home Audience 12 What are the types of diseases of the digestive system? Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT): how to recognize the enemy in time? Prevention of digestive diseases

What are the types of diseases of the digestive system? Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT): how to recognize the enemy in time? Prevention of digestive diseases

One of the most dangerous diseases transmitted through the digestive system is botulism. The disease manifests itself several hours after the botulinum bacterium enters the body and begins with vomiting, headaches and abdominal pain, but the temperature usually does not rise. The disease develops quickly and within a day can lead to visual impairment, muscle paralysis and death. The botulinum bacterium lives in the soil and multiplies in an oxygen-free environment (bacterial spores are very resistant to various environmental factors). The botulism bacterium enters the human body with vegetables, mushrooms, and low-quality canned food.

Another dangerous disease is salmonellosis (caused by the bacterium Salmonella). Infection with salmonellosis occurs through products - eggs, milk, meat. With this disease, frequent bowel movements (diarrhea) are observed, the patient quickly weakens and may die. The disease begins with high fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Another very dangerous infectious disease is cholera, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is contracted by drinking or ingesting water, swimming in contaminated water, or washing dishes with contaminated water. Infection can occur by eating food that is contaminated during storage or washing, or through contaminated hands. In addition, Vibrio cholerae can be carried by flies.

Helminthic diseases (helminthiasis)

The causes of helminthic diseases are failure to comply with hygiene rules and consumption of food contaminated with worm eggs.

Ascaris- a roundworm that lives in the human intestine, its length reaches 35 cm. Ascaris larvae develop in the intestine and through the hepatic vein enter the liver, heart, trachea, larynx, pharynx, and then they return to the intestine, where they turn into adults. Roundworms can cause abdominal pain, vomiting and even appendicitis. Ascaris larvae, when they enter the lungs, can cause pneumonia.

The larvae of the flatworm - pork tapeworm (as well as bovine tapeworm) can develop in human muscles, causing serious illness.

Worms have very high fertility (for example, one female roundworm can lay up to 200,000 eggs per day, which, when released into the external environment with feces, can persist in the soil for several years).

Diseases of the stomach and duodenum

Gastritis- inflammation of the gastric mucosa, which, for various reasons (bacteria, mental trauma, improper medication, etc.) cannot cope with the effects of hydrochloric acid and pepsin found in the stomach.

If gastritis is not treated promptly, a stomach ulcer may occur (damage to the mucous membrane, which in the most severe cases can lead to perforation - a through hole in the wall of the stomach). An ulcer of the duodenum (and in the part adjacent to the stomach) is also common.

Liver and gallbladder diseases

The liver often suffers from poor food hygiene. One of the reasons for the death of its cells may be inflammation of the liver - hepatitis (this is the general name for inflammatory liver diseases that arise from various causes and require different treatments). One of the signs of hepatitis is jaundice - yellowing of the patient's skin caused by a violation of the barrier function of the liver. Hepatitis is often viral in nature. The causative agent of the disease is a virus that is stable in environmental conditions and is pathogenic only for humans. If the cause of liver destruction is eliminated in time, the part of the organ that remains undamaged can regenerate.

Under certain conditions, gallstones are formed from the substances that make up bile in the gallbladder. Stones irritate the walls of the gallbladder, leading to their inflammation - acute cholecystitis. If stones block the excretory duct of the pancreas, then inflammation develops in it - pancreatitis. If gallstones cause recurring pain, they are removed (sometimes the entire gallbladder is removed).

Prevention of diseases of the stomach and intestines.

The main and most important prevention of diseases of the digestive system, and not only them, is maintaining a healthy lifestyle. This includes giving up bad habits (smoking, alcohol, etc.), regular physical exercise, avoiding physical inactivity (lead an active lifestyle), adherence to work and rest schedules, adequate sleep, and more. It is very important to have a complete, balanced, regular diet, which ensures that the body receives the necessary substances (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, trace elements, vitamins), and monitoring of the body mass index.

Preventive measures also include annual medical examinations, even if there is no concern. After 40 years, it is recommended to conduct an annual ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs and esophagogastroduodenoscopy. And in no case should the disease be allowed to progress; if symptoms appear, consult a doctor, and not self-medicate or only traditional medicine.

Compliance with these measures will help to avoid or promptly identify and promptly begin treatment of diseases not only of the digestive system, but also of the body as a whole.

Nutrition for diseases of the stomach and intestines.

Nutrition for diseases of the digestive system should be special. In this regard, in our country, at one time, the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences developed special diets that are suitable not only for diseases of the digestive system, but also of other systems (diets are indicated in articles on the treatment of certain diseases). A specially selected diet is necessary in the treatment of diseases of the digestive system and is the key to successful treatment.

If regular enteral nutrition is not possible, parenteral nutrition is prescribed, that is, when the substances necessary for the body enter directly into the blood, bypassing the digestive system. Indications for the use of this diet are: complete esophageal dysphagia, intestinal obstruction, acute pancreatitis and a number of other diseases. The main ingredients of parenteral nutrition are amino acids (polyamine, aminofusin), fats (lipofundin), carbohydrates (glucose solutions). Electrolytes and vitamins are also introduced taking into account the body's daily needs.

Even young children are familiar with digestive system disorders. Adults face this problem quite often. Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract may be associated with overeating or eating stale foods. Unfortunately, no one is immune from digestive disorders. In some cases, they are associated with the development of gastrointestinal diseases. Digestive problems are indicated by symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and changes in stool. Such manifestations are associated with both acute inflammatory processes and chronic diseases. If you experience symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders, you should consult a doctor.

How is the digestive process carried out normally?

As you know, the digestive system consists of many interconnected organs. It begins in the oral cavity and passes through the entire body, ending at the anus. Normally, all stages of the digestion process occur sequentially. First, food enters the oral cavity. There it is crushed with the help of teeth. In addition, there is an enzyme in the mouth - salivary amylase, which is involved in the breakdown of food. As a result, a lump of crushed products is formed - chyme. It passes through the esophagus and enters the stomach cavity. Here the chyme is treated with hydrochloric acid. As a result, the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates and fats occurs. The pancreas produces enzymes that enter the lumen of the duodenum. They ensure further breakdown of organic substances.

The work of the digestive system is not only about grinding the food eaten. Thanks to the gastrointestinal tract, beneficial substances penetrate into the bloodstream. Absorption of amino acids, fats and glucose occurs in the small intestine. From there, beneficial substances penetrate the vascular system and are distributed throughout the body. Liquid and vitamins are absorbed in the colon. This is where the formation of feces occurs. Intestinal peristalsis promotes their movement and excretion.

Digestive problems: causes of disorders

Violation of any stage of the digestive process leads to the development of disorders. It can develop for various reasons. In most cases, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract is caused by the penetration of bacterial or viral agents. Pathogens begin to multiply quickly and damage the mucous membrane of the digestive tract. This, in turn, leads to an inflammatory response. As a result, the digestion process is slowed down or disrupted. Causes of gastrointestinal disorders include:

To find out why the disorder arose, it is necessary to be examined. Laboratory and instrumental diagnostic procedures will help determine the source of the pathology.

Causes of digestive disorders in children

Digestive problems occur frequently in childhood. They may be associated with various factors. Among them are hereditary anomalies, improper feeding, helminthic infestations, infectious pathologies, etc. In some cases, urgent surgical care is required to eliminate the problem. Causes of digestive disorders in children include:

Hereditary disorders of the exocrine glands - cystic fibrosis.
Anomalies in the development of the gastrointestinal tract.
Spasm or stenosis of the pyloric region of the stomach.
Feeding a young child excessively thick foods.
Poisoning from stale or spoiled food.
Infection with various pathogenic bacteria that enter the gastrointestinal tract along with food.
Helminthic infestations.

Only a doctor can find out why children have digestive problems. Some pathologies can be fatal and therefore require urgent medical attention.

Types of diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system are classified according to the cause of their occurrence, the source of development of the pathological condition, and the methods of necessary treatment. There are surgical and therapeutic pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. In the first case, recovery can only be achieved through surgery. Therapeutic diseases are treated with medications.

Surgical pathologies of the digestive system include:

Therapeutic diseases of the digestive system are acute and chronic inflammatory processes in the stomach and intestines and poisoning. Injuries may fall into both groups, depending on the severity and nature of the injury.

Digestive problems: symptoms

Pathologies of the digestive system can manifest as gastric or intestinal dyspepsia syndrome, pain in the abdomen and changes in the character of stool. In some cases, phenomena of intoxication of the body are observed. Symptoms of stomach pathologies include: pain in the epigastric region, nausea and vomiting after eating. Similar clinical manifestations are observed with cholecystitis. The difference is that patients with gallbladder inflammation complain of pain in the right upper abdomen and a bitter taste in the mouth. characterized by changes in stool consistency (diarrhea, less commonly constipation) and flatulence. Unpleasant sensations can be in the navel area, in the right or left half of the abdomen.

In acute surgical pathologies, the pain intensity is greater, there is a delay in the passage of gas, and an increase in body temperature. Often patients are forced to lie down or take a forced position to relieve the condition.

Diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases

Diagnosis of pathologies of the digestive system is based on clinical data and additional studies. First of all, patients must undergo a general blood and urine test. If inflammation is suspected, it is necessary to determine the level of indicators such as bilirubin, ALT and AST, and amylase. You should also have your stool tested.

Instrumental studies include radiography, ultrasound of the abdominal cavity and FGDS. In some cases, additional diagnostics are required.

Which doctor should I see?

What to do if you have digestive problems, which doctor will help? Gastroenterologists treat gastrointestinal diseases. However, before you make an appointment with him, you should undergo an examination, which is prescribed by a therapist or pediatrician. If acute abdominal pain occurs, emergency assistance should be called to exclude surgical pathologies requiring immediate surgical intervention.

Treatment of pathologies of the digestive system

Surgical treatment consists of eliminating intestinal obstruction, removing stones, tumor formations, suturing an ulcer, etc.

Prevention of digestive disorders

To prevent digestive problems from recurring, it is necessary to follow preventive measures. These include:

Dieting.
Careful food processing.
Hand washing.
Quitting smoking and alcohol.

If you experience discomfort in the abdomen, abnormal stool or nausea, you should undergo an examination and find out the cause of the problem.

22.09.2014 10:11

The intake of the proper amount of nutrients into the body is the most important factor in ensuring normal human life. The process of receiving the vitamins and minerals necessary for the body is ensured by the digestive organs. Diseases of the digestive system disrupt the normal supply of nutrients to the body and, as a result, the functioning of literally all systems and organs is disrupted. This is why diseases affecting the digestive system must be diagnosed and treated promptly.

How are the digestive organs structured?

Diseases of the digestive system can affect different organs, which anatomy divides into several sections. The digestion process begins with the preliminary processing of food, which is produced in the oral cavity. From there, food goes into the pharynx, then into the esophagus, and finally into the main digestive organ, the stomach.

The stomach, consisting of muscles, has in its internal cavity many glands that produce gastric juice and hydrochloric acid. Food, broken down by the above-mentioned liquids, begins to move into the duodenum, which is the initial section of the intestine. Here the digested food is exposed to bile and pancreatic juice.

Of course, a large number of organs contributes to a variety of ailments - diseases of the digestive system are numerous, painful and can significantly reduce the quality of life.

The longest section of the digestive system is the small intestine. In it, food is completely broken down, and nutrients safely penetrate into the blood. The digestion process is completed in the large intestine - undigested food remains enter it, which are eliminated from the body due to the movement of the large intestine.

Diseases of the digestive system can also affect organs such as the liver and pancreas. It is thanks to these two important organs, as well as the salivary and microscopic glands, that the digestion process occurs. The liver is responsible for the production of bile, and the pancreas is responsible for insulin and enzymes necessary for the breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. The salivary glands are responsible for softening ingested food.

Only the coordinated and precise functioning of the digestive system allows us to speak about the normal state of the body; the slightest disturbances and failures in this complex biological mechanism provoke certain diseases of the digestive system. We have to admit that today disturbances in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract are a very common phenomenon. Poor nutrition, stress, unhealthy food, chronic diseases - all these factors increase the risk of joining the ranks of patients suffering from gastrointestinal diseases. The most common diseases of the digestive system are, first of all, gastritis, dysbacteriosis, duodenitis, peptic ulcer of the duodenum and stomach, reflux esophagitis, erosive bulbitis, food poisoning, intestinal obstruction and many other ailments. Each of the above diseases should be treated correctly and in a timely manner. By ignoring diseases of the digestive system, the patient, due to disruption of the supply of nutrients to the blood, endangers the health of the entire body.

Causes of diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system depend on many specific factors. Doctors classify all existing causes that provoke the diseases in question into two categories - internal and external. The fundamental role influencing the occurrence of a particular disease of the digestive system is undoubtedly played by external causes:
. consumption of unhealthy and low-quality food;
. consumption of liquids harmful to the body;
. improper use or abuse of medications.

Diseases of the digestive system are often a consequence of an unbalanced diet. It is, in particular, expressed in excess or, conversely, insufficient consumption of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Often, diseases of the digestive system are the result of carelessness and a frivolous attitude towards diet and health in general, we are talking, first of all, about the following:
. prolonged neglect of regular nutrition;
. excessive consumption of spicy, salty and very hot foods;
. the presence of preservatives in daily consumed food.

That is why diseases of the digestive system are so dependent on diet, diet and the quality of foods consumed. The amount of harmful foods in the diet should be kept to a minimum, or even better, reduced to zero. At the first symptoms indicating a particular disease of the digestive system, you should immediately review your diet, eliminating from it all foods that are undesirable for the body.

The thoughtless consumption of essentially harmful liquids - alcohol and its surrogates, soda, and other drinks with preservatives and dyes - causes no less harm to the digestive system.

The next factor that increases the risk of developing any disease of the digestive system is smoking. Stress and anxiety are also very common provocateurs of the ailments in question.

Among the internal causes of diseases of the digestive system are:
. intrauterine developmental defects;
. hereditary factors;
. autoimmune processes.

The main symptom accompanying diseases of the digestive system is pain that occurs in the digestive tract. The intensity of pain varies and depends on the specific disease.
1. Cholecystitis. This disease of the digestive system is accompanied by pain spreading along the hypochondrium - right or left.
2. Pancreatitis. It is accompanied by a girdle pain of unknown localization. Often the pain radiates between the shoulder blades or to the heart area.
3. Stomach ulcer. Perforation of a stomach ulcer causes sharp, intense pain.

The pain can be sharp and aching, weak and intense, it can also depend on the food eaten. For example, patients with pancreatitis and cholecystitis experience unpleasant pain after eating fatty foods. And with a stomach ulcer, the pain begins to increase if a person does not eat for a long time. But pain with hyperacid gastritis can be relieved by drinking milk.

At the first suspicion of gastrointestinal diseases, the doctor, after conducting a thorough examination, uses the following diagnostic methods:
. palpation;
. auscultation;
. percussion.

When conducting a diagnosis, the doctor also takes a detailed interest in the patient’s complaints and studies the medical history.

Typically, diseases of the digestive system require various laboratory tests:
. general blood analysis;
. blood chemistry;
. stool analysis;
. Analysis of urine.

The following research methods can also be used for diagnosis:
. radial;
. Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity;
. fluoroscopy with contrast agents;
. radiography;
. MRI and CT.

In addition, some diseases of the digestive system may require procedures to evaluate the condition of internal organs and at the same time obtain material for a biopsy. We are talking about the following procedures:
. colonoscopy;
. sigmoidoscopy;
. esophagogastroduodenoscopy;
. laparoscopy.

To examine the stomach in detail, functional tests can be used to obtain information about its motor function and acid secretion. In addition, tests can examine the condition of the small intestine and pancreas.

Treatment of diseases of the digestive system

The treatment plan depends on the specific disease diagnosed in the patient. Diseases of the digestive system, like any ailment, require timely and competent treatment in order to prevent, firstly, complications, and, secondly, the transition of the acute stage to the chronic form.

After conducting the necessary research, the doctor, based on the results obtained, draws up a treatment regimen. The most important step in the treatment of the vast majority of gastrointestinal diseases is, undoubtedly, a special diet. In the acute form of the disease, the patient can be prescribed parenteral nutrition for a certain time - it ensures the supply of all useful substances directly into the blood. Then, the recovering person is prescribed a normal diet, but foods that can trigger the return of symptoms of the disease are eliminated from the diet.

Digestive system diseases are often treated in stages. For example, acute gastritis is treated as follows:
. normalize the excretory functions of the gastrointestinal tract;
. treat the patient with antibiotics;
. Prescribe drugs that allow the cells of the gastric mucosa to renew and normalize metabolism.

Gastrointestinal diseases are often cured in a matter of weeks, but sometimes they take years to cure. As a rule, the speed of treatment is influenced by the timeliness of diagnosis. So, in particular, it is extremely important to diagnose diseases of the digestive system in children in a timely manner - this allows minimizing treatment time.

Often, when gastrointestinal diseases are identified, patients are prescribed complex treatment - it, as a rule, brings maximum effect. For example, with a stomach ulcer, the patient is first recommended to eliminate the causes that provoke the development of the disease. Then the doctor prescribes a course of treatment with medications and diet. At the same time, treatment methods such as physiotherapy, magnetic therapy, laser therapy and others can be prescribed.

For treatment to be successful, the patient himself must be aware of the importance of preventing gastrointestinal diseases. He needs, in particular, to change his lifestyle - eat right, get rid of bad habits, and follow a sleep schedule.

Today, diseases are often diagnosed without any manifestation of clinical symptoms. We are talking about chronic ischemic disease of the digestive organs - it is provoked by damage to the visceral arteries of the abdominal aorta. This disease causes obstruction of the above-mentioned arteries. Detailed diagnosis is extremely important here, otherwise treatment will not be effective. Patients with this problem are shown a special diet (ban on foods that cause flatulence; the patient should eat little, but often). Treatment is carried out using antispasmodic drugs, as well as drugs that normalize blood circulation.

The lack of effect of conservative therapy forces doctors to resort to surgical intervention. There are two options for operations - low-traumatic and abdominal.

Prevention of gastrointestinal diseases

Diseases of the digestive system require mandatory preventive measures, which consist, first of all, of organizing proper nutrition and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. To prevent gastrointestinal diseases, it is necessary to engage in physical activity every day, actively rest and get enough sleep.

A separate preventive measure is regular preventive examinations, which are necessary even in the absence of any warning symptoms. It would be useful to know that people who have crossed the forty-year mark should have an abdominal ultrasound performed annually.

The issue of nutrition is very important in the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. Nutrition plays almost a key role in the development of the diseases in question. That's why it's so important to eat right - regularly, balanced and varied. Food intake should be moderate - overeating is unacceptable. You can’t eat until you feel full. You should get up from the table slightly hungry.

For smooth and smooth functioning of the digestive system, raw vegetables and fruits must be present in the diet every day. Food must be exclusively fresh. You need to eat it slowly and chew it thoroughly. You need to eat 4-5 times a day, following a meal schedule. The diet should not be filled with excessively hot and cold food. Over time, you should stop eating all refined carbohydrates and limit your salt intake.

The digestive system performs the function of processing food, separating proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and other essential substances, and also ensures their absorption into the bloodstream. Let's look at the most common diseases of the digestive system.

The digestive organs include:

Interruptions in the normal functioning of these organs can have serious consequences for human life. The performance of the gastrointestinal tract is closely related to the environment and most diseases are largely dependent on the influence of external factors (viruses, bacteria, etc.).

Remember! To avoid diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, you should not abuse food and drinks. Changes in the digestive process also cause emotional stress.

Abdominal pain can occur in any part of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the intestines. Sometimes pain indicates a small problem, such as eating too much food. In other cases, it may be a signal of the onset of a serious illness that requires treatment.

This is difficult or painful digestion. It may occur against the background of physical or emotional overload. It can be caused by gastritis, ulcers or inflammation of the gallbladder.

The main symptoms of dyspepsia: a feeling of heaviness in the stomach, gas, constipation, diarrhea, nausea. These discomfort symptoms may be accompanied by headaches or dizziness. Treatment is prescribed depending on the specific cause of the disease and includes taking medications and introducing a special diet.

Heartburn

Heartburn occurs due to insufficient closure of the sphincter. In this case, stomach acid can be thrown into the esophagus and cause irritation.

There are a number of factors that contribute to heartburn. These are excess weight, which causes abdominal compression, fatty or spicy foods, alcoholic drinks, caffeine, mint, chocolate, nicotine, citrus juices and tomatoes. The habit of lying down after eating also contributes to heartburn.

Acute abdominal pain is a symptom of various disorders of its functions. They often occur due to infections, obstruction, or eating foods that irritate the walls of the digestive tract.

The problem of colic in an infant has not been sufficiently studied, although it is believed that they are caused by increased gas production due to digestive disorders. Renal colic occurs when stones pass from the ureter to the bladder. Symptoms of colic are sometimes confused with appendicitis and peritonitis.

From a medical point of view, it is believed that with constipation, bowel movements occur less than 3 times a week. Constipation is not a disease, but a symptom of a disease. It may appear when:

insufficient fluid intake;
poor nutrition;
lack of regularity in the process of defecation;
in old age;
lack of physical activity;
pregnancy.

Constipation can also be caused by various diseases such as cancer, hormonal disorders, heart disease or kidney failure. In addition, constipation can occur after taking certain medications.

Note! In itself, it is not dangerous, but if it continues for a long time, it can lead to hemorrhoids or anal fissures.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea is a disturbance in the rhythm of the intestines, accompanied by loose stools. The process causes infections, viral or bacterial. It can occur when taking toxic substances that irritate the intestines or during emotional stress.

Hernias

A hernia is the prolapse of an organ or part of it through the wall of a cavity. Classification depends on their structure or location.

An inguinal hernia is a prolapse of part of the intestine through the abdominal wall into the groin area.
A diaphragmatic hernia or hiatal hernia is a hole in the diaphragm that allows intestines to enter the chest cavity.
Umbilical hernia is the penetration of intestines through the abdominal wall under the skin of the navel.

Typically, hernias occur due to excess stress on weakened walls. An inguinal hernia can occur, for example, when coughing or defecating. It causes moderate pain. Intra-abdominal hernias are very painful. Some hernias can be reduced by applying gentle pressure to the prolapsed portion of the intestine. It is advisable to provide such assistance to older people. Surgery is recommended for young patients.

You should know! If a hernia is strangulated, emergency surgery is necessary, as this can lead to gangrene within a few hours. The operation is performed to strengthen the cavity walls by applying sutures.

Gastritis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa.

Acute gastritis causes erosion of the surface cells of the mucous membrane, nodular formations, and sometimes bleeding of the stomach walls.
Chronic gastritis occurs when the mucous membrane gradually transforms into fibrous tissue. The disease is accompanied by a decrease in the rate of gastric emptying and weight loss.

The most common causes of gastritis are smoking, drinking alcohol, stimulating drinks (tea, coffee), excessive secretion of hydrochloric acid into gastric juice and various infections, including syphilis, tuberculosis and some fungal infections.

Recently, scientists have found that Helicobacter pylori bacteria are present in the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum in 80% of patients with gastritis and peptic ulcer (stomach and duodenum). This discovery was revolutionary in the treatment of such diseases, to the point that taking antibiotics became one of the main directions.

Remember! Psychological stress is of no small importance in the occurrence of gastritis.

A spasmodic process in which alternating episodes of constipation and diarrhea, accompanied by severe abdominal pain and other symptoms of unknown causes, is called irritable bowel syndrome. In some cases, this occurs due to disruption of the smooth muscles of the colon. This disease affects up to 30% of patients seeking consultation in gastroenterology.

Diarrhea is often associated with stressful situations. In some cases, such a disease may begin after an infectious disease. Proper nutrition is of no small importance. Some patients felt better after adding fiber to their diet. Others claim that relief comes from cutting down on carbohydrates and white bread.

Enteritis

Inflammatory bowel disease - enteritis. May manifest as abdominal pain, tingling, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea. Chronic enteritis can be caused by serious diseases requiring surgical intervention.

Acute enteritis is less severe, but in the elderly and children it can cause dehydration and even threaten their lives. Enteritis can be caused by chemical irritants, allergies or emotional stress. But the most common cause is infection (viral or bacterial).

Appendicitis is an acute inflammation of the appendix of the intestine. Which is a tube 1-2 cm in diameter and from 5 to 15 cm in length. It is located, as a rule, in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. Its removal does not cause a pathological change. The most common cause of appendicitis is infection. Without treatment, the wall of the appendix collapses and the intestinal contents spill into the abdominal cavity, causing peritonitis.

Appendicitis is more common in young people. But it can appear at any age. Its typical symptoms are abdominal pain (especially in the lower right), fever, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea.

Know! Treatment for appendicitis involves removing it.

Ulcers

Ulcers can occur in the stomach or small intestine (duodenum). In addition to pain, ulcers can lead to complications such as bleeding due to erosion of blood vessels. Thinning of the walls of the stomach or intestines or inflammation in the ulcer area causes peritonitis and gastrointestinal obstruction.

The immediate cause of a peptic ulcer is the destruction of the mucous membrane of the stomach or intestines under the influence of hydrochloric acid, which is present in the digestive juice of the stomach.

Interesting! Helicobacter pylori is believed to play an important role in the occurrence of gastric or duodenal ulcers. A connection has also been established between its occurrence due to excess amounts of hydrochloric acid, genetic predisposition, smoking abuse, and psychological stress.

Depending on the causes of the ulcer, appropriate treatment is applied. These may be drugs that block the production of hydrochloric acid. Antibiotics work against the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. Alcohol and caffeine should be avoided during treatment. Although diet is not of paramount importance. In severe cases, surgery is necessary.

Pancreatitis

This inflammation of the pancreas occurs when enzymes are not removed from it, but are activated directly in this gland. Inflammation can be sudden (acute) or progressive (chronic).

Acute pancreatitis usually involves only an “attack”, after which the pancreas returns to its normal state.
In severe form, acute pancreatitis can put the patient's life at risk.
The chronic form gradually damages the pancreas and its functions, leading to fibrosis of the organ.

Pancreatitis can be caused by alcoholism or high consumption of fatty foods. The main symptom is pain in the upper abdomen, spreading to the back and lower back, nausea, vomiting, and a feeling of pain even with a light touch to the stomach. Often such an attack ends in 2-3 days, but in 20% the disease progresses, causing hypotension, respiratory and renal failure. In this case, part of the pancreas dies.

Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by periodic, recurring abdominal pain. Diabetes mellitus can provoke the disease. In 80% of cases it is caused by gallstones. Also influence the occurrence of this disease:

Treatment for pancreatitis depends on the severity. In 90% of patients with acute pancreatitis, the disease resolves without complications. In other cases, the disease drags on, becoming chronic. If improvement does not occur within the first hours or days, then, as a rule, the patient is transferred to intensive care.

Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is an inflammatory process of the walls of the gallbladder. In this case, micro- and macroscopic changes occur, which develop from simple inflammation to the suppuration phase.

Symptoms can be varied (abdominal pain, nausea, fever, chills, yellowing of the skin, etc.). The attacks usually last for two or three days, but if left untreated they will continue. The onset of cholecystitis can be sudden or gradual.

There are several reasons that can cause or worsen cholecystitis. This is the presence of stones in the gall bladder, infection in the bile duct, tumors in the liver or pancreas, decreased blood circulation in the gall bladder.

Diverticulitis

A group of disorders of the functions of the colon, in which inflammation of small pockets of the mucosa (inner lining of the intestine) occurs. These bags are called diverticula. When diverticula have no complications it is called asymptomatic diverticulosis. But if intestinal spasms and other symptoms occur, the disease is called diverticulitis.

Diverticulitis occurs when bowel movements are blocked and the colon becomes inflamed. Symptoms of diverticulitis: pain and fever. In severe cases, abscesses and intestinal obstruction occur.

Sometimes the walls of the large intestine become fused with the small intestine or vagina. This occurs due to the formation of fistulas. In severe cases, intestinal contents enter the abdominal cavity, causing peritonitis.

Chronic liver disease that leads to irreversible destruction of liver cells. Cirrhosis is the final stage of many diseases that affect the liver. Its main consequences are failure of the liver and increased blood pressure in the vein that carries blood from the stomach and gastrointestinal tract to the liver.

Note! Alcohol and hepatitis B are believed to be the main causes of liver cirrhosis. In countries with low alcohol consumption (eg Islamic countries), the prevalence of liver cirrhosis is much lower.

The digestive tract is a vital system in the body. Diseases of this system are usually the result of external factors such as diet and infections. From this we can conclude that in most cases this is the result of one’s own inattention and ignorance of a healthy diet and hygiene rules.

Many people do not pay attention to the emerging symptoms of diseases of the digestive system. This leads to the fact that at first they simply cause inconvenience, but over time they turn into serious diseases that are very difficult to cure.

Treatment of gastritis and stomach ulcers is carried out comprehensively using medications, diet and traditional medicine. These diseases are the most common types of inflammatory conditions of the mucous membrane...

Gastritis is an inflammatory disease of the gastric mucosa, in which severe irritation occurs, erosion occurs, which can ultimately lead to an ulcer. There are several different types...

Gastritis is a fairly common disease in modern times. Nowadays, an active and fast-paced lifestyle prevails, which does not always allow for rational and regular nutrition. As a result...

Gastritis - an inflammatory disease of the gastric mucosa - is an extremely common pathology today, which can cause many unpleasant symptoms and lead to other disorders...

loss of appetite;
nausea and vomiting;
heartburn and heaviness;
bloating and flatulence;
bowel problems (diarrhea or constipation);
the appearance of dermatological problems (yellow skin).

Primary causes of digestive diseases:

dry food;
eating very hot, spicy foods;
alcohol abuse;
smoking;
eating poor quality food;
lack of diet;
haste and “eating on the go”;
problem with the chewing apparatus;
self-medication and uncontrolled use of medications;
stress.

Secondary causes of gastrointestinal diseases:

diabetes;
anemia;
obesity;
hypovitaminosis;
kidney and lung diseases;
genetic factors;
malformations and benign tumors of the digestive organs.

Prevention of the digestive system means preventing the listed negative factors and associated diseases; you need to constantly monitor the functionality of the digestive organs.

rejection of bad habits;
regular physical activity;
compliance with work and rest schedules;
balanced and regular nutrition;
control over body mass index;
undergoing annual medical examinations.

Advice from nutritionists for the prevention of diseases of the digestive system

Prevention of diseases of the digestive system in accessible ways is to follow the rules of food intake:

Reduce alcohol intake to a minimum. No more than 150 grams of alcoholic drinks per week. Ethyl alcohol affects the mucous membranes of the digestive organs.
Avoid drinking carbonated drinks.
Chew your food thoroughly.
Do not overuse fried foods and do not fry the first one.
Limit smoked, spicy, salty foods, marinades, preservatives. Their consumption stimulates the production of gastric juice, irritates the mucous membranes, which leads to gastritis.
Check product labels when purchasing. Do not buy food containing artificial colors, preservatives, taste or aroma substitutes. This will reduce the amount of toxins coming from food.
Eat foods rich in fiber. There is a lot of it in fruits, vegetables, fresh herbs, and whole grain cereals. Dietary fiber speeds up the passage of food and normalizes weight.
Prepare dishes using vegetable fats, stew and cook. Baked and fried foods are heavy foods that strain the pancreas, liver, and bile ducts.
Consume drinks and food warm, not hot or cold. Burns and disorders of the epithelium of the esophagus and intestines lead to ulcers or cancer.
To prevent diseases of the digestive system, drink one and a half to two liters of water a day. Tea, coffee and other drinks do not count.
Do not stretch your stomach by overeating. Small portions and frequent (up to 6 times a day) meals are considered the norm for reducing body weight.
Eat at the same time every day.

Do not neglect proper nutrition, as this is the basis for the prevention of diseases of the human digestive system.

Smoking

Nicotine causes pathological changes in the digestive system. The mucous membranes of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and digestive glands suffer.

Hot smoke with nicotine resins, entering the mouth, disrupts the formation of the digestive bolus, as it reduces the production of saliva.
Deposited on tooth enamel and gums, toxic substances destroy them, causing caries, periodontal disease, and gingivitis.
The esophagus and stomach react to a smoker’s puffs by narrowing blood vessels and changing the acidity of gastric juice. The result is heartburn, nausea, vomiting and impaired blood supply to the mucous membranes. Against this background, they become expressed and ulcers and cancer form.
The effect on the liver is expressed in increased load, stagnation of bile, which ends in cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Excessive intensity of the organ's work to neutralize toxins leads to cirrhosis.
The reaction of the pancreas to the influx of poisons is a pathology in the production of enzymes for digesting food. The result of the disorders is chronic pancreatitis, duodenal ulcer, diabetes.
In the intestines, under the influence of nicotine, the absorption of nutrients is impaired. Problems with fat metabolism, vitamin deficiency, and colitis appear.
Dysfunction of blood flow in the intestines causes hemorrhoids and bleeding nodes.

To prevent gastrointestinal diseases, stop smoking. In the first 2-3 months, do not drink coffee and tea, which stimulate the desire to smoke. If you can't quit smoking, That:

reduce the number of cigarettes you smoke per day;
do not replace food intake with a cigarette;
do not smoke on an empty stomach;
Don't drink coffee after smoking a cigarette.

Disturbances in the absorption of food can be corrected by following a diet and taking medications to improve digestion.

Mezim

Mezim is indicated for reducing the amount of one’s own digestive enzymes, for problems with metabolism, and for inflammatory processes in the gastric mucosa. 1-2 tablets should be taken whole before or during meals, without chewing and with plenty of liquid (fruit juice, water). The maximum dose of mezim for adults and adolescents over 12 years of age should not exceed 15-20 thousand euros. pharm. units lipase/kg, for children – 1.5 thousand euros. pharm. units lipase/kg. Contraindications: hypersensitivity to pancreatin, acute pancreatitis, intestinal obstruction due to mechanical obstruction.

Festal

The drug helps to quickly improve digestive processes due to the constituents of pancreatin, hemicellulose and bovine bile powder. Contraindicated for:

Take 1-2 tablets 3 times a day during or immediately after meals. Do not chew, drink with a small amount of liquid.

Enzistal

Indication for disorders of chewing processes in persons with prosthetic teeth, damaged jaws or gums. Side effects: allergic manifestations in the form of rash and tearing, nausea, diarrhea, stomach discomfort. Take 1 tablet (dragée) 3 times a day during or after meals.

Somilaza

The drug compensates for the deficiencies of digestive enzymes by breaking down plant and animal fats. It has no contraindications, except for the presence of individual intolerance. Take 1-2 tablets whole 3 times a day during/after meals.

Emotional instability

Stress affects appetite, food digestion, and gastrointestinal functionality. Since it is difficult not to react to negativity, learn to keep your emotions in check. Do not enter into conflicts, take care of your nerve cells. Modern recommendations are to master meditation practices, auto-training and control of psychological state.

You need to learn patience while resting. Try to stock up on positive emotions for future use. If staying calm doesn’t help, then change your exhausting job, unfriendly environment or lifestyle.

Tips for maintaining stress resistance to prevent digestive diseases:

proper nutrition high in vitamin D, eat fish - tuna, salmon, mackerel;
sunbathing outdoors or in a solarium, ultraviolet radiation increases vitamin D levels;
fitness for physical relaxation;
psychological trainings, self-analysis, discussion of problems with a psychologist.

Effect of drugs

Most medications have side effects. Consider the risks before self-medicating. Read the instructions about what a particular medicine affects, and discard it if it says it has a negative effect on the digestive system.

For example, dysbiosis is the result of uncontrolled use of antibiotics, laxatives and sorbents. Preparations with calcium and potassium affect the esophagus, aspirin causes irritation of the gastric mucosa.

Antibiotics are in first place among the dangerous consequences for the gastrointestinal tract. They destroy harmful organisms and beneficial microflora. After antibiotic therapy, it is necessary to treat intestinal dysfunction and restore the balance of beneficial microorganisms. List of recommended products:

lactobacilli - Regulin, Biobakton;
bifidobacterial - Biosporin, Bibinorm;
symbiotics - Linex, Bifidin;
probiotics plus prebiotics - Normobact, Algilak;
sorbents - activated carbon, Bifidumbacterin Forte.

Calamus infusion. Healthy food promotion is promoted by drinking an infusion of calamus rhizomes. The finished product is made from a spoonful of dry raw materials into a glass of boiling water by steaming and settling. Divide the prepared strained solution in half and drink twice during the day. Contraindication: excess weight, since the product causes appetite.
Anise fruit. They need to be crushed, then take a spoon into a glass of boiling water. Infuse for half an hour in a warm place, take half a glass three times a day. Relieves flatulence.
Basil tea. The product is brewed and settled for 30 minutes. Then the clear solution is drained and divided into two doses per day. Eliminates bloating.
Angelica pharmaceutical. It is a poisonous plant, but in recommended doses it helps fight insufficiency of juice secretion in the stomach. The roots are crushed, a 20 g portion is boiled in a glass of water for 10 minutes. Then the composition is filtered and taken twice a day.
The recommended remedy is chamomile decoctions and calendula. They are effective against inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract and prevent the spread of harmful microorganisms. Take a quarter cup of herbs brewed in a tablespoon per 500 ml of boiling water 20 minutes before each meal.
Drink in the morning to improve digestion apple cider vinegar or lemon water. A teaspoon of vinegar and a slice of lemon per glass is enough.

Those that normalize digestion include lavender and lemon balm tea, infusions of yarrow and ginger root, and drinking chicory drink.

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