Functional bowel disorder: possible causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, diagnosis, ICD code, treatment and prevention. Digestive disorders in young children: the possibility of correction with functional foods
According to statistics, about 20% of the population suffer from various manifestations of dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, the structure of which directly includes the intestines. The most common diseases include indigestion or the so-called "irritable bowel syndrome". Contents:
Etiology of the disease
Functional disruption of the intestines is a pathological process in the body associated with a malfunction of the organ. It is characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and bowel habits in the absence of specific factors.
Intestinal disorders manifest themselves at any age, regardless of gender. There are many reasons for the appearance of this pathological process in the body, among which it is worth highlighting the following:
In the case of surgical therapy of individual organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
Long-term therapy with the use of antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antitumor and hormonal, narcotic and other drugs. Irrational intake of medications.
The presence of bad habits: smoking, alcohol, stimulating excessive production of gastric juice.
Also, one of the factors contributing to the appearance of a functional bowel disorder is the use of food and water from certain regions during a business trip or travel.
The main reasons for the development of intestinal dysfunction in children include: intestinal infections and coli, salmonellosis and other types of food poisoning.
Due to the fact that there are many factors contributing to the development of functional disorders of the intestine, and all of them are different in terms of the level of danger to the life and health of patients, it is not recommended to engage in self-treatment of this disease.
First of all, for successful therapy, it is necessary to exclude the presence of probable causes that can cause intestinal disorders. Accordingly, it is very important to adhere to the correct balanced diet, good rest and systematic power loads.
Factors causing the manifestation of intestinal disorders
Self-diagnosis of a functional bowel disorder at the initial stage is significantly problematic, and in most cases it is simply impossible. This is due to the fact that this disease is functional and that is why it is quite difficult to confirm it with a variety of diagnostic procedures and laboratory tests.
The only characteristic factor indicating the presence of intestinal disorders is pronounced discomfort that unites all pathological processes in the body.
In addition to the characteristic manifestations, functional bowel disorder is often accompanied by symptoms of chronic intoxication. It manifests itself in the presence of headaches, weakness, increased sweating, respiratory failure and abdominal cramps.
Also, intestinal dysfunction is accompanied by the development of skin diseases (psoriasis, rashes, acne). There is a decrease in the elasticity of cartilage tissue and the aging process in the body is accelerated.
In the chronic form of the disease, the patient experiences the occurrence of arthritis, an imbalance in the activity of the cardiovascular system, the formation of kidney stones, frequent convulsions, jumps in blood pressure and the development of vegetative dystonia.
In each individual case, depending on the type of pathology and the stage of its course, the symptoms of intestinal dysfunction in each patient are different. The presence of all signs of this disease is simultaneously excluded.
If discomfort persists for a long period of time, without reducing its intensity, but only progressing, you should immediately contact a doctor for a consultation and undergo a full examination.
Functional bowel dysfunction in children
Intestinal dysfunction in a child is a fairly common pathological process. A sufficient level of information about the causes of this disease will allow parents to timely identify the first symptoms and help their child at any age.
The main causes of imbalance in the work of the intestines:
- The development of the organs of the digestive system at an insufficient level, which are not yet adapted to the natural assimilation of individual foods. In most cases, it refers to infants.
- The etiology of dysfunction in older patients is similar to adult causes. These include a psychosomatic state, infection of the body and organs of the gastrointestinal tract with a variety of pathogens.
- The course of the disease in children is significantly different from adults. This is due to the fact that the child's body is more difficult to tolerate diarrhea and its accompanying symptoms.
- The duration of the disease significantly exceeds the time and is not eliminated naturally without intervention from outside. Without medical assistance, it will be impossible to normalize the functioning of the intestines in a baby. It is impossible to start the disease, since there is a high probability that ordinary diarrhea can be transformed into dysbiosis.
Malfunctions in the digestive system contribute to the development of an imbalance in many metabolic processes, which in turn significantly worsens overall health.
Typical symptoms in children:
- Weakened immune system
- Weakness, lethargy
- Excessive irritability
- Decreased alertness
The nature of this disease in children is infectious and non-infectious. Only after a thorough examination and establishment of the cause of the disorder, the attending physician, an exceptional children's profile, prescribes treatment.
Diagnosis of the disease
If bowel dysfunction has become a systematic phenomenon in the work of your body, you should immediately make an appointment with a profiling specialist. It is recommended to start a trip to the doctors with a therapist who will carry out an initial examination and issue a referral for a consultative examination to a specialist.
It can be:
- Gastroenterologist - specializes in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Based on the results of a gastroenterological examination, he will establish the causes of the disease and prescribe effective methods of therapy.
- A nutritionist will help you correctly balance dietary nutrition within the framework of a diagnosed disease.
- Proctologist - the main specialization is based on the pathological processes of the colon, which negatively affect the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.
The main diagnostic manipulations:
- Consultative examination of doctors of narrow specializations
- Physical examination
- Interviewing
- General analysis of urine and blood
- Coprogram
- Ultrasound examination of internal organs
- Colonoscopy of the intestine
- Rectoscopy
- Irrigoscopy
- CT scan
- Intestinal biopsy
This set of survey methods includes the most detailed information. In each individual case, doctors establish the necessary range of diagnostic procedures to determine the disease and prescribe the correct treatment. Diagnosis of functional disorders of the intestine is based on the use of an exclusive method of exclusion.
Based on the results of the examination, the cause and severity of the disease are determined, followed by the appointment of the correct therapy. Approximately about 20% of patients suffer from a chronic bowel disorder associated with the psychosomatic state of the person. In such cases, treatment consists of a course of psychotherapy and a mandatory change in habitual lifestyle.
Treatment of various forms of intestinal dysfunction
The key to successful treatment of intestinal dysfunctions is the identification and subsequent elimination of all causes of its occurrence. Also, special attention is paid to the normalization of the functioning of all organs of the digestive system.
Treatment methods used for bowel disorders:
- Therapeutic method: determination of dietary nutrition, meditation, lifestyle correction, visiting a psychiatrist.
- Drug therapy: is prescribed for severe forms of the course of this disease, depending on the characteristic manifestations of the disease. It can be fastening, laxatives, antibacterial drugs, antispasmodics. If disturbances in the work of the intestines are caused by somatic disorders, a course of taking antidepressants, antipsychotics is prescribed.
The physiotherapy complex consists of:
- Autogenic training
- Swimming in the pool
- Carrying out special exercise therapy
- Cryomassage
- Carbonic and bischofite baths
- interference currents
- Acupuncture
- Phytotherapy
- Low-intensity pulsed biosynchronized magnetotherapy
- The use of rectal tampons with sulfide or Tambukan mud in combination with reflex-segmental applications
- Electrophoresis and so on, depending on the form of the disease
Alternative methods of treatment are the use of various natural tinctures and decoctions. The following should be attributed to the most effective: peppermint, dried film of chicken stomach, chamomile, oak bark, cinnamon powder, dry partitions of walnuts, tansy, erect cinquefoil roots.
But it is worth remembering that treatment should be prescribed exclusively by a doctor. And only an integrated approach to treatment, after establishing the cause of the disease, will allow you to restore your health in the shortest possible time.
Also, do not forget that the methods of traditional medicine, with proper selection, can be effective only in the early stages of the development of the disease.
In the chronic or severe form of this disease, the exclusive use of alternative medicine can only harm health, aggravating the overall picture.
While watching the video, you will learn about food for the intestines.
Intestinal dysfunction is a fairly common disease that affects the body of every person throughout life. Timely diagnosis and properly selected treatment, supported by special dietary nutrition, will allow you to defeat this disease in the shortest possible time, normalizing all processes in the body.
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Intestinal dysfunction: causes and treatment of the disease, as well as its features in children
Approximately one fifth of the adult population of the planet, according to statistics, suffers from various manifestations of intestinal dysfunction. This disease occurs with some bowel disorders and is often called a bowel disorder or “irritable bowel syndrome”.
It manifests itself in the form of abdominal pain and stool disorders, for the occurrence of which there are no specific reasons. This disease is functional and, for this reason, is rarely confirmed by various laboratory tests.
Causes and symptoms of bowel dysfunction
Human internal organs: intestines
Bowel dysfunction occurs in people of all ages, from children to adults. The most common cause for the development of the disease is the constant stress of the patient. Also, the reasons for the development of intestinal dysfunction can be:
In addition to various infectious diseases, the cause of intestinal dysfunction may be an individual intolerance to certain foods from the diet. Therefore, in some cases, the disease occurs after the excessive consumption of fatty foods or foods that contain a large amount of fiber.
At times, allergic reactions to certain foods can cause intestinal dysfunction. Also, it occurs when eating incompatible products or bad, low-quality food. It is important to remember that as the pathology develops in the intestine, toxins begin to appear in it, which adversely affect the entire body of the patient.
Intestinal dysfunction in women can appear for special reasons. It occurs during the menstrual cycle, due to various hormonal disorders that can sometimes appear. Intestinal upset is characterized by various negative symptoms. These include:
- bloating
- pain in the intestines
- diarrhea
- constipation
Therefore, if during any examination an objective reason for the occurrence of any of the above symptoms is not revealed, then they can be caused precisely by intestinal dysfunction. Pain in the abdomen, most often appear in the morning, after sleep. They are characterized by varying intensity and can be both tolerable and quite strong.
Also in the morning, the patient may suffer from flatulence and persistent diarrhea. It is accompanied by a constant feeling of fullness in the intestines, which sometimes does not disappear even after a bowel movement. In addition to all this, the patient experiences rumbling in the abdomen, and mucus can often be found in the stool.
Pain and diarrhea associated with bowel dysfunction can often be particularly pronounced after meals or during times of stress. Some people may experience tenesmus, a false urge to have a bowel movement that causes pain or discomfort in the rectum.
These symptoms of bowel dysfunction can manifest themselves differently in different patients: in some they are pronounced, in others the opposite. However, if any symptoms do occur, then this is a completely objective reason to consult a specialist.
Read: Lymphoma of the intestine: symptoms that should alert
Intestinal disorders are a disease for which there are a number of reasons. It is accompanied by various symptoms, the manifestation of which in different people is differently expressed. The most common of these are: constipation, diarrhea, pain in the abdomen. If these symptoms occur, it is advisable to seek the advice of a specialist.
Treatment of bowel dysfunction
The doctor needs to determine the cause of bowel dysfunction
Before treating bowel dysfunction, the doctor must determine the cause of the disease. If the reason for its development was a long-term stressful condition, then the attending physician may recommend various relaxing activities to the patient: yoga, running, jogging, walking in the fresh air.
They help to relax the body and stabilize the state of the nervous system. If the stressful state does not go away and accompanies the patient for a very long time, then various sedatives and antidepressants can be attributed to him.
If the causes of bowel dysfunction are something else, then the following drugs can be prescribed depending on them:
To remove pain during intestinal dysfunction, sparex, niaspam, duspatalin, etc. are often used. They have a relaxing effect on the intestines and contribute to its normal contraction. However, in some cases, their use is prohibited because they contain peppermint oil, which should not be taken by women during pregnancy.
Intestinal dysfunction is also known as irritable bowel syndrome.
Laxatives soften the stool and help to normalize the process of defecation. When taking these medicines, the patient must drink plenty of fluids in order to protect the body from dehydration. Bowel dysfunction accompanied by diarrhea will require the use of various binders, such as imodium and loperamide.
They slow down the peristalsis of the intestine and increase the duration of the presence of feces in it. As a result of this, liquid stools have more time to thicken and bowel movements are normalized.
In case of bowel disorder, it is recommended to follow various diets, the therapeutic effect of which is similar to that of drugs. Patients who suffer from constipation need to take more fluids, eat bran bread, various oils, fish, meat, cereals. At the same time, it is extremely undesirable for them to drink coffee, which, kissels, chocolates and pastries from pastry.
With diarrhea, food that accelerates intestinal motility and the process of emptying it should be excluded from the patient's diet. The diet may include coffee, tea, dry biscuits. The use of kefir and cottage cheese is recommended, and eggs and meat are excluded for a while.
Special supplements containing beneficial bacteria can be added to food, contributing to the normalization of bowel function.
Treatment of bowel dysfunction is made depending on the reasons that caused the disease. If the cause of the disease is stress, then classes and drugs that have a calming effect on the nervous system are recommended. With constipation and diarrhea, it is recommended to take special medicines and various diets that help normalize bowel function.
Intestinal dysfunction in a child
Intestinal dysfunction is quite common in gastro-intestinal patients.
Intestinal upset in children is a fairly common disease, so parents need to know how it can be caused. In young children, intestinal disorders may be due to insufficient development of the digestive system, which is not adapted to the normal absorption of certain foods. Older children may suffer from bowel dysfunction for the same reasons as adults.
The differences are that in children and adults the disease passes with some differences. Children are less able to tolerate diarrhea and the symptoms that accompany it. Intestinal dysfunction in children lasts longer than in adults and does not go away on its own. The baby's body needs help to fight the disease. Parents should carefully follow the instructions of the pediatrician, as there is a danger that ordinary diarrhea will develop into dysbacteriosis, and this is a much more serious disease.
Read: Functional diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: the most common
Deviations from the normal functioning of the digestive system leads to disruption of various metabolic processes, which leads to a general deterioration in the state of all body systems. Of these, we can distinguish:
- decreased immunity
- decrease in attention and memory of the baby
- lethargy
- increased irritability
In children, this disease can be infectious or non-infectious in nature. The former are easier to diagnose and treat, while the latter will require a more serious analysis of symptoms and various tests. For non-infectious type of diarrhea, medications may be prescribed by the attending physician to fight microbes: the most likely culprits of the disorder. Inadequately treating diarrhea in a baby can lead to an acute form of the disease, which usually resolves within a week.
Bowel dysfunction has many additional symptoms
In cases where diarrhea and its accompanying symptoms last longer than usual, a chronic bowel disorder may occur. This form of the disease is characterized by the fact that even after the diarrhea stops, there may be isolated cases of nausea and vomiting, and sharp rises in temperature in the baby.
Diarrhea in older children can be caused by improper diet, lack of various vitamins, food poisoning, infections and allergic reactions. If diarrhea lasts more than a day, it is highly advisable to seek help from a specialist doctor.
These symptoms may be caused by certain diseases in children (scarlet fever, measles), which are not recommended for self-treatment, as it is dangerous for the child. The attending physician will conduct the necessary diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment. Indigestion in children differs depending on their age. So, in children under one year old, it can be caused by insufficient development of the digestive system, and in older children, the causes for intestinal dysfunction may be similar to the causes of this disease in adults.
In case of various symptoms of a pathology in a child, it is necessary to consult a doctor, since self-medication in this case can be dangerous for the health of the baby.
Intestinal dysfunction is a disease that affects up to 20% of the adult population of the planet. It can be characterized by various symptoms: pain in the abdomen, constipation, diarrhea. When treating a disease, it is necessary to correctly establish its cause, and then prescribe an adequate course of treatment, supported by a special diet.
Bowel dysfunction in children is somewhat more dangerous than in adults, especially if the child is less than one year old. Treatment of the disease in this case must be carried out only depending on the recommendations of a specialist doctor.
Irritable bowel syndrome - the topic of the video:
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Functional bowel disease in children
Professor A.I. Khavkin, N.S. Zhikhareva
Research Institute of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow ON THE. Semashko
Functional disorders (FN) of the gastrointestinal tract occupy one of the leading places in the structure of the pathology of the digestive system. For example, recurrent abdominal pain in children is functional in 90–95% of children and only 5–10% are associated with an organic cause. In about 20% of cases, chronic diarrhea in children is also based on functional disorders. Diagnosis of FN often causes significant difficulties for practitioners, leading to a large number of unnecessary examinations, and most importantly, to irrational therapy. At the same time, one often has to deal not so much with ignorance of the problem as with its misunderstanding.
According to modern concepts, FN is a multivariate combination of gastrointestinal symptoms without structural or biochemical disorders (D.A. Drossman, 1994).
FN is most often caused by a violation of the nervous and humoral regulation of the digestive tract. They have a different origin and can occur as a result of diseases or pathological conditions of the nervous system: immaturity of neuromuscular transmission, damage (ischemia or hemorrhage) of the brain stem and upper cervical parts of the spinal cord, trauma to the upper cervical region, intracranial hypertension, myelodysplasia, infection, tumor, vascular aneurysm, etc. .
An attempt to create a classification of functional disorders in childhood was undertaken by the Committee on Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Multinational Working Teams to Develop Criteria for Functional Disorders, University of Monreal, Quebec, Canada). This classification is based on clinical criteria, depending on the prevailing symptoms:
irritable bowel syndrome
Intestinal functional disorders according to ICD10 include irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In the same group, domestic authors include functional flatulence, functional constipation, functional diarrhea.
IBS is a functional intestinal disorder manifested by abdominal pain and/or defecation disorders and/or flatulence. IBS is one of the most common diseases in gastroenterological practice: 40-70% of patients who visit a gastroenterologist have IBS. It can manifest itself at any age, incl. in children. The ratio of girls and boys is 24:1.
The following are symptoms that can be used to diagnose IBS (Rome, 1999):
Pain syndrome is characterized by a variety of manifestations: from diffuse dull pain to acute, spasmodic; from persistent to paroxysmal abdominal pain. Duration of pain episodes - from several minutes to several hours. In addition to the main "diagnostic" criteria, the patient may experience the following symptoms: increased urination, dysuria, nocturia, dysmenorrhea, fatigue, headache, back pain. Changes in the mental sphere in the form of anxiety and depressive disorders occur in 40-70% of patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
In 1999, diagnostic criteria for irritable bowel syndrome were developed in Rome. This is the presence of abdominal discomfort or pain for 12 optionally consecutive weeks in the last 12 months, in combination with two of the following three signs:
IBS is a diagnosis of exclusion, but for a complete diagnosis, the patient needs to conduct a lot of invasive studies (colonoscopy, cholecystography, pyelography, etc.), so it is very important to conduct a thorough history taking of the patient, identify symptoms, and then conduct the necessary studies.
Functional abdominal pain
In various classifications, this diagnosis occupies a different place. According to D.A. Drossman, functional abdominal pain (FAB) is an independent variant of the FN of the gastrointestinal tract. Some physicians consider FAB as part of the ulcer-like type of functional dyspepsia or as a variant of IBS. According to the classification developed by the Committee for the Study of Functional Disorders in Children, FAD is considered as a disorder manifested by abdominal pain, along with functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal migraine and aerophagia.
This disease is very common. So, according to H.G. Reim et al., in children with abdominal pain in 90% of cases there is no organic disease. Transient episodes of abdominal pain occur in children in 12% of cases. Of these, only 10% manage to find the organic basis of these abdominalgias.
The clinical picture is dominated by complaints of abdominal pain, which is more often localized in the umbilical region, but can also occur in other regions of the abdomen. Intensity, nature of pain, frequency of attacks are very variable. Concomitant symptoms are loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches; constipation is rare. In these patients, as well as in patients with IBS, there is increased anxiety and psycho-emotional disorders. From the whole clinical picture, characteristic symptoms can be distinguished, based on which it is possible to diagnose FAB:
In terms of diagnosis, it should be noted that this, like other FN of the gastrointestinal tract, FAB, is a diagnosis of exclusion, and it is very important to exclude not only other pathology of the patient's digestive system, but also the pathology of the genitourinary and cardiovascular systems.
In children of the first year of life, the diagnosis of functional abdominal pain is not made, and a condition with similar symptoms is called infantile colic, i.e. an unpleasant, often discomforting feeling of fullness or squeezing in the abdominal cavity in children of the first year of life.
Clinically, children's colic occurs, as in adults, abdominal pain of a spastic nature, but unlike adults in a child, this is expressed by prolonged crying, anxiety, and twisting of the legs.
Abdominal migraine
Abdominal pain with abdominal migraine is most common in children and young men, but it is often detected in adults. The pain is intense, diffuse in nature, but sometimes it can be localized in the navel, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, blanching and cold extremities. Vegetative concomitant manifestations can vary from mild, moderately pronounced to bright vegetative crises. The duration of pain ranges from half an hour to several hours or even several days. Various combinations with migraine cephalgia are possible: the simultaneous appearance of abdominal and cephalgic pain, their alternation, the dominance of one of the forms with their simultaneous presence. When diagnosing, the following factors should be taken into account: the relationship of abdominal pain with migraine headache, provoking and accompanying factors characteristic of migraine, young age, family history, therapeutic effect of anti-migraine drugs, an increase in the velocity of linear blood flow in the abdominal aorta with dopplerography (especially during paroxysm) .
Functional stool retention and functional constipation
Constipation is caused by a violation of the processes of formation and promotion of feces throughout the intestine. Constipation is a chronic delay in bowel movements for more than 36 hours, accompanied by difficulty in the act of defecation, a feeling of incomplete emptying, discharge of small (
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Treatment of intestinal dysfunction
Intestinal dysfunction has been diagnosed in one fifth of the world's population. The disease manifests itself in the form of problems with the stool and pain in the abdomen. At the same time, special reasons for such disorders may not be noticed. Due to the specificity of the disease, and it is considered functional, it is difficult to detect pathology using a laboratory test.
Diagnosis of the disease
When dysfunction is already becoming a systematic phenomenon, it is not necessary to postpone an appointment with a doctor. First you need to contact a therapist, after an initial examination, he will issue a sheet with a referral for tests. Also, he receives a coupon for a consultation with a narrow specialist.
Who deals with gastrointestinal problems?
- Nutritionist. Helps patients to make a plan for a balanced diet, consults on the benefits of products. In this case, the food will be directed to the treatment of the pathological process.
- Gastroenterologist. A doctor who specializes in problems with the digestive system. After an additional examination is done, the physician will be able to understand the cause of the disease and prescribe effective therapy.
- Proctologist. A narrower specialist who understands intestinal pathologies. It is able to restore the normal functioning of the intestinal tract.
Examination complex for determining pathology
To obtain the most accurate information about the patient's condition, it will be necessary to conduct enough research manipulations. Each patient is expected to have their own set of procedures to determine the disease and prescribe therapeutic nutrition. Diagnostic measures will be aimed at studying the functional impairment of the organ.
After the results are received, the specialist can find out the cause and stage of the severity of the disease. One fifth of patients have intestinal dysfunction due to psychological disorders. In such a situation, a course of psychotherapy and a radical change in the daily schedule of life are expected.
Diagnostic manipulations:
- reception of a consultative nature with physicians of narrow specialties;
- interviewing;
- physical examination;
- the appointment of a general blood and urine test;
- coprogram;
- ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity and other internal organs;
- rectoscopy;
- colonoscopy;
- computed tomography or MRI;
- according to the indications, an intestinal biopsy is suggested.
If there are controversial points, then it is possible to carry out other procedures that allow you to get a better picture of the patient's condition.
Treatment of intestinal problems
To prescribe high-quality therapy for gastrointestinal problems, it is necessary to determine the cause of the disease. Provided that the manifestation of symptoms was affected by a stressful state that lasted a long period, relaxation therapy is assumed. It includes jogging, walking in the fresh air, yoga, attending pleasant events.
With the help of it, the patient's body will relax, and the nervous system will stabilize its condition. Provided that there is no positive effect from the doctor's appointments, it is possible to use sedatives and antidepressants.
In the presence of other reasons that led to a violation in the work of the intestine, other groups of drugs are prescribed:
- antidiarrheals - to eliminate prolonged diarrhea;
- antispasmodics - help relieve pain;
- laxatives - help to overcome constipation.
Often, to relieve pain when dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract is diagnosed, Niaspam, Sparex or Duspatalin are used. The drugs have a relaxing effect and allow you to establish a normal system of bowel contraction. Sometimes it is not recommended to include drugs from this line in therapy, since peppermint is present in the composition. For example, it is forbidden to use it for women who are carrying a child.
Under the influence of a laxative, the feces become soft, and the process of defecation is much easier. During the period of taking such drugs, the body needs a large amount of fluid to protect itself from possible dehydration.
If intestinal upset is accompanied by diarrhea, then you should use Imodium or Loperamide. Due to their action, intestinal peristalsis slows down, and the time the feces stay inside increases. As a result, the liquid state of feces has time to transform into a thicker one. Subsequently, the defecation process is normalized.
It is supposed to follow a certain meal schedule with a different diet. The therapeutic effect will be similar to that given by drugs. Provided that the patient is diagnosed with constipation, he needs to drink more fluids, eat bran bread, cereals, fish, butter. But coffee, jelly, pastries, chocolate and cocoa will have to be abandoned.
During the period of prolonged diarrhea, you should not eat food that accelerates peristalsis and the process of defecation. It is supposed to exclude eggs, meat products, but the restrictions are temporary. It is useful to include kefir, cottage cheese, dry biscuits and tea in the menu.
It is good to add special supplements to the diet, which will contain bacteria that normalize the functioning of the intestines.
Bowel problems in children
The pathological process in children is widespread, intestinal dysfunction in this category of patients is diagnosed regularly. Provided that parents have certain knowledge in this area, they will quickly notice early symptoms and help the baby. The child is not always able to talk about the problem and describe it correctly, so the responsibility falls on the shoulders of adults.
The main factors influencing the appearance of imbalance are:
- If we are talking about babies, then in this situation a lot comes down to the fact that the digestive system is not yet sufficiently developed. Also, a number of products are not able to absorb well in a natural way.
- The course of the disease is more severe than in adults. The child's body does not tolerate diarrhea and all the symptoms that accompany it.
- Intestinal dysfunction in children can manifest itself for the same reasons as in the older generation. The reason for the development of an imbalance may be a problem in the psychosomatic state, an infection in the body.
- The duration of the disease can be protracted, in order to stop the problem, certain measures are required. Without the use of medications, it is impossible to overcome dysfunction in babies. Treatment should be prescribed on time, as in some cases diarrhea transforms into dysbiosis.
The nature of the pathology in a child is not always infectious. Only a detailed examination can help in establishing the cause. The results of the analyzes are studied by a pediatric medical specialist.
Malfunctions in the digestive system entail a manifestation of an imbalance in a number of metabolic processes. This phenomenon can greatly affect your overall health.
Symptoms found in children:
- excessive irritability;
- weakened immune system;
- lethargy;
- inattention.
Functional bowel disorder is a pathological process associated with a violation of the absorption of nutrients. It manifests itself in the form of cramps and pain in the abdomen, flatulence, diarrhea or constipation. The disease can develop in a person of any age, regardless of gender. There are many reasons contributing to its occurrence: constant stress, acute and chronic intestinal infections, dysbacteriosis, individual intolerance to certain foods, genetic predisposition.
Often FGCT accompanies diabetes mellitus, inflammation of the genitourinary system in women, and cancer. Provoking factors are: the use of fatty, fried and salty foods, vegetable fiber; surgical interventions in the abdominal cavity.
Prolonged antibacterial, cytostatic and hormonal therapy contributes to disruption of the digestive system. Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are often found in people with bad habits. In children, such diseases develop against the background of intestinal infections, food poisoning and helminthic invasions. Since there are many causes of the disease, it is not possible to independently identify them. Treatment must begin with the elimination of provoking factors - the exclusion from the diet of certain foods, the rejection of bad habits and excessive physical exertion.
Clinical picture of the disease
The characteristic symptoms of FGID are pain in the abdomen, aggravated after food intake, emotional overstrain or stress. Increased gas formation is accompanied by rumbling in the abdomen and belching. Another sign of a functional bowel disorder is nausea, often ending in an attack of vomiting. Belching usually occurs some time after eating, it is associated with involuntary contractions of the diaphragm, pushing gases out of the stomach. Diarrhea develops against the background of severe irritation of the intestinal mucosa. The feces are dark in color, the act of defecation is accompanied by a pronounced pain syndrome. The chair happens up to 8 times a day.
A similar condition eventually gives way to constipation, bowel movements occur less than 3 times a week. This symptom may be associated with malnutrition, in which the diet lacks foods that stimulate peristalsis. This form of intestinal disorders is typical for children and the elderly. Tenesmus - false poses for defecation, accompanied by spasms and pain. Up to 20 attacks are observed during the day.
Intestinal disorders in helminthic invasions are characterized by the appearance of bloody impurities in the feces. In addition to typical signs, FGID may have common ones. Symptoms of intoxication of the body are manifested in the form of general weakness, respiratory failure, increased sweating and fever. Violation of the functions of the intestine negatively affects the condition of the skin. Acne, psoriasis, erythema are signals of a malfunction in the digestive system. There is a decrease in the amount of collagen produced and accelerated skin aging. Chronic forms of intestinal dysfunction contribute to the development of arthritis, heart failure, urolithiasis, hypertension and diabetes.
In children, the FGID has slightly different symptoms. The child's body is more difficult to tolerate diarrhea and its accompanying pathological conditions. The disease is characterized by a protracted course and in all cases requires immediate treatment. Ordinary diarrhea often develops into dysbacteriosis. Incorrect bowel function negatively affects the endocrine, nervous and immune systems. The child often gets sick, becomes lethargic, apathetic, inattentive.
Diagnosis and treatment of the disease
If FRGI becomes chronic, it is necessary to consult a gastroenterologist. A complete examination of the digestive system will reveal the cause of the violations. A dietitian is a specialist who will help the patient choose a diet plan based on the existing disease. Diagnosis begins with an examination and questioning of the patient, laboratory and hardware research methods - blood, urine and feces, FGDS, colonoscopy, barium enema and computed tomography.
Based on the results of the examination, the final diagnosis is made, the degree of functional impairment is determined. In every 5 cases, the cause of the FGID is psychological disorders. In such cases, the course of treatment includes psychotherapeutic techniques. Changes in lifestyle and diet are essential. Successful treatment of the disease is impossible without identifying and eliminating its cause.
Drug therapy is prescribed for the chronic course of the pathological process, which contributes to the deterioration of the general condition of the body. These can be laxatives, fixing or antibacterial drugs, prebiotics. Antidepressants are used for psychosomatic disorders.
Additionally, physiotherapy procedures are prescribed: auto-training, swimming, exercise therapy exercises, yoga, massage and therapeutic baths. Folk methods of treatment involve taking decoctions and infusions of medicinal plants. Peppermint, chamomile, mustard powder, duma bark, and walnut septa are most effective for FDGI. In case of violation of the functions of the intestine caused by helminthic invasions, the herb of tansy or wormwood is used. All these funds should be used only with the permission of a doctor, self-medication is unacceptable.
Due to stress, many people may experience functional disorders associated with the gastrointestinal tract. They are treated quickly and without much difficulty, but ignoring them can lead to serious consequences. Next, let's talk about the symptoms, causes and methods of therapy.
Functions of the gastrointestinal tract
Before considering the most popular functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in children and adults, it is necessary to understand what options this body system performs.
Most often, pathologies are associated with digestive problems. Most of them are not characterized by any organic changes such as infections, tumors, and so on. To understand the causes of disorders, you should know all the options of the gastrointestinal tract. Let's consider them.
- Motor. It allows you to chew, swallow, move food around the body and remove undigested residues. This function is carried out by the muscles.
- Suction. It ensures the consumption of all nutrients in the blood and lymph through the special walls of the tract.
- Excretory. Thanks to this function, various substances of metabolic products are excreted into the cavity of the gastrointestinal tract. It can be ammonia, salts and so on. After a while, they are completely eliminated from the body.
- Sector. This function allows you to produce gastric juice, saliva, bile and so on.
Each of the departments of the gastrointestinal tract performs its own special purpose. When functional at an early age and in adults, all options go astray. As a result, a person develops unpleasant symptoms. During the examination, the specialist does not find pathological disorders or changes in the organs. It is in this case that we are talking about functional problems.
General symptoms
In order for a person not to have such problems, he should adhere to all preventive recommendations. Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in children, the clinical manifestations of which we will consider below, and in adults have common indicators. Let's describe them.
The most common symptoms are pain in the intestines, stomach and some other organs. Heartburn can often occur. It becomes an indicator of changes in the level of acidity in the stomach.
Another symptom is chest pain. However, she talks not only about problems with the gastrointestinal tract, but also about the heart. Belching, bloating, nausea, and a lump in the throat are common symptoms. But they can also indicate other pathologies, as they are popular manifestations.
Causes of disorders in the gastrointestinal tract
For various reasons, functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract may appear. ICD-10 code: from K00 to K93. These classes bring together all the problems associated with the digestive tract.
It should be noted that modern diagnostic methods have revealed the following fact: problems with the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract do not affect the functions of the system itself. In the 80s of the last century, a theory appeared that the state of the tract was affected by a psychogenic factor. However, most of the patients who had a similar pathology did not have any problems with the psyche. That is why in modern times one of the main causes is considered to be a violation of the perception of a certain type of impulses sent. A person may be aware of them as pain. Any disease of the nervous system can cause such a reaction. Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract can occur due to bad habits, stress, medication, and so on.
Most Popular Issues
Common problems are Heartburn. If we talk about more severe symptoms, then laryngitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia with cases of relapse, and so on can occur. This problem is manifested by the fact that the contents of the stomach are thrown into the esophagus.
Frequent functional disturbance of the gastrointestinal tract (MBK-10 code: K30) is dyspepsia. It is characterized by pain in the epigastric region, as well as other unpleasant sensations. Most often, this disease occurs due to problems with motor function that appear in the upper sections of the tract.
Another popular syndrome - It causes flatulence, rumbling, diarrhea and constipation. Such symptoms are formed due to problems with the nervous system and hormones.
Reflux disease
This ailment can appear due to a hernia, increased pressure, eating a large amount of fatty foods, reducing the tone of the esophagus. The problem is manifested by heartburn, belching, pain. There may also be pressure that occurs after eating. That is why it is important not to drink alcohol, juices and sparkling water.
In advanced cases, the patient develops dysphagia, chest pressure, vomiting, and salivary secretions. Pain can be given to the arm, neck, back, and so on.
The most common problem is the manifestation of reflux without the formation of esophagitis. For diagnosis, tools such as a general urinalysis, a test for certain bacteria, an abdominal ultrasound, and others can be used. To exclude serious pathologies, you should also visit a cardiologist, pulmonologist, ENT and surgeon.
The problem is treated based on symptoms. Nitrates, theophylline, calcium, and beta-blockers may be prescribed. If the patient has a disturbed diet, then you should start to follow a diet. You need to eat vegetables, eggs, fruits, especially those that contain vitamin A. Drinks and foods that have an absorbing effect should be excluded. You need to eat six times a day in small portions. After a meal, you should rest, do not exercise and do not tilt your torso.
functional dyspepsia
Such a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract as dyspepsia should be considered separately. Let's describe the possible manifestations of the disease.
In the presence of a dyskinetic form of the problem, a person has a feeling of early satiety, overflow of the gastrointestinal tract, and bloating. Sometimes nausea may occur. With a non-specific form of the disease, a wide variety of symptoms can occur (not an agreed sentence). Most likely, all of them will be quite common as manifestations of other pathologies. Treatment depends on the complaints of the individual patient.
When diagnosing, special measures are taken to distinguish functional dyspepsia from biological. Stools, blood are taken for analysis, the body is checked for infections. You should also send feces for examination to check if they contain lymph.
If there is a need for drug treatment, then the patient is prescribed a special therapy for two months. Most often, antibiotics are prescribed, adsorbing, antisecretory and prokinetic drugs. It should be noted that there is no general treatment strategy. It depends entirely on the symptoms to be treated and the causes.
General Treatments
In order to cure functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to conduct a thorough diagnosis and exclude any organic changes. The complexity of therapy lies in the fact that all such problems can have a large number of causes and different symptoms.
The doctor gives such recommendations: give up bad habits, stop taking medications that can affect the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, start dieting. If the patient has problems with the psychological state (depression or hypochondria), then the specialist has the right to prescribe anxiolytics and other drugs of this group.
Disorders of the stomach
Problems with the stomach are also included in the list of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. (ICD-10: K31). They include a huge number of pathologies that affect functions such as motor and secretory. However, no major changes are recorded. There may be symptoms of dyspepsia, as well as pain. In order to make a diagnosis, various measures are prescribed, for example, probing, ultrasound or x-rays. Treatment is only medical. A big role is played by the diet and the rejection of bad habits.
Treatment of stomach problems
Therapy depends entirely on the cause of the appearance of a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract and separately on the stomach itself. Clinical features are also taken into account. You need to change your diet. Food should be taken four times a day. One of them should be accompanied by the use of a hot liquid dish. It is necessary to abandon those products that can irritate the mucous membrane. We are talking about marinated, fatty, spicy dishes. Most often, when such problems are identified in a patient, they are quickly resolved completely or partially by adjusting the diet and diet. Often in such situations there is even no need for medical treatment.
If the patient has neurovegetative functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and stomach, then they can be eliminated by taking anticholinergics with a sedative effect. Tranquilizers, herbal remedies also help well. In the most severe cases, antidepressants are prescribed.
If it is necessary to remove the pain effect and restore the motor option, then you should drink antispasmodics.
Forecast
In the presence of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (ICD code is written above in the article), as a rule, the prognosis is favorable. The main thing is to make a diagnosis in time and start treatment. It is important to work on your diet. Get rid of stress and get more rest. If the problem arose in adolescence, then it is likely to go away on its own within two to three years. This is due to the fact that on the basis of hormonal changes, the neurovegetative system begins to work poorly.
If you do not start treatment in time and start the problem, then more serious consequences may occur. Provocateurs are a violation of the diet, stress.
Results
As is clear from the above information, in order to avoid such problems, you should lead a healthy lifestyle, give up malnutrition and avoid stressful situations. Sometimes functional disorders can appear in adolescents due to hormonal changes in the body.
Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are one of the most widespread problems among children in the first months of life. A distinctive feature of these conditions is the appearance of clinical symptoms in the absence of any organic changes in the gastrointestinal tract (structural abnormalities, inflammatory changes, infections or tumors) and metabolic abnormalities. With functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, motor function, digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the activity of the immune system, can change. The causes of functional disorders often lie outside the affected organ and are due to a violation of the nervous and humoral regulation of the digestive tract.
In accordance with the Rome III criteria, proposed by the Committee on the Study of Functional Disorders in Children and the International Working Group on the Development of Criteria for Functional Disorders in 2006, functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in infants and children of the second year of life include:
- G1. Vomiting in infants.
- G2. Rumination syndrome in infants.
- G3. Syndrome of cyclic vomiting.
- G4. Colic in newborns.
- G5. functional diarrhea.
- G6. Painful and difficult bowel movements (dyschezia) in infants.
- G7. Functional constipation.
In infants, especially in the first 6 months of life, conditions such as regurgitation, intestinal colic and functional constipation are most common. In more than half of the children, they are observed in various combinations, less often - as one isolated symptom. Since the causes leading to functional disorders affect various processes in the gastrointestinal tract, the combination of symptoms in one child seems to be quite natural. So, after undergoing hypoxia, vegetative-visceral disorders may occur with a change in motility according to a hyper- or hypotonic type and disturbances in the activity of regulatory peptides, leading simultaneously to regurgitation (as a result of spasm or gaping of sphincters), colic (dysmotility of the gastrointestinal tract with increased gas formation) and constipation (hypotonic or due to intestinal spasm). The clinical picture is exacerbated by symptoms associated with a violation of the digestion of nutrients, due to a decrease in the enzymatic activity of the affected enterocyte, and leading to a change in the intestinal microbiocenosis.
The causes of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract can be divided into two groups: related to the mother and related to the child.
The first group of reasons includes:
- burdened obstetric history;
- emotional lability of a woman and a stressful situation in the family;
- nutritional errors in a nursing mother;
- violation of feeding technique and overfeeding with natural and artificial feeding;
- improper dilution of milk mixtures;
- woman smoking.
The reasons associated with the child are:
- anatomical and functional immaturity of the digestive organs (short abdominal esophagus, insufficiency of sphincters, reduced enzymatic activity, uncoordinated work of the gastrointestinal tract, etc.);
- violation of the regulation of the gastrointestinal tract due to the immaturity of the central and peripheral nervous system (intestine);
- features of the formation of intestinal microbiota;
- the formation of the sleep/wake rhythm.
The most common and most serious causes leading to regurgitation, colic and stool disorders are hypoxia (vegetative-visceral manifestations of cerebral ischemia), partial lactase deficiency and gastrointestinal form of food allergy. Often, in varying degrees of severity, they are observed in one child, since the consequences of hypoxia are a decrease in enzyme activity and an increase in the permeability of the small intestine.
Regurgitation (regurgitation) is understood as spontaneous reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus and oral cavity.
The frequency of regurgitation syndrome in children of the first year of life, according to a number of researchers, ranges from 18% to 50%. Regurgitation is predominantly noted in the first 4-5 months of life, much less often observed at the age of 6-7 months, after the introduction of more dense food - complementary foods, practically disappearing by the end of the first year of life, when the child spends most of the time in an upright position (sitting or standing).
The severity of the regurgitation syndrome, according to the recommendations of the ESPGHAN expert group, was proposed to be assessed on a five-point scale that reflects the cumulative characteristic of the frequency and volume of regurgitations (Table 1).
Infrequent and mild regurgitation is not regarded as a disease, since it does not cause changes in the health status of children. In children with persistent regurgitation (score from 3 to 5 points), complications are often noted, such as esophagitis, retardation in physical development, iron deficiency anemia, diseases of the upper respiratory tract. The clinical manifestations of esophagitis are loss of appetite, dysphagia, and hoarseness.
The next frequently occurring functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract in infants is intestinal colic - these are episodes of painful crying and anxiety of the child, which take at least 3 hours a day, occur at least 3 times a week. Usually their debut falls on 2-3 weeks of life, culminating in the second month, gradually disappearing after 3-4 months. The most typical time for intestinal colic is the evening hours. Attacks of crying occur and end suddenly, without any external provoking causes.
The frequency of intestinal colic, according to various sources, ranges from 20% to 70%. Despite a long period of study, the etiology of intestinal colic remains not entirely clear.
Intestinal colic is characterized by sharp painful crying, accompanied by reddening of the face, the child takes a forced position, pressing his legs to his stomach, there are difficulties with the passage of gases and stools. Noticeable relief comes after a bowel movement.
Episodes of intestinal colic cause serious concern to parents, even if the child's appetite is not disturbed, he has a normal weight curve, grows and develops well.
Intestinal colic occurs with almost the same frequency both on natural and artificial feeding. It is noted that the lower the birth weight and gestational age of the child, the higher the risk of developing this condition.
In recent years, much attention has been paid to the role of the intestinal microflora in the occurrence of colic. So, in children with these functional disorders, changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota are detected, characterized by an increase in the number of opportunistic microorganisms and a decrease in the protective flora - bifidobacteria and especially lactobacilli. The increased growth of proteolytic anaerobic microflora is accompanied by the production of gases with potential cytotoxicity. In children with severe intestinal colic, the level of an inflammatory protein, calprotectin, often increases.
Functional constipation is one of the common disorders of bowel function and is detected in 20-35% of children in the first year of life.
Constipation is understood as an increase in the intervals between defecation acts in comparison with the individual physiological norm for more than 36 hours and / or systematically incomplete emptying of the intestine.
The frequency of stools in children is considered normal if at the age of 0 to 4 months there are from 7 to 1 act of defecation per day, from 4 months to 2 years from 3 to 1 bowel movement. Defecation disorders in infants also include dyschezia - painful defecation caused by dyssynergy of the pelvic floor muscles, and functional stool retention, which is characterized by an increase in the intervals between defecation acts, combined with soft feces, large diameter and volume.
In the mechanism of development of constipation in infants, the role of colon dyskinesia is great. The most common cause of constipation in children of the first year of life are alimentary disorders.
The absence of a clearly defined boundary between functional disorders and pathological conditions, as well as the presence of long-term consequences (chronic inflammatory gastroenterological diseases, chronic constipation, allergic diseases, sleep disorders, disorders in the psycho-emotional sphere, etc.) dictate the need for a careful approach to the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
Treatment of infants with functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract is complex and includes a number of successive stages, which are:
- explanatory work and psychological support for parents;
- diet therapy;
- drug therapy (pathogenetic and post-syndromic);
- non-drug treatment: therapeutic massage, water exercises, dry immersion, music therapy, aromatherapy, aeroionotherapy.
The presence of regurgitation dictates the need to use symptomatic positional (postural) therapy - changing the position of the child's body, aimed at reducing the degree of reflux and helping to clear the esophagus from gastric contents, thereby reducing the risk of esophagitis and aspiration pneumonia. The baby should be fed in a sitting position, with the baby's body position at an angle of 45-60 °. After feeding, it is recommended to hold the baby in an upright position, and for a sufficiently long time, until the air is released, for at least 20-30 minutes. Postural treatment should be carried out not only throughout the day, but also at night, when the clearance of the lower esophagus from aspirate is disturbed due to the absence of peristaltic waves (caused by the act of swallowing) and the neutralizing effect of saliva.
The leading role in the treatment of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in children belongs to therapeutic nutrition. The purpose of diet therapy, first of all, depends on the type of feeding of the child.
With natural feeding, first of all, it is necessary to create a calm environment for the nursing mother, aimed at maintaining lactation, to normalize the feeding regimen of the child, excluding overfeeding and aerophagy. Foods that increase gas formation in the intestines (sweet: confectionery, tea with milk, grapes, curd pastes and cheeses, soft drinks) and rich in extractive substances (meat and fish broths, onions, garlic, canned food, marinades, pickles) are excluded from the mother’s diet. , sausages).
According to some authors, functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract can occur as a result of food intolerance, most often allergies to cow's milk proteins. In such cases, the mother is prescribed a hypoallergenic diet, whole cow's milk and products with a high allergenic potential are excluded from her diet.
In the process of organizing diet therapy, it is necessary to exclude overfeeding of the child, especially with free feeding.
In the absence of the effect of the above measures, with persistent regurgitation, “thickeners” (for example, Bio-rice water) are used, which are diluted with breast milk and given from a spoon before breastfeeding.
It must be remembered that even pronounced functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are not an indication for transferring a child to mixed or artificial feeding. The persistence of symptoms is an indication for an additional in-depth examination of the child.
With artificial feeding, it is necessary to pay attention to the feeding regimen of the child, to the adequacy of the choice of the milk formula corresponding to the functional characteristics of his digestive system, as well as its volume. It is advisable to introduce into the diet adapted dairy products enriched with pre- and probiotics, as well as sour-milk mixtures: Agusha sour-milk 1 and 2, NAN Sour-milk 1 and 2, Nutrilon sour-milk, Nutrilak sour-milk. If there is no effect, products specially created for children with functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are used: NAN Comfort, Nutrilon Comfort 1 and 2, Frisovoy 1 and 2, Humana AR, etc.
If the violations are due to lactase deficiency, the child is gradually introduced lactose-free mixtures. For food allergies, specialized products based on highly hydrolyzed milk protein may be recommended. Since one of the causes of regurgitation, colic and stool disorders are neurological disorders due to previous perinatal damage to the central nervous system, dietary correction should be combined with drug treatment prescribed by a pediatric neurologist.
Both with artificial and natural feeding between feedings, it is advisable to offer the child drinking water for children, especially with a tendency to constipation.
Children with regurgitation syndrome deserve special attention. If there is no effect from the use of standard milk formulas, it is advisable to prescribe antireflux products (AP mixtures), the viscosity of which is increased by introducing specialized thickeners into their composition. For this purpose, two types of polysaccharides are used:
- indigestible (gums that form the basis of carob bean gluten (KRD));
- digestible (rice or potato starches) (Table 2).
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KRD, of course, is an interesting component in the composition of baby food, and I would like to dwell on its properties in more detail. The main physiologically active component of CRD is the polysaccharide galactomannan. It belongs to the group of dietary fibers and performs two interrelated functions. In the stomach cavity, KRD provides a more viscous consistency of the mixture and prevents regurgitation. At the same time, KRD belongs to non-degradable, but fermentable dietary fibers, which gives this compound classic prebiotic properties.
The term "non-degradable dietary fiber" refers to their resistance to the effects of pancreatic amylase and disachidase of the small intestine. The concept of “fermentable dietary fiber” reflects their active fermentation by the beneficial microflora of the colon, primarily bifidobacteria. As a result of such fermentation, a number of physiological effects important for the body occur, namely:
- increases (tens of times) the content of bifidobacteria in the cavity of the colon;
- in the process of fermentation, metabolites are formed - short-chain fatty acids (acetic, butyric, propionic), which contribute to a shift in pH to the acid side and improve the trophism of intestinal epithelial cells;
- due to the growth of bifidobacteria and a change in the pH of the medium to the acidic side, conditions are created for the suppression of opportunistic intestinal microflora and the composition of the intestinal microbiota improves.
The positive effect of CRD on the composition of the intestinal microflora in children of the first year of life has been described in a number of studies. This is one of the important aspects of the use of modern AP mixtures in pediatric practice.
Mixtures containing KRD (gum) have a proven clinical effect in functional constipation. An increase in the volume of intestinal contents due to the development of beneficial intestinal microflora, a change in the pH of the medium to the acid side and moistening of the chyme contribute to an increase in intestinal motility. An example of such mixtures are Frisov 1 and Frisov 2. The first is intended for children from birth to 6 months, the second - from 6 to 12 months. These mixtures can be recommended both in full and in part, in the amount of 1/3-1/2 of the required volume in each feeding, in combination with the usual adapted milk formula, until a stable therapeutic effect is achieved.
Another group of AR mixtures are products that include starches as a thickener, which act only in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and the positive effect occurs when they are used in full. These mixtures are indicated for children with less pronounced regurgitation (1-3 points), both with normal stools and with a tendency to thin. Among the products of this group, the NAN Antireflux mixture stands out, which has double protection against regurgitation: due to a thickener (potato starch), which increases the viscosity of gastric contents and a moderately hydrolyzed protein, which increases the speed of gastric emptying and additionally prevents constipation.
At present, an updated anti-reflux mixture Humana AR has appeared on the Russian consumer market, which contains locust bean gum (0.5 g) and starch (0.3 g) at the same time, which makes it possible to enhance the functional effect of the product.
Despite the fact that AR mixtures are complete in composition and are designed to provide the physiological needs of the child for nutrients and energy, according to international recommendations, they belong to the group of baby food products “for special medical purposes” (Food for special medical purpose). Therefore, the products of this group should be used strictly in the presence of clinical indications, on the recommendation of a physician and under medical supervision. The duration of the use of AR mixtures should be determined individually and can be quite long, about 2-3 months. Transfer to an adapted milk formula is carried out after reaching a stable therapeutic effect.
Literature
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- Frolkis A.V. Functional diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. L.: Medicine, 1991, 224 p.
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T. E. Borovik*,
V. A. Skvortsova*, Doctor of Medical Sciences
G. V. Yatsyk*, doctor of medical sciences, professor
N. G. Zvonkova*, Candidate of Medical Sciences
S. G. Gribakin**, doctor of medical sciences, professor
*NTsZD RAMS, **RMAPO, Moscow
The medical term functional bowel disorders is used to combine pathologies when several functions are impaired, mainly in the middle and lower sections of the intestinal tract, caused by organic, biochemical, abnormal (tumors) changes. The symptoms of the condition are varied and depend on the causes of the pathology. The condition is not diagnosed by standard methods, but requires a more in-depth analysis carried out in a complex. Therapy is prescribed depending on the causes and predominant symptoms of the disorder. With an early response, the prognosis is favorable.
What is this pathology?
Intestinal dysfunction is classified as a pathological process that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract and is associated with a change in the performance of the organ. The functions of the lower and middle intestines are predominantly disordered, which is manifested by constant abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating and other disturbances in the behavior of the organ in the absence of known factors.
In older children and infants, the nature of intestinal dysfunction is infectious or non-infectious. Only a pediatrician can determine the cause, choose a treatment.
Classification
Bowel dysfunction, depending on the predominant symptom, is divided into the following types:
- functional constipation, diarrhea or flatulence;
- functional abdominal pain.
In turn, each type is divided into the following subtypes:
- Diarrhea disorder:
- with impurities of mucus 2-4 rubles / day, more often in the morning or after breakfast;
- with sudden, irresistible urge to defecate;
- with retreat at night.
- Constipation disorder:
- lasting 2 days or more;
- alternately occurring after diarrhea;
- with a feeling of incomplete emptying, ribbon-like stools, or masses like "sheep's feces."
- Dysfunction with a predominance of abdominal pain and flatulence, characterized by:
- cramping pains with increased gas formation;
- pain when probing spasmodic areas of the intestine;
- increasing discomfort with the urge to go to the toilet and weakening after defecation.
The main symptoms of violations
When the bowel function is disturbed, the following characteristic symptoms appear:
Chronic intestinal dysfunction is manifested by arthritis, a malfunction in the functioning of the cardiovascular system, kidney stone formation, the appearance of frequent convulsions, jumps in blood pressure and the development of VVD (dystonia). In each case, the symptoms are different, so the presence of all symptoms at the same time is impossible.
Characteristic manifestations in infants or older patients:
- decreased immunity;
- weakness, lethargy;
- irritability;
- pronounced carelessness.
Causes and factors of functional bowel disorder
Functional bowel disorder, unspecified, can be triggered by two main factors:
- exogenous, that is, external, often caused by psycho-emotional failures;
- endogenous, that is, internal, developing against the background of a decrease in visceral sensitivity, weak intestinal motor activity.
Reasons for children
Problem provocateurs in adults
The main cause of irritable bowel syndrome is stress and an intense lifestyle, there are a number of provocative factors that prevent the intestinal tract from working normally:
- chronic fatigue, stress;
- neuroses, hysteria;
- violation of the usual diet;
- unhealthy daily menu;
- insufficient drinking;
- long-term use of antibiotics;
- dysbacteriosis;
- infections, poisoning;
- gynecological problems in women;
- hormonal disruptions during menopause, pregnancy, menstruation.
Diagnostics
For a thorough examination, you need to contact a specialist.
If there is suspicious discomfort in the intestines, you should contact a specialist for a thorough examination of the body. You need to consult a therapist who will determine a narrow specialist for further examination. We are talking about a gastroenterologist, nutritionist, proctologist, neurologist, psychotherapist. Functional bowel disorder, unspecified, is diagnosed as follows:
- consultations of specialists in narrow areas;
- physical examination, evaluation of complaints;
- general analyzes of urine, blood, feces (detailed coprogram);
- colonoscopy, rectoscopy, irrigoscopy;
The impaired function is diagnosed, as well as the provoking factor is established, based on the modern method of exclusion.
Pathology therapy
An important reminder to anyone suffering from intestinal dysfunction is to stop doing it yourself. Any self-medication is fraught with serious consequences, worsening of symptoms. Successful therapy is the correct identification of the causative factor and its effective elimination. It is important to stabilize the work of all organs of the digestive tract.
General rules
Therapy for intestinal disorders is based on a radical change in lifestyle and nutrition. To do this, patients are advised to adhere to the following rules:
- Do not be nervous, avoid stressful situations.
- Regularly relax, meditate, take a warm bath.
- Go in for sports and do simple exercises if the work is sedentary (prevention of constipation).
- Give up alcohol, coffee, smoking.
- More often walk in the fresh air, relax.
- Eat lactic acid bacteria and probiotic foods (fermented yogurts, cheeses, kefirs).
- Avoid snacking in bars, restaurants with a dubious reputation.
- Limit the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables for diarrhea.
- Do abdominal massage, perform aerobic exercise.
