Russian economy has become the main program feature of the new President Dmitry Medvedev, who actually introduced this word into the modern Russian lexicon. In his 2009 address to the Federal Assembly, he called modernization a matter of the country's survival and said that it could no longer be delayed. According to Medvedev, it is necessary to modernize the economy as a whole, as well as the production sector, the army, medicine, technology, including space technology, education and human upbringing. In this regard, the introduction of innovation and energy efficiency is of great importance. The Skolkovo innovation center, created on the initiative of Medvedev after he visited the famous Silicon Valley in the United States, is intended to become a symbol of the new economy. In the future, Skolkovo should become Russia's largest testing ground for the new economic policy. In a specially designated area in the near Moscow region, special conditions will be created for research and development, including the creation of energy and energy-efficient technologies, nuclear, space, biomedical and computer technologies. In 2012, about 1 trillion rubles will be allocated for modernization programs, according to Medvedev.

2. Constitutional changes

Reading out his first message to the Federal Assembly nine months after taking office, Medvedev proposed amending the Constitution of the Russian Federation to increase the presidential term from four to six years, State Duma deputies from four to five years, as well as the obligation of the government to report annually to deputies . This was the first change to the Russian Constitution in its entire fifteen-year history. In accordance with this norm, elections to the State Duma were held in Russia in December 2011, and presidential elections in March 2012.

The innovations also affected the Federation Council. Now only a deputy who has been elected to regional authorities and local self-government can become a senator. The State Duma also adopted laws prohibiting calling regional heads presidents; regions will have to bring their constitutions or charters into compliance with the adopted law by January 1, 2015.

The last and very significant change in the country's basic law was the return of direct elections of regional heads, which were abolished in 2004 - the day before Medvedev signed the corresponding law, which he had previously submitted for discussion to parliament. In addition, the procedure for registering political parties has been significantly simplified.

3. A blow to corruption

The fight against corruption was also one of the main theses of Medvedev's election campaign. The president spoke about corruption as the main problem of Russia, a serious disease that is corroding the national economy and disintegrating Russian society, both in his inaugural speech and in numerous interviews after taking office.

Just two weeks after the inauguration, the head of state signed a decree on the creation of an anti-corruption council under the President of the Russian Federation. In July of the same year, he signed a multi-year anti-corruption plan, and later parliament adopted a presidential package of bills aimed at implementing this plan.

As part of combating corruption and increasing the efficiency of public administration, Medvedev obliged civil servants and members of their families, as well as heads of state corporations and foundations, to provide information on income and property. Otherwise, they would face dismissal. In addition, in March 2011, the head of state demanded the removal of government officials from the boards of directors of large state-owned companies and state-owned banks, which was done by October.

According to Medvedev himself, despite the obvious successes in the fight against corruption, in particular the adoption of the first set of anti-corruption rules in the country’s history, the fight against this type of crime is far from over, since the whole society, and not just the state, must take part in it.

4. Reform of the security forces

The task of combating corruption was directly related to the need for a large-scale reform of law enforcement agencies, which was launched in 2010. A number of high-profile incidents involving law enforcement officers, the loudest of which was the shooting of visitors to a supermarket in Moscow by the head of the Tsaritsyno police department, police major Denis Evsyukov, forced the authorities to come to grips with the situation in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The reform of the country's largest ministry received a symbolic twist at the initiative of the president - the police were renamed the police. The new law tightened the requirements for employment in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, relieved the ministry of a number of functions unusual for it and abolished the so-called “stick” system for assessing the work of internal affairs bodies. At the same time, the salaries of employees who were able to undergo recertification were significantly increased.

Also in 2010, the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation was created, which was no longer subordinate to the prosecutor's office. Then the president called this the first step towards creating a unified and independent investigative body in the country, but for now the investigative structures of other departments (the prosecutor's office, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Drug Control Service and the FSB) remain independent.

No less large-scale was the reform of the armed forces and the new state program for armaments and modernization of the military-industrial complex. In accordance with the plan for reforming the Armed Forces, by 2012 the size of the army had decreased from 1.2 million military personnel to a million, of which 220 thousand were officers. Military space defense troops appeared in the structure of the armed forces. In addition, as part of the reform, six military districts were transformed into four - Western, Eastern, Central and Southern. The pay of officers was significantly increased, military educational institutions were reorganized, the army switched to an outsourcing system (when food and other functions unusual for the armed forces are taken over by civilian structures). In addition, the pace of housing construction for military personnel and military veterans has accelerated significantly.

An unprecedented weapons program with a total volume of about 20 trillion rubles and designed until 2020 was also called by Medvedev one of the most important priorities in the field of defense capability. The program was adopted despite the objections of Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin, who was dismissed due to disagreements with the president.

5. War and peace

The main foreign policy event in Medvedev's presidency was the war in August 2008 with Georgia, which began hostilities in South Ossetia. As a result of Georgian aggression, civilians and Russian peacekeepers died. The President of the Russian Federation gave the order to send troops into South Ossetia and conduct an operation “to force Georgia to peace.” The result of the five-day operation was the destruction of the main military infrastructure of the Georgian army and ships of the Georgian battle fleet in the port of Poti. On August 12, Medvedev announced the end of the operation, saying that its goal had been achieved - the safety of the peacekeeping forces and civilian population had been restored, the aggressor had been punished and had suffered very significant losses. On the same day in Moscow, the presidents of Russia and France agreed on a plan called “Medvedev-Sarkozy” and provided for the withdrawal of Russian troops from Georgian territory and guarantees for the security of South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

6. START Treaty

7. Replacement of governors

8. Greater Moscow

Medvedev came up with the initiative to expand the borders of the capital and create a Moscow agglomeration in June 2011 - the possibilities for developing the capital within the old borders, according to the president, have been exhausted. The change in the borders of Moscow will take place on July 1, 2012 - a transition period has been announced before this date. As a result of expansion to the northwest, the capital will reach the border with the Kaluga region. In total, 21 municipalities will be transferred to the capital, including two urban districts - Troitsk and Shcherbinka, as well as 19 urban and rural settlements that were part of the Podolsky, Leninsky and Narofominsky districts of the Moscow region. Also, part of the territory of the Odintsovo and Krasnogorsk districts goes to Moscow.

Within two years, government agencies - the Federation Council and the State Duma, federal executive authorities, as well as their territorial bodies, the Kremlin administration, the Russian government apparatus, the Prosecutor General's Office, the Investigative Committee, the Accounts Chamber, the Supreme Arbitration Court - will have to move to the territory annexed to Moscow. RF, Federal Arbitration Court of the Moscow District, Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal, Supreme Court of the RF, Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the RF, Moscow City Court, the list of instructions says.

The task of developing the agglomeration with the help of the federal center will be up to Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin and the recently confirmed governor of the Moscow region Sergei Shoigu.

9. Caucasian issue

To solve the problems of the North Caucasus, in January 2010, Medvedev decided to create the eighth federal district, which included all the North Caucasus regions, and appoint Alexander Khloponin, the governor of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, as the presidential envoy there, who also received the post of deputy prime minister. Khloponin became the only plenipotentiary and at the same time a member of the government, in whose hands both economic powers and the powers of the presidential vertical are concentrated. Pyatigorsk became the center of the new district.

The head of state set before his new plenipotentiary the task of eradicating mass unemployment, economic crime, clanism, and bribery. One of the key programs for the development of the North Caucasus Federal District should be the program for creating the North Caucasus tourism cluster. According to Khloponin, the government has already decided to provide state guarantees in the amount of 100 billion rubles to investors who invest in the development of resorts in the North Caucasus.

10. Time zones

Medvedev's most controversial reform as president was the reduction in the number of time zones in Russia and the change in standard time in a number of regions. In June 2011, the president signed a law that abolished the seasonal change of clock hands. On the night of March 27, 2011, Russians moved their clocks forward an hour for the last time and switched to “summer time.” However, the past year has shown that the change of the already familiar regime is perceived very ambiguously by Russian citizens, which has given rise to new discussions. The other day, Medvedev said that he was ready to return to the previous model of changing clocks to winter and summer time if the majority supported it, for example, by electronic voting.

He was elected President of the Russian Federation on March 2, 2008. The main program objectives set by the new president were the following: increasing the level and quality of life of the population, continuing work on priority national projects; the principle “freedom is better than unfreedom”; “... the main thing for our country is the continuation of calm and stable development”; following the ideas of Concept 2000 - development of institutions, infrastructure, innovation, investment, cooperation and assistance to business; the return of Russia to the status of a world power and its further development, integration into world relations, its own position on all key international issues.

Domestic policy The beginning of D. A. Medvedev’s presidency coincided with the financial crisis of 2008-2009. The reasons for the crisis were as follows.

1. Dependence of the Russian economy on the West and the USA.

2. Military conflict with Georgia and its negative consequences. The fall in world oil prices has damaged the Russian economy. A significant outflow of capital abroad and the “flight of investors from the country” began. A specific factor in the development of the crisis was the presence of significant external debt of Russian companies.

The result is increased inflation, a fall in the level of income of the population, unemployment due to “optimization of production” - the massive closure of enterprises, their restructuring and layoffs, and increased corruption. On December 30, 2008, D. A. Medvedev signed the law on amendments to the Constitution (RF Law of December 30, 2008 No. 6-FKZ “On changing the term of office of the President of the Russian Federation and the State Duma”). Now the President of the Russian Federation is elected for a term of 6 years (instead of 4, Article 81), the composition of the State Duma is elected for a term of 5 years (instead of 4, Article 96). The names of several subjects of the Federation have changed.

The Yabloko and Communist Party of the Russian Federation sharply opposed the amendments, arguing that this would lead to a decrease in electoral activity and to the monopolization of power. On September 28, 2010, the law “On the Skolkovo Innovation Center” was adopted. According to the creators’ plans, the modern scientific and technological innovation complex under construction in Moscow for the development and commercialization of new technologies was to occupy an entire microdistrict and become the largest scientific research and development center (“Russian Silicon Valley”). The center's scientific staff was approximately 50 thousand people.

Telecommunications and space, biomedical technologies, energy efficiency, information technologies, nuclear technologies were identified as priority areas of Skolkova research. Finnish companies Nokia Solutions and Networks, German Siemens and SAP, Italian universities, the Tokyo private Waseda Tipa University, etc. were involved as partners. However, Skolkov has many critics who note outdated schemes for innovative technologies, exorbitant administrative costs, and financial irregularities during construction, lack of real support and initial subsidies.

The next notable event during the presidency of D. A. Medvedev was the law “On the Police,” which came into force on March 1, 2011. The police were supposed to replace the existing police. The decree was intended to increase the efficiency of work and improve the image of law enforcement agencies, and also paid tribute to historical and European traditions. In June 2011, a decree “On the calculation of time” was issued, which defines the calculation of time in Russia, time zones and local time. The decree abolished summer and winter time; clocks were no longer changed to winter time18. D. A. Medvedev continued the fight against oligarchic capital.

One of the high-profile cases that became known throughout the country was the removal of Yu. M. Luzhkov from the post of mayor of Moscow (since 1992). On September 28, 2010, the president signed a decree “To remove... from the post of mayor of Moscow due to the loss of confidence of the President of the Russian Federation.” 19. The president paid much attention to the fight against corruption. In 2008, he signed several decrees, and in March 2012, a national anti-corruption plan for 2012-2013 was issued. Foreign policy On July 12, 2008, the so-called “Medvedev Doctrine” was adopted.

It included 5 positions: 1. The primacy of the fundamental principles of international law. 2. Rejection of a unipolar world and construction of a multipolarity. 3. Avoiding isolation and confrontation with other countries.

4. Protecting the life and dignity of Russian citizens “wherever they are.” Protecting the interests of the Russian Federation “in regions friendly to it” 20. On June 17, 2008, D. A. Medvedev signed a decree on a visa-free regime for crossing the border of the Russian Federation by non-citizens of Latvia and Estonia, former citizens of the USSR21. On August 7-26, 2008, a military conflict took place in South Ossetia, in which Russia was directly involved.

South Ossetia is a former territory of the Georgian SSR, which in 1992 separated into an independent unrecognized state. The republic had its own government, constitution, and armed forces. Since 1989, bloody ethnic clashes have repeatedly occurred on its territory.

The Georgian government considered South Ossetia its territory, but did not take active steps to restore control until 2008. Russia initially supported the government of South Ossetia and its desire for complete independence from Georgia. With M. Saakashvili coming to power, Georgian national policy became tougher. On the night of August 7-8, Georgian troops began intensive shelling of the capital of South Ossetia, Tskhinvali, followed by an assault on the city. As a result of the attack, more than ten Russian peacekeeping troops were killed and several dozen were wounded.

The official reason for the attack on Tskhinvali, according to the Georgian side, was a violation of the ceasefire by South Ossetia, which, in turn, claims that Georgia was the first to open fire. On the morning of August 8, Russian aviation began bombing targets in Georgia. On August 9, President D. A. Medvedev, as Supreme Commander-in-Chief, declared a state of war with Georgia. Russian Foreign Minister S.V. Lavrov said that the reasons for the deployment of Russian troops were Georgia’s aggression against the territories of South Ossetia not under its control and the consequences of this aggression: a humanitarian catastrophe, the exodus of 30 thousand refugees from the region, the death of Russian peacekeepers and many residents of South Ossetia.

Lavrov qualified the actions of the Georgian army against civilians as genocide. 22. On August 11, Russian troops crossed the borders of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and invaded directly into Georgian territory and occupied a number of important cities. On August 12, the Chairman of the European Union, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, was in Moscow on a working visit. Together with D. A. Medvedev and V. V. Putin, they compiled six principles for the peaceful settlement of the Russian-Georgian-Ossetian conflict. 1. Refusal to use force. 2. The final cessation of all hostilities. 3. Free access to humanitarian aid. 4. Return of the Georgian Armed Forces to their places of permanent deployment. 5. Withdrawal of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to the line preceding the start of hostilities. 6. The beginning of an international discussion of the future status of South Ossetia and Abkhazia and ways to ensure their lasting security (Medvedev-Sarkozy plan23). On August 13, after personal negotiations between N. Sarkozy and M. Saakashvili, the President of Georgia approved the proposed plan, with the exception of the sixth point. On August 16, the document was signed by Russia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia. The military conflict was over.

Despite the agreements, on August 26, 2008, the Russian President signed decrees “On recognition of the Republic of Abkhazia” and “On recognition of the Republic of South Ossetia.” Russia recognized the republics “as a sovereign and independent state”, pledged to establish diplomatic relations with each of them and conclude an agreement on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance. The act drew condemnation from the West and did not meet with the support of the CIS countries. Relations with Ukraine. In 2008, a power crisis arose in Ukraine. On January 18, President V. Yushchenko, Prime Minister Yu. Tymoshenko (2007-2010) and Speaker of the Verkhovna Rada A. Yatsenyuk wrote a letter to the NATO Secretary General about their desire to join the action plan regarding NATO membership at the summit in Bucharest24. Members of the Verkhovna Rada accidentally became aware of the letter. Deputies of the Communist Party and the Party of Regions demanded that the “letter of three” be withdrawn and blocked the work of parliament for 2 months. The Verkhovna Rada resumed work only when a document was adopted: the decision on Ukraine’s accession to NATO “is taken based on the results of a referendum, which can be held on a popular initiative.” 25. In Ukraine, contradictions arose between the president and parliament over the events in South Ossetia.

V. Yushchenko sharply criticized Russia and supported Georgia, Y. Timoshenko and others took a balanced position, calling for a cessation of hostilities. This led to the president signing a decree dissolving the Verkhovna Rada on October 8, 2008. During the presidency of D. A. Medvedev, the gas conflict with Ukraine escalated. This was caused by the presence of unsettled debt for gas supplies, as well as disagreements regarding the transit of gas through the territory of Ukraine in 2009.

The RosUkrenergo company supplied Russian gas to Ukraine and Western Europe. She had debts to the Russian Federation, which were demanded from Ukraine. Yu. Tymoshenko demanded that RosUkrenergo be removed from the gas market and switch to direct contracts with the Russian Federation. But this was unprofitable for V. Yushchenko, since the Ukrainian part of the company belonged to his friend, as well as Gazprom U, which owned 50% of its shares. On October 2, 2008, Yu. Tymoshenko signed a contract with V.V. Putin: to receive gas without intermediaries and agree on a price of $ 235 per 1000 m³, subject to joint export operations from the territory of Ukraine. RosUkrEnergo then offered to buy gas for Ukraine at a price of $285. V. Yushchenko tore up this agreement.

Then, on January 1, 2009, Russia completely stopped gas supplies to Ukraine and the EU. There was a threat to stop the entire Ukrainian housing and communal services. The EU demanded that the conflict be resolved and gas supplies immediately restored. On January 18, 2009, as a result of lengthy negotiations, Prime Ministers V.V. Putin and Yu. Timoshenko agreed to resume gas transportation to Ukraine and EU countries. The agreements included a transition to direct contractual relations between Gazprom and Naftogaz of Ukraine, the introduction of a formulaic principle of pricing for Ukraine, characteristic of other European countries (the formula included the cost of fuel oil on world markets, etc.)26. Russia immediately resumed gas supplies to Europe. In February 2010, V. Yanukovych came to power in Ukraine.

Prime Minister Yuri Tymoshenko was put on trial for causing damage to the Naftogaz of Ukraine company. Ukraine's foreign policy has become aimed at European integration and Europeanization in parallel with pragmatic, friendly cooperation with Russia. But the rapprochement could take place in such a way that it would not affect the “sovereignty” of Ukraine. Ukraine and Russia were supposed to go to the future on “separate paths,” since Ukraine was closely “in the mold of the “Russian world.” On April 21, 2010, the presidents of the two countries signed the Kharkov agreements to extend the lease period of the Russian Black Sea Fleet bases in Crimea for 25 years (after 2017), with the possibility of extending it for another 5 years (until 2042-2047).

Then V.V. Putin announced a reduction in gas prices for Ukraine and provision of assistance to Ukraine in the amount of $15 billion. CIS. On November 28, 2009, President of Russia D. A. Medvedev, President of Belarus A. G. Lukashenko and President of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev signed an agreement on the creation of a single customs space on the territory of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. Changes are taking place in relations with Poland.

On April 10, 2010, the plane of President Lech Kaczynski, who was flying to Smolensk for mourning events dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Katyn tragedy, crashed. 96 people died - well-known Polish politicians, the highest command of the Armed Forces, public and religious figures. The new president, Bronislaw Komorowski, has set a course for improving relations and establishing cooperation with Russia. An agreement was signed to increase Russian gas supplies by 1.5 times through the Yamal pipeline. Arab world. In 2011-2012 the so-called “Arab Spring” occurs on March 27, 2011 - civil war in Libya, where a strong opposition has formed to the country’s leader Muammar Gadaffi.

An armed confrontation began. The UN Security Council supported the opposition and adopted resolutions on imposing an embargo on the arms trade with Libya, freezing accounts, banning foreign travel by M. Gadaffi and his associates, as well as introducing a no-fly zone over Libya28. NATO immediately exceeded the UN mandate and began bombing the most important targets in Libya. Then a military intervention began against M. Gadaffi (March 19 - October 31), in which Great Britain, France, the USA, Canada, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Denmark participated. Russia initially condemned the conflict but maintained neutrality. Events in Syria.

In 2011, against the backdrop of the so-called “Arab Spring,” a large-scale armed conflict arose between the forces of President Bashar al-Assad and the opposition, which included the Free Syrian Army, Kurdish regionalists and various Islamist terrorist groups (IS29, al-Nusra Front - the local branch of Al -Qaeda, etc.). From the very beginning, Russia supported the Syrian government, helping with arms supplies, training and military advisers. From 2011 to the present, a group of Russian warships has been constantly located off the coast of Syria. In addition, Russia twice - in October 2011 and in February 2012 - blocked resolutions in the UN Security Council because they opened the possibility of sanctions or even military intervention against the government of Bashar al-Assad. Russia's relations with the USA and NATO countries. On April 8, 2010, in Prague, Russia and the United States signed a new treaty on measures to further reduce and limit strategic offensive weapons (START III). The parties pledged to reduce the total number of warheads by a third over seven years compared to the Moscow Treaty of 2002 and more than halve the maximum level for strategic delivery vehicles.

In general, the presidency of D. A. Medvedev is associated with changes to the current Constitution, a course towards the modernization of Russian science and economics, reform of law enforcement agencies, the abolition of winter and summer time, overcoming the crisis of 2008-2009, the war in South Ossetia and its recognition by Russia along with Abkhazia, gas problems with Ukraine, a temporary improvement in relations with Poland, a new START III treaty with the United States.

Zaets, Svetlana Viktorovna. Russian history. XXI Century. Chronicle of main events: educational and methodological manual / S. V. Zaets; Yarosl. state University named after P. G. Demidova. - Yaroslavl: YarSU, 2017. - 48 p.