It is characterized by a violation of the development and maturation of follicles, their ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum. This pathology can manifest itself in the form of persistence of the follicle and delayed ovulation, insufficient function of the corpus luteum, or complete depression of the function of the gonads and prolonged anaphrodisia.

Etiology . The causes of ovarian hypofunction are a decrease in the synthesis and incretion of gonadotropic hormones by the pituitary gland or a weakening of the ovarian reactivity to the action of gonadotropins. The latter is observed, as a rule, with increased synthesis of corticosteroid hormones under stress, as well as with a lack of thyroid hormones in the body of animals.

Symptoms and course . The initial form of ovarian hypofunction, manifested by persistence of the follicle, is characterized by a delay in ovulation up to 24-72 hours after the end of the heat (normally, ovulation occurs 10-12 hours after the end of the heat), postlibid uterine metrorrhagia (bleeding on the second or third day after insemination) and low fertility animals.

Ovarian hypofunction, manifested by anovulation, is characterized by impaired development and maturation of follicles in the ovaries. Such animals are characterized by a lack of fertilization and multiple inseminations. A rectal examination of a cow during the period of anovulatory sexual cycle reveals growing small or medium-sized follicles in the ovaries that do not reach the preovulatory state.

With ovarian hypofunction, accompanied by developmental disorders and insufficient function of the corpus luteum, cows experience multiple unsuccessful inseminations, sometimes with disruption of the rhythm of sexual cycles (the manifestation of the arousal stage after 12-15 days). A rectal examination 6–8 days after the onset of the stage of initiation of the sexual cycle reveals a small, dense corpus luteum in the ovaries. The concentration of progesterone in the blood during this period does not exceed 1.6 - 1.8 ng/ml (versus 2.5 - 4.0 ng/ml during a normal sexual cycle). There are usually no changes in the uterus. Most often, this disorder of sexual function is observed in hot summer months, as well as with insufficient or inadequate feeding of animals.

With complete depression of the function of the gonads, clinically accompanied by anaphrodisia, the ovaries are reduced in size, dense to the touch, with a smooth surface, without growing follicles and corpora lutea. The horns of the uterus are located in the pelvic cavity or hang over the pubic edge, are weakly rigid, and atonic.

Treatment and prevention . Cows with ovarian hypofunction , manifested by delayed ovulation or anovulation, on the day of manifestation of the phenomena of the stage of arousal of the sexual cycle (before or after the first insemination of the animal), it is injected intramuscularly at a dose of 20 - 25 mcg or Oogon-TIO-1 - 1.5 thousand IE.

Animals with anovulatory sexual cycles are also prescribed serum gonadotropin, which is administered subcutaneously 2 - 3 days before the expected onset of the next stage of arousal (17 - 19 days after the previous sexual cycle and insemination) at a dose of 2.5 thousand IU. (5 - 6 IU per 1 kg of body weight). During an anovulatory sexual cycle, accompanied by luteinization of a non-ovulated follicle, determined in the ovary during rectal examination on days 6-8 in the form of a cavity formation with a “tight” fluctuation, one of the prostaglandin F 2-alpha preparations (estuphalan, bioestrophan, clatraprostin, gravoprost) is administered intramuscularly once or gravoclathran in a dose of 2 ml), and when the stage of excitation occurs (during insemination) - surfagon - 20 - 25 mcg or ovogon-TIO - 1-1.5 thousand IE.

In case of ovarian hypofunction, accompanied by anaphrodisia, cows are given a single dose of gonadotropin FFA at a dose of 3-3.5 thousand IU. (6-7 m.u/kg body weight). To ensure normal ovulation, on the day of the initiation stage of the sexual cycle (during insemination), surfagon is injected at a dose of 20 mcg. In animals that have not shown the stage of arousal of the sexual cycle, 21 - 22 days after a gynecological examination and confirmation of the initial diagnosis, gonadotropin FFA is reintroduced in the same dose.

Animals with insufficient function of the corpus luteum, when the next cycle appears on the day of insemination, are administered a single dose of 2.5 thousand IU subcutaneously. gonadotropin FFA (4 - 5 IU/kg body weight).

For the treatment of animals with depression of sexual function, it is recommended to administer gonadotropic drugs, which should be combined with the use of aqueous solutions of neurotropic drugs: carbacholin (0.1%) or furamone (1.0%). Any of these drugs is administered twice with an interval of 24 hours, 2 - 2.5 ml, and after 4 - 5 days, gonadotropin FFA is injected once at a dose of 1.5 - 2 thousand IU.

Source: based on materials from Meat Innovative Technologies LLC, Republic of Belarus

Treatment of ovarian hypofunction in cows

Day 1 – once intramuscularly 4 ml of Progesterone 2.5%;
Day 2 – once intramuscularly 4 ml of Progesterone 2.5%;
Day 4 – once intramuscularly 4 ml of Progesterone 2.5%;
Day 6 – once intramuscularly 2 ml of Fertadine + 1000 IU of Sergon (Follimag);
Day 8-10 – hunting control. Carrying out standard insemination of those who come into heat. Carrying out rectal diagnostics of cows that have not come into heat to identify the reasons.

Treatment of cows coming into heat with signs of chronic endometritis

Treatment of cows coming into heat with signs of chronic endometritis is as follows: 1 day - for cloudy smelling discharge during heat, 1 syringe of Metricur is injected intrauterinely; 18-23 days - the mucus condition is monitored and insemination is performed.

When using this regimen, recovery, as a rule, occurs in another 10% of animals. After applying these two recommendations, about 5% of cows may experience ovarian hypofunction.

Treatment of acute postpartum endometritis in cows

Endometritis is an inflammation of the uterine mucosa, predominantly of a purulent-catarrhal nature, occurring more often 8-10 (sometimes 3-6) days after birth. Postpartum endometritis occupies a significant place among obstetric and gynecological pathologies in cows and leads to temporary or permanent infertility. The most common are purulent-catarrhal endometritis (86.1-94.7%), catarrhal endometritis (1.9-4.8%), fibrinous (2.7-5.8%). Postpartum necrotic metritis occupies (0.7-2.8%), gangrenous - 0.2%.

Endometritis and metritis are diseases of a polyetiological nature, which are based on infection of the genital organs when the integrity of the mucous membrane is impaired, the contractile function of the uterus and involutional processes in the postpartum period are reduced, against the background of low nonspecific immunity of the animal body.

Clinical signs of acute purulent-catarrhal endometritis usually appear on the 5-6th day after birth in the form of discharge from the uterus of altered lochia. Their color can be brown, yellowish or grayish-white. Sometimes crumbs and small flakes of disintegrating caruncles and fragments of decomposing placenta are released. Subsequently, the exudate becomes mucopurulent or purulent in nature. It is released from the uterus when the animal strains, when lying down, and also when the uterus is massaged with the hand through the rectum.

Often exudate can be found on the ventral surface of the tail in the form of dried crusts. A rectal examination reveals that the uterus hangs into the abdominal cavity, the walls are flabby, doughy in consistency, and its contractility is reduced. With a large accumulation of exudate, fluctuation is noted. There are usually no changes in the general condition of the animal.

Acute fibrinous endometritis is characterized by the release of yellow-brown exudate with fibrin flakes. A sick animal is characterized by a depressed general condition, fever, and decreased productivity. Rectal examination reveals thickening of the uterine wall, atony, pain on palpation, and sometimes crepitus.

Necrotic metritis is characterized by the discharge from the uterus of a reddish exudate mixed with crumbly masses (necrotic tissue), and a chorionic odor. On rectal examination, the uterus does not contract, is thickened, sometimes has a pasty consistency, is painful, and crepitus is often felt.

The disease occurs as a septic process: the cow stands hunched over, there is no appetite or chewing cud, there is hypotension of the forestomach and intestines, sometimes profuse diarrhea, fever, rapid breathing, rapid pulse of weak filling.
Treatment of cows with postpartum endometritis begins immediately after detection of the pathology. When treating cows, it is necessary to solve 5 main problems:

1. Provide the sick animal with proper feeding and housing conditions.
2. Free the uterus from accumulated exudate.
3. Increase the tone and contractile function of the uterus.
4. Suppress the vital activity of microflora in the area of ​​inflammation.
5. Activate the body's protective functions.

Treatment must be timely, course-based, comprehensive and continue until complete cure, which is determined by successful insemination. Sick animals must be housed separately from healthy ones and provided with high-quality, high-calorie food. The microclimate must meet the zoohygienic requirements for livestock buildings. The release of the uterine cavity from exudate is achieved by massaging the uterus in the direction from the top of the uterine horns to the vagina for 2-3 minutes with an interval of 48 hours (for gangrenous and necrotic metritis, massage is contraindicated).

To suppress the vital activity of microflora in the uterine cavity, a large number of drugs with bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects are proposed. The following drugs have high therapeutic efficacy: tylosinocar, metritil, richomethrin, floxamethrin, rifacycline. The listed drugs are administered intrauterinely at a dose of 20 ml per 100 kg of live weight with an interval of 48 hours using a polystyrene pipette for the recto-cervical method of insemination of cows and heifers and a Janet syringe.

It is inappropriate to administer intrauterine medications without achieving the release of the uterus from accumulated exudate. The body's protective functions can be activated by using vitamin preparations (trivit, tetravit, nitamine, etc.) and using nonspecific therapy (ASDf2, PDE, Ihglukovit, etc.).

In case of deviations in the general condition of sick cows, symptomatic therapy is used: 20% solution of caffeine sodium benzoate subcutaneously in a dose of 20 ml, 10% calcium chloride solution and 40% glucose solution intravenously in a dose of 100-200 ml, etc.

Treatment of follicular ovarian cysts in cows

Treatment of follicular ovarian cysts in cows is recommended according to the following scheme:
1 day – Surfagon 5 ml; Day 15 – Fertadine 4 ml; 17-19 days – insemination of cows that have come into heat;
Day 20 – those who did not come into heat - Surfagon 5 ml; Day 35 – Fertadine 4 ml; 37-39 days – insemination of cows that have come into heat;
Day 40 – those who did not come into heat - Surfagon 5 ml; Day 55 – Fertadine 4 ml; 57-59 days – insemination of cows that have come into heat;
Day 60 – those who did not come into heat - Surfagon 5 ml; Day 75 – Fertadine 4 ml; Day 77-79 – insemination of cows that have come into heat.

Working with cows that do not come into heat 60 or more days after calving, treatment of luteal cyst

Working with cows that do not come into heat 60 or more days after calving and treating luteal cysts:
1 day – 2 ml Fertadine or Magestrofan; Days 2-4 – heat control and insemination; Day 15 – 2 ml Fertadine or Magestrofan; Days 17-19 – heat control and insemination; Day 30 – 2 ml Fertadine or Magestrofan; 32-34 days – heat control and insemination; Day 45 – 2 ml Fertadine or Magestrofan.

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Ministry of Agriculture and Food

The Republic of Belarus

Educational Institution "Vitebsk Order of the Badge of Honor"

State Academy of Veterinary Medicine"

Faculty of Correspondence Studies

Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Biotechnology of Animal Reproduction

GRADUATE WORK

ON THE TOPIC: “Comparative effectiveness of some methods of treating cows with ovarian hypofunction in the Glinyansky agricultural production complex, Kobrin district, Brest region"

Performer: 6th year student of the faculty

correspondence training in specialty

"Veterinary medicine"

KESHKO DMITRY VALENTINOVYCH

Scientific adviser:

Doctor of Veterinary Sciences,

Professor Valyushkin K.D.

Vitebsk 2011

WITHpossession

Introduction

1. Literature review

1.1 Neurohumoral regulation of reproductive function in cows

1.2 Classification of ovarian pathology in cows

1.3 Prevalence of ovarian hypofunction in cows

1.4 Etiology of ovarian hypofunction in cows

1.5 Clinical signs of ovarian hypofunction in cows

1.6 Treatment for ovarian hypofunction in cows

1.7 Prevention of ovarian hypofunction in cows

2. The state of livestock farming and analysis of veterinary services for the farm

3. Life safety on the farm

4. Environmental justification for the work

5. Special studies

5.1 Material and research methods

5.2 Study results

5.3 Cost-effectiveness of the results of our own research

5.4 Analysis of the obtained data

Conclusions and offers

List of sources used

Application

Introduction

One of the main conditions for increasing the production of dairy cattle products is the maximum use of the reproductive potential of the breeding stock of cattle.

The leading factor hindering the intensification of herd reproduction remains the widespread prevalence of gynecological pathology among the breeding stock, which includes ovarian hypofunction in cows.

According to the anatomical structure, the entire female body, all the activities of organs and tissues are in close functional connection with the ovaries. The work of organs, nervous and endocrine systems is reflected in the morphology and function of the ovaries. When the body is upset, the hormonal function of the ovaries and the process of formation and maturation of eggs are often disrupted. This makes it difficult to establish a specific cause of infertility, and sometimes it must be looked for not in the body itself, not in the apparatus itself, but not in the body, in the external environment, which greatly affects the condition and function of the ovaries.

Data from numerous studies indicate that impaired reproductive ability in cows most often occurs as a result of errors in feeding, lack or insufficient exercise, and improper treatment of certain obstetric and gynecological diseases. All of the above reasons lead to pathological changes in the ovaries and other parts of the genital area.

Most often, this pathology manifests itself in the form of the formation of persistent corpora lutea (18.5 - 21.1%), cystic lesions (3.9 - 4.7%), ovarian sclerosis (3.8 - 6.5%), a small part inflammation and neoplasms in them account for a large percentage of ovarian hypofunction (31.7 - 40.8%).

From the above diseases we can conclude that ovarian hypofunction occupies a significant place among all ovarian diseases. It causes enormous economic damage. Because of this disease, farms do not receive a large amount of livestock products, they have to cull animals prematurely, send them to forced slaughter as unproductive, and the level of calf yield per 100 cows remains low.

Therefore, the elimination of gynecological diseases on complexes and farms, including ovarian hypofunction in cows, is a great reserve for increasing the production of meat, milk, the yield of full-fledged offspring and other livestock products, and improving their quality.

The purpose of this work was to test the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug estrophantine for ovarian hypofunction in cows in a comparative aspect with massage of the uterus and ovaries.

1. Literature review

1.1 Neurohumoral regulation of reproductive function in cows

Control over the physiological mechanisms of controlling the reproductive function of females is carried out by the nervous and endocrine systems of the body, which closely interact with each other. Various external stimuli act on the senses (touch, smell, vision), which send analyzer signals to the cerebral cortex. From here, nerve impulses are transmitted to the hypothalamus (subthalamus region of the diencephalon, which, through neurosecretion or gonadotropin-releasing hormones (Gn-R-G), stimulates the pituitary gland to release hormones that affect the reproductive system of the animal (N.I. Polyantsev, 1986; I .I. Rodin et al. 1974). It has now been established that the hypothalamus is the control center for the formation of various hormones through the transfer of short-distance neurohormonal substances through the pituitary system to the sinuses of the anterior pituitary gland (M.I. Prokofiev (1983)). However, there is another way for neurosecrets to reach the endocrine glands - this is a direct connection between the hypothalamus and the ovaries, bypassing the pituitary gland (B.V. Aleshin, 1978).

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes three hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), luteotropic hormone (LTG) or prolactin. It has been established that FSH promotes the growth and maturation of follicles. The peak of FSH activity is observed at a low concentration of LH, which stimulates ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum at the site of the ovulated follicle. LTG is necessary for the attachment of the embryo to the wall of the uterus, the normal course of pregnancy, stimulation of the activity of the mammary gland and the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum. The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland does not secrete hormones, but is connected with the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, where the neurosecretion oxytocin is formed, which enters the blood and contracts the smooth muscles of the uterus and oviducts (N.I. Polyantsev 1986, I.I. Rodin et al., 1974).

The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system is a strictly coordinated mechanism that has direct and feedback connections. The essence of negative feedback is to block the synthesis and entry into the blood of any gonadotropic hormone when the level of a particular steroid hormone reaches a certain value. Chemoreceptors of the higher and lower hypothalamic centers sense the increased production of estrogen and transmit information to the ovary through the pituitary gland. With positive feedback, steroid-sensitive cells of the higher center of the hypothalamus increase the activity of tubular oral neurons of the hypothalamus, which affect the secretion of gonadotropins, if the level of steroid hormones in the blood is not high (N.I. Polyantsev, 1986, I.I. Rodin et al., 1974).

The main hormones involved in the reproductive function of females are FSH and LH, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Their ratio at different periods of the sexual cycle fluctuates and depends on many factors. Maturation of follicles, stimulation of mitosis, and formation of follicular fluid occur under the influence of FSH. The peak of FSH is observed after 13 days of the sexual cycle, at the same time there is a decrease in progesterone levels. The second FSH peak was observed 28 hours after the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge. The ratio of androgens and estrogens found in the follicular fluid changes in favor of the latter as the follicle matures, which leads to the release of LH (L.K. Ernst, N.I. Sergeev 1989). During the luteal phase of the sexual cycle, the concentration of LH in the blood ranges from 1.2 to 4 mg/kg. The peak of LH is observed before ovulation and its concentration reaches 50-60 mg/kg, then a sharp decrease in its level occurs. Ovulation occurs 25-30 hours after the start of the hunt. According to some researchers, secondary LH peaks occur between days 8 and 13 of the cycle and 2-5 days before the start of heat.

The female's ovaries produce steroid hormones - estrogens (estrone, estradiol, estriol) and progesterone. Estrogens are synthesized in the follicle wall. The peak concentration of estrogen is observed during the hunting period. Functionally, they are responsible for the animal’s estrus and sexual estrus, and also influence the formation of antibacterial acidic mucopolysaccharides and specific hormone-binding proteins. The corpus luteum of the ovary, the adrenal cortex, and the placenta of pregnant cows are a source of progesterone, which inhibits the growth of follicles, promotes the attachment of the embryo to the wall of the uterus, weakens or turns off the effect of oxytocin and various biologically active substances (N.I. Polyantsev, 1986). An important role in the body is played by prostaglandins, the “progenitors” of which are unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic, linoleic, linolenic). Prostaglandin F2-alpha is formed in the membranes of epithelial cells of the uterine mucosa. Prostaglandin type P stimulates, and type E inhibits uterine contraction. Their release into the blood is noted two weeks after ovulation, and the function of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone, is completely blocked (N.I. Polyantsev, 1986; P.G. Boroyan, 1983). The mechanism of this luteolytic action is still unclear. However, according to some authors (B.V. Aleshin, 1978), prostaglandins block the flow of blood to the corpus luteum of the ovary. With increasing gestational age, the synthesis of prostaglandins F2cx and E2 by the embryo also increases, which contributes to a decrease in the uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2aL. These interdependent processes probably determine the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy and the preservation of the corpus luteum, suppressing the secretion of prostaglandin F2aL by the uterus, which is confirmed by a decrease in the concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha after injection estradiol E2. Thus, the mechanism of maternal recognition of pregnancy is complex and requires further research. The endocrine glands involved in reproductive function include the thyroid gland and the adrenal cortex. Thyroid hormones (thyroxine and its derivatives) are involved in maintaining the gonadotropic activity of the pituitary gland. Hypofunction of the thyroid gland leads to the appearance of anovulatory cycles. Thyroid hormones take part in the preovulatory release of LH, and hormones of the adrenal cortex (glucocorticosteroids) influence the sexual cycle of females during unfavorable conditions for reproduction, turning off the ovaries from the hypothalamic-pituitary system (N.I. Polyantsev, 1986).

Analysis of literature data shows that the regulation of sexual function is carried out through the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads and uterus. An important role is played by the cerebral cortex, subcortical and spinal centers, sympathetic and parasympathetic trunks innervating the genitals. Cyclic impulses are transmitted from centers located in the suprachiasmotic region of the hypothalamus to the nuclei at the base of the gray tuberosity. Pituitary gonadotropins are released into the blood, which affect the growth and development of follicles, rupture of the follicle and release of the egg, and the formation of the corpus luteum at the site of the burst follicle. Hormones of the ovaries, thyroid gland, and adrenal cortex have a direct effect on the genitals and are involved in the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary system.

1.2 Classification of ovarian pathology in cows

Ovarian diseases are a common cause of sometimes long-term, difficult-to-treat infertility in animals, since this eliminates the possibility of pregnancy due to dysfunction of the gonads - the process of formation and maturation of eggs. Ovarian diseases lead to disorders of the hormonal and endocrine systems, which are clinically manifested by changes in the nature of the sexual cycles.

The following classification of ovarian pathology is considered the most convenient (K. D. Valyushkin, 2002).

Anomalies in the development of the ovaries:

ovarian hypoplasia,

absence of an ovary.

Neoplasms in the ovaries

Ovarian dysfunction:

hypofunction,

persistent corpus luteum

Inflammation of the ovaries.

Complications of ovarian dysfunction and inflammation:

Ovarian hypoplasia refers to the underdevelopment and afunctional state of the gonads of females who have reached the age of puberty. This anomaly is recorded in 17.5-26.7% of infertile heifers and gilts.

The absence of ovaries can be unilateral or bilateral. This is a congenital phenomenon, most often caused by closely related breeding of animals. To prevent it, breeding work should be established, and animals with this pathology should be culled.

Neoplasms in the ovaries can be in the form of fibroma, adenoma, sarcoma, carcinoma, etc. Malignant tumors are accompanied by progressive emaciation of the animal, absence of estrus and sexual heat. The presence of neoplasms in both ovaries is incurable and the animal is discarded.

Hypofunction of the ovaries is accompanied by a violation of follicular oogenesis, defective (usually anovulatory) sexual cycles or their absence (anophrodesia) and accounts for about 41% of all causes of infertility in cows. At the same time, the ovaries are somewhat reduced in size, have a smooth surface, and do not contain either maturing follicles or corpora lutea. Therapeutic measures are limited to stimulation of sexual function.

Persistent is the corpus luteum that lingers in the ovary of a non-pregnant animal for more than 25 days. It can be a persistent corpus luteum of pregnancy or a persistent corpus luteum of the reproductive cycle. Animals with a persistent corpus luteum do not exhibit sexual cycles. During the year, 18% of infertile cows have persistent corpus luteum in their ovaries, and in the second half of the winter stall - over 50%. Treatment is by pressing (enucleation) or using prostaglandins.

Cysts are cavity formations in the ovarian tissues from unovulated follicles (follicular) or corpus luteum (luteal). Occurs in 3.9 - 4.8% of infertile cows, mainly in the spring. A follicular cyst, while maintaining the function of the follicular epithelium, is manifested by virilism, nymphomania, and a luteal cyst by anophrodesia.

Inflammation of the ovaries can occur acutely or chronically and be serous, hemorrhagic, purulent or fibrinous. It is registered in 3-12% of infertile cows. For therapeutic purposes, antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs are used in standard doses.

Ovarian atrophy is accompanied by a decrease in the volume of the gonads with a simultaneous decrease in their functions. It is more often diagnosed in cows and can be unilateral or bilateral. Occurs as a consequence of oophoritis, prolonged intoxication, and insufficient and unbalanced feeding.

Ovarian sclerosis is characterized by the replacement of their parenchyma with connective tissue. Occurs in 3.8-6.5% of infertile cows.

Consequently, among diseases of the genital organs that lead to infertility and barrenness, functional disorders of the ovaries (ovarian dysfunction) are most often identified.

Dysfunctional conditions of the ovaries are characterized by impaired growth of follicles, ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum and can manifest itself in the form of delayed ovulation (persistence of the follicle), anovulatory sexual cycle, functional failure of the corpus luteum, ovarian hypofunction, cysts (follicular and luteal).

Follicle persistence. Ovarian dysfunction, manifested in the form of persistence of the follicle, is characterized by a delay in ovulation up to 24 - 72 hours after the end of heat (normally, ovulation in cows and heifers occurs 10-12 hours after the end of heat).

Anovulatory sexual cycle. Anovulation is a disruption or absence of the final phase of folliculogenesis. In this case, the dominant follicle undergoes atresia, and in some cases transforms into a thin-walled cyst.

Functional deficiency of the corpus luteum. Morphological and functional inferiority of the corpus luteum is characterized by the formation of defective luteal tissue of the corpus luteum.

Functional insufficiency of the corpus luteum is most often recorded in the first sexual cycle after calving (initial) and in later periods the frequency of this pathology decreases.

Ovarian hypofunction. Ovarian hypofunction is a weakening of ovarian activity, which is accompanied by arrhythmia or incomplete sexual cycles, as well as their long-term absence after childbirth.

Corpus luteum in the ovaries are formed at the site of burst follicles and can be of three types: corpus luteum of the reproductive cycle; corpus luteum of pregnancy and persistent corpus luteum.

Persistent corpus luteum. The persistent corpus luteum has no special clinical and morphological differences from the corpus luteum of pregnancy or the sexual cycle. If it is present, animals do not show signs of sexual arousal.

Ovarian cysts. Cysts are spherical cavity formations that arise in the tissues of these organs from unovulated follicles as a result of the anovulatory sexual cycle and, according to their functional state, are divided into follicular and luteal.

Follicular cysts - thin-walled, less often thick-walled, intensely or gently fluctuating spherical formations with a diameter of 21.0-45.0 mm. The cyst has a thin shell and can be easily crushed. The size of the cysts ranges from the size of a pea (small cystic ovary) to a goose egg or more.

Luteal cysts - as a rule, have one spherical cavity, the wall of which is formed by several layers of proliferating cells of the connective tissue membrane of the follicle, thick-walled, and difficult to squeeze out. Luteal cysts have a rim of luteal tissue on the inside that produces progesterone. There are no sexual cycles.

1.3 Distribution of ovarian hypofunction in cows

One of the causes of infertility in cows is ovarian hypofunction. According to the results of many studies, this pathology is registered in 30-40% or more of infertile cows. In most cases, ovarian hypofunction is detected in cows of the first and second lactation, as well as in animals with pathology of childbirth and the postpartum period. This pathology is becoming widespread in farms with a poor food supply and with violations of the standards for keeping and exploitation of animals at the end of the winter housing period. Violation of reproductive function in highly productive cows is expressed in inferiority or prolonged absence of sexual cycles after calving.

Under hypofunction of the ovaries In cows, one should understand their condition in which, as a result of unbalanced feeding (especially carotene), unfavorable living conditions and under the influence of other factors, the growth, development, maturation and ovulation of follicles is disrupted. At the same time, the level of vitamin A in the blood sharply decreases, collagenization of the tissues of the gonads and a weakening of redox reactions in the endometrium are observed, accompanied by low contractility of the uterus. As a result, sexual cyclicity is disrupted or stops altogether; unfavorable conditions are created in the genital organs for the advancement of sperm, implantation of the zygote and further development of the embryo, which in most cases is manifested by infertility of animals (K. D. Valyushkin, 1987).

The greatest prevalence of ovarian hypofunction in cows occurs in February-April; a decrease in incidence was noted in May-June. Such dynamics during ovarian hypofunction are observed in farms where it is caused by the influence of unfavorable external factors (G.V. Zvereva, S.P. Khomin, 1976).

V.A. Genn (1965) diagnosed ovarian hypofunction in 17.6% of infertile cows, V.S. Dudenko (1964) - in 27.1% of cows, in 13% (cited from G.V. Zvereva et al., 1976).

K.D. Valyushkin (1987) diagnosed ovarian hypofunction in 40.8% of cows. The degree of manifestation of hypofunction depends on the strength and duration of action of etiological factors.

K.D. Valyushkin (1970,1981) came to the conclusion that the most common is hypofunction, caused by inadequate feeding and non-walking of animals in the second half of the winter period. Therefore, ovarian hypofunction in cows makes up a large percentage of gynecological diseases and is largely determined by the season of the year and the associated conditions of feeding and keeping animals.

A.A. Osetrov (1969), recorded ovarian hypofunction in 34.9% of infertile cows in winter, and in 19.9% ​​of infertile cows in summer.

1.4 Etiology of occurrencehypofunction of the ovaries in cows

The reasons that cause ovarian hypofunction have interested many researchers.

So, G.V. Zvereva et al. (1976) note that the causes of ovarian hypofunction can be divided into two groups.

The first group of reasons is associated with the effect of unfavorable environmental factors on the body. These include quantitative and qualitative insufficiency of feed rations: vitamin, mineral and protein starvation, as well as low lighting in the room due to lack of exercise.

Therefore, this pathology is more often observed in cows in winter, as well as in early spring. At this time, feeding deteriorates, there is not enough feed, and the diet is not always balanced.

In many farms, ovarian hypofunction in cows occupies a large place and is widespread. A high percentage of the disease occurs in those years when the winter is harsh, cold, and there is little sun in winter and spring.

The second group of reasons for the development of ovarian hypofunction should include internal factors associated with diseases.

Ovarian pathology in these cases is usually sporadic in nature and develops in cows with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (traumatic reticulitis, rumen atony), acetonymia, tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease, etc.

I.A. Bocharov (1956), A.P. Studentsov and others . (1986), observed ovarian hypofunction in cows after severe pathological births, uterine prolapse, and retained placenta.

A.Yu. Tarasevich (1936), P.I. Shatalov ( 1960), I.A. Bocharov et al. (1976), K.D. Valyushkin (1969, 1971, 1987), E.A. Akatov et al. (1977), V.P. Goncharov and V.A. Karpov (1981) believe that insufficient and inadequate feeding and non-walking in the second half of the winter housing, as well as when animals are kept in damp, cold, dimly lit rooms, are the causes of ovarian hypofunction.

A.Yu. Tarasevich (1936), A.P. Studentsov et al. (1986) explain the occurrence of ovarian hypofunction by nutritional reasons, stress, insufficient hardening and general oppression under the influence of an unusual environment. Hypofunction of the ovaries can occur in cows during inflammatory processes in the genital organs, with ketosis and other disorders of the body (P.A. Voloskov. 1940, V.P. Goncharov and V.A. Karpov, 1981).

K.D. Valyushkin (1987) believes that the cause of the disease may be constant underfeeding of livestock, when the body does not receive enough of a number of substances, especially carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and other ingredients. In this case, vital functions are supported by existing reserves, and then animals begin to consume substances from skeletal muscles and other tissues. This is manifested by metabolic disorders and weakening of almost all body functions, and a decrease in the fatness of animals. Dystrophic changes occur in the genital organs of females and throughout the animal’s body, accompanied by infertility.

In the studies of I.A. Bocharova et al. (1967) B.A. Akatova et al. (1977), V.P. Goncharov and V.L. Karpov (1981) concluded that if animals are placed in rooms with increased air quality, low temperature and in the presence of drafts, with insufficient exposure to sunlight, this causes metabolic disorders and a disorder of the hypothalamic-pituitary regulation of ovarian function.

From the entire list of reasons that lead to ovarian hypofunction in cows, it is clear that the occurrence of this pathology is etiologically diverse and in most cases depends on the living conditions of the animals. The main cause of ovarian hypofunction in cows is reduced activity of the pituitary gland due to nutritional disorders (imbalance of diets, especially in carotene, vitamin E and iodine).

1.5 Clinical signshypofunction of the ovaries in cows

N.I. Polyantsev (1986) defines ovarian hypofunction as a violation of the steroid-synthesizing and gamete-forming functions of the ovaries under conditions of chronic stress. This disease is clinically manifested in the initial period by disturbance of the sexual cycle, later by anaphrodisia (lack of estrus, sexual arousal, hunting). A rectal examination reveals: the rigidity of the uterus is weak or absent, the consistency of the ovaries is homogeneous, their shape is flattened or rounded, their surface is smooth, their volume is reduced, the corpus luteum or follicles are not detected. It has been established that with hypofunction of the ovaries in cows, ovogenesis does not stop, however, the follicles do not develop to ovulatory maturity, but undergo atresia (K.D. Valyushkin., G.F. Medvedev, (2001))

Ovarian hypofunction can manifest itself in the form of persistence of the follicle and delayed ovulation, anovulatory sexual cycle, hypoplasia and insufficient function of the corpus luteum, prolonged anaphrodisia.

Hypofunction of the ovaries, manifested in the form of persistence of the follicle, manifests itself in the form of repeated infertile inseminations and postlibidinal metrorrhagia (uterine bleeding on the second or third day after the end of sexual estrus). The rhythm of sexual cycles is not disturbed.

A rectal examination reveals an elastic-fluctuating follicle, ovulation of which occurs 24-72 hours after the end of heat (normally, ovulation in cows occurs 10-12 hours after the end of heat).

Hypofunction of the ovaries, manifested in the form of an anovulatory sexual cycle, is accompanied by repeated infertile inseminations. The rhythm of sexual cycles is not disturbed. A characteristic sign is the absence of the corpus luteum on one of the ovaries 10-14 days after the end of signs of sexual heat.

With ovarian hypofunction, accompanied by developmental disorders and insufficient function of the corpus luteum, the rhythm of sexual cycles may be disrupted. Cows experience multiple unsuccessful inseminations.

Rectal examination 6-8 days after the onset of the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle reveals a hypoplastic corpus luteum (small size, dense consistency).

Ovarian hypofunction, accompanied by anaphrodisia, is characterized by a prolonged absence of sexual cycles.

Rectal examination reveals ovaries reduced in size, dense in consistency, with a smooth surface, without growing follicles and corpora lutea.

1.6 Treatment forhypofunction of the ovaries in cows

Many researchers have dealt with the treatment of ovarian hypofunction in cows. Various techniques and methods have been proposed. Often in practice, hormonal drugs are used - progesterone and gonadotropic hormones, vitamin preparations both in pure form and in combination with hormonal and neurotropic drugs, physiotherapeutic methods of treatment.

A number of researchers (I.A. Bocharov et al. (1967). V.M. Voskoboynikov. et al. (1976). G.V. Zvereva, S.P. Khomin, (1976). V.A. Akatov and others (1977). V.P. Goncharov, V.A. Karpov, (1981) recommend starting all treatment procedures only after improved housing and feeding conditions have been created, active exercise has been provided to the animals. G.V. Zvereva and others (1985) recommend organizing walks with a test bull for 1-1.5 hours.The diet is supplemented with food containing sufficient nutrients necessary for the body, vitamins A, D, E and group B, macro- and microelements.

Currently, among the hormonal preparations, the serum and blood of pregnant mares (SZhK and KZhK), gravo-garmon, blood of pregnant cows and progesterone have been used.

Follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones are the active principles of FFA and SCFA, therefore the administration of FFA to non-pregnant females activates the role of follicles and accelerates the ovulation process.

According to G.A. Bocharova et al. co-authors (1967), G.A. Cheremisinova (1975), V.A. Akatova and Yu.A. Skripitsin (1976), FFA can be used once subcutaneously. FFA activity must be at least 100 IU. in 1 ml. The serum is recommended to be used in doses: for cows - 2500-3000 IU, for first-calf heifers -2500 IU. Fertility was 65-70%. At the beginning, inject I-2 ml, then after a 2-3-hour break, inject the rest of the serum. This is done in order to avoid the phenomenon of anaphylactic shock in sensitized animals.

For hypofunction of the ovaries in cows with a similar effect, SCFA is used in the same doses,

Recently, they have often resorted to the combined use of small doses of FFA or SCFA and neurotropic drugs.

A.S. Bibilashvili (1970) pointed out that the complex use of FFA in a dose of 2000 IU, Proserpine 0.5% - 2 ml and, against their background, vitamin E in a dose of 3 ml for hypofunction of the ovaries in cows, ensured the fertility of cows by 90.3%.

For first-calf cows, a 0.1% solution of carbacholine is used in a dose of 2 ml and KJK - 2000 M.E. against the background of preliminary three-time injections of vitamin E 125 mg with an interval of 5 days (K.D. Valyushkin, (1976)). This combination of drugs, the author points out, increases fertility by 25.4%. Carbacholine solution should be administered with the third injection of vitamin E.

Low activity FFA is used in combination with choriogonin in a ratio of 1.5:1, which ensures polyovulation in 87.5% of cows, while in most animals 60 to 100 mature follicles ovulate (N.A. Martynenko et al. 1966).

V.A. Zhelev, G.A. Cheremisinov, A.G. Nezhdanov, P.K. Shatalov (1975) found that the optimal dose of gravo-hormone, which has been widely used recently (it is prepared on the basis of FFA and the pituitary gland of farm animals) for ovarian hypofunction in cows, should be considered 4000 IU. With a reduced functional state of the ovaries and thyroid gland, gravo-harmone causes follicle-stimulating, ovulation and thyroid-stimulating effects.

V.A. Akatov and other researchers (1977) indicate the use of gravo-garmon and recommend administering this drug subcutaneously in the neck at a dose of 9 units per 1 kg of animal weight once 3-4 days before the onset of the estrus phase.

Data from V.I. Nikolaeva, R.Ya. Shishko (1979) found that the use of gravo-garmon for hypofunction of the ovaries in cows ensures fertility in the last two sexual cycles of up to 88%.

Among other hormonal drugs for ovarian hypofunction, folliculin, pituitrin, progesterone are currently successfully used, and among vitamin preparations - trivitamin, tetravit.

K. D. Valyushkin (1981) believes that the greatest effect is achieved by three injections of vitamin E with an interval of 5 days, 4 ml (1000 mg), as a result, sexual heat appears 11 days faster, the time from completion is reduced by 9.1 days injections before fertilization, the fertility rate of the first insemination and the pregnancy of animals increases by 12.1% compared to the control group.

The use of vitamin A promotes the appearance of signs of sexual cyclicity and increases the fertility of animals by 12.6% compared to the control group (K. D. Valyushkin, (1970,1981,1987)).

A.S. Bibilashvili (1970) indicates that a single or double administration of vitamin E to cows with infertile insemination and ovarian hypofunction in a dose of 3-3.5 ml after 5-6 days ensures fertilization in the first heat by 88%.

K.D. Valyushkin (1969, 1971, 1974,1981,1987) in experiments on the complex use of vitamins and microelements for hypofunction of the ovaries in cows established the following:

vitamins A and E, administered intramuscularly to first-calf heifers three times, 50,000 units and 50 mg, respectively, have a general stimulating effect on the body and affect the reproductive function;

vitamin A (150,000 IU), vitamins C (20 solution - 8 ml) and E (1000 mg) affect reproductive function and increase fertility by 22.5%;

trivitamin in a dose of 10 ml is used with an interval of 5 days, heat appears within 2 months in 80.5% of cows, trivitamin shortens the service period by 12 days;

trivitamin in combination with microelements - manganese, zinc, copper, cobalt has an effect on sexual activity in case of hypofunction of the ovaries, fertility increases by 36.1%.

P.A. Voloskov (1960) conducted research on the combined administration of small doses of FFA in combination with neurotropic drugs (carbacholine, proserin solution). The course of treatment was as follows - a 0.1% solution of carbacholin was administered at a dose of 1.5-2 ml subcutaneously, on days 2-4 a solution of proserin at a dose of 2 ml, then there was a break of 4-5 days, then SZhK 1500 was administered - 2000 M.E.

V.M. Voskoboynikov et al. (1976) injected vitamin E three times at a dose of 125 mg with an interval of 5 days. First-calf cows receive 2 ml of 0.1% carbacholine solution in combination with 2000 IU. KZhK. After these injections, the fertility rate increased by 25.4%.

V. A. Akatov, Yu.A. Skripitsin (1976) for ovarian hypofunction in cows used an aqueous solution of proserin in a dose of 2 ml together with a 10% oil solution of sinestrol in a dose of 2 ml, this mixture was administered intramuscularly.

V.P. Goncharov, V.A. Karpov (1981) suggested doing massage and vaginal irrigation. This increases blood and lymph circulation in the genitals, causes irritation of nerve endings, normalizes metabolic processes in tissues, and restores reduced ovarian function. V.P. Goncharov (1979) used massage using a 1% solution of progesterone, 100 ml for 2 days and on the 5th day he used gravo-garmon at a dose of 2337 IU. in combination with a 0.5% solution of proserin in a dose of 3 ml and trivitamin in a dose of 10 ml twice with an interval of 5 days. Fertility rate in the first heat was 71.5%.

Also effective is massage of the uterus and ovaries through the rectum once a day for 5-7 minutes for 3-5 days (V.P. Goncharov et al. (1985), G.V. Zvereva et al. 1985).

To stimulate ovarian function, V.P. Goncharov and V.A. Karpov (1991) used tissue preparations from the liver, spleen, ovaries, etc. at a dose of 5 ml per 100 kg of animal weight three times with an interval of 3 - 5 days in combination simultaneously with the first injection of a hormonal drug (one of the drugs: FFA, gravohormone, ovaritropin) at a dose of 1000-2000 IU.

To normalize ovarian function, BelNIIEV specialists recommend the use of colostrum from cows in the first 6-9 hours after calving with antibiotics subcutaneously in a dose of 20-25 ml once or colostrum in a dose of 20 ml with 2 ml of 0.5% proserin solution subcutaneously and 10 ml trivitamin (tetravit) intramuscularly once. A good therapeutic effect is provided by subcutaneous injection of an animal's own blood or the blood of a pregnant cow with proserin. It is recommended to administer surfagon to cows 30-33 days after calving during the normal course of the postpartum period at a dose of 10 ml intramuscularly and repeat the administration of surfagon after 10-12 days at a dose of 2 ml (B.Ya. Semenov et al. (1997)). M.I. Prokofiev et al. (1978) recommend administering surfagon in a dose of 5 ml, and after 10-12 days - prostaglandin in a dose of 2 ml. In this case, sexual arousal appears 40-50 days after birth, fertility increases by 25%, and the service period is reduced by 23 days.

Experiments by V.P. Goncharova (1991) on the treatment of ovarian hypofunction at cows using massage of the ovaries, oviducts, uterus and the introduction of a 1% solution progesterone (100 mg) every other day for 2 days and on the 5th day - gravo-hormone (2500 IU) in combination with a 0.5% solution of proserin (3 ml) and trivitamin (10 ml) twice with an interval of 5 days showed that all cows came into heat on average on the 9th day after the start of treatment. Fertility in the first heat averaged 71.5%. A single application to cows of a 2.5% oil solution of progesterone (400 mg) in combination with trivitamin (10 ml), and after 3 days of gravohormone (2500 IU) with 0.5% progesterone (2 ml) contributed to the manifestation hunting after a course of treatment on average on the 8th day. Fertility after the first course of insemination is 69.2% of cows (V.P. Goncharov et al. 1985).

Cows with ovarian hypofunction V.P. Goncharov and V.A. Karpov (1985) administered prostaglandin intramuscularly once in a dose of 10 ml and tetravit twice with an interval of 5 days. Hunting in the experimental animals appeared on average 4.8 days earlier. 63.6% of cows were fertilized after the first insemination; the service period averaged 58.8 days.

The administration of these drugs to experimental animals affected not only the ovary directly, but also the function of the hypothalamic-epiphysial-pituitary system was restored, which contributed to the manifestation of full sexual cycles, ovulation with subsequent insemination and fertilization both in the first heat and at a later date (Goncharov V. P. and Karpov V. A. 1991).

1.7 Preventionwith ovarian hypofunction in cows

For correct and systematic work to prevent ovarian hypofunction in farms, it is first of all necessary to eliminate the causes that cause this disease. Organize systematic daily walks in the fresh air during the dry period and after calving, a complete balanced diet. Timely detection and treatment of cows with endometritis (K.D. Valyushkin., G.F. Medvedev, (2001), Semenov B.Ya., et al. (1999)).

Among medications, Semenov B.Ya. and others (1999) recommend:

On the 10-15th day after calving, use reduced doses of GSZHK (serum gonadotropin or sergon, 1000 I.E.) in combination with tetravit and ASD f2 (tetravit 8 ml + 2 ml ASD f2) intramuscularly + 20-25 ml of colostrum subcutaneously . Emulsion of tetravit and ASD f2 should be used only in freshly prepared form;

On the 10-15th day after calving, surfagon 50 mcg (10 ml) intramuscularly + a mixture of ASD f2 (2 ml) with tetravit (8 ml) intramuscularly, after 10 days - 10 mcg (2 ml) surfagon;

Complex fortification with tetravit in doses: A - 0.7-1.5 million, I.E.; D 3 - 100-200 thousand I.E.; E - 6001200 mg. 6 injections are performed sequentially:

1st - two weeks before calving;

2nd - one week before calving;

3rd - 5-7 days after calving;

4th - 12-13 days after calving;

5th - on the day of insemination of animals;

6th - 10-12 days after insemination of animals.

The above and other data on the treatment and prevention of cows with ovarian hypofunction allow us to conclude that currently there are a number of effective drugs that are successfully used for ovarian hypofunction in cows. Many drugs are used in Belarus. In the literature today there is insufficient data on the use and effectiveness of estrophanthin for. treatment of ovarian hypofunction in cows. Therefore, in our work we set a goal - to test this hormonal drug and determine its effectiveness in treating ovarian hypofunction in cows.

We set the following tasks to resolve:

I. To study the living conditions and productivity of cows in the Glinyansky agricultural production complex in the Kobrin district of the Brest region.

II. To determine some aspects of metabolism in cows of this farm, which are in conditions of industrial animal husbandry.

III. To find out the extent of the spread of certain gynecological diseases and functional disorders of the ovaries and uterus in cows of this farm.

IV. To determine the restorative effectiveness of estrophanthin and massage of the genital organs of cows through the rectal wall in cows with ovarian hypofunction.

V. Calculate the economic efficiency of using estrophanthin in cows in order to enhance their sexual function.

2. The state of livestock farming and analysis of veterinary services for the farm

SEC “Glinyansky” of the Kobrin district of the Brest region is located 17 km from the regional center of Kobrin. This farm borders the lands of the Batchi agricultural production complex. The farm was founded in 1939.

The specialization of the farm is dairy and meat production with developed crop production, which is subordinated to the needs of the farm. The farm annually produces 5,000 tons of haylage, 3,000 tons of silage, 550 tons of hay, and 1,500 tons of fodder root crops for public livestock farming. Delivery points for livestock and crop products, logistics points are located in Brest. The farm is located in a zone of warm and humid climate, which is influenced by the air masses of the Atlantic Ocean. Winter lasts on average 110 days, the warm period of the year - 250 days. The average annual precipitation is 450-550 mm. Snow cover is unstable and lasts for 100 days. The duration of the growing season is 180-190 days; grazing period - 160-165 days.

The relief of the farm lands is flat, there are no hills or slopes. The vegetation of hayfields and pastures is legumes and cereals. The yield of natural hayfields does not exceed 19 c/ha. To increase the productivity of pastures, it is necessary to clear bushes and radically improve them. In populated areas there is running water. The farms are supplied from artesian wells.

The veterinary service of the collective farm is headed by the chief veterinarian N.N. Ovsiets. Subordinate to him are: gynecologist V.P. Yaroshevich, veterinary paramedic O.A. Zubovich.

Based on the above, we can conclude that climatic conditions are favorable for the cultivation of crops, as well as the production of livestock products.

The soils of the collective farm are mixed: there are both peat-bog and sod-podzolic soils.

The land use of the collective farm consists of an area of ​​2464 hectares. The dimensions and structure of land are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Structure of agricultural land in the agricultural production complex “Glinyansky”, Kobrin district, Brest region

The structure of land use is determined by the specialization of the economy. In the structure of agricultural land, almost 78.5% is arable land. This suggests that there are resources for developing new lands and expanding the area of ​​arable land. Part of the land is not involved in agricultural use, as it is occupied by bushes, arable land, and roads. To increase the arable land, it is necessary to carry out work related to land cultivation.

Livestock- one of the most complex sectors of agriculture, requiring great effort for successful development. The number of animals and the structure of the herd are presented in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Number of animals and herd structure

Species and group of animals
Cattle
Heifers over 2 years old
Young animals of the current year of birth
Young animals for fattening
Young horses

As can be seen from Table 2.2, the number of dairy cows does not decrease, but remains at approximately the same level, and the total number of cattle increases due to cows and young animals of the current year. The structure of the herd on the farm corresponds to the production focus. The largest share is made up of dairy cattle, the number of which increased in 2003 compared to 2001.

Increasing the efficiency of livestock farming is impossible without increasing livestock productivity.

Table 2.3 Animal productivity in the Glinyansky agricultural production complex, Kobrin district, Brest region

Despite the change in the structure of the livestock on the farm, compared to 2001, there is a tendency to increase milk and meat productivity, which is associated with an improvement in the breeding qualities of dairy cows and an increase in the level and quality of feeding. Low-producing cows are sent to a meat processing plant. The low yield of calves per 100 cows is associated with the spread of obstetric and gynecological diseases on the farm. This is explained by the fact that increasing animal productivity requires additional expenditure of the body, minerals and vitamins, the supply of which is limited by their content in the diet.

The sanitary condition of dairy farms is satisfactory. Feed distribution on the farm is carried out from horse-drawn carts. Manure removal using a scraper conveyor followed by storage in a manure storage facility for biothermal disinfection. Ventilation of the premises is natural, supply and exhaust. Livestock premises are equipped in accordance with sanitary and hygienic standards. The farm is 70% supplied with feed from its own feed supply, purchased feed makes up 30%.

The farm's veterinary service carries out a large volume of treatment and preventive measures. Particular attention is paid to the prevention of acute infectious diseases, which is an important factor in maintaining epizootological well-being on the farm. Data on the volume of activities carried out are shown in Table 2.4.

Table 2.4 The volume of measures taken to prevent infectious diseases in the Glinyansky agricultural production complex, Kobrin district, Brest region

Type of research and activities
Cattle
Tested for tuberculosis (allergic)
Tested for leukemia (serologically)
Examined for fascioliasis (coprocopy)
Vaccinated against colibacillosis
Vaccinated against parainfluenza, infectious rhinotracheitis
Vaccinated against pasteurellosis
Vaccinated against salmonellosis
Tested for glanders (allergic)

Analyzing Table 2.4, it is clear that at the Glinyansky SPK, veterinary measures for the prevention of infectious animal diseases are carried out in full, according to plans for anti-epizootic and veterinary-sanitary measures. Cattle are examined for tuberculosis, leukemia, fascioliasis, and are vaccinated against colibacillosis, salmonellosis, calf pasteurellosis, parainfluenza-3, and infectious rhinotracheitis. Work is also being carried out on the farm to diagnose and prevent horse diseases.

Considerable attention is paid to carrying out measures to prevent non-communicable animal diseases on this farm, as evidenced by the data in Table 2.5.

Table 2.5 Scope of activities for the prevention of non-communicable diseases in the Glinyansky agricultural production complex, Kobrin district, Brest region

	Name of events	Units
	Feed studied including: hay haylage (silage) compound feed
	Biochemical blood test
	Examination of cows for subclinical mastitis	animals
	Obstetric and gynecological examination of cows to identify the causes of infertility	animals
	Determination of pregnancy 2 months after insemination	animals
	Trivitamin treatment:	animals
	Treatment of calves with sodium selenite	animals

Analyzing the data in Table 2.5, it is noticeable that a large number of diagnostic and preventive measures are carried out on the farm every year, and this indicates the preventive direction of the veterinary service. Cows are tested for subclinical mastitis using belamastine. Over the past year, the number of blood samples that have been subjected to biochemical studies has increased. This is due to the fact that the results of biochemical studies allow timely prevention of diseases associated with metabolic disorders. Cows are examined rectally for pregnancy 2 months after insemination. Deep-boned cows and calves are treated with trivitamin and sodium selenite.

However, the preventive measures taken do not ensure complete protection of animals from non-communicable diseases, as evidenced by the data in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6 Incidence of non-communicable diseases in cattle in the Glinyansky agricultural production complex, Kobrin district, Brest region

From Table 2.6 it is clear that the largest number of all diseases of non-communicable etiology registered on the farm are diseases of the respiratory and digestive organs. Up to 80% of calves suffer from dyspepsia, bronchopneumonia and gastroenteritis are widespread. The most common obstetric and gynecological diseases in cows are retained placenta and endometritis, and among ovarian pathologies - ovarian hypofunction. The farm is free from infectious diseases, as veterinary, preventive and diagnostic measures are carried out in a timely manner.

The most common diseases are diseases of the digestive system. In young cattle, diseases such as dyspepsia, gastroenteritis and gastroenterocolitis are widespread. Among respiratory diseases, bronchopneumonia is the most commonly diagnosed. Surgical diseases such as wounds, bruises, and abscesses are common. Metabolic diseases are widespread, which is associated with limited movement, the lack of natural and artificial ultraviolet irradiation during the stall period, a constant tendency to deviate most microclimate parameters, the abundance of working machines and mechanisms, and the stressful state of animals. All this taken together does not fully correspond to the physiological needs of the body and often leads to metabolic disorders and decreased productivity.

The occurrence of mastitis is due to violation of housing conditions and milking technology. The wide spread of diseases of the digestive system is due to violation of feeding and maintenance conditions. In premises for keeping young cattle, microclimate parameters are not observed, which leads to mass diseases of calves.

Considering the widespread prevalence of ovarian hypofunction in cows as one of the most common causes of infertility and barrenness, we set ourselves the following tasks:

1. To study the conditions of detention and the level of feeding of cows in the agricultural production complex “Glinyansky”, Kobrin district, Brest region.

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Neurohumoral regulation of reproductive function in cows

Control over the physiological mechanisms of controlling the reproductive function of females is carried out by the nervous and endocrine systems of the body, which closely interact with each other. Various external stimuli act on the senses (touch, smell, vision), which send analyzer signals to the cerebral cortex. From here, nerve impulses are transmitted to the hypothalamus (subthalamus region of the diencephalon, which, through neurosecretion or gonadotropin-releasing hormones (Gn-R-G), stimulates the pituitary gland to release hormones that affect the reproductive system of the animal (N. I. Polyantsev, 1986; I I. Rodin et al. 1974) It has now been established that the hypothalamus is the control center for the formation of various hormones through the transfer of short-distance neurohormonal substances through the pituitary system to the sinuses of the anterior pituitary gland (M. I. Prokofiev (1983)). However, there is another way for neurosecrets to reach the endocrine glands - this is a direct connection between the hypothalamus and the ovaries, bypassing the pituitary gland (B.V. Aleshin, 1978).

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes three hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), luteotropic hormone (LTG) or prolactin. It has been established that FSH promotes the growth and maturation of follicles. The peak of FSH activity is observed at a low concentration of LH, which stimulates ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum at the site of the ovulated follicle. LTG is necessary for the attachment of the embryo to the wall of the uterus, the normal course of pregnancy, stimulation of the activity of the mammary gland and the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum. The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland does not secrete hormones, but is connected with the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, where the formation of the neurosecretion oxytocin occurs, which enters the blood and contracts the smooth muscles of the uterus and oviducts (N. I. Polyantsev 1986, I. I. Rodin et al., 1974).

The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system is a strictly coordinated mechanism that has direct and feedback connections. The essence of negative feedback is to block the synthesis and entry into the blood of any gonadotropic hormone when the level of a particular steroid hormone reaches a certain value. Chemoreceptors of the higher and lower hypothalamic centers sense the increased production of estrogen and transmit information to the ovary through the pituitary gland. With positive feedback, steroid-sensitive cells of the higher center of the hypothalamus increase the activity of tubular oral neurons of the hypothalamus, which affect the secretion of gonadotropins, if the level of steroid hormones in the blood is not high (N. I. Polyantsev, 1986, I. I. Rodin et al., 1974).

The main hormones involved in the reproductive function of females are FSH and LH, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Their ratio at different periods of the sexual cycle fluctuates and depends on many factors. Maturation of follicles, stimulation of mitosis, and formation of follicular fluid occur under the influence of FSH. The peak of FSH is observed after 13 days of the sexual cycle, at the same time there is a decrease in progesterone levels. The second FSH peak was observed 28 hours after the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge. The ratio of androgens and estrogens found in the follicular fluid changes in favor of the latter as the follicle matures, which leads to the release of LH (L. K. Ernst, N. I. Sergeev 1989). During the luteal phase of the sexual cycle, the concentration of LH in the blood ranges from 1.2 to 4 mg/kg. The peak of LH is observed before ovulation and its concentration reaches 50-60 mg/kg, then a sharp decrease in its level occurs. Ovulation occurs 25-30 hours after the start of the hunt. According to some researchers, secondary LH peaks occur between days 8 and 13 of the cycle and 2-5 days before the start of heat.

The female's ovaries produce steroid hormones - estrogens (estrone, estradiol, estriol) and progesterone. Estrogens are synthesized in the follicle wall. The peak concentration of estrogen is observed during the hunting period. Functionally, they are responsible for the animal’s estrus and sexual estrus, and also influence the formation of antibacterial acidic mucopolysaccharides and specific hormone-binding proteins. The corpus luteum of the ovary, the adrenal cortex, and the placenta of pregnant cows are a source of progesterone, which inhibits the growth of follicles, promotes the attachment of the embryo to the wall of the uterus, weakens or turns off the effect of oxytocin and various biologically active substances (N. I. Polyantsev, 1986). An important role in the body is played by prostaglandins, the “progenitors” of which are unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic, linoleic, linolenic). Prostaglandin F2-alpha is formed in the membranes of epithelial cells of the uterine mucosa. Prostaglandin type P stimulates, and type E inhibits uterine contraction. Their release into the blood is noted two weeks after ovulation, and the function of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone, is completely blocked (N. I. Polyantsev, 1986; P. G. Boroyan, 1983). The mechanism of this luteolytic action is still unclear.

However, according to some authors (B.V. Aleshin, 1978), prostaglandins block the flow of blood to the corpus luteum of the ovary. With increasing gestational age, the synthesis of prostaglandins F2cx and E2 by the embryo also increases, which contributes to a decrease in the uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2aL. These interdependent processes probably determine the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy and the preservation of the corpus luteum, suppressing the secretion of prostaglandin F2aL by the uterus, which is confirmed by a decrease in the concentration of prostaglandin F2alpha after injection estradiol E2. Thus, the mechanism of maternal recognition of pregnancy is complex and requires further research. The endocrine glands involved in reproductive function include the thyroid gland and the adrenal cortex. Thyroid hormones (thyroxine and its derivatives) are involved in maintaining the gonadotropic activity of the pituitary gland. Hypofunction of the thyroid gland leads to the appearance of anovulatory cycles. Thyroid hormones take part in the preovulatory release of LH, and hormones of the adrenal cortex (glucocorticosteroids) influence the sexual cycle of females during unfavorable conditions for reproduction, turning off the ovaries from the hypothalamic-pituitary system (N. I. Polyantsev, 1986).

Analysis of literature data shows that the regulation of sexual function is carried out through the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads and uterus. An important role is played by the cerebral cortex, subcortical and spinal centers, sympathetic and parasympathetic trunks innervating the genitals. Cyclic impulses are transmitted from centers located in the suprachiasmotic region of the hypothalamus to the nuclei at the base of the gray tuberosity. Pituitary gonadotropins are released into the blood, which affect the growth and development of follicles, rupture of the follicle and release of the egg, and the formation of the corpus luteum at the site of the burst follicle. Hormones of the ovaries, thyroid gland, and adrenal cortex have a direct effect on the genitals and are involved in the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary system.

Classification of ovarian pathology in cows

Ovarian diseases are a common cause of sometimes long-term, difficult-to-treat infertility in animals, since this eliminates the possibility of pregnancy due to dysfunction of the gonads - the process of formation and maturation of eggs. Ovarian diseases lead to disorders of the hormonal and endocrine systems, which are clinically manifested by changes in the nature of the sexual cycles.

The following classification of ovarian pathology is considered the most convenient (K. D. Valyushkin, 2002).

1. Anomalies in the development of the ovaries:

ovarian hypoplasia,

absence of an ovary.

2. Neoplasms in the ovaries

3. Ovarian dysfunction:

hypofunction,

persistent corpus luteum

4. Inflammation of the ovaries.

5. Complications of ovarian dysfunction and inflammation:

Ovarian hypoplasia refers to the underdevelopment and afunctional state of the gonads of females who have reached the age of puberty. This anomaly is recorded in 17.5-26.7% of infertile heifers and gilts.

The absence of ovaries can be unilateral or bilateral. This is a congenital phenomenon, most often caused by closely related breeding of animals. To prevent it, breeding work should be established, and animals with this pathology should be culled.

Neoplasms in the ovaries can be in the form of fibroma, adenoma, sarcoma, carcinoma, etc. Malignant tumors are accompanied by progressive emaciation of the animal, absence of estrus and sexual heat. The presence of neoplasms in both ovaries is incurable and the animal is discarded.

Hypofunction of the ovaries is accompanied by a violation of follicular oogenesis, defective (usually anovulatory) sexual cycles or their absence (anophrodesia) and accounts for about 41% of all causes of infertility in cows. At the same time, the ovaries are somewhat reduced in size, have a smooth surface, and do not contain either maturing follicles or corpora lutea. Therapeutic measures are limited to stimulation of sexual function.

Persistent is the corpus luteum that lingers in the ovary of a non-pregnant animal for more than 25 days. It can be a persistent corpus luteum of pregnancy or a persistent corpus luteum of the reproductive cycle. Animals with a persistent corpus luteum do not exhibit sexual cycles. During the year, 18% of infertile cows have persistent corpus luteum in their ovaries, and in the second half of the winter stall - over 50%. Treatment is by compression (enucleation) or the use of prostaglandins.

Cysts are cavity formations in the ovarian tissues from unovulated follicles (follicular) or corpus luteum (luteal). Occurs in 3.9 - 4.8% of infertile cows, mainly in the spring. A follicular cyst, while maintaining the function of the follicular epithelium, is manifested by virilism, nymphomania, and a luteal cyst by anophrodesia.

Inflammation of the ovaries can occur acutely or chronically and be serous, hemorrhagic, purulent or fibrinous. It is registered in 3-12% of infertile cows. For therapeutic purposes, antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs are used in standard doses.

Ovarian atrophy is accompanied by a decrease in the volume of the gonads with a simultaneous decrease in their functions. It is more often diagnosed in cows and can be unilateral or bilateral. Occurs as a consequence of oophoritis, prolonged intoxication, and insufficient and unbalanced feeding.

Ovarian sclerosis is characterized by the replacement of their parenchyma with connective tissue. Occurs in 3.8-6.5% of infertile cows.

Consequently, among diseases of the genital organs that lead to infertility and barrenness, functional disorders of the ovaries (ovarian dysfunction) are most often identified.

Dysfunctional conditions of the ovaries are characterized by impaired growth of follicles, ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum and can manifest itself in the form of delayed ovulation (persistence of the follicle), anovulatory sexual cycle, functional failure of the corpus luteum, ovarian hypofunction, cysts (follicular and luteal).

Follicle persistence. Ovarian dysfunction, manifested in the form of persistence of the follicle, is characterized by a delay in ovulation up to 24–72 hours after the end of heat (normally, ovulation in cows and heifers occurs 10-12 hours after the end of heat).

Anovulatory sexual cycle. Anovulation is a disruption or absence of the final phase of folliculogenesis. In this case, the dominant follicle undergoes atresia, and in some cases transforms into a thin-walled cyst.

Functional deficiency of the corpus luteum. Morphological and functional inferiority of the corpus luteum is characterized by the formation of defective luteal tissue of the corpus luteum.

Functional insufficiency of the corpus luteum is most often recorded in the first sexual cycle after calving (initial) and in later periods the frequency of this pathology decreases.

Ovarian hypofunction. Ovarian hypofunction is a weakening of ovarian activity, which is accompanied by arrhythmia or incomplete sexual cycles, as well as their long-term absence after childbirth.

Corpus luteum in the ovaries are formed at the site of burst follicles and can be of three types: corpus luteum of the reproductive cycle; corpus luteum of pregnancy and persistent corpus luteum.

Persistent corpus luteum. The persistent corpus luteum has no special clinical and morphological differences from the corpus luteum of pregnancy or the sexual cycle. If it is present, animals do not show signs of sexual arousal.

Ovarian cysts. Cysts are spherical cavity formations that arise in the tissues of these organs from unovulated follicles as a result of the anovulatory sexual cycle and, according to their functional state, are divided into follicular and luteal.

Follicular cysts are thin-walled, less often thick-walled, intensely or gently fluctuating spherical formations with a diameter of 21.0–45.0 mm. The cyst has a thin shell and can be easily crushed. The size of the cysts ranges from the size of a pea (small cystic ovary) to a goose egg or more.

Luteal cysts - as a rule, have one spherical cavity, the wall of which is formed by several layers of proliferating cells of the connective tissue membrane of the follicle, thick-walled, and difficult to squeeze out. Luteal cysts have a rim of luteal tissue on the inside that produces progesterone. There are no sexual cycles.

Distribution of ovarian hypofunction in cows

One of the causes of infertility in cows is ovarian hypofunction. According to the results of many studies, this pathology is registered in 30-40% or more of infertile cows. In most cases, ovarian hypofunction is detected in cows of the first and second lactation, as well as in animals with pathology of childbirth and the postpartum period. This pathology is becoming widespread in farms with a poor food supply and with violations of the standards for keeping and exploitation of animals at the end of the winter housing period. Violation of reproductive function in highly productive cows is expressed in inferiority or prolonged absence of sexual cycles after calving.

Hypofunction of the ovaries in cows should be understood as a condition in which, as a result of unbalanced feeding (especially carotene), unfavorable living conditions and under the influence of other factors, the growth, development, maturation and ovulation of follicles is disrupted. At the same time, the level of vitamin A in the blood sharply decreases, collagenization of the tissues of the gonads and a weakening of redox reactions in the endometrium are observed, accompanied by low contractility of the uterus. As a result, sexual cyclicity is disrupted or stops altogether; unfavorable conditions are created in the genital organs for the advancement of sperm, implantation of the zygote and further development of the embryo, which in most cases is manifested by infertility of animals (K. D. Valyushkin, 1987).

The greatest prevalence of ovarian hypofunction in cows occurs in February-April; a decrease in incidence was noted in May-June. Such dynamics during ovarian hypofunction are observed in farms where it is caused by the influence of unfavorable external factors (G.V. Zvereva, S.P. Khomin, 1976).

V.A. Genn (1965) diagnosed ovarian hypofunction in 17.6% of infertile cows, V. S. Dudenko (1964) - in 27.1% of cows, in 13% (cited from G. V. Zvereva et al., 1976).

K. D. Valyushkin (1987) diagnosed ovarian hypofunction in 40.8% of cows. The degree of manifestation of hypofunction depends on the strength and duration of action of etiological factors.

K.D. Valyushkin (1970,1981) came to the conclusion that the most common is hypofunction, caused by inadequate feeding and keeping animals without walking in the second half of the winter-stall period. Therefore, ovarian hypofunction in cows makes up a large percentage of gynecological diseases and is largely determined by the season of the year and the associated conditions of feeding and keeping animals.

A. A. Osetrov (1969), recorded ovarian hypofunction in 34.9% of infertile cows in winter, and in 19.9% ​​of infertile cows in summer.

Etiology of ovarian hypofunction in cows

The reasons that cause ovarian hypofunction have interested many researchers.

Thus, G.V. Zvereva et al. (1976) note that the causes of ovarian hypofunction can be divided into two groups.

The first group of reasons is associated with the effect of unfavorable environmental factors on the body. These include quantitative and qualitative insufficiency of feed rations: vitamin, mineral and protein starvation, as well as low lighting in the room due to lack of exercise.

Therefore, this pathology is more often observed in cows in winter, as well as in early spring. At this time, feeding deteriorates, there is not enough feed, and the diet is not always balanced.

In many farms, ovarian hypofunction in cows occupies a large place and is widespread. A high percentage of the disease occurs in those years when the winter is harsh, cold, and there is little sun in winter and spring.

The second group of reasons for the development of ovarian hypofunction should include internal factors associated with diseases.

Ovarian pathology in these cases is usually sporadic in nature and develops in cows with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (traumatic reticulitis, rumen atony), acetonymia, tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease, etc.

I. A. Bocharov (1956), A. P. Students et al. (1986) observed ovarian hypofunction in cows after severe pathological births, uterine prolapse, and retained placenta.

A. Yu. Tarasevich (1936), P. I. Shatalov (1960), I. A. Bocharov and others (1976), K. D. Valyushkin (1969, 1971, 1987), E. A. Akatov and others (1977), V.P. Goncharov and V.A. Karpov (1981) believe that insufficient and inadequate feeding and non-walking in the second half of the winter stall keeping, as well as when keeping animals in damp, cold, dimly lit rooms are the causes of hypofunction ovaries.

A. Yu. Tarasevich (1936), A. P. Students et al. (1986) explain the occurrence of ovarian hypofunction by nutritional reasons, stress, insufficient hardening and general oppression under the influence of an unusual environment. Hypofunction of the ovaries can occur in cows during inflammatory processes in the genital organs, with ketosis and other disorders of the body (P. A. Voloskov. 1940, V. P. Goncharov and V. A. Karpov, 1981).

K. D. Valyushkin (1987) believes that the cause of the disease can be constant underfeeding of livestock, when the body does not receive enough of a number of substances, especially carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and other ingredients. In this case, vital functions are supported by existing reserves, and then animals begin to consume substances from skeletal muscles and other tissues. This is manifested by metabolic disorders and weakening of almost all body functions, and a decrease in the fatness of animals. Dystrophic changes occur in the genital organs of females and throughout the animal’s body, accompanied by infertility.

In the studies of I.A. Bocharov et al. (1967) B.A. Akatova et al. (1977), V.P. Goncharova and V.L. Karpov (1981) concluded that if animals are placed in rooms with high air quality, low temperature and in the presence of drafts, with insufficient exposure to sunlight rays, this causes metabolic disorders and a disorder of the hypothalamic-pituitary regulation of ovarian function.

From the entire list of reasons that lead to ovarian hypofunction in cows, it is clear that the occurrence of this pathology is etiologically diverse and in most cases depends on the living conditions of the animals. The main cause of ovarian hypofunction in cows is reduced activity of the pituitary gland due to nutritional disorders (imbalance of diets, especially in carotene, vitamin E and iodine).

Clinical signs of ovarian hypofunction in cows

N.I. Polyantsev (1986) defines ovarian hypofunction as a violation of the steroid-synthesizing and gamete-forming functions of the ovaries under conditions of chronic stress. This disease is clinically manifested in the initial period by disturbance of the sexual cycle, later by anaphrodisia (lack of estrus, sexual arousal, hunting). A rectal examination reveals: the rigidity of the uterus is weak or absent, the consistency of the ovaries is homogeneous, their shape is flattened or rounded, their surface is smooth, their volume is reduced, the corpus luteum or follicles are not detected. It has been established that with hypofunction of the ovaries in cows, ovogenesis does not stop, however, the follicles do not develop to ovulatory maturity, but undergo atresia (K. D. Valyushkin., G. F. Medvedev, (2001))

Ovarian hypofunction can manifest itself in the form of persistence of the follicle and delayed ovulation, anovulatory sexual cycle, hypoplasia and insufficient function of the corpus luteum, prolonged anaphrodisia.

Hypofunction of the ovaries, manifested in the form of persistence of the follicle, manifests itself in the form of repeated infertile inseminations and postlibidinal metrorrhagia (uterine bleeding on the second or third day after the end of sexual estrus). The rhythm of sexual cycles is not disturbed.

A rectal examination reveals an elastic-fluctuating follicle, ovulation of which occurs 24-72 hours after the end of heat (normally, ovulation in cows occurs 10-12 hours after the end of heat).

Hypofunction of the ovaries, manifested in the form of an anovulatory sexual cycle, is accompanied by repeated infertile inseminations. The rhythm of sexual cycles is not disturbed. A characteristic sign is the absence of the corpus luteum on one of the ovaries 10-14 days after the end of signs of sexual heat.

With ovarian hypofunction, accompanied by developmental disorders and insufficient function of the corpus luteum, the rhythm of sexual cycles may be disrupted. Cows experience multiple unsuccessful inseminations.

Rectal examination 6-8 days after the onset of the stage of excitation of the sexual cycle reveals a hypoplastic corpus luteum (small size, dense consistency).

Ovarian hypofunction, accompanied by anaphrodisia, is characterized by a prolonged absence of sexual cycles.

Rectal examination reveals ovaries reduced in size, dense in consistency, with a smooth surface, without growing follicles and corpora lutea.

Treatment for ovarian hypofunction in cows

Many researchers have dealt with the treatment of ovarian hypofunction in cows. Various techniques and methods have been proposed. Most often, in practice, hormonal drugs are used - progesterone and gonadotropic hormones, vitamin preparations, both in pure form and in combination with hormonal and neurotropic drugs, and physiotherapeutic methods of treatment.

A number of researchers (I. A. Bocharov et al. (1967). V. M. Voskoboynikov. et al. (1976). G. V. Zvereva, S. P. Khomin, (1976). V. A. Akatov and others (1977). V. P. Goncharov, V. A. Karpov, (1981) recommend starting all treatment procedures only after improved housing and feeding conditions have been created, active exercise has been provided to the animals. G. V. Zvereva and others (1985) recommend organizing walks with a test bull for 1-1.5 hours.The diet is supplemented with food containing sufficient nutrients necessary for the body, vitamins A, D, E and group B, macro- and microelements.

Currently, among the hormonal preparations, the serum and blood of pregnant mares (SZhK and KZhK), gravo-garmon, blood of pregnant cows and progesterone have been used.

Follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones are the active principles of FFA and SCFA, therefore the administration of FFA to non-pregnant females activates the role of follicles and accelerates the ovulation process.

According to G. A. Bocharov and other co-authors (1967), G. A. Cheremisinov (1975), V. A. Akatov and Yu. A. Skripitsin (1976), FFA can be used once subcutaneously. FFA activity must be at least 100 IU in 1 ml. The serum is recommended to be used in doses - for cows - 2500-3000 IU, for first-calf heifers - 2500 IU. Fertility was 65-70%. At the beginning, inject I-2 ml, then after a 2-3-hour break, inject the rest of the serum. This is done in order to avoid the phenomenon of anaphylactic shock in sensitized animals.

For hypofunction of the ovaries in cows with a similar effect, SCFA is used in the same doses,

Recently, they have often resorted to the combined use of small doses of FFA or SCFA and neurotropic drugs.

A. S. Bibilashvili (1970) pointed out that the complex use of FFA in a dose of 2000 IU, Proserpine 0.5% - 2 ml and, against their background, vitamin E in a dose of 3 ml for hypofunction of the ovaries in cows, ensured the fertility of cows by 90 .3%.

For first-calf cows, a 0.1% solution of carbacholine is used in a dose of 2 ml and KJK - 2000 M.E. against the background of preliminary three-time injections of vitamin E 125 mg with an interval of 5 days (K. D. Valyushkin, (1976)). This combination of drugs, the author points out, increases fertility by 25.4%. Carbacholine solution should be administered with the third injection of vitamin E.

Low activity FFA is used in combination with choriogonin in a ratio of 1.5:1, which ensures polyovulation in 87.5% of cows, with most animals ovulating from 60 to 100 mature follicles (N. A. Martynenko et al. 1966).

V. A. Zhelev, G. A. Cheremisinov, A. G. Nezhdanov, P. K. Shatalov (1975) established that the optimal dose of gravo-hormone, which has been widely used recently (it is prepared on the basis of FFA and the pituitary gland of farm animals ) with hypofunction of the ovaries in cows, it should be considered 4000 IU. With a reduced functional state of the ovaries and thyroid gland, gravo-harmone causes follicle-stimulating, ovulation and thyroid-stimulating effects.

V. A. Akatov and other researchers (1977) indicate the use of gravo-garmon and recommend administering this drug subcutaneously in the neck at a dose of 9 IU per 1 kg of animal weight once 3-4 days before the onset of the estrus phase.

Data from V.I. Nikolaeva and R.Ya. Shishko (1979) established that the use of gravo-garmone for ovarian hypofunction in cows ensures fertility in the last two sexual cycles of up to 88%.

Among other hormonal drugs for ovarian hypofunction, folliculin, pituitrin, progesterone are currently successfully used, and among vitamin preparations - trivitamin, tetravit.

K. D. Valyushkin (1981) believes that the greatest effect is achieved by three injections of vitamin E with an interval of 5 days, 4 ml (1000 mg), as a result, sexual heat appears 11 days faster, the time from completion is reduced by 9.1 days injections before fertilization, the fertility rate of the first insemination and the pregnancy of animals increases by 12.1% compared to the control group.

The use of vitamin A promotes the appearance of signs of sexual cyclicity and increases the fertility of animals by 12.6% compared to the control group (K. D. Valyushkin, (1970,1981,1987)).

A. S. Bibilashvili (1970) indicates that one or two doses of vitamin E to cows with infertile insemination and ovarian hypofunction in a dose of 3-3.5 ml after 5-6 days ensures fertilization in the first heat by 88%.

K.D. Valyushkin (1969, 1971, 1974,1981,1987) in experiments on the complex use of vitamins and microelements for hypofunction of the ovaries in cows established the following:

Vitamins A and E, administered intramuscularly to first-calf heifers three times at 50,000 units and 50 mg, respectively, have a general stimulating effect on the body and affect the reproductive function;

Vitamin A (150,000 units), vitamins C (20 solution - 8 ml) and E (1000 mg) affect reproductive function and increase fertility by 22.5%;

Trivitamin in a dose of 10 ml is used with an interval of 5 days, sexual heat appears within 2 months in 80.5% of cows, trivitamin shortens the service period by 12 days;

Trivitamin in combination with microelements - manganese, zinc, copper, cobalt has an effect on sexual activity in case of hypofunction of the ovaries, fertility increases by 36.1%.

P. A. Voloskov (1960) conducted research on the combined administration of small doses of FFA in combination with neurotropic drugs (carbacholine, proserin solution). The course of treatment was as follows: a 0.1% solution of carbacholin was administered at a dose of 1.5-2 ml subcutaneously, on days 2-4 a solution of proserine was administered at a dose of 2 ml, then there was a break of 4-5 days, then SZhK 1500 was administered - 2000 M.E.

V.M. Voskoboynikov et al. (1976) injected vitamin E three times at a dose of 125 mg with an interval of 5 days. First-calf cows receive 2 ml of 0.1% carbacholine solution in combination with 2000 IU SCFA. After these injections, the fertility rate increased by 25.4%.

V. A. Akatov, Yu. A. Skripitsin (1976) for ovarian hypofunction in cows used an aqueous solution of proserin in a dose of 2 ml together with a 10% oil solution of sinestrol in a dose of 2 ml, this mixture was administered intramuscularly.

V.P. Goncharov, V.A. Karpov (1981) suggested doing massage and vaginal irrigation. This increases blood and lymph circulation in the genitals, causes irritation of nerve endings, normalizes metabolic processes in tissues, and restores reduced ovarian function. V.P. Goncharov (1979) used a massage using a 1% solution of progesterone, 100 ml for 2 days and on the 5th day he used gravo-garmon at a dose of 2337 IU in combination with 0.5 % solution of prozerin in a dose of 3 ml and trivitamin in a dose of 10 ml twice with an interval of 5 days. Fertility rate in the first heat was 71.5%.

Also effective is massage of the uterus and ovaries through the rectum once a day for 5-7 minutes for 3-5 days (V.P. Goncharov et al. (1985), G.V. Zvereva et al. 1985).

To stimulate ovarian function, V.P. Goncharov and V.A. Karpov (1991) used tissue preparations from the liver, spleen, ovaries, etc. at a dose of 5 ml per 100 kg of animal weight three times with an interval of 3–5 days in combination simultaneously with the first injection of a hormonal drug (one of the drugs: FFA, gravohormone, ovaritropin) at a dose of 1000-2000 IU.

To normalize ovarian function, BelNIIEV specialists recommend the use of colostrum from cows in the first 6-9 hours after calving with antibiotics subcutaneously in a dose of 20-25 ml once or colostrum in a dose of 20 ml with 2 ml of 0.5% proserin solution subcutaneously and 10 ml trivitamin (tetravit) intramuscularly once. A good therapeutic effect is provided by subcutaneous injection of an animal's own blood or the blood of a pregnant cow with proserin. It is recommended to administer surfagon to cows 30-33 days after calving during the normal course of the postpartum period at a dose of 10 ml intramuscularly and repeat the administration of surfagon after 10-12 days at a dose of 2 ml (B. Ya. Semenov et al. (1997)). M.I. Prokofiev et al. (1978) recommend administering surfagon in a dose of 5 ml, and after 10-12 days - prostaglandin in a dose of 2 ml. In this case, sexual arousal appears 40-50 days after birth, fertility increases by 25%, and the service period is reduced by 23 days.

Experiments by V. P. Goncharov (1991) on the treatment of ovarian hypofunction at cows using massage of the ovaries, oviducts, uterus and the introduction of a 1% solution of progesterone (100 mg) every other day for 2 days and on the 5th day - gravo-hormone (2500 IU) in combination with a 0.5% solution Proserin (3 ml) and trivitamin (10 ml) twice with an interval of 5 days showed that all cows came into heat on average on the 9th day after the start of treatment. Fertility in the first heat averaged 71.5%. A single application to cows of a 2.5% oil solution of progesterone (400 mg) in combination with trivitamin (10 ml), and after 3 days of gravohormone (2500 IU) with 0.5% progesterone (2 ml) contributed to the manifestation hunting after a course of treatment on average on the 8th day. Fertility after the first course of insemination is 69.2% of cows (V.P. Goncharov et al. 1985).

Cows with ovarian hypofunction V.P. Goncharov and V.A. Karpov (1985) were injected intramuscularly with prostaglandin once in a dose of 10 ml and tetravit twice with an interval of 5 days. Hunting in the experimental animals appeared on average 4.8 days earlier. 63.6% of cows were fertilized after the first insemination; the service period averaged 58.8 days.

The administration of these drugs to experimental animals affected not only the ovary directly, but also the function of the hypothalamic-epiphysial-pituitary system was restored, which contributed to the manifestation of full sexual cycles, ovulation with subsequent insemination and fertilization both in the first heat and at a later date (Goncharov V. P. and Karpov V. A. 1991).

Prevention of ovarian hypofunction in cows

For correct and systematic work to prevent ovarian hypofunction in farms, it is first of all necessary to eliminate the causes that cause this disease. Organize systematic daily walks in the fresh air during the dry period and after calving, a complete balanced diet. Timely detection and treatment of cows with endometritis (K. D. Valyushkin., G. F. Medvedev, (2001), Semenov B. Ya., et al. (1999)).

Of medications, Semenov B. Ya., and others (1999) recommend:

On the 10-15th day after calving, use reduced doses of GSZHK (serum gonadotropin or sergon, 1000 I.U.) in combination with tetravit and ASD f2 (tetravit 8 ml + 2 ml ASD f2) intramuscularly + 20-25 ml of colostrum subcutaneously . Emulsion of tetravit and ASD f2 should be used only in freshly prepared form;

On the 10-15th day after calving, surfagon 50 mcg (10 ml) intramuscularly + a mixture of ASD f2 (2 ml) with tetravit (8 ml) intramuscularly, after 10 days – 10 mcg (2 ml) surfagon;

Complex fortification with tetravit in doses: A – 0.7-1.5 million, I. E.; D 3 – 100-200 thousand I.E.; E – 6001200 mg. 6 injections are performed sequentially:

1st – two weeks before calving;

2nd – one week before calving;

3rd – 5-7 days after calving;

4th – 12-13 days after calving;

5th – on the day of insemination of animals;

6th – 10-12 days after insemination of animals.

The above and other data on the treatment and prevention of cows with ovarian hypofunction allow us to conclude that currently there are a number of effective drugs that are successfully used for ovarian hypofunction in cows.



If a fresh cow does not show heat within 21-26 days after calving, or in a heifer - within 30 days after she reaches breeding age and body maturity, then the veterinarian has every reason to conduct a rectal examination to identify or exclude ovarian hypofunction. With hypofunction, the ovaries are reduced in size, flattened and have a smooth, densely elastic surface. Follicles and corpus luteum are not palpable (absent) in both ovaries. You cannot make a diagnosis of ovarian hypofunction if one ovary is functioning and the other is reduced.

Treatment regimens: 1 - daily active exercise of 3-5 km for 2-3 hours, with the exception of bad weather; 2-daily massage of the uterus and ovaries for 5-7 minutes in combination with hot irrigation (45°C) with weak disinfectant solutions of furatsilin or rivanol, potassium permanganate. At the same time, drug and hormonal treatment is carried out for 3-5 days; 3 - 4-6 days before the expected period of sexual heat, 2.5-3 thousand IU of FFA or SCFA, ovariotropin or releasing hormone are administered subcutaneously to cows and first-calf heifers - 2-2.5 thousand IU, heifers of breeding age - according to 1-2 thousand IE. The use of hormonal drugs is combined with subcutaneous administration of 1-3 ml of proserin or carbacholin, 2-3 injections at intervals of 48 hours; 4 - subcutaneous administration of prostaglandin-containing drugs: enzaprost 20-25 mg per subcutaneous injection: the first - on the 42-46th day of pregnancy, the second - 11 days after the first administration. This is followed by double insemination - after 72 and 96 hours; 5 - tissue therapy with biostimulgin or ovariolysate, 4 ml per 100 kg of live weight of the animal, 3 times with an interval of 3-5 days. On the first day of treatment, the cow is injected subcutaneously with 2.5-3 thousand IU FFA or ovariotropin; 6 - lactotherapy - subcutaneous administration of colostrum in increasing doses - 25, 50, 75 ml in combination with injections of trivitamin or trivit 5-10 ml. The course of treatment is 2-3 injections with an interval of 5 days; 7 — single intramuscular injection of 5 ml of digitol into a cow; 8 - subcutaneous injection of 10 ml of 1% progesterone solution 3 times at intervals of 2-3 days, and on the 8th day from the start of treatment - subcutaneous injection of 2.5-3 thousand IU of FFA or ovariotropin; 9 - single subcutaneous injection of 400 mg of progesterone and 10 ml of trivitamin, and on the 3rd day - FFA or ovariotropin (2.5-3 thousand IU) in combination with a 0.5% solution of proserin, twice at an interval of 24 hours; 10 times subcutaneous injection of 10 mg of estrumate and 2 times - 10 ml of trivitamin with an interval of 5 days; 11 - single subcutaneous injection of 1200 IU of FFA or ovariotropin in combination with proserin or tissue therapy: autohemotherapy for 3 days, 25, 50 and 75 ml (once a day); autologous blood can be replaced with tissue preparations from the liver, spleen, ovaries - 5 ml per 100 kg of live weight of the animal or colostrum - 25 ml 2-3 injections with an interval of 6 days; 12 - intra-aortic (according to D.D. Logvinov) 100-150 ml of 0.5-1% solution of novocaine with 20-30 IU of oxytocin; 13 - daily, for 5-6 days, intramuscular injection of 50 mg of progesterone or feed 30-50 mg of megestrol acetate (once), and after 2 days - subcutaneous administration of 2.j-3 thousand. IE FFA or ovariotropin; 14 - intramuscular injection of 1 - 1.5 thousand IU of ovogon 1 hour before artificial insemination during an anovulatory sexual cycle; 15 - rectal compression of the middle uterine artery for 20-30 seconds. 4-5 times with an interval of 1-2 minutes (according to A.Yu. Tarasovich); 16-single feeding of 0.5-0.75 mg/kg of animal body weight with acetate mepregenol; 17 - daily subcutaneous administration of 1 ml of bovisynchron for 15 days; 18 - intrauterine injection of 30-50 ml of 1% Lugol's solution once a day until recovery; 19 - intramuscular injection of 5 ml of tonophosphamide 5 times at intervals of 24 hours; 20 - intramuscular injection of 3-3.5 thousand IU of ovariotropin to a cow; 21 - subcutaneously, 25 ml per injection of a medicinal mixture consisting of 80 ml of a 0.5% solution of proserin and 920 ml of colostrum. The course of treatment is 2-3 injections at intervals of 6 days; 22 - fertivet in tablets or solution, 120-150 mg per day with food for 5 days; 23 - subcutaneous megestrol acetate in the form of a 1% alcohol solution of 5-7 mg per 100 kg of live weight of the cow; 24 - single injection of cloprostenmla 500 mg to a cow.

Hormone therapy is carried out only if there is no therapeutic effect from other treatment methods.