Enteritis in dogs: symptoms, diagnosis, treatment. The invisible enemy - symptoms of enteritis in dogs, treatment of parvovirus, coronovirus forms Vaccination against enteritis for dogs treatment

Hello, dear readers!

Enteritis is an inflammation in dogs of the small intestine, the section of intestine between the stomach and large intestine. Its function is to absorb nutrients from food. Enteritis causes atrophy of the mucous membrane of the small intestine and ultimately leads to disorder of the entire digestive system and heart disease. The disease belongs to the category of polyetiological ones - developing for many reasons. It can become chronic. Dogs of all breeds and all ages are susceptible to enteritis. This disease is especially difficult for dogs aged 2 to 9 months, and deaths are common among them.

Symptoms of enteritis appear in adult dogs on the 10th day; in puppies, the incubation period lasts 3 days. Characteristic symptoms are lethargy, drowsiness, diarrhea, vomiting, and a slight increase in temperature. The dog begins to lose weight, its muzzle becomes sharper, and its sides become hollow. Often, an energetic-looking dog with a good appetite, when pressure is applied to its sides and back, begins to arch its back and tuck its tail. If you touch an animal’s stomach, you can clearly see that it is in pain. It happens that the dog’s pulse weakens, there is heaviness in breathing, its limbs become cold, and the mucous membranes become pale and sometimes bluish in color.

Rumbling in the stomach with enteritis in a dog

Rumbling in the stomach is a symptom of a malfunction of the intestines. This may be irritation of its mucous membrane, excessive muscle activity, accumulation of gases (flatulence). Often all these reasons are present at the same time.

Gases can accumulate:

• Due to eating a large amount of food at once.
• Experiencing stress while eating food, which resulted in air entering the throat.
• Due to the excess amount of carbohydrates, fats, proteins in the animal’s food, which lead to its fermentation in the body.
• Due to a disease of the small intestine - enteritis, leading to poor digestion and accumulation of food bolus in the large intestine. If a dog's stomach is rumbling and he is drowsy and lethargic, this indicates enteritis with a complication of the cardiovascular system.
• For liver disease.
• Pathologies of the pancreas and other glands of the digestive system.
• Dysbacteriosis.
• In case of poisoning.

Causes of enteritis in dogs

They are different:

The immune system protects dogs from viruses. Vaccines help develop immunity. They have a wide spectrum of action, including fighting enteritis. In Russia, domestic and imported dogs are available to breeders and owners of dogs.

The most famous foreign drugs:

• NOBIVAK - Netherlands. Against parvovirus enteritis. Immunity develops over 2 weeks and lasts up to one year. Nobivak Puppy DR is used for puppies over 4 weeks of age; the vaccine does not inhibit the action of maternal antibodies. Nobivac DHPPI - for puppies from 10 weeks of age.
• EURIKAN LR - France. Immunity develops over 2 weeks and lasts up to one year. Against parvovirus enteritis. Eurican DHPPI+2L for puppies 8 weeks of age.

Russian-made vaccines:

• ASTERION DHPPIL. Against parvovirus enteritis. Immunity develops over 2 weeks and persists in puppies up to 8 months, in adult dogs up to 1.3 years;
• GEXAKANIVAK, VLADIVAK. Against parvovirus enteritis. Immunity develops over 3 weeks and lasts up to a year;
• BIOVAK, MULTIKAN-2. Against parvovirus enteritis. Immunity develops over 2 weeks and lasts up to one year;
• MULTIKAN-4, MULTIKAN-6, MULTIKAN-7, MULTIKAN-8 - against parvovirus and coronavirus enteritis;

Vaccinations against enteritis in dogs

Vaccinations can be monovalent (against one disease) or polyvalent (against a number of diseases). When vaccinated, an individual is subjected to artificial infection. The goal is to develop immunity to a certain disease. It has been scientifically proven and confirmed by practice that once a dog has suffered enteritis or another disease caused by a virus, it becomes resistant to the disease for a certain period of time. Antibodies produced by the animal's immune system quickly kill viruses that enter the body and cause disease. If, after the guaranteed period, the animal still becomes infected with the virus, the disease will have a mild form, often asymptomatic.

Before using the vaccine, the animal must be prepared:

1. The dog must take anthelmintic drugs at least 10 days in advance.
2. A week before the procedure, the dog is either not taken out for a walk at all, or only walked with it for a short time in order to avoid infection with viruses or bacteria.
3. A week before the procedure, you need to measure her temperature every day. A body temperature of 37.5-39°C is considered normal for animals. The dog must be healthy at the time of vaccination.

The dog is vaccinated for the first time at 1-1.5 months, then revaccination is carried out according to a certain scheme. The timing of repeated vaccinations is influenced by the degree of risk of infection of the animal. Vaccinations are performed by a veterinarian at a veterinary clinic, because Vaccine preparations can cause allergies.

can cause both mild discomfort and anaphylactic shock. Therefore, it is first recommended to test the dog for allergies. As a rule, puppies tolerate vaccination well; in case of complications, a specialist will quickly provide assistance.

1. After vaccination:
2. The dog’s physical activity should be gentle;
3. Stressful situations should not be allowed;

To avoid colds, you should avoid overcooling the animal.

1. How to treat enteritis in dogs
2. This disease cannot be cured without immunoglobulin serum. The serum is selected depending on the type of enteritis pathogen.
3. Antibiotics are prescribed to prevent the development of a bacterial infection and prevent complications.
4. Saline solutions are used to restore the water-salt balance, which is disturbed due to incessant diarrhea and vomiting. Prescribed in small portions every 10 minutes.
5. Droppers are used, which are very effective for dehydration.
6. To absorb toxic substances released during the rotting of undigested food, enterosorbents (activated carbon, white clay, etc.) are used.
7. Vitamin therapy.

Enemas.

Treatment of enteritis in dogs at home

It consists of consistently following the veterinarian’s instructions, as well as providing the animal with a calm environment, proper nutrition, and disease prevention.

Enteritis in dogs is contagious to humans

The disease is not transmitted to humans. The virus that affects dogs is transmitted only to members of the canine family - wolves, foxes, arctic foxes, and jackals. A dog cannot even infect a cat, since it is not a canine relative.

But a person can bring the enteritis virus into the house on shoes or clothes and unwittingly become a carrier of the disease. Dog owners are advised to comply with sanitary standards - upon arrival home, wash their hands, clean their clothes, and do not have contact with sick or suspicious animals.

Infection occurs instantly - while sniffing or licking an infected animal, eating and drinking from the patient's bowl, as well as through combs and brushes. The infection can be brought on by a person's clothing or shoes. A dog cured of enteritis can infect others for a long time.

Infectious enteritis is divided into parvovirus and coronavirus.

Parvovirus

Occurs more often. The causative agent is parvovirus. There are 3 types:

1. Intestinal region. Characteristic symptoms are lethargy, a slight increase in temperature, the dog begins to lose weight, its muzzle becomes sharper, and its sides become hollow. Often, an energetic-looking dog with a good appetite, when pressed on its sides and back, begins to arch its back and tuck its tail. If you touch an animal's stomach, you will notice that it is in pain.
2. Of cardio-vascular system. It occurs more often in dogs aged 2-9 weeks. Characterized by drowsiness, lethargy. There are no severe pains in the stomach, but there is rumbling. The animal refuses to drink and eat. As a rule, there is no diarrhea. Then the heart makes itself felt - the dog’s pulse weakens, heaviness in breathing appears, and the limbs become cold. The mucous membranes become pale and sometimes bluish in color. Many dogs, especially puppies, die from this complication of enteritis.
3. Combined. It is observed in weak animals. More often these are puppies that are given birth to unvaccinated bitches.

Coronavirus

The causative agent is an RNA virus from the category of coronaviruses. The hidden period lasts up to 7 days.

Spicy. Flows instantly. The dog suddenly weakens. The presence of a secondary infection is characteristic. Particularly dangerous for puppies and weakened dogs - many deaths. Adult, strong dogs usually recover.

In mild forms, the disease resolves spontaneously in adult dogs. The animal eats poorly and is lethargic. There is no temperature. After a few days the dog returns to normal.

Chronic. Occurs in animals that carry the virus or have low immunity.

Coronavirus enteritis in dogs treatment

Treatment involves:

• The main drug in therapy is immunoglobulin serum.

• Stimulation of immunity;
• Vitamin therapy;
• Taking antibiotics to prevent the development of bacterial infections and prevent complications;
• A drip that effectively replenishes dehydration.
• Antispasmodics, hemostatic and antiemetic drugs are used as symptomatic therapy;
• The use of enterosorbents to absorb toxic substances released during the rotting of undigested food (activated carbon, white clay, etc.);
• Diet food.

Hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs

It starts suddenly. Characterized by nausea, vomiting and bloody diarrhea. Diarrhea is profuse, bright bloody in color. Dogs have stomach pains, they look exhausted, they are feverish, and the animals refuse to eat. The disease can occur in dogs of any breed and age, but is more common in miniature breeds. For example, French poodle, Yorkshire terrier, Pekingese, miniature schnauzer, spaniel and others.

The exact cause of the disease has not yet been determined. Possible causes may include stress, nervous excitement, bacteria. It is possible that the problem lies in poor nutrition - eating unhealthy foods or sudden changes in food. The disease tends to become chronic.

Rotavirus enteritis of dogs

The causative agent is rotavirus. Hidden period up to 2-7 days. It belongs to the category of highly contagious diseases with an infectious viral etiology. As a rule, this is a type of intestinal infection. Other names for the disease are “intestinal flu”, “stomach flu”. The disease can occur in dogs of any breed. It occurs more often in puppies, miniature breeds, highly purebred individuals, dogs with low immunity, and stray animals.

Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis in dogs

An inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by penetration and accumulation of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the gastric mucosa (infiltration). Penetration can also affect the submucosal and muscular layers of the stomach. The processes that cause this disease and their causes are still poorly understood. Presumably, the cause of the disease lies in a distorted immune response to certain food components.

Bacterial enteritis in dogs

Intestinal inflammation caused by bacteria. Bacterial enteritis includes:

Salmonellosis

It starts suddenly. The bacterial gram-negative rod is transmitted throughout the body. To determine the diagnosis, a culture of the stool of a sick animal is examined. Signs of the disease actively manifest themselves during stress or an underlying illness. Symptoms include diarrhea, refusal to eat, nausea, vomiting, and a lethargic appearance.

Clostridiosis

Enteritis caused by anaerobic gram-positive Escherichia coli, capable of forming spores. Five CI strains were studied. To determine the diagnosis, a culture of the stool of a sick animal is examined. The disease is characterized by hemorrhagic diarrhea with blood inclusions. During diarrhea, a large amount of extracellular fluid is released into the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in hypovolemic shock.

Anti-enteritis serum for dogs

The main panacea for this disease is immunoglobulin serum containing antibodies against enteritis viruses. It is a transparent yellowish liquid. The serum is injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly. The therapeutic effect is to induce immunity to the enteritis virus in dogs. Serum is prescribed individually depending on the type of enteritis pathogen. It is used for both medicinal and preventive purposes.

Prevention of enteritis in dogs

Prevention is of great importance in the fight against enteritis. They allow you to avoid the disease or alleviate its course and prevent complications. Prevention of this dangerous disease comes down to following a few simple rules:

1. Feed correctly;
2. During grafting;
3. Give anthelmintic drugs;
4. Isolate from contact with infected animals;
5. If your animal shows even mild symptoms of the disease, immediately show it to a specialist.

Diet for enteritis in dogs

With this disease, it is important that the dog does not eat heavy food. Porridges that envelop the walls of the stomach, for example, oatmeal, are suitable. If your dog has no appetite, you should not force feed him. On the contrary, it is beneficial for the animal to fast during the first day. When the dog gets better, the appetite will come. We need to try to get her to drink more water. Decoctions of herbs with astringent and enveloping properties are also useful at this time.

Good luck everyone, see you in the next article.

Viral enteritis is one of the five most common and most dangerous infectious canine diseases. It is often caused by intestinal viruses, but in reality, in parallel with damage to the gastrointestinal system, the kidneys, liver, heart and many other organs suffer. The disease must be detected quickly and treatment provided in a timely manner, as the risks of death are very high.

Mechanisms of development of viral enteritis in dogs

The disease affects dogs of absolutely any age and breed - the only difference is the course and likelihood of recovery. Enteritis is considered fatally dangerous for small puppies 2-14 weeks of age, dangerous for those aged 20 weeks to a year, and relatively harmless and curable for older dogs. The virus does not have a breed predisposition, but it has been recorded that Whippets, Doberman Pins and East European Shepherds suffer the disease much more severely than other breeds.

The group of viral intestinal diseases includes three types of enteritis (depending on the pathogen):

• rotavirus;
• coronavirus;
• parvovirus.

All three species have common routes of infection, the same clinical picture and the same treatment regimens. The fundamental difference is the severity of the disease: parvovirus enteritis, which is considered the most dangerous for dogs and is especially distinguished by veterinary medicine, “wins” this race.

The intensity of the development of the disease is determined by three main factors:

• the amount of virus that has entered the body and its strength;
• the health status of the dog during the period of infection;
• the presence or absence of concomitant intestinal abnormalities.

Viruses in a dog's body target cells during periods of active growth and active metabolism. This is why puppies suffer the most, because... In the first weeks after birth, it is the cells of the heart muscle and intestinal mucosa that are actively dividing. Next, the liver begins to suffer due to age-related inability to neutralize toxins, which enter the blood in large quantities from the breakdown of intestinal cells.

Enteritis is transmitted when a dog comes into contact with the material where it is most abundant - feces and vomit from a sick animal at the moment of sniffing them. The destructive power of enteroviruses is such that just 1 g of vomit or feces at the height of the disease can infect up to a million dogs (according to laboratory data).

A distinctive feature of parvovirus enteritis in dogs is the suddenness of its onset, i.e. the appearance of the disease cannot be associated either with a change in diet and exercise patterns, or with a change in places for walking, or with the presence or absence of stress, etc. The incubation period can range from 1 to 5 (7) days.

The immune system is activated almost immediately, but a sufficient number of antibodies to fight the disease accumulates only by 5-6 days. But this speed of the immune response is not enough compared to the speed of development of clinical signs. Those. there is a chance of survival in animals that, with active treatment therapy, have crossed the line of five to seven days after the onset of the disease.

The mortality rate for rotavirus enteritis is no more than 5%, coronavirus – up to 10%, parvovirus – above 80-85%.

Symptomatic picture of the disease and the rate of its development

All types of enteritis in dogs have exactly the same symptoms - the only difference is the severity of the course and the speed of development of the disease. If a dog gets sick with enteritis, then the most striking clinical signs accompany infection with parvovirus.

Symptoms:

• general state of oppression;
• complete loss of appetite, refusal even of your favorite treat;
• continuous vomiting with mucus or foam;
• foul-smelling diarrhea of ​​an unnatural color and often mixed with mucus and blood (from black-yellow to burgundy-red); when examining stool, fragments of exfoliated intestinal mucosa are found;
• a sharp jump in body temperature to 40-41°C;
• signs of dehydration;
• enlargement of the liver and spleen (determined by the doctor upon examination);
• enlarged lymph nodes;
• decrease in the level of leukocytes (visible from the results of a blood test);
• signs of heart failure (irregular heart rhythm, shortness of breath, coughing).

The disease has two forms - cardiac and intestinal. Usually intestinal (in adults) or both (in puppies) occurs; separately, signs of myocarditis are very rare (and again only in young dogs).

The first symptoms appear after 1-5 days after the viruses enter the body - refusal even of your favorite food, depression, increased body temperature. 3-20 hours after the first clinic, diarrhea and vomiting appear, which lead to exhaustion and dehydration quite quickly. Signs of general intoxication intensify, causing the animal to die due to dehydration. The dog dies from enteritis on the 3rd, sometimes on the 5th day if timely treatment is not provided. In special cases, the animal manages to survive for up to 7-9 days - basically, age decides everything: puppies are very difficult to save. This is the classic enteritis (intestinal) form of the disease.

In the cardiac form, shortness of breath is added to the symptoms, the pulse quickens, but with weak filling (since myocardial function worsens), or tachycardia is noted. There may be a slight cyanosis of the mucous membranes (blue discoloration) due to oxygen starvation of the tissues.

The dynamics of development in all intestinal infections of a viral nature, regardless of the form, is always rapid - mild malaise and refusal to eat on the first day are sharply replaced by vomiting, diarrhea, visible emaciation and heart failure on the second.

Treatment of enteritis

There is no single ideal cure for enteritis. Symptomatic treatment is carried out in parallel with the administration of vitamins, as well as medications to support the heart and liver. Full recovery of a dog after clinical recovery takes a decent amount of time. If enteritis is suspected in dogs, treatment at home is pointless and risky!

Differentiation by type of enteritis is not carried out due to the duration of laboratory analysis and the rapidity of development of the disease. In any of the cases, treatment is carried out as for parvovirus enteritis, observing the dynamics of the animal’s condition, changes in the clinic and making adjustments to medications as therapy progresses.

Important: enteritis of viral origin should only be treated by a veterinarian under his strict supervision! There are no folk or home methods to combat these diseases, even taking into account the ease of some mild forms!

Treatment is carried out according to the following algorithm:

• destruction of enteric viruses;
• removing the animal from dehydration;
• elimination of vomiting and diarrhea;
• detoxification therapy;
• stimulation of immunity;
• restoration of normal functioning of the gastrointestinal system;
• restoration of normal functioning of the cardiovascular system.

Important: all medications at the beginning of therapy are administered only by intravenous, subcutaneous and intramuscular injections. Frequent vomiting and disturbances in the functioning of the intestines and stomach exclude the possibility of taking drugs orally (through the mouth).

The main goal of treatment is to most effectively support the functioning of all organs and systems of the body until the animal’s own immune forces begin to fight the disease (by 5-6 days, when the production of its own antibodies to fight viruses begins). Considering the rapid dynamics of the development of the disease, literally within a day from the start of treatment, the animal will either feel better (which will be a start to recovery), or the animal will die (if the treatment did not bring effective results). But it always makes sense to fight for the life of a pet!

Etiotropic therapy (antiviral)

The very first treatment to block the free circulation and reproduction of enteric viruses in the body. For this purpose, serums, immunoglobulins, interferons and interferonogens are used.

• Fosprenil(veterinary antiviral drug). A single dose varies according to the dog’s weight: 0.1 ml per weight up to 1 kg; 0.25 ml – up to 5 kg; 0.5 ml – 5-10 kg; 1 ml – 10-20 kg; 1.5 ml – 20-30 kg; 2 ml – over 30 kg. Administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, orally with a doubling of the dose, and intravenously with a halved dose. Regimen: 1 day - 4 doses every 6 hours, 2-8 days - 3 doses every 8 hours, 9-11 days - 2 doses every 12 hours, 12-15 days - 1 dose daily.
• Immunofan(a veterinary immunostimulating drug used in combination for the treatment and prevention of various microbial and viral infections). Maintenance dosage – 1 ml once a week for 1-2 months; therapeutic dose – 1 ml once a day (up to 5 injections in total, given every other day). Subcutaneously or intramuscularly.
• Cycloferon(a mild immunostimulating drug that increases the restoration of cells in the affected mucous membranes - an option for veterinary medicine): the dose varies depending on the weight of the dog: up to 1 kg - 0.8 ml/kg; up to 2 kg - 0.4 ml/kg; up to 5 kg - 0.2 ml/kg; 6-12 kg - 0.15 ml/kg; up to 25 kg - 0.12 ml/kg; 26-40 kg - 0.10 ml/kg; over 40 kg - 0.08 ml/kg. Administered intravenously, subcutaneously and intramuscularly on days 1, 2, 4, 6, 8. In acute cases, it can be combined with globulins, serums and interferons.
• Anti-enteroviral serums(sources of ready-made antibodies against enteroviruses. Always used in combination with vitamins, antibiotics and other therapeutic and supportive drugs). Dose for dogs up to 5 kg – 2-3 ml, over 5 kg – 5-6 ml (based on serum concentration according to the instructions for the drug).

Pathogenetic treatment

This treatment of an animal includes a whole range of additional therapies:

• rehydrating,
• detoxification,
• symptomatic.

Rehydration therapy

is aimed at removing the body from a state of dehydration. In this condition, the use of any medications is considered absolutely ineffective. Rehydration solutions restore the alkaline balance of the blood and contain the necessary salt set of elements. Administered intravenously by stream or drip. Sometimes subcutaneous administration in small doses is allowed. All solutions must be brought to body temperature (38-40°C) and administered (dripped) until the dog begins to drink on its own without vomiting. Afterwards, it is recommended to pour small doses into the mouth several times a day.

• Ringer-Locke solution. Dose 10-20 ml for each kg of animal weight.
• Trisol. Dose 7-10% of body weight.
• Rehydration mixture: 200 ml of saline solution + 20 ml of 40% glucose solution + 4 ml of 5% ascorbic acid solution. Dose: 30-100 ml/kg body weight once a day, depending on the general resistance of the animal’s body.

Detoxification

This is a set of measures aimed at removing toxic products from the body from viral processes and cellular breakdown of the intestinal mucous membranes. Often combined with hepatoprotective drugs.

• Hemodez(a pronounced detoxifier that binds toxins and removes them through the kidneys). Dose: 5-10 ml/kg body weight 1-2 times a day until signs of general intoxication subside.
• Sirepar(a veterinary drug with a pronounced hepatoprotective and detoxifying effect). Dose: 2-4 ml once a day until signs of intoxication disappear. Slowly intramuscularly or intravenously.
• Hydrolysine(replenishes proteins in the body, removes toxins). Administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously in a mixture with saline. Dose: 5-15 ml for 3-5 days.

Symptomatic therapy

is aimed at the general maintenance of the body, as well as the elimination of general clinical symptoms that accompany the disease.

• Antiemetic drugs:
  • Cerucal. Dose 0.5-0.7 ml up to 3 times a day. Do not use on small puppies or pregnant bitches. Continuous use should not exceed three times a day for 7 days.
  • Cerenia(Serenia is an antiemetic veterinary drug specifically for dogs). Dose: 1-2 mg/kg. Administered only subcutaneously.
• Hemostatic drugs (if blood is detected in stool or vomit).
  • Vikasol(a hemostatic drug that increases blood clotting - a synthetic analogue of vitamin K). Dose: 1-2 mg/kg body weight once a day for 3-5 days for general medical therapy. Intramuscularly.
  • Etamzilat(veterinary hemostatic agent of capillary direction). Dose: 10-12 mg/kg. Intramuscularly.
• Cardiovascular support:
  • Sulfocamphocaine ( a cardiac drug that stimulates the heart). Dose: 1-2 ml once a day for a month. Not prescribed for puppies. It is not possible if heart failure is manifested by tachycardia.
  • Cordiamine(a cardiac drug used for weak heart function). Dose: 0.1 ml/kg intramuscularly or up to 3 drops orally.
  • Riboxin(cardiodrug that improves nutrition and oxygen supply to the heart muscle). Dose: 5-10 mg/kg every 12 hours for two weeks.
• Antibacterial drugs are prescribed for prolonged elevated temperature and suspicion of secondary infection:
  • Cefazolin(a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic). Dose: 5-10 mg/kg, dissolved in water for injection. The interval between injections is 6-8 hours daily for 5-7 days.
• Probiotics to restore intestinal microflora, prescribed when the animal regains its appetite.
  • Bioprotectin(hepatoprotector + probiotic). Dose: 1 capsule. for weight up to 5 kg, 2 caps. – 5-10 kg, 4 caps. – more than 10 kg. Course – 23 days. Mix the contents of the capsules into food or drink.
  • Bactoneotime(probiotic to normalize digestion). Dose: 1 tablet/10 kg weight of a large dog, ½ tablet. puppies. It is crushed, mixed with water and given half an hour before feeding twice a day.

Feeding during the recovery period

You can start feeding a sick animal once vomiting has been stopped and brought under control. Feeding should be strictly dietary and in small fractional portions.

Important: it is forbidden to try to force feed the dog - only after the appearance of a natural appetite and the cessation of vomiting!

You can use special ready-made dietary complexes, or you can create a diet yourself. Frequent crushed feeding should be maintained for at least a month.

• limit carbohydrate foods;
• the first week, introduce fermented milk products (yogurt, cottage cheese, kefir);
• low-fat and weak chicken broth is allowed;
• a week or two after the appearance of appetite, you can introduce boiled meat;
• later the introduction of mucous porridges with water into the diet;
• You can gradually introduce boiled vegetables.

• any sausages;
• spices;
• flour and sweet;
• fatty meat or fish products;
• bones.

You will have to monitor your dog’s nutrition for quite a long time, because... One of the consequences of contracting viral enteritis is long-term disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. See also do's and don'ts.

Preventive measures

Prevention of enteritis in dogs is carried out only by vaccination - mono- or polyvalent vaccines. Even after recovery from the disease, immunodeficiency states are possible, in which recurrent disease is possible even in a short time. The risk of getting sick in a vaccinated dog is only 4-5%, the course of the disease is several times weaker, and mortality tends to zero.

Vaccination schedule:

• 1st: at 4-6 weeks of age, vaccine for puppies;
• 2nd: at 8 weeks with an “adult” vaccine;
• 3rd: revaccination with an “adult” vaccine 3-4 weeks after the 2nd injection (11-12 weeks);
• 4th: at 6-8 months (approximately after changing teeth) planned;
• 5th and all subsequent: annual - recommended 11 months after each previous one.

Only clinically healthy animals that were dewormed 2 weeks before vaccination are subject to vaccination.

Important: it is forbidden to vaccinate bitches during estrus and pregnancy. After birth, adult dogs are vaccinated along with the 2nd vaccination of puppies (at 12 weeks).

Due to the fact that parvovirus enteritis poses a mortal danger to small puppies, you need to take some more preventive measures to reduce the risk of infection:

1. Unvaccinated puppies should not be allowed to free-range.
2. Unvaccinated puppies should not be visited in shoes and clothes that were worn outside.
3. Before petting the puppy, hands should be washed after going outside.
4. Before allowing a nursing bitch to have her offspring after a walk, you need to wash her belly and paws.
5. Do not allow small puppies to be cuddled by guests and strangers who come to the house - most often enteritis is brought in precisely from such visits.

The most commonly used vaccines for the prevention of viral enteritis

There are a huge number of all kinds of poly- and mono-vaccines against viral enteritis. It is more convenient to use polyvaccines. However, a complex vaccine preparation also has a corresponding cost, so the use of monovaccines is also justified.

The most commonly used vaccines are:

Mono-vaccines

Polyvaccines

Nobivak – a multivaccine preparation that includes viral enteritis. Immunity – 12-14 months. Production: Netherlands. Price: 200-310 rub.

Multikan – polyvaccine with enteritis. Immunity is created in 2-3 weeks and lasts up to 12 months. Production: Russia. Price: 210-400 rub.

Biovac– polyvaccine along with enteritis. An intense immune response is created for up to 1 year. Production: Russia. Price: 260-410 rub.

Eurikan –a complex vaccine that includes viral enteritis. Maintains immune response for up to 12 months. Made in France. Price: 350-490 rub.

Asterion – two-component polyvaccine for dogs, including several diseases, including viral enteritis. Provides immunity: in adult dogs 12-15 months, in young animals – up to 8 months. Production: Russia. Price: 150-300 rub.

Enteritis of viral origin is a rather dangerous and difficult to treat disease in dogs. If your pet loses its appetite and develops diarrhea, you should immediately consult a veterinarian. Timely diagnosis and proper treatment therapy are a guarantee of saving the animal’s life.

Enteritis occurs quickly and in every second case leads to death. It is easy to become infected: it is enough for the animal to sniff the urine or feces of a sick individual.

Save a pet may immediately contact a veterinarian. Therefore, every dog ​​breeder needs to know the signs of enteritis.

What is enteritis in dogs? Before the Olympic Games were held in the capital of Brazil, this disease was practically unknown in our country, and then it happened epidemic. The virus became famous and spread further.

There are two causative agents of viral enteritis in dogs: parvovirus and coronovirus. Of these, the first is the most dangerous - it acts faster.

Most often the disease affects puppies up to 2 months, especially if they were born to unvaccinated dogs. In such a case, the mortality rate becomes very high.

The enteritis virus is so tenacious that even careful disinfection measures will not destroy it neither from furniture, nor from wallpaper, nor from the ground, where The pathogen can persist for up to 1.5 years.

The virus is transmitted through the secretions of a sick dog: saliva, vomit, urine or feces.

Minimal contact is enough for infection- for example, for a dog to sniff a piece of ground where an ailing animal has urinated. This is one of the most dangerous diseases among those

The incubation period of the virus is one week on average. In puppies, especially unvaccinated ones, this period is reduced to a maximum of two days.

Symptoms and diagnosis

Initial symptoms of enteritis in dogs, Regardless of the type, they are the same:

• lethargy, apathy, no reaction to favorite toys or owners;
• refusal to eat, even from the most desired delicacies before;
• temperature increase in the first hours after illness;
• vomit 10 hours after refusing to feed and drink;
• diarrhea with blood.

Veterinarians, depending on the type of virus that caused the disease, divide it into two forms: parvovirus and coronavirus.

Parvovirus form

It is this form of the disease that is considered the most rapid in development, and This is what affects puppies. Why? Because the most favorable environment for parvovirus is an abundance of dividing cells, i.e. baby's growth. Therefore, every dog ​​breeder should know the symptoms and treatment of parvovirus enteritis in dogs.

This disease affects not only the animal’s intestines, but also the heart. Or it can hit both. Therefore, parvovirus is divided into cardiac, intestinal and mixed. Therefore, the symptoms of parvovirus enteritis in dogs will vary.

1. Symptoms for the intestinal form:

• instant development - here the dog is playful, but now it is lying down and does not react to anything;
• profuse, constant vomiting (foamy masses, color yellow);
• severe diarrhea for 1-3 days (the stool is watery or mucous, the color is red, yellow, brown, green or completely black), the smell is heavy;
• in addition to loss of appetite, appears refusal of water, when the animal does not take liquid for 1-3 days,– a characteristic symptom of parvovirus enteritis;
• paw tremor, weakness, staggering;
• dehydration that occurs within 10-12 hours;
• a sharp increase, and then (over 1-2 days) a decrease in temperature to normal.

If the temperature drops below normal, this is a bad sign: there is a high risk of death (about 80%).

2. Symptoms of the cardiac form:

• dry cough;
• complete refusal of food and drink (puppies are not able to suck the bitch’s milk);
• sudden, severe weakness, increased heart rate, shortness of breath;
• mucous membranes change color to bluish;
• development of pulmonary failure and myocarditis;
• the dog doesn't get up anymore just lying there.

3. Symptoms and treatment of enteritis in dogs with mixed form are diverse: they combine signs of both intestinal and cardiac enteritis.

In the event that sneezing, runny nose, and pus in the eyes are added to the symptoms listed above, this is another viral disease.

Coronavirus enteritis

This form is easier than the previous one: the symptoms are similar, but not as severe. Coronavirus enteritis in dogs is less contagious because it is transmitted only through the feces of a sick animal. And vaccination against it is more effective, and if the vaccinated dog gets sick, the disease may go away completely unnoticed by the owners. This form of the disease can be acute and hidden.

1. Symptoms in acute form such:

• apathy, lethargy, lack of response to toys or owners, lying down;
• loss of appetite and refusal to feed, however, the dog will drink;
• slight fluctuations in temperature are possible, but more often it remains within normal limits;
• vomiting only a few times a day, and not at all as profuse as with parvovirus;
• yellow diarrhea, no blood, however, long enough to cause dehydration;
• The pulse is normal, the breathing rhythm is also normal;
• mucous membranes become pale.

2. Symptoms in latent form such:

• for a long time the animal remains in a depressed state, in apathy;
• chronic diarrhea develops, appetite becomes weak or disappears altogether;
• The pulse drops and the body becomes exhausted.

Dogs affected by the latent form appear carriers of the disease. They do not develop severe symptoms.

Treatment

Depending on the form of the disease, appropriate treatment is prescribed. The procedures will vary, but in any case they will should be prescribed immediately after an objective diagnosis has been made.

Treatment is not carried out until the animal is tested.

Parvovirus enteritis

It is carried out in two stages: support directly with medications and a special diet after acute symptoms are relieved.

At the first stage:

• the dog is injected with a serum that prevents the virus from multiplying;
• give painkillers, sedatives, antiemetics;
• immunomodulators are prescribed to strengthen the animal’s immune system;
• if secondary infections are detected, antibiotics are prescribed;
• drips with nutrient and saline solutions are placed to eliminate dehydration;
• provide support to the dog’s body with B vitamins.

At the second stage warn that you can feed the dog no earlier than 12 hours after the appearance of appetite and prescribe:

• small portions of soups, fish or meat mousses, mashed potatoes, boiled rice, which should be given 4-5 times a day for 5 days;
• they warn that these dishes should not be hot, just lukewarm - just right;
• after 5 days, it is allowed to add boiled eggs, kefir, as well as premium-class dry food to the diet, including (dry food is crushed into pulp);
• It is strictly forbidden to feed the animal raw foods.

However, for these measures to be truly effective and for the animal to recover, Only a veterinarian should prescribe and administer them! This means that treating enteritis in dogs at home is extremely undesirable and can lead to the most dire consequences.

Coronavirus enteritis

Two-stage treatment, and, in fact, similar to parvovirus therapy. At the first stage, the dog is given:

• astringents, antiemetics, analgesics;
• antibiotic treatment is also prescribed;
• they put in the same IVs, etc.

The diet does not differ from that recommended for parvovirus enteritis. And just like in the first case, Therapy can only be carried out by a veterinarian!

Prevention

The first, most effective and important preventive measure is vaccination. For puppies, the regimen will vary depending on the vaccine manufacturer. However, animals cannot be vaccinated during estrus or pregnancy.

The second, no less important measure is compliance with the safety rules:

• if a dog, and especially a puppy, is not vaccinated, it under no circumstances should they be taken outside;
• puppies that have not been vaccinated should not be approached in street clothes or shoes;
• in the room where puppies live, regular, thorough hygiene is required;
• Before visiting the puppies, the owner should wash their hands well;
• before the bitch is allowed to have puppies, she needs to thoroughly wash her belly and paws;
• in a house where unvaccinated puppies live, strangers, friends, and acquaintances have nothing to do– visits are possible only after vaccination;
• both adult dogs and cubs;
• animal feed also

Please note that if symptoms of viral enteritis are detected in dogs, the pet is infected, then it cannot be treated independently, but Pre-medical assistance can and should be provided. Namely: do not force feed or water, give the “Regidron” solution, and for puppies older than 7 months – the “Enterodez” solution.

But an immediate call to the veterinarian is necessary!

Additionally, visually check out the video about the manifestation of enteritis in dogs: . Every owner loves their dog, worries and cares about its health. Unfortunately, our smaller friends are exposed to various diseases quite often. To protect them from diseases and their consequences, you need to know the main signs and methods of their treatment. Consider enteritis in dogs

The knowledge gained will protect you from many troubles.

Characteristic features of enteritis

Viral enteritis belongs to the group of infectious diseases that cause, which is included in the list of the five most common in dogs. It is relatively new, but has a very high mortality rate

, the death statistics are almost equal to. In our regions, this disease was first noticed in the eightieth year of the last century. During the first outbreak, natural immunity had not yet been developed, which caused massive deaths of animals. For relatively young dogs, on average from two to nine years, the infection is deadly

Puppies are most susceptible to severe complications.

Enteritis primarily provokes disruption of the heart, kidneys, and other internal organs.

Genetic predisposition

Certain breeds do not have a genetic predisposition to it, but Doberman Pinschers, Whippets and East European Shepherds are less susceptible to the disease than others.

Doberman dogs have a genetic predisposition to the disease.

This problem is dangerous for dogs of any age and breed. But it practically does not affect other animals, and does not pose any threat to people.

Characteristic signs and symptoms of enteritis in dogs

Approximately ten hours after the virus enters the body, four to five times a day.

A dog's diarrhea begins approximately 10 hours after exposure to the virus.

Coronavirus and rotavirus enteritis

With enteritis, the dog begins to drink a lot of water.

Parvovirus enteritis provokes a decrease in the dog’s temperature to 37.5 degrees.

In this case, the pet defecates very often with at intervals of twenty or forty minutes. Stool discharge occurs in a sharp stream, sometimes at a distance of up to a meter, has a pungent odor, brown or green color and watery structure. There are pieces of skin and small tubes in the stool. Vomiting occurs every half hour.

The disease most affects the intestines, destruction of the mucous membrane occurs, its exfoliated particles can be released along with feces. Because of this, a larger volume of cells disintegrate and release toxins that damage the walls of blood vessels. Which in turn provokes the movement of fluid into the walls and cavity of the intestine, increasing its size. On damaged intestinal surfaces, active proliferation of microbes occurs, which provoke intoxication of the entire body. Through the blood, the virus can travel to all internal organs, including the heart, destroying it.

After twelve hours, the intensity of the attacks decreases and they occur less frequently. The temperature drops from forty to thirty-seven and a half degrees. After five days, the body produces a considerable amount of antibodies in order to bind viruses. But by this time, most of the pathogens have already moved to the intestines and heart. Therefore, antibodies often do not have time to get to their localization sites, because the body’s protective function is significantly inferior to infection in the rate of development.

Risk of death

The most life-threatening periods are from the second to the fifth day, from the seventh to the twelfth.

Days 2-5 have a high risk of death.

It is at this time that the risk of death is high. Even with high-quality and timely medical care, there is a high percentage of animal deaths: rotavirus enteritis is less than five percent, coronavirus enteritis is up to ten. The most dangerous is the parovirus type of the disease. The mortality rate for its victims is more than eighty percent.

Causes and routes of infection

The causative agents of the enteritis virus are transmitted through sick individuals; the main source in large cities is stray dogs that do not have proper care and living conditions.

Stray dogs are carriers of the enteritis virus.

They are excreted in feces and vomit, in which they can persist for more than one day even at zero temperature. Viruses are quite tenacious, they do not change their structure even at sixty degrees of heat, they die only when exposed to direct sunlight.

Transfer methods

Dogs that have been stressed are especially vulnerable to the disease.

There are two ways of transmitting viral enteritis: contact and non-contact.

The first involves direct contact with an infected animal or carrier. In the process of sniffing and licking them, you can become infected. But pathogens are also transmitted through food or water, care items, and bedding.

Treatment of enteritis includes restoring the dog's immunity.

All types of enteritis have significant differences from each other. But the process of combating them has a number of general directions:

• destroy the causative agent of the virus;
• restore the required amount of fluid;
• cleanse the body of toxins;
• restoration of immunity;
• restore proper functioning of the digestive system;
• maintaining heart function.

Stages of treatment

Catozal is a drug used to fight infection.

1. The first stage of treatment must be carried out by a veterinarian , because the infection can only be overcome by injecting special drugs into a vein. After all, due to a large loss of fluid, other injections will not be absorbed.
2. Used to fight infection serum or immunoglobulin containing antibodies . But they are not administered intravenously. They often resort to the use of catozal, erbisol and other agents that stimulate the immune system. Intravenous administration of a salt solution (disol, trisol, quartosol), as well as glucose. Which solution and its concentration is prescribed by the doctor, based on the dog’s condition. Glucose is used only in the form of a five percent solution.
3. Toxins are eliminated by hydrolysine and its analogues . In this case, it is necessary to use substances that support the functioning of the liver (glutargin), because it is the liver that is involved in the treatment of intoxication. There are also medications that provide complex treatment. For example, taking polyoxidonium or lycopidium guarantees the removal of toxins and increased immunity.
4. Metoproclamide helps stop vomiting . The main danger lies in the rapid development of microbes in the affected areas of the intestine. This problem can only be eliminated with antibiotics. In this case, it is necessary to include in the course of treatment the use of enterosgel, oak bark extract or flax seeds. They have an enveloping and bonding effect. But you can start intestinal rehabilitation only from the second day of infection.
5. Love and attention to him will help save the life of your pet after suffering from enteritis. . Protect the animal from any stress and increased physical activity. The pet will need to follow a strict diet and take vitamins.

And most importantly, remember that you are responsible for the life of your dog; if at least one of the symptoms appears, immediately contact a veterinarian.

Video about enteritis in dogs

Parvovirus enteritis in dogs is a very dangerous contagious viral disease. Its characteristic features are dehydration due to indigestion, manifested in the form of vomiting and diarrhea. The disease affects the heart (myocarditis) and all parts of the small intestine. Young dogs may develop leukopenia.

The causative agent of enteritis is coronavirus or parvovirus infection. The latter type predominates more often.

This disease mainly affects puppies under 1 year of age. But in older dogs it is diagnosed extremely rarely. A pet can become infected with the virus from a sick animal through its feces. Carriers can be insects, rodents, and even people who can carry the virus on their shoes. The person himself cannot become infected.

The virus is very resistant to the environment. Prolonged boiling, caustic soda or potassium, as well as formalin can kill it completely. At the same time, high temperatures (up to 60-80 degrees) and an acidic environment are completely scary for him. When frozen, the virus can survive for a whole year.

In an apartment, enteritis can survive for about six months and all this time the pet will be susceptible to infection.

Symptoms of parvovirus enteritis

Intestinal form

Parovirus enteritis in dogs has the following symptoms in the intestinal form:

• upset stomach, refusal to eat;
• diarrhea (in this case, the feces acquire a yellow or gray tint over time, turning into a dark brown color, having a pungent odor, and may contain blood);
• incessant vomiting, often with mucus and bile;
• the pet’s body temperature rises to 41 degrees (in this case it should not be allowed to drop to 37 degrees or less);
• leukopenia (in 1 cubic mm of blood the number of leukocytes can decrease to 300);
• dehydration;
• lymph nodes become enlarged and inflamed;
• the intestinal mucosa becomes inflamed and swollen, it becomes uneven, erosion is possible;
• the spleen enlarges and has fibrous films.

When stroking the sides and back, the dog arches its back and hides its tail between its hind legs - this indicates pain. Enteritis destroys the intestinal mucosa and, as a result, bloody diarrhea appears.

Heart shape

Typical for puppies under 8 months of age. Death occurs from heart failure. Symptoms of the cardiac form of enteritis:

• general weakness, lethargy and complete refusal to eat;
• limbs feel cold to the touch;
• weak pulse;
• the skin has a blue tint;
• lack of appetite, the pet drinks occasionally.

Mixed form of the disease

Enteritis in dogs can affect both the heart and intestines. In this case, the virus is called a mixed form and includes symptoms and signs of the two types described above.

Incubation (hidden) period The period during which viral enteritis in dogs does not manifest itself in any way is 2-10 days. The younger the animal is, the shorter it is.

Symptoms of coronavirus enteritis

Coronavirus enteritis is less likely to be fatal than parvovirus enteritis, since the form is not as aggressive. When it enters the body, it affects the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, colon and small intestine.

Light form

It can occur hidden in adult animals. Because the symptoms are similar to food poisoning: weakness, lack of appetite, fatigue, diarrhea. It may go away on its own in 2-3 days.

Acute form

The acute form is characterized by rapid development, but death is possible only for weakened puppies. Symptoms of the disease are: vomiting, diarrhea, lack of appetite, apathy, weakness, anorexia.

Ultra-acute form

Occurs in dogs under 2 months of age. The puppy may die 2 days after infection.

Outcome of the disease

Most often, enteritis in dogs is diagnosed in the autumn-spring period and during periods of sharp cold weather.

Due to uncontrollable vomiting and constant diarrhea, the animal’s body becomes severely dehydrated, which often leads to a coma. Babies are often still unable to bear this and die within 1-3 days. In this case, they talk about fulminant disease.

Acute enteritis in dogs, the symptoms of which are described above, lead to death within 5-6 days from the moment of their onset.

In case of infection in young dogs older than 7 months, the heart muscle is affected. As a result, the dog behaves very lethargically. If the heart muscle is affected, death occurs in 70% of cases. Small puppies die during the first day.

It is necessary to pay attention not only to the age of the dog, but also to the breed, since decorative dogs are at greater risk of infection.

Confirmation of the diagnosis To confirm the diagnosis, the veterinarian must examine clinical, episiological or pathological data. Diarrhea and vomiting that does not stop and does not respond to antibacterial drugs indicate that this is parovirus enteritis in dogs; symptoms and treatment for which depend on the age of the animal and the degree of damage to the organs by the virus.

During the illness, in 50% of dogs the blood picture remains unchanged, while in the other half of the sick the number of leukocytes decreases significantly.

Enteritis differs from plague in the absence of purulent conjunctivitis, nervous and pulmonary forms of infection and a sharp increase in body temperature to 41 degrees.

Treatment of enteritis

When the first signs of the disease appear, the dog should be immediately shown to a doctor, who will be able to determine an accurate diagnosis as soon as possible and prescribe the necessary therapy. Since the slightest delay can cost your pet’s life. Having confirmed the diagnosis of enteritis in dogs, treatment should begin immediately.

Elimination of vomiting, diarrhea and inflammation

First of all, you need to eliminate vomiting and diarrhea, which lead to rapid dehydration. Every day, the dog needs a drink - a solution rehydron, potassium permanganate (should be weak, barely pink) or chamomile decoction. Its quantity is calculated based on the mass of the animal and is equal to 35-40 ml per 1 kg of its weight.

To treat diarrhea, enveloping and binding drugs are used - sea ​​buckthorn or vaseline oil. They should be taken three times a day, 1 small spoon. To combat vomiting, your dog is prescribed medications. cerucal, barium sulfate or raglan. If these medications do not help, the dog is given intramuscular injection every 48 hours. serenia.

Inflammation is relieved by taking a decoction daisies- P about 1 tablespoon three times a day.

Maintaining immunity

To support the dog's immunity, she may be prescribed fosprinil or forvet. The course of treatment is 7-10 days. Take it in dosage 1 ml for every 1 kg of animal weight.

During the treatment period, it is very important to support the sick dog’s body with immunomodulators and immunostimulants. Suitable for this vegitan, T- and B-activins or immunofan. Small puppies are prescribed the drug Bensap.

Replenishment of microelements

To replenish the amount of microelements that a pet loses during vomiting, a solution is injected intravenously sodium chloride. The first time it can be done in a hospital, then you can do it yourself. In this case, the bottle of medicine is preheated in a water bath. To reduce the load on your dog's kidneys, you need to do it no more than 2-3 times a day.

Restoration of ancidosis

To restore the amount of acidosis, a solution is used sodium bicarbonate. Its quantity is calculated as follows: 0.3 ml of the drug per 1 kg of animal body weight. The medicine is diluted in Ringer in a ratio of 1 to 5.

To strengthen the body and improve general condition, a solution is injected intravenously into the dog glucose (40%), calcium gluconate, ascorbic acid, vikasol and sulfocamphocaine. These drugs are added to the solution Ringer. In addition to this, the pet is prescribed administration duphalight and metrogil.

If you are scared on your own or cannot get into the pet’s vein, an injection into the neck area is allowed. Therapy includes the use thiamine bromide. For small puppies the dose is 0.5 ml, for adult dogs – 1 ml.

At the first suspicion that a dog has enteritis, it is injected with serum or immunoglobulin Giskan. A day later, the injection is repeated. And so on up to 3 times. Depending on how much the sick dog weighs, it is given from 3 to 15 ml of serum.

The use of an enema and gastric lavage has proven to work well. To do this, use boiled water in which a little potassium permanganate is dissolved. The amount of liquid is taken depending on the size and weight of the animal. The solution should be pale pink. The enema tip is pre-lubricated with Vaseline. Rinsing is carried out until clean water appears.

Mandatory during therapy is a five-day course of Essentiale or Heptral. This will help the liver cope with the increased load.

Elimination of spasm

Antihistamines are good to use Diphenhydramine It also helps relieve muscle spasms, restores capillary function and relieves pain. Its dose varies from 1 to 2 ml. At the same time, the smaller the pet, the higher the dose of the drug it is prescribed.

Helps reduce muscle spasms no-shpa. It is administered according to 1-2 ml 5 days. No-shpu can be replaced cerucal or papaverine.

Antibiotics

If antibiotics are needed, your doctor will prescribe ampiox, ampicillin, tetracycline, clafarone, chloramphenicol or polymexin.

Diet

During the treatment period, the animal needs a starvation diet for at least 2-3 days. Once your pet's condition has stabilized, he can begin to gradually introduce food in small doses every 2 hours. Chicken broth, rice or flax seed broth are ideal to start with. If your dog refuses to eat on his own, you can try giving him liquid food using a syringe.

After a few days, the dog is given a boiled egg or pasta diluted in chicken broth. During the recovery period, food should contain a lot of carbohydrates, which will help replenish energy in the body. You can also give boiled sea fish and fermented milk products. At the initial stage, it is better to give up meat. During feeding, the animal is given medications that restore normal intestinal microflora. During illness, you need to avoid eating raw meat, milk and fatty foods.

Prevention

The owner must always be prepared for the fact that enteritis in dogs, the symptoms and treatment of which are discussed above, may return at any time.

Vaccines are used to protect your friend from infection. hexodog, pentodog, etc. The vaccine showed an excellent effect Multikan-4. But, you need to take into account that its administration is quite painful, so before injection, the ampoule with the drug is warmed to room temperature.

Prevention methods also include measures such as providing the animal with adequate nutrition, disinfecting with sodium hydroxide, chloramine or formaldehyde the places where the dog is.