Comprehension of the theme of the Second World War in the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "House by the road". The poem "The House by the Road" is a story about the fate of a peasant family. The House by the Road is a summary
MBOU "Pobedinskaya secondary school" of the Tselinny district of the Altai Territory
Lesson on the Great Patriotic War
In 11th grade
"Road House"
Designed by a Russian language teacher
and literature MBOU "Pobedinskaya secondary school"
Tselinny district of the Altai Territory
Boyko Elena Valerievna
Topic: “Comprehension of the theme of war in the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky
"Road House"
Lesson Objectives:
Subject: to consider the presentation of military subjects through the concept of the keywords "road" and "house";
Personal: moral and ethical orientation of the individual, development of moral readiness for empathy, persistent rejection of the destructive power of war, instilling a sense of pride in one's people, respect for the working person;
Metasubject:
cognitive - search and selection of the necessary information, free orientation and perception of the text of a work of art, semantic reading; promoting the development of mental operations: comparison, analysis, synthesis, generalization. Assistance in the development of creative imagination, cognitive activity, intellectual abilities.
regulatory : goal-setting, planning, self-regulation, selection and awareness by students of what has already been learned and what still needs to be learned.
communicative : planning communication of educational cooperation with the teacher and peers, compliance with the rules of speech behavior, the ability to express thoughts with sufficient completeness in accordance with the tasks and conditions.
Means of education: textbook Literature Grade 11 in 2 parts, ed. Zhuravleva V.P., Explanatory dictionaries, computer, multimedia, handout: sticker cards, word cards, introspection sheet.
Lesson stages
Motivation
Teacher: “Guys, today we will follow the roads that our country passed 70 years ago. Not a single author has bypassed this topic: he left us the memory of that terrible test, and we will get to know it through the pages of books and carefully preserve it.
The teacher shows a playcast depicting a fragment of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". It was superimposed with the song "Enemies burned their own hut" to the words of M. Isakovsky performed by Mark Bernes. (SLIDE #2)
Teacher: “Tell me, what does this playcast reflect?”
Student: "The plot of the poem" Road House ". (Students are not accurate, but the teacher does not focus on this yet, as she will return to this slide at the end of the lesson).
Knowledge update
Teacher: What did you cook at home?
Student: “We read the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Road House", examined the images of the main characters and gave them a complete description.
Teacher: Based on this, let's formulate the topic of the lesson.
Student: “The heroes of the war in the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "House by the road".
The teacher corrects the wording of the topic.
Teacher: “For the lesson to be fruitful and effective, let's draw up a plan of our actions: 1) listen to messages on the topic “The fate of Andrei Sivtsov”, “The fate of Anna Sivtsova”; 2) consider the concepts of the words given in the title; 3) find out the meaning of the subtitle "lyrical chronicle"; 4) determine the main motive of the poem; 5) do self-analysis (SLIDE No. 3).
Two students tell a story about the fate of Andrei Sivtsov and Anna Sivtsova.
Message from 1 student: “Andrey is a villager, the owner of the house, the husband of Anna Sivtsova. There are two children in their family. The war invades the lives of ordinary workers, destroying their calm life, measured way of life, the usual rhythm of a beautiful life. Andrei goes to war and is surrounded. He is forced to meet his wife not in his own house, but in a pune. Since strangers entered their house - the Germans. Then he alone is looking for a way to his. Having passed the roads of war, the soldier returns home, but there is no home, and no family. He is building a house and waiting for a family.” (SLIDE #4)
Message from 2 students: “Anna Sivtsova is a young, beautiful, hard-working woman, Andrei's wife. She is a very good housewife and caring mother. After her husband left for the war, all the household chores, household chores, and child care fell on her shoulders. Together with her children, she was taken prisoner to Germany. There her third son was born. (SLIDE #5)
Formation of new knowledge
Teacher: “We have considered 2 main images. Is there a third image in the poem that worries about them, sympathizes with them, compassionate?
Teacher: “What kind of heroes does the author tell us about?”
Student: "About ordinary ordinary people"
Teacher: “Moreover, at that time they were not heroes at all. People who were surrounded or captured were considered traitors to the Motherland. But what is their betrayal? Don't they deserve to be called heroes? Aren't they worthy to be remembered?"
Student: "Worthy, and we should know everything about that war"
Teacher: “Many houses were destroyed, burned down, not everyone managed to restore them. Why exactly “the house by the road” was the subject of thoughts and reflections of A.T. Tvardovsky? Let's designate this question as a problematic one and prepare a detailed, meaningful answer to it by analyzing the concepts of the words contained in the title. (SLIDE #6)
Work with text
Students are divided into 3 groups. Each group receives a task: write out all the lexical equivalents for the word HOUSE.
Group 1 analyzes chapters 1 to 3; 2nd - from 4 to 6; 3rd - from 7 to 9 chapters.
The students write these words on sticky notes, which, at the end of the work, are glued to the board in the form of a cluster, in the center of which the teacher placed the word HOUSE.
Synonyms for the word "house": hut, puna, housing, wagon-house, garden, household, cell, apartment, room, frame.
In the course of the study, the teacher distributes explanatory dictionaries to groups, which students turn to to find out the words "cell", "hut", "svetlitsa". After that, includes a slide (SLIDE number 7).
The word "puna" is not in the dictionary, so the teacher puts it on a slide.
Puna - (emphasis on the first syllable) - a dialect word of Smolensk dialects, a barn for storing hay. (SLIDE #8)
Teacher: “Pay attention to the words “puna”, “garden” and “household”. Will they be synonyms?
Student: They will contextual synonyms"
Teacher: "Let's try now to make lexico-semantic groups from these words"
The teacher distributes leaflets-cards with the words presented on the cluster to the groups, and they give the name to the lexical-semantic group.
Group 1 receives a set of words: hut, puna, household, garden, housing;
2 group - word cell;
Group 3 - log house, apartment, room.
Groups are called lexico-semantic fields: 1st - Motherland; 2nd - loneliness; 3rd - new life.
Teacher: “Look at the cluster you made on the board and check with the cluster on the slide, what words are missing?” (SLIDE #9)
Student: "Ashes" and "kibitka-house"
Teacher: "Why does the "ashes" stand alone?"
Student: "Because it means destruction, death"
Teacher: “Let's put these groups of words in chronological order. What happens? Where do we insert death at home?
Home-Motherland - death at home - loneliness - new life. (SLIDE #10)
Teacher: "What is the meaning behind this chronology?"
Student: "Philosophical understanding of life."
The following conclusion is drawn from the students' answers: death came to his native warm, clean, cozy and beautiful house. She destroyed everything to the ground, after which the survivors were completely alone. But the man found the strength not only not to break, but also to start a new life.
Teacher: "Why didn't I take kibitka-house?
The students reasoned and came to the conclusion that wagon - it is a nomadic life, a life connected with the road.
Teacher: "What is the relationship between the house and the road?"
From student responses: the road is a symbol of movement, she parted everyone in different directions, but she also returned the soldier home, to a new life.
Anchoring
Primary fastening
Teacher: Let's go back to our lesson plan. What haven't we talked about yet? Why does the author define the genre of his poem as a lyrical chronicle?
Pupils find the meaning of the word "chronicle" in the Explanatory Dictionaries.
Teacher: "Define the lyrical chronicle."
From the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova: "A chronicle is a literary work containing the history of political, social, family events." (SLIDE No. 11)
Students conclude from the fact that A.T. Tvardovsky, chronologically arranging events, shows the tragic fate of the peasant family of the Sivtsovs, causing deep complicity, empathy, reaching a huge emotional intensity.
Leading to an independent conclusion
Teacher: “Guys, during the reading, you paid attention to the terms repeated by the refrain. Name them"
Mow, scythe,
While the dew
Down with dew -
And we are home.
Teacher: What meaning do they carry?
Pupils: "Glorify peasant labor, or symbolize a working man."
Teacher: "So what is the main motive of the poem?"
Pupils: "The motive of labor."
Teacher: "What general conclusion can we come to?"
A generalized conclusion from the students' answers: only labor can lift a person to his feet, help to forget heavy grief and build life anew. (SLIDE #12)
Teacher: “Can we say that the main characters accomplished a feat?”
The students talk about that a feat is not always a loud glory, there are quiet feats, as, for example, Andrey Sivtsov has already accomplished a feat by finding the strength in himself not to break down and sink from grief, but to start a new life. Anna Sivtsova accomplished a moral feat, saving her family, giving birth in captivity to a son, for whose sake she endured all the hardships.
The teacher invites the children to return to the first slide: “If you look closely, remembering the details of the portrait, then maybe the hero of this playcast is still not Andrei Sivtsov, but another Andrei?”
Student: “This is Andrei Sokolov from the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man".
Teacher: “Nothing happens by chance in life. In these works, not only similar fates, but also the names are the same. Do you know what the name Andrew means? Look at the slide. (SLIDE #13)
Let's somehow try to connect these things with one thread.
The students' responses boiled down to the following: using the example of the Sivtsov family, the author shows the pain for the fate of thousands of such families, about which they preferred to remain silent.(SLIDE #14)
Reflection
Students complete the self-analysis worksheet: (SLIDE #15)
I found out…
I felt…
I learned…
Student Introspection Sheet: " I found out, that the war has a different face and other heroes. I felt pain and bitterness of those terrible years. I learned respect your history, love your people and be proud of a Russian hard worker!” (SLIDE #16)
Homework
Teacher: “The task of a differentiated nature:
1. You saw the playcast that I created based on a fragment of the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". I propose to create for you, according to any fragment of A.T. Tvardovsky "House by the road";
2. Write an essay "I want to finish the poem ..." (SLIDE No. 17)
At the end of the lesson, the teacher opens the last slide ...
Lyric-epic narrative about the fate of the people in the poem
A.T. Tvardovsky "House by the road"
In the poem "Vasily Terkin" A Tvardovsky showed the heroic side of the Great Patriotic War. But this war also had another side, which, according to Kondratovich, “Terkin did not embrace and could not embrace; for all its figurative richness, it was a front-line poem…” [Kondratovich, p.154].
But the soldier in the war also lived a different life, in his heart the memory of the most precious thing was always kept - about the house and family. And this could not but reflect in his work A. Tvardovsky, who so sensitively responded to everything that his people lived with and what worried him. The poem "House by the Road" became such a work, revealing the remarkable talent of the poet from a new perspective. The poem “House by the Road” is a lyrical story-chronicle, which, according to Tvardovsky himself, reflects “the theme of not only the war itself, but the “house”, abandoned by the owner, who went to the front, survived the war that had come down to him; “at home”, in its human composition, abandoned from their native places to distant Germany, to the shores of someone else’s house, “at home”, which found in our victory liberation from captivity and rebirth to life [Bessonova, p.98].
The poem "House by the Road" has become a unique phenomenon, even somewhat unexpected, striking in its harsh truth. The first and obvious thing in it is the simple memory of the war, the “cruel memory”. On August 12, 1942, Tvardovsky writes in his workbook about his intention to implement "a purely lyrical, narrowly poetic solution to the problem", "to tell strongly and bitterly and the torments of a simple Russian family, about people who long and patiently wished for happiness, to whose lot fell so much war , upheavals, trials ... ". And such a work, which embodied the goals outlined by the poet, was the poem "House by the Road", a mournful story about the devastated "house", the wife and children of the soldier Andrei Sivtsov, who experienced torment in the Nazi concentration camp and endured them with honor. The poem was written in three stages - the first sketches were made by Tvardovsky in 1942, further work was continued in 1943, then in 1945 and at the beginning of 1946. And the whole poem was published in the Znamya magazine for 1946.
The focus of the author is no longer the army, but the civilian population, and mainly the house, Mother and wife, who are sources of goodness and happiness, symbols of the best for the Russian people and constituting the foundations of human existence. These images-symbols are traditional for Russian folklore. Thus, the source material for Tvardovsky's poem was the folk poetic consciousness, the comprehension of the spirit of the people and its world of contemplation.
Tvardovsky uses in the poem "Road House" folk principles of building an image, revealing the character traits of the heroes of the poem. Andrey and Anna Sivtsov experienced a lot of suffering and deprivation, while demonstrating moral strength and stamina - the best national traits. The beauty of their national character is also reflected in their grief. Tvardovsky, revealing their characters, seeks to emphasize the general nature of their qualities, thanks to which they achieve a truthful display of the typical aspects of folk life, conveying the national identity of life and customs, as well as the peculiarities of the mental warehouse of a Russian person. This manifested the blood connection of the poet with his people, as well as boundless devotion to him.
Thus, Andrei and Anna are images that reveal the typical features of the Russian national character. It is no coincidence that almost until the middle of the poem, the heroes are not even named. So, depicting a picture of the last peaceful day of the peasant Andrei Sivtsov, the poet uses the pronoun “You”, thereby emphasizing that there is no specific hero here yet - this is the peaceful life of every peasant family, “a small, modest, inconspicuous particle of the people”:
At that very hour on a Sunday afternoon,
For a festive occasion
In the garden you mowed under the window
Grass with white dew.
And you mowed it, sniffing,
Groaning, sighing sweetly.
And I overheard myself
When he rang with a shovel.
Labor evokes joyful feelings in the hero and the author, like in every peasant who loves his land. The poem "House by the Road" is held together by one through poetic image - the image of an early working day, expressed by a refrain that runs through the entire poem:
Mow, scythe,
While the dew
Down with dew -
And we're home.
A. V. Makedonov believes that this refrain can be called the main leitmotif of the poem, which “at first appears as a detail of a direct concrete image of the peaceful labor and life of the owner of the house and the road. And then it appears as a memory, a reminder, a repeated metonymy and a metaphor - the memory of this work, this peaceful life, and as a detail - a signal that resurrects a new affirmation of the power of human constancy, the irresistible beginning of a peaceful life" [Makedonov, p. 238].
It is the scythe, and not the agricultural machine, that acts as a tool of labor in the poem, for which the poet was reproached by critics, complaining that he thereby leaves the truth of the depiction of Soviet reality. But Tvardovsky, as a truly folk poet and master of words, does this consciously and completely, in our opinion, justified. He seeks thereby to preserve and continue folk traditions, to reflect the features of the life of his people, his spirit. It was he who did not break, did not bend either Andrei Sivtsov or his wife Anna, who experienced a lot of suffering during these terrible years of the war. And this can be said about the whole nation. Therefore, the main characters of the poem "Road House" are depicted to a greater extent not as individual characters, but as images of a broad generalization. So, we learn relatively little about the personal life of Andrei Sivtsov. In the story about him, Kulinich believes, “the poet focuses on the most important thing that characterizes his fate as the fate of the people: a hard worker and a family man, he was torn away from his home and family by a cruel war, became a warrior in order to defend the right to peace and work, to protect wife and children. A soldier took a sip of grief on the roads of the war, left the encirclement, looked death in the eyes, and when he returned home, he did not find a home, a wife, or children ... ".
What helped such people to survive when, it seemed, there was no more strength. In all trials, they were supported by selfless love for the Motherland and for their people. When Andrei Sivtsov, exhausted and tired, having fallen behind the war, comes home, he faces a moral choice - to go to the front or stay at home and live “in the village furtively”, “hiding from prying eyes”. The hero of Tvardovsky's poem "House by the Road" shows a true sense of patriotism and thus shows the greatness of the Russian character:
So I have to get there.
Reach. Even though I'm an ordinary
Not at all willing to leave.
So the specific image of the soldier Andrey Sivtsov grows into an image of a broad generalization, which embodies the best qualities of a Russian person, enriched by a new historical era, the main of which is devotion to their homeland.
In the guise of the main character Anna Sivtsova, the poem reflects, first of all, what makes her a generalized image of “a mother-woman, whose cares kept the house and who fell to the lot of hard trials of the military hard times”.
In the poem "House by the Road" the image of Anna Sivtsova reflected the best features of a Russian woman, depicted in classical literature: beauty, spiritual purity, unbending strength, endurance, devotion and fidelity to her husband, love for children. Many of these features of Anna are close to the female images of Nekrasov's poems "Frost - a red nose", "Who in Rus' should live well." Tvardovsky depicts his heroine as follows:
Let it not be girlish time
But from love surprisingly -
Sharp in speeches
Fast in business
How the snake kept walking.
Tvardovsky's poem, with great force of artistic truth, reflected the features of the tragic worldview of the people, revealed in the image of the main character of the poem. After her husband left for the war, Anna constantly thinks about him with anxiety and often mentally turns to her lover:
My distant
my darling,
Alive, dead - where are you?
The used constant epithets “distant”, “darling”, used in folk songs, become key in this passage of Tvardovsky's poem to convey the feelings of the heroine, whose heart is overwhelmed with longing for her beloved. For Anna, separation from her husband is a real tragedy, and what used to bring her joy and pleasure (joint work on the mowing) now causes heartache:
When I mowed that meadow,
Itself oblique unbeaten.
Tears blinded her eyes,
Pity burned my soul.
Not that braid
Not the dew
Not the grass, it seemed ... .
Anna Sivtsova also embodies the features of a Soviet woman: the connection of her fate with the nation's, a sense of collectivism, civic duty. According to Vykhodtsev, the poet, “depicting the Soviet people, at the same time knows how to emphasize their primordial, traditional features. It often happens that these qualities are captured by the people themselves in oral poetic works. Tvardovsky very rarely refers directly to the "folklore model", but always creates an image, a situation that is very close to the widely used ones. Thus, he captures the fundamental features of the people.
One of them is compassion for others. It was about this feeling that the poet told the reader in the fifth chapter of the poem, which tells about the tragic scenes - the entry of the enemy into our land and the meeting of Russian women with our captured soldiers:
…Sons of the native land
Their shameful prefabricated formation
They led through that land
To the west under guard.
They walk along it
In shameful prefabricated companies,
Others without belts
Others without caps.
Among these women is Anna Sivtsova, she also, looking with bitterness at the faces of the captured soldiers, with fear tries to find her husband among them. She is afraid of even the very thought that her Andrei might be here. Tvardovsky describes these experiences of the heroine in the form of an internal monologue of a female soldier addressed to her husband. This excited speech, filled with such lyricism, conveys not only the feelings of Anna Sivtsova, but also the feelings of all abandoned wives for their husbands, the people's grief about women's happiness destroyed by the war. It reflects the truly Russian character of a woman:
Don't be ashamed of me.
That the windings slipped down,
What, maybe without a belt
And maybe without a pilot.
And I will not reproach
You, who are under escort
You go. And for the war
Alive, did not become a hero.
Call out - I'll answer.
I'm here, your Anyuta.
I will break through to you
At least I'll say goodbye again
With you. My minute! .
Andrei Sivtsov goes to war from his home, carrying in his heart a piece of this shrine, which will warm him in the cold trenches and give him strength to fight the enemy. Home is a hope, a dream that every soldier in the war aspires to in his thoughts. And Anna Sivtsova has to leave her home, where the best years of her life passed, there were happiness and joy. In the touching scene of farewell to him, the specific image of the house becomes a symbol of the land - the Motherland, which the peasant woman Anna Sivtsova leaves. The poet wraps Anna's feelings in the form of a sincere folk song - a cry that conveys all the pain and longing of the heroine, which is also a feature of folk lyrics:
Forgive - goodbye, dear home,
And the yard, and the lumberjack,
And everything that is remembered around
Care, intention, work, -
The whole life of a person.
In some places this lyrical song - crying is replaced by a battle call, turning into a spell and a song of anger and revenge, giving this scene features of publicism, which is the pinnacle of emotionality in the poem:
For everything from the one who is to blame,
For all articles of the charter,
Seek with the severity of the soldiers,
Yours, master, right.
The poem "House by the Road" is not only a story about the suffering that befell a Russian woman during these difficult years of the war. This is a hymn to the mother woman and her boundless love for children. Anna Sivtsova, having ended up in Germany, thanks to her motherly love and female endurance, was able not only to save her children in this hell, but also to accomplish another real maternal feat. On straw, behind barbed wire, she gave birth to a son, Andrei. The trials that this courageous woman endures acquire in the poem a symbol of national suffering, the suffering of defenseless mothers, wives and children who were captured by Germans during the war years.
In the poem, we hear Anna's song over her son, pouring out her grief, in which one can observe the poet's use of artistic means characteristic of folk poetry: the postpositive use of epithets, the use of words with diminutive suffixes, figurative appeals:
Why are you so sad
My tear, dewdrop,
He came into the world at a dashing hour,
Beauty is my blood?
You were born alive
And in the world there is unsatisfied evil.
Alive - trouble, but the dead - no,
Death is protected.
Folklore poetics penetrates into the structure of the plot, which helps to reveal to the author the inner world of the heroine - in this case, her fear of the unknown future fate of the child. In our opinion, this form of folk poetics can be correlated with the lullaby of a mother who mentally recreates, despite sometimes difficult living conditions, a happy future fate for her child.
Anna Sivtsova believes in the happiness of her son, comparing him with a “green branch”, this color epithet is associated with youth and new life, which is a characteristic feature of the color symbolism of folk poetics.
The last chapter completes the entire movement of the poem "with a return from war to peace, from the roads of war and someone else's home to the original home and road ..." [Makedonov, p.239]. Here, the motive of the road is also inseparable from the house, but it manifests itself in all its significance: both as the road of war, and as the road to one's home, and as the road of human life and the fate of the people. Life won, the house won, although it was destroyed:
And where they sunk into the fire
Crowns, pillars, rafters, -
Dark, oily on the virgin soil,
Like hemp, nettle.
Deaf, joyless peace
Meet the owner.
Cripples - apple trees with longing
They shake the branches.
This is how the soldier Andrei Sivtsov, who returned from the war, sees his home. This fate is not only for the Sivtsov family. This is the fate of the people. And, despite the tragedy of these exciting scenes, they still carry a humanistic and life-affirming orientation, no matter how paradoxical it may sound - no matter how hard the trials befall our people - they are invincible, they will survive, they will stand. It is not for nothing that nettles break through the “crowns”, “pillars” and “rafters”, and the “crippled apple trees” still shake their bare branches, returning to the returned owner hope for lost family happiness and peaceful life. The author here uses the technique of poetic parallelism, which, as one of the artistic features of folk poetics, is built on the basis of a comparison of the human and natural worlds. Therefore, the end of the lyrical narrative about the war in the poem is associated with pictures of peasant labor. Andrei Sivtsov, as at the beginning of the poem, is busy with his favorite pastime - mowing, which brings him back to life, despite the sadness and pain that lives in his soul after so much suffering:
And the hours went by in a good way,
And the chest breathed eagerly
The floral scent of dew
Living dew from under the scythe -
Bitter and cool.
Thus, the poem "House by the Road" occupies a large place in the work of Tvardovsky, being the first major epic work of the poet with a predominance of the lyrical beginning. With its combination of lyrical and epic principles, the motives of peace and war, with all the utmost simplicity, the poem is an innovative work.
The actual significance of the poem "Road House" is that in it the poet was able to express on behalf of the people the power of protest against wars and those who unleash them. The historical and literary significance of Tvardovsky's poem lies in the fact that it is one of the first works in our literature in which the Patriotic War and peaceful post-war construction are shown as a single humanistic struggle of our people for peace and happiness of people.
Literature
List of sources
Tvardovsky, A.T. Collected works: in 6 volumes / A.T. Tvardovsky. - M .: Fiction, 1978.
Vol. 1: Poems (1926-1940). Ant Country. Poem. Translations.
Vol. 2: Poems (1940-1945). Poems. Vasily Terkin. House by the road.
Vol. 3: Poems (1946-1970). Poems. For the distance - the distance. Turkin in the other world.
Vol. 4: Stories and essays (1932-1959).
T. 5: Articles and notes on literature. Speeches and speeches (1933-1970)
Tvardovsky, A.T. Selected works: in 3 volumes / comp. M. Tvardovsky. - M.: Fiction, 1990.
T. 2: Poems.
List of scientific, critical, memoir literature and dictionaries
Akatkin, V.M. Home and Peace: A. Tvardovsky's Artistic Searches in Early Works and "Country of Ants" // Russian Literature. - 1983. - No. 1. - S. 82-85.
Akatkin, V.M. Early Tvardovsky / V.M. Akatkin / ed. A.M. Abramov. - Voronezh, 1986
Berdyaeva, O.S. Lyrics of Alexander Tvardovsky: a textbook for a special course. - Vologda, 1989.
Bessonova, L.P. Folklore traditions in the poems of A. Tvardovsky: a textbook for gum students. faculties / L.P. Bessonova, T.M. Stepanova. – Maykop, 2008.
Vykhodtsev, P.S. Alexander Tvardovsky / P.S. Vykhodtsev. - M., 1958.
Grishunin, A.L. Creativity Tvardovsky / A.L. Grishunin, S.I. Kormilov, I.Yu. Iskrzhitskaya. – M.: MGU, 1998.
Dal, V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language: in four volumes. - T. 3. - M .: RIPOL CLASSIC, 2002.
Dementiev, V.V. Alexander Tvardovsky / V.V. Dementiev. - M.: Soviet Russia, 1976.
Zalygin, S.I. About Tvardovsky // New World. - 1990. - No. 6. – S. 188-193.
Kondratovich, A.I. Alexander Tvardovsky: Poetry and Personality / A.I. Kondratovich. - M .: Fiction, 1978.
Kochetkov, V.I. People and destinies / V.I. Kochetkov. – M.: Sovremennik, 1977.
Kulinich, A.V. A. Tvardovsky: Essay on life and creativity / A.V. Kulinich. - Kyiv, 1988.
Leiderman, N.L. Creative drama of the Soviet classic: A. Tvardovsky in the 50-60s / N.L. Leiderman. - Yekaterinburg, 2001.
Lyubarev, S.P. Epos by A. Tvardovsky / S.P. Lyubarev. - M .: Higher School, 1982.
Makedonov, A.V. The creative path of A.T. Tvardovsky: Houses and roads / A.V. Makedonov. - M.: Fiction, 1981.
Muravyov, A.N. Creativity A.T. Tvardovsky / A.N. Muravyov. – M.: Enlightenment, 1981.
Ozhegov, S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / S.I. Ozhegov; ed. prof. L.I. Skvortsova. - M .: LLC Publishing house Onyx, 2011.
Dictionary of literary terms / ed. L.I. Timofeeva, S.V. Turaev. - M.: Enlightenment, 1974.
Tvardovsky, I.T. Homeland and foreign land: the book of life / I.T. Tvardovsky. - Smolensk: Rusich, 1996.
Turkov, A.M. Alexander Tvardovsky / A.M. Turks. - M .: Fiction, 1970.
A.T. Tvardovsky began writing the poem “House by the Road” in 1942, returned to it again and finished in 1946.
This is a poem about the fate of a peasant family, a small, modest part of the people, on which all the misfortunes and sorrows of the war fell.
Having fought off his own, Andrey Sivtsov found himself behind enemy lines, near his own house, feeling tired from the hardships he had endured.
The more expensive is his decision to continue on his way to the front, "to recognize the route that no one has written on the stars." Making this decision, Sivtsov feels "indebted" to a comrade who died on the way:
And since he walked, but did not reach,
So I have to get there....
It would be nice if he was alive
And he is a fallen warrior.
Sivtsov's misadventures were not uncommon at that time. The fate of his relatives turned out to be the same common for many, many families: Anna and her children were driven away to Germany, to a foreign land.
And there is another “trouble in addition to troubles” ahead: in captivity, in a hard labor camp, a son was born to the Sivtsovs, who seemed doomed to inevitable death.
Anna's mental conversation with her son belongs to the most penetrating pages ever written by Tvardovsky. With deep sensitivity, the mother's need to talk with someone who is still "mute and stupid", and doubt about the possibility of saving the child, and a passionate thirst to survive for the sake of her son are conveyed here.
And although this new human life is so destitute, its flame is still weak, there is so little hope of meeting with the father, life emerges victorious from an unequal duel with death threatening it.
Returning home Andrey Sivtsov knows nothing about the fate of his family. The war finally presented one more bitter paradox - it is not the wife and children who are waiting for the soldier to go home, but he is waiting for them.
Tvardovsky is stingy with direct praise of the hero, once describing him as a type of "ascetic fighter who, year after year, carried out the war to the end." He does not embellish it at all, even in the most dramatic situations, for example, when leaving the encirclement: “thin, overgrown, as if all sprinkled with ashes”, wiping his mustache with the “fringe of the sleeve” of his overcoat frayed in wanderings.
In the essay “In Native Places” (1946), telling how his fellow villager, like Andrey Sivtsov, built a house on the ashes, Tvardovsky wrote: “It seemed to me more and more natural to define the construction of this unpretentious hut log house as a kind of feat. The feat of a simple worker, a grain grower and a family man who shed blood in the war for his native land and now on it, devastated and depressed over the years of his absence, starting to start life again ... "
Stayed for a day or two. -
Well, thanks for that.-
And pulled with a sore leg
To the old seliba.
Smoked, overcoat down,
Marked out the plan with a shovel.
Kohl to wait for a wife with children home,
This is how you build a house.
Whether the house built by the hero will wait for its mistress, whether it will be filled with children's voices - is unknown. The fate of the Sivtsovs is the fate of millions, and the ending of these dramatic stories is not the same.
In one of his articles, Tvardovsky noted that many of the best works of Russian prose, “having arisen from living life ... in their endings, tend to merge with the same reality, leaving the reader wide scope for mental continuation of them, for thinking through, “additional research” human destinies, ideas and issues touched upon in them.
The strengthening of the personal principle in the work of Tvardovsky in the 1940s undoubtedly affected another major work of his. In the very first year of the war, the lyrical poem "House by the Road" (1942-1946) was begun and soon after its end was completed. “Its theme,” as the poet himself notes, “is war, but from a different side than in Terkin, from the side of the home, family, wife and children of a soldier who survived the war. The epigraph of this book could be the lines taken from it:
Let's go people. never
Let's not forget this."
The poem is based on a mournful narration about the dramatic, sorrowful fate of the simple peasant family of Andrei and Anna Sivtsov and their children. But the grief of millions was reflected in it, the universal, terrible tragedy of the war, the cruel time, was refracted in the private fate. And the story, the narrative are closely connected, merged with the socio-philosophical reflections of the poet. Through the difficult fate of the Sivtsov family, which was swept away by the war: the father went to the front, the mother and children were taken prisoner by the Nazis, to Germany, the poet not only reveals the hardships of military trials, but first of all affirms the victory of life over death.
The poem is about the resilience of the people, who retained the strength of their active goodness, morality, feelings of family and home in the most seemingly unbearable conditions of the Nazi camps. Telling about mortally difficult trials, it is all turned to life, the world, creative work. The refrain is not accidental: “Mow, scythe,
While the dew
Down with dew -
And we are home”, the motive of the inevitable return to peaceful work and life that arose already in the 1st chapter.
Although there is a fairly clear and definite plot outline in The House by the Road, the main thing here is still not the eventfulness. Much more important is close attention to the spiritual world, the inner experiences of the characters, the feelings and thoughts of the lyrical hero, whose role and place in the poem have noticeably increased. The personal, lyrical, tragic beginning is brought to the fore in it, becomes decisive, and therefore it is no coincidence that Tvardovsky called his poem "a lyrical chronicle."
The poem is marked by polyphony and at the same time a peculiar song. Hence the characteristic figurative, speech, lexical means and phrases (“cry for the motherland”, “song of her harsh fate”, etc.). Together with "Vasily Terkin", this poem constitutes a kind of "military dilogy" - a heroic epic of the war years, marked by the strengthening and deepening of the lyrical beginning.
A new stage in the development of the country and literature - the 50s-60s - was marked in Tvardovsky's poems by further advancement in the field of lyrical epos - the creation of a kind of trilogy: the lyrical epic "For the distance - the distance", the satirical poem-tale "Terkin on that light" and the lyrical-tragedic poem-cycle "By the right of memory". Each of these works in its own way was a new word about the fate of the time, country, people, man.
The poem "Beyond the distance - the distance" (1950-1960) is a large-scale lyrical epic about modernity and history, about a turning point in the lives of millions of people. This is a detailed lyrical monologue of a contemporary, a poetic narrative about the difficult fate of the motherland and people, about their complex historical path, about internal processes and changes in the spiritual world of a person of the 20th century.
The poem took shape for a long time and was published as the next chapters were written. In the process of the formation of the artistic whole, some chapters changed places (“On the Road”), others were radically reworked, for example, “In the March Week” (1954), which was partially and in a significantly modified form included in the chapter “So It Was”.
The subtitle of the poem "For the distance - the distance" is "From the travel diary", but this still says little about its genre originality. The pictures and images that arise as the content of the poem unfolds are both concrete and generalized. Such are the large-scale poetic images of Mother Volga (chapter Seven Thousand Rivers), Father Ural (Two Forges) scattered halfway across the Siberian expanses (Lights of Siberia) "). But that's not all. The author emphasizes the capacity of the chosen “plot-journey”, the epic and philosophical-historical scale of a seemingly simple story about a trip to the Far East:
And how many cases, events, destinies,
Human sorrows and victories
fit in these ten days,
What turned in ten years!
The movement of time-history, the fate of the people and the individual, the desire to penetrate into the deep meaning of the era, into its tragic contradictions constitute the content of the thoughts of the lyrical hero, his spiritual world. The pains and joys of the people respond with keen empathy in his soul. This hero is deeply individual, inseparable from the author. He has access to the whole gamut of living human feelings inherent in the personality of the poet himself: kindness and severity, tenderness, irony and bitterness ... And at the same time, he carries a generalization, absorbs the features of many. Thus, in the poem, an idea is formed about the internally integral, complex and diverse spiritual world of a contemporary.
Preserving the outward signs of a "travel diary", Tvardovsky's book turns into a kind of "chronicle", "chronicle", or rather, into a living poetic history of modernity, an honest understanding of the era, the life of the country and the people in the past great historical period, including cruel injustices, repressions Stalinist times (chapters "Childhood friend", "So it was"). At the same time, the lyrics, the epic, the dramatic beginning of the poem merge, forming an artistic synthesis, the interaction of generic principles on a lyrical basis. Therefore, "Beyond the distance - the distance" can be defined as a kind of lyric-philosophical epic about modernity and the era.
At the same time, the poem is by no means free from a utopian belief in the transformative successes of socialism (the chapter on blocking the Angara during the construction of the dam is especially indicative, which carries an echo of the euphoria of the grandiose post-war plans - the "great construction projects of communism"). Readers, of course, were especially attracted by the theme of the "cult of personality." But Tvardovsky, developing it, remained within the limits of a completely Soviet, in many respects limited consciousness. The conversation about "Beyond the distance - the distance" by A. A. Akhmatova and L. K. Chukovskaya, which took place in early May 1960, is indicative.
The poetry of the post-war and war periods sounds completely different than the works of peacetime. Her voice is piercing, it penetrates the very heart. This is how Tvardovsky wrote "House by the Road". A summary of this work is presented below. The poet created his poem not only to express the pain of the destinies of his contemporaries destroyed by the war, but also to warn his successors against the terrible tragedy - war.
About the poet
Vasily Trifonovich Tvardovsky was born in 1910 in the Smolensk province of the Russian Empire. His parents were educated people, his father read the classics of Russian and world literature to children from early childhood.
When Vasily was twenty years old, the period of repression was in full swing. His father and mother fell into the millstones of the revolution and were exiled to the north of the country. These events did not break the poet, but put him at a crossroads and made him think about whether the raging revolution is really necessary and just. Sixteen years later, his original utopia comes out, after which the poet's works began to be published. Alexander Trifonovich survived the war, about this - his "Vasily Terkin". About the war and "House by the Road", Tvardovsky liked to retell the summary even before the poem was published.
The history of the creation of the poem
The idea and the main strokes of the poem were born in 1942. It is not known exactly why Tvardovsky did not immediately finish his "House by the Road". The history of the creation of the poem is most likely similar to the history of other post-war and military works. There is no time for poetry on the battlefield, but if its idea and creator survive, then the lines carried through a hail of bullets and explosions will certainly be born in peaceful days. The poet will return to the work in four years and complete it in 1946. Later, in his conversations with his wife, he will often recall how he thought about the dilapidated house by the road, which he once saw - how he imagined who lived in it, and where the war of its owners scattered. These thoughts seemed to take shape in the lines of a poem, but there was not only no time to write it, but nothing to write it on. I had to keep in my thoughts, as in a draft, the most successful quatrains of the future poem, and cross out not entirely successful words. This is how Tvardovsky created his "House by the Road". See the analysis of the poem below. But it should be said right away that she leaves no one indifferent.
"House by the road": a summary. Tvardovsky about the war. First and third chapters of the poem
The poem begins with the poet's address to the soldier. It was about him, about a simple soldier, that Alexander Tvardovsky wrote "House by the Road". He compares the protracted return of the warrior to his wife with his completion of the poem, which was waiting for him "in that notebook." The poet tells about what he saw the deserted dilapidated house of a soldier. His wife and children were forced to leave, and after the end of the fighting she returned home with the children. Their poor procession is called by the author "the soldier's house".
The next chapter tells about the last peaceful day of a soldier, when he was mowing the grass in the garden, enjoying the warmth and summer, looking forward to a delicious dinner in a close circle at the family table, and so with a scythe they caught him talking about the war. The words "the owner did not mow the meadow" sound like a bitter reproach to the war that cut off the master's affairs. The orphaned meadow was mowed by the wife, furtively crying for her beloved husband.
The third chapter of the poem "House by the Road" is ambiguous, Tvardovsky himself was difficult to convey the summary. She describes the hardships of war - soldiers in battle and women in non-female labor, hungry children and abandoned hearths. The distant paths that a mother-soldier with three children is forced to go. He describes the fidelity and love of his wife, which in peacetime was manifested by cleanliness, order in the house, and in wartime - by faith and hope that the beloved would return.
The fourth chapter begins with a story about how four soldiers came to a house by the road and said that they would put a cannon in the garden. And a woman with children should leave here, as it is reckless and dangerous to remain. Before leaving, the soldier asks the guys if they have heard of Andrey Sivtsov, her husband, and feeds them a hearty hot dinner.
Chapter five describes a terrible picture of walking captured soldiers. Women look into their faces, afraid to see their relatives.
Sixth-ninth chapters of the poem
At the end of the war, The House by the Road was published. Summary Tvardovsky repeatedly retold his relatives, describing his experiences in the war.
Chapter six shows Anyuta and Andrei. The roads of war brought him home, just for one night. The wife sends him on the road again, and she leaves her home with the children and goes through the dusty roads to save the kids.
Chapter seven tells about the birth of the fourth child - a son, whom his mother names Andrei in honor of his father. Mother and children in captivity, on a farm besieged by the Germans.
A soldier returns from the war and sees only the ruins of his native house by the road. Having grieved, he does not give up, but begins to build a new house and wait for his wife. When the work is finished, grief overcomes him. And he goes to mow the grass, the one that he did not have time to mow before he left.
Analysis of the work
Tvardovsky's poem "House by the Road" tells of broken families scattered across the earth. The pain of war sounds in every line. Wives without husbands, children without fathers, yards and houses without a master - these images run like a red thread through the lines of the poem. Indeed, in the very heat of the war, Tvardovsky created his "House by the Road". Many critics did an analysis of the work, but they are all sure that the work is about the destinies of people tragically broken by the war.
But not only the theme of separation in its not quite familiar recreation (not the wife at home waiting for the soldier, but he, grieving and rebuilding the house, as if restoring his former, peaceful life) sounds in the poem. A serious role is played by the mother's appeal to her newborn child - her son Andrei. The mother in tears asks why he was born in such a turbulent, difficult time, how he will survive in the cold and hunger. And she herself, looking at the carefree dream of the baby, gives the answer: the child is born to live, he does not know what war is, that his destroyed house is far from here. This is the optimism of the poem, a bright look into the future. Children must be born, burned houses must be restored, broken families must be reunited. 
Everyone should return to his house by the road - so wrote Tvardovsky. An analysis, a summary of the poem will not convey its fullness and feelings. To understand the work, you must read it yourself. Feelings after this will be remembered for a long time and will make us appreciate peacetime and loved ones nearby.
Attention, only TODAY!
- M. Yu. Lermontov ";The Fugitive";: a summary of the poem
- Nekrasov ";Railway";: a summary of the poem
- A.T. Tvardovsky, "Vasily Terkin": analysis of the poem
- Poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". The image of Vasily Terkin
- A. T. Tvardovsky's poem ";By the right of memory";. ";By the right of memory";: a summary
