Cranial fossae table. Anatomy: Internal base of the skull (basis cranii interna). Anterior fossa of the skull
Scull formed by paired and unpaired bones, firmly connected by sutures. It serves as a container and support for vital organs. The cavities formed by the bones of the skull contain the brain, as well as the organs of vision, hearing, balance, smell, and taste, which are the most important sense organs. The cranial nerves exit through numerous openings in the bones of the base of the skull, and the arteries that supply them pass to the brain and other organs. The skull consists of two sections: the brain and the facial. The section in which the brain is located is called brain skull. The second section, which forms the bone base of the face, the initial parts of the digestive and respiratory systems, is called facial skull.
Rice. Structure of the human skull (side view): 1 – parietal bone, 2 – coronal suture, 3 – frontal bone, 4 – sphenoid bone, 5 – ethmoid bone, 6 – lacrimal bone, 7 – nasal bone, 8 – temporal fossa, 9 – anterior nasal bone, 10 – upper jaw, 11 – lower jaw, 12 – zygomatic bone, 13 – zygomatic arch, 14 – styloid process, 15 – condylar process, 16 – mastoid process, 17 – external auditory canal, 18 – lamdoid suture, 19 – occipital bone, 20 – temporal lines, 21 – temporal bone. Structure of the human skull (front view): 1 - coronal suture, 2 - parietal bone, 3 - orbital part of the frontal bone, 4 - sphenoid bone, 5 - zygomatic bone, 6 - inferior nasal concha, 7 - upper jaw, 8 - mental protuberance of the lower jaw, 9 - nasal cavity, 10 – vomer, 11 – ethmoid bone, 12 – upper jaw, 13 – lower orbital fissure, 14 – lacrimal bone, 15 – ethmoid bone, 16 – upper orbital fissure, 17 – temporal bone, 18 – zygomatic process of the frontal bone, 19 – optic canal, 20 – nasal bone, 21 – scales of the frontal bone.
The brain section of the skull of adults is formed by the frontal, sphenoid, occipital, parietal, temporal and ethmoid bones. Frontal bone in adults, unpaired. It forms the anterior part of the cranium and the upper wall of the orbits. It distinguishes the following parts: frontal scales, orbital and nasal parts. In the thickness of the bone there is a frontal sinus that communicates with the nasal cavity. Sphenoid bone located in the center of the base of the skull. It has a complex shape and consists of a body from which three pairs of processes extend: large wings, small wings and pterygoid processes. In the body of the bone there is a sinus (sphenoid), which also communicates with the nasal cavity. Occipital bone forms the posterior-inferior part of the brain skull. It consists of a main part, lateral masses and occipital scales. All these parts surround the foramen magnum, through which the brain connects to the spinal cord. Parietal bone steam room, forms the upper lateral section of the cranial vault. It is a quadrangular plate, convex from the outside and concave from the inside. Ethmoid bone unpaired, participates in the formation of the walls of the orbits and nasal cavity. The following parts are distinguished in it: a horizontally located lattice plate having numerous small holes; a perpendicular plate involved in dividing the nasal cavity into the right and left halves; ethmoid labyrinths with the superior and middle nasal conchae, forming the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. Temporal bone steam room It participates in the formation of the joint with the lower jaw. The temporal bone is divided into pyramid, tympanic and squamosal parts. Inside the pyramid there is a sound-receiving apparatus, as well as a vestibular apparatus that detects changes in the position of the body in space. In the pyramid of the temporal bone there is the cavity of the middle ear - the tympanic cavity with the auditory ossicles located in it and the miniature muscles acting on them. On the lateral surface of the temporal bone there is an opening for the external auditory canal. The temporal bone is pierced by several canals in which nerves and blood vessels pass (carotid canal for the internal carotid artery, canal of the facial nerve, etc.). Facial part of the skull. The bones of the facial part of the skull are located under the brain. A significant part of the facial skull is occupied by the skeleton of the masticatory apparatus, represented by the upper and lower jaws. Upper jaw – a paired bone involved in the formation of the lower wall of the orbit, the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the hard palate, the opening of the nose. The upper jaw has a body and four processes: frontal, zygomatic, palatine and alveolar, which bears alveoli for the upper teeth. Lower jaw - The unpaired bone is the only movable bone of the skull, which, connecting with the temporal bones, forms the temporomandibular joints. The lower jaw has a curved body with alveoli for the lower teeth, coronoid processes for attaching one of the masticatory muscles (temporal) and articular processes. The rest, the so-called small bones of the face (paired palatines, inferior nasal concha, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, and unpaired vomer) are small in size and are part of the walls of the orbits, nasal and oral cavities. The bones of the skull also include the arched hyoid bone, which has paired processes - the upper and lower horns. Connections of the bones of the skull. All bones of the skull, with the exception of the lower jaw and hyoid bone, are fixedly connected to each other using sutures. For ease of study, the upper part of the brain skull is isolated - vault, or roof of the skull and the lower part - base of skull. Skull roof bones connected by continuous fibrous connections - seams, the bones of the base of the skull form cartilaginous joints - synchondrosis. The frontal, parietal, and occipital bones form jagged sutures; the bones of the facial skull are connected using flat, harmonious sutures. The temporal bone is connected to the parietal and sphenoid bones using a scaly suture. In adulthood, cartilage joints at the base of the skull are replaced by bone tissue - neighboring bones grow together. The lower jaw forms a pair with the temporal bone temporomandibular joint. The formation of this joint involves the articular process of the lower jaw and the articular surface on the temporal bone. This joint is ellipsoidal in shape, complex in structure, combined in function. Inside the joint there is an intra-articular disc, fused along the periphery with the articular capsule and dividing the articular cavity into two floors: upper and lower. The temporomandibular joint performs the following movements: lowering and raising the lower jaw, moving the jaw to the sides, shifting the lower jaw back and forth. The skull has a complex topography of both the outer and inner surfaces, due to the location in its bony cavities of the brain (cranial cavity), organs of vision (orbit), smell (nasal cavity), taste (oral cavity), hearing and balance (tympanic cavity and labyrinths of the inner ear).In the facial part of the skull there are eye sockets, in the formation of which the upper jaws, frontal, zygomatic, sphenoid and other bones participate. Above the eye sockets is the anterior surface of the frontal bone with the brow ridges. Between the eye sockets is the bony dorsum of the nose, formed by the nasal bones, and below is the anterior opening (aperture) of the nasal cavity. Even lower, arched alveolar processes of the fused maxillary bones and lower jaw with teeth located in the alveoli are visible. nasal cavity, which is the bony skeleton of the beginning of the respiratory tract, has an inlet opening (aperture) in front, and two outlet openings in the back - choanae. The upper wall of the nasal cavity is formed by the nasal bones, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, the body of the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The lower wall is represented by the upper surface of the bony palate. On the lateral surfaces formed by the maxillary and other bones, three curved plates are visible - the upper, middle and lower turbinates. Visible on the lateral surface of the skull zygomatic arch, which connects the zygomatic bone in front with the temporal bone in the back and external auditory canal with the mastoid process located behind it and directed downwards. Above the zygomatic arch there is a depression - temporal fossa, where the temporal muscle originates, and below the arch - deep infratemporal fossa, as well as the processes of the lower jaw. At the back of the skull, the external occipital protuberance protrudes posteriorly. Lower surface of the skull has a complex terrain. Ahead is solid sky, bounded anteriorly and laterally by the alveolar arch with the upper teeth. Visible behind and above the hard palate choanae – the posterior openings of the nasal cavity, connecting this cavity with the pharynx. On the lower surface of the occipital bone there are two condyles for connection with the first cervical vertebra, and between them - foramen magnum. On the sides of the occipital bone one can see a complex relief of the lower surface of the temporal bones with openings for the passage of nerves and blood vessels, an articular fossa and anterior to it a tubercle for articulation with the articular processes of the lower jaw. Inner surface of the base of the skull has a relief corresponding to the lower surface of the brain. Three cranial fossae are visible here - anterior, middle and posterior. The frontal lobes of the brain are located in the anterior cranial fossa, formed by the frontal and ethmoid bones. The middle cranial fossa is formed by the sphenoid and temporal bones. It contains the temporal lobes of the brain, and the pituitary fossa contains the pituitary gland. In the posterior cranial fossa, bounded by the occipital and temporal bones, are the cerebellum and occipital lobes of the brain. The inner base of the skull, basis cranii interna, has a concave uneven surface, reflecting the complex topography of the lower surface of the brain (Fig. 50). It is divided into three cranial fossae: anterior, middle and posterior. The posterior edge of the lesser wings and the tubercle of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone separate the anterior cranial fossa from the middle one. The border between the middle and posterior cranial fossae runs along the upper edge of the pyramids of the temporal bones and the dorsum of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. On the inner base of the skull, numerous openings for the passage of arteries, veins, and nerves are visible.
The anterior cranial fossa, fossa cranii anterior, is formed by the orbital parts of the frontal bones, on which cerebral eminences and finger-like depressions are well defined. In the center, the fossa is deepened and filled with a cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, through the openings of which the olfactory nerves (I pair) pass (see Fig. 50). In the middle of the cribriform plate the cock's comb rises; in front of it are the foramen cecum and the frontal crest.
The middle cranial fossa, fossa cranii media, is much deeper than the anterior one; its walls are formed by the body and large wings of the sphenoid bone, the anterior surface of the pyramids, and the squamous part of the temporal bones (see Fig. 50). In the middle cranial fossa, a central part and lateral parts can be distinguished. The central part is occupied by the sella turcica, in which there is the pituitary fossa. Anterior to the latter there is a precross groove, sulcus prehiasmatis, leading to the right and left optic canals, through which the optic nerves pass (II pair). On the lateral surface of the body of the sphenoid bone there is a well-defined carotid groove, and near the apex of the pyramid an irregularly shaped lacerated foramen is visible. Here, between the lesser wing, the greater wing and the body of the sphenoid bone, there is the superior orbital fissure, fissiira orbitdlis superior, through which the oculomotor nerve (III pair), trochlear nerve (IV pair), abducens (VI pair) and ophthalmic nerve (first branch V) pass into the orbit. pairs) nerves. Posterior to the superior orbital fissure there is a round foramen for the passage of the maxillary nerve (second branch of the V pair), then an oval foramen for the mandibular nerve (third branch of the V pair).
At the posterior edge of the greater wing lies the foramen spinosum for the passage of the middle meningeal artery into the skull. On the anterior surface of the pyramid of the temporal bone, on a relatively small area, there is a trigeminal depression, a cleft of the greater petrosal nerve canal, a groove of the greater petrosal nerve, a cleft of the lesser petrosal nerve canal, a groove of the lesser petrosal nerve, the roof of the tympanic cavity and an arcuate eminence.
The posterior cranial fossa, fossa cranii posterior, is the deepest. The occipital bone, the posterior surfaces of the pyramids and the inner surface of the mastoid processes of the right and left temporal bones take part in its formation. The fossa is complemented by a small part of the body of the sphenoid bone (in front) and the posteroinferior angles of the parietal bones from the sides (see Fig. 50). In the center of the fossa there is a large occipital foramen, in front of it there is a slope, cliuus, formed by the bodies of the sphenoid and occipital bones fused in an adult. Posterior to the foramen magnum along the midline is the internal nuchal crest, reaching the cruciate eminence. The internal auditory foramen (right and left) opens into the posterior cranial fossa on each side, leading into the internal auditory canal, in the depths of which the facial canal for the facial nerve (VII pair) originates. The vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII pair) emerges from the internal auditory opening.
It is impossible not to note two more paired large formations:
the jugular foramen through which the glossopharyngeal (IX pair), vagus (X pair) and accessory (XI pair) nerves pass, and the hypoglossal canal for the nerve of the same name (XII pair). In addition to the nerves, the internal jugular vein leaves the cranial cavity through the jugular foramen, into which the sigmoid sinus continues, lying in the groove of the same name. The boundary between the vault and the inner base of the skull in the region of the posterior cranial fossa is the groove of the transverse sinus, which passes on each side into the groove of the sigmoid sinus.
Inner base of the skull basis cranii interna, has a concave uneven surface, reflecting the complex topography of the lower surface of the brain. It is divided into three cranial fossae: anterior, middle and posterior.
Anterior cranial fossa
fossa cranii anterior, formed by the orbital parts of the frontal bones, on which the cerebral eminences and finger-like impressions are well defined. In the center, the fossa is deepened and filled with a cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, through the openings of which the olfactory nerves (1st pair) pass.
In the middle of the cribriform plate the cock's comb rises; in front of it are the foramen cecum and the frontal crest.
Middle cranial fossa
fossa cranii media, much deeper than the anterior one, its walls are formed by the body and large wings of the sphenoid bone, the anterior surface of the pyramids, and the scaly part of the temporal bones. In the middle cranial fossa, a central part and lateral parts can be distinguished.
On the lateral surface of the body of the sphenoid bone there is a well-defined carotid groove, and near the apex of the pyramid an irregularly shaped lacerated foramen is visible.
Here, between the lesser wing, the greater wing and the body of the sphenoid bone, there is the superior orbital fissure, fissura orblalis superior, through which the oculomotor nerve (III pair), trochlear nerve (IV pair), abducens nerve (VI pair) and ophthalmic nerve (first branch V) pass into the orbit. pairs) nerves.
Posterior to the superior orbital fissure there is a round foramen for the passage of the maxillary nerve (second branch of the V pair), then an oval foramen for the mandibular nerve (third branch of the V pair).
At the posterior edge of the greater wing lies the foramen spinosum for the passage of the middle meningeal artery into the skull.
On the anterior surface of the pyramid of the temporal bone, on a relatively small area, there is a trigeminal depression, a cleft of the greater petrosal nerve canal, a groove of the greater petrosal nerve, a cleft of the lesser petrosal nerve canal, a groove of the lesser petrosal nerve, the roof of the tympanic cavity and an arcuate eminence.
Posterior cranial fossa
fossa cranii posterior, the deepest. The occipital bone, the posterior surfaces of the pyramids and the inner surface of the mastoid processes of the right and left temporal bones take part in its formation. The fossa is complemented by a small part of the body of the sphenoid bone (in front) and the posteroinferior angles of the parietal bones - from the sides. In the center of the fossa there is a large occipital foramen, in front of it there is a slope, clivus, formed by the bodies of the sphenoid and occipital bones fused in an adult.
The internal auditory foramen (right and left) opens into the posterior cranial fossa on each side, leading into the internal auditory canal, in the depths of which the facial canal for the facial nerve (VII pair) originates. The vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII pair) emerges from the internal auditory opening.
It is impossible not to note two more paired large formations: the jugular foramen, through which the glossopharyngeal (IX pair), vagus (X pair) and accessory (XI pair) nerves pass, and the hypoglossal canal for the nerve of the same name (XII pair). In addition to the nerves, the internal jugular vein leaves the cranial cavity through the jugular foramen, into which the sigmoid sinus continues, lying in the groove of the same name. The boundary between the vault and the inner base of the skull in the region of the posterior cranial fossa is the groove of the transverse sinus, which passes on each side into the groove of the sigmoid sinus.
Inner base of the skull ( basis cranii interna) has a concave, uneven surface, reflecting the complex topography of the lower surface of the brain. It is divided into three cranial fossae: front, middle and back.
Rice. Base of the skull (inner surface):
1 - frontal bone (orbital part); 2 - blind hole; 3 - frontal ridge; 4 - ethmoid bone; 5 - cockscomb; 6 - cribriform plate; 7 - wedge-frontal suture; 8 - tubercle of the saddle of the sphenoid bone; 9 - visual channel; 10 - pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone; 11 - back of the saddle; 12 - anterior inclined process; 13 - round hole; 14 - body of the sphenoid bone; 15 - oval hole; 16 - torn hole; 17 - spinous foramen; 18 - stony-occipital fissure; 19 - internal auditory opening; 20 - jugular foramen; 21 - lateral part of the occipital bone; 22 - groove of the sigmonid sinus; 23 - mastoid foramen; 24 - parietal-mastoid suture; 25 - occipital-mastoid suture; 26 - lambdoid suture; 27 - basilar part of the occipital bone and clivus; 28 - groove of the transverse sinus; 29 - internal occipital protrusion; 30 - internal occipital crest; 31 - large (occipital) foramen; 32 - occipital scales; 33 - sphenoid-occipital synchondrosis; 34 - parietal bone; 35 - mastoid part of the temporal bone; 36 - petrous part of the temporal bone; 37 - groove of the greater petrosal nerve; 38 - groove of the lesser petrosal nerve; 39 - scaly part of the temporal bone; 40 - scaly seam; 41 - sphenoparietal suture; 42 - coronal suture; 43 - large wing of the sphenoid bone; 44 - small wing of the sphenoid bone.
Rice. 1. Internal base of the skull: a - anatomical formations of the internal base of the skull: 1 - blind foramen; 2 - cockscomb; 3 - orbital part of the frontal bone; 4 - anterior cranial fossa; 5 - pre-cross groove; 6 - tubercle of the saddle; 7 - visual channel; 8 - pituitary fossa; 9 - large wing of the sphenoid bone; 10 - round hole; 11 - oval hole; 12 - torn hole; 13 - spinous foramen; 14 - stony-occipital fissure; 15 - internal auditory opening; 16 - groove of the inferior petrosal sinus; 17- jugular foramen; 18- canal of the hypoglossal nerve; 19 - large hole; 20 - occipital scales; 21 - internal occipital crest; 22 - posterior cranial fossa; 23 - condylar canal; 24 - groove of the sigmoid sinus; 25 - groove of the superior petrosal sinus; 26 - stony-scaly fissure; 27 - slope; 28 - middle cranial fossa; 29 - wedge-shaped stony fissure; 30 - trigeminal depression; 31 - sphenoid-occipital synchondrosis; 32 - back of the saddle; 33 - carotid groove; 34 - small wing of the sphenoid bone; 35 wedge-shaped eminence; 36 - cribriform plate.
Anterior cranial fossa, fossa cranii anterior, formed by the orbital parts of the frontal bones, on which cerebral eminences and finger-like impressions are well defined. Anatomically, this fossa contains the hemispheres of the large human brain, more precisely, their frontal lobes. In the center, the fossa is deepened and filled with a cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, through the openings of which the olfactory nerves (1st pair) pass. In the middle of the cribriform plate the cock's comb rises; in front of it are the foramen cecum and the frontal crest.
Middle cranial fossa(fossa cranii media) is formed by the sphenoid and temporal bones. In the recesses of this anatomical formation are the temporal lobes of the cerebrum, its left and right hemispheres. It is delimited from the anterior cranial fossa by the posterior edge of the lesser wings, and from the posterior by the upper edge of the pyramid of the temporal bone and the dorsum of the sella turcica. The middle cranial fossa consists of three parts: two lateral and a central one. The central part is formed by the sella turcica, at the bottom of which there is a pituitary fossa - a place for the pituitary gland. Anterior to it are the tubercle sellae and the precross groove, which continues into the optic canal, through which the second pair of cranial nerves exits the orbit. The carotid groove runs along the lateral surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. Posterior and inferior to it there is a ragged opening, next to which the internal aperture of the carotid canal opens at the apex of the pyramid of the temporal bone. On the anterior surface of the pyramid of the temporal bone there is a trigeminal depression: here, under the dura mater of the brain, lies the trigeminal ganglion. Posterior to the depression along the anterior surface of the pyramid there are grooves leading into the clefts of the canals of the lesser and greater petrosal nerves, and even further away are the arcuate eminence and the roof of the tympanic cavity.
Posterior cranial fossa(fossa cranii posterior) formed almost entirely by the occipital bone; only minor anterolateral parts of the fossa are formed by the posterior surface of the pyramids and the mastoid part of the temporal bones. The posterior cranial fossa contains the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum. The center of the pit occupies foramen magnum, connecting the cranial cavity with the spinal canal. Lateral to the foramen is the canal of the hypoglossal nerve, and in front there is a slope formed by the fusion of the bodies of the sphenoid and occipital bones. A vital part of the brain, the medulla oblongata, is located on the slope. Between the occipital bone and the pyramid is formed jugular foramen, in front of it, on the back surface of the pyramid, the internal auditory opening opens.
PREFACE
The educational manual contains basic information on the anatomy of the skull. In its compilation, textbooks, anatomical atlas and additional literature recommended by standard educational programs were used.
The presented material is systematized. First, the characteristics of the individual bones of the skull are given. The parts of bones, surfaces, edges, processes and the main structures located on them are briefly and in a certain sequence indicated (in the text they are separated by a hyphen). Along with the Russian names of bone structures, the corresponding Latin terms are given. Then comes a description of the skull as a whole and a brief description of its formations: cranial fossae, orbit, nasal cavity, temporal, infratemporal, pterygopalatine fossa. The Latin terms used are given in accordance with the accepted International Anatomical Terminology.
The methodological manual contains test questions, situational tasks and is illustrated with drawings, which are given in the form of an “Appendix”.
INTRODUCTION
The section of “Osteology”, concerning the anatomy of the skull, is important and quite difficult for first-year students to study due to the large volume of material and the abundance of Latin terms. This methodological manual has been compiled to help students study both individual bones of the skull and the skull as a whole in the process of independent work. The presented material is systematized for better assimilation. The bones of the brain skull and facial skull are described separately, indicating their parts and the main structures located on them. When describing the formations of the skull as a whole (orbit, nasal cavity, temporal, infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae), attention is focused on the structure of their walls, communications with each other and with other cavities of the skull.
The educational and methodological manual will help students systematize the knowledge gained in practical classes and in the lecture course, and navigate when working with natural preparations. In the process of independent work with bone preparations, along with the textbook, it is necessary to use a textbook and an anatomical atlas.
This textbook is compiled in accordance with the basic requirements of the human anatomy curriculum.
SCULL
Scull, cranium, is the skeleton of the head and is a complex of interconnected bones . The cranial cavity contains the brain, organs of vision, hearing and balance, smell, taste and the initial parts of the digestive and respiratory systems.
The skull is divided into two sections:
brain skull, cranium cerebrale (neurocranium), which contains the brain;
Facial (visceral) skull, cranium viscerale (viscerocranium), forming the bony basis of the face and the beginning of the digestive and respiratory systems.
SKULL BONES
BONES OF THE BRAIN SKULL
Unpaired: - frontal bone, os frontale;
Occipital bone, os occipitale;
Sphenoid bone, os sphenoidale;
Ethmoid bone, os ethmoidae.
Paired: - parietal bone, os parietale;
Temporal bone, os temporale.
FRONTAL BONE, OS FRONTALE
Parts: - frontal scales,
Orbital part (paired),
Bow part.
1. Frontal scales,squama frontalis :
1) outer surface, facies externa:
supraorbital edge, margo supraorbitalis, separates the scales from the orbital part;
Supraorbital notch (supraorbital foramen), incisura supraorbitalis (foramen supraorbitale);
Frontal notch (frontal opening), incisura frontalis (foramen frontale);
brow ridge, arcus superciliaris;
Glabella, glabella;
Frontal tubercle, tuber frontale;
Zygomatic process, processus zygomaticus;
Temporal line, linea temporalis;
Temporal surface, facies temporalis;
facies interna (cerebralis):
Sulcus of the superior sagittal sinus , ;
frontal ridge, crista frontalis;
blind hole, foramen caecum.
2. Orbital part,pars orbitalis , - steam room:
1) brain surface, facies cerebralis:
Finger-shaped impressions, impressiones digitatae;
2) orbital surface, facies orbitalis:
Fossa of the lacrimal gland, fossa glandulae lacrimalis;
trochlear fossa, fovea trochlearis;
Trochlear spine, spina trochlearis;
lattice tenderloin, incisura ethmoidalis, located between the orbital parts.
3.Nose part,pars nasalis :
nasal spine, spina nasalis;
Frontal sinus aperture apertura sinus frontalis.
Frontal sinus, sinus frontalis.
OCCIPITAL BONE, OS OCCIPITALE
Parts: - basilar part,
Lateral part (steam room),
Occipital scales.
Located around a large hole, foramen magnum.
1. Basilar part,pars basilaris :
facies interna (cerebralis):
Scat, clivus;
;
2) outer surface, facies externa:
pharyngeal tubercle, tuberculum pharyngeum.
2. Lateral part,pars lateralis :
1) inner (cerebral) surface, facies interna (cerebralis):
sulcus sinus sigmoidei;
2) outer surface, facies externa:
occipital condyle, condylus occipitalis;
condylar fossa, fossa condylaris;
condylar canal, canalis condylaris;
Canal of the hypoglossal nerve, canalis nervi hypoglossi;
Jugular notch, incisura jugularis;
jugular process, processus jugularis.
3. Nuchal scales,squama occipitalis:
1) outer surface, facies externa:
;
crista occipitalis externa;
Upper nuchal line, linea nuchae superior;
Lower nuchal line, linea nuchae inferior;
Highest nuchal line linea nuchae suprema.
2) inner (cerebral) surface, facies interna (cerebralis):
cruciform elevation, eminentia cruciformis;
;
Inner nuchal crest crista occipitalis interna;
sulcus sinus transversi;
sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris.
SPHENOID BONE, OS SPHENOIDAL
Parts: - body,
Small wing (paired),
Large wing (paired),
Pterygoid process (paired).
1. Body,corpus, contains the sphenoid sinus sinus sphenoidalis:
1) upper (cerebral) surface, facies superior (cerebralis):
Turkish saddle, sella turcica;
pituitary fossa, fossa hypophysialis;
tubercle of the sella, tuberculum sellae;
Saddle back, dorsum sellae;
Posterior inclined processes, processus clinoidei posteriores;
sleepy furrow, sulcus caroticus;
Wedge-shaped tongue, lingula sphenoidalis;
Precross groove, sulcus prechiasmaticus;
2) front surface, facies anterior:
wedge-shaped ridge, crista sphenoidalis;
wedge-shaped beak, rostrum sphenoidale;
Wedge-shaped shell , concha sphenoidalis;
The aperture of the sphenoid sinus, apertura sinus sphenoidalis;
3) bottom surface, facies inferior;
4) back surface facies posterior, (in adults it fuses with the basilar part of the occipital bone);
5) two lateral surfaces, continuing into the small and large wings.
2. Small wing,ala minor:
visual channel, canalis opticus;
Superior orbital fissure fissura orbitalis superior;
Anterior inclined process, processus clinoideus anterior.
3. Large wing,ala major:
1) brain surface, facies cerebralis:
round hole, foramen rotundum;
oval hole, foramen ovale;
Foramen spinosum, foramen spinosum;
2) orbital surface, facies orbitalis;
3) maxillary surface, facies maxillaris;
4) temporal surface, facies temporalis:
infratemporal crest, crista infratemporalis.
4. Pterygoid process,processus pterygoideus.
1) Medial plate, lamina medialis.
2) Lateral plate, lamina lateralis.
Structures:
pterygoid canal, canalis pterygoideus;
pterygoid fossa, fossa pterygoidea;
winged notch, incisura pterygoidea;
wing hook, hamulus pterygoideus;
scaphoid fossa, fossa scaphoidea.
ETHMOID BONE, OS ETHMOIDALE
Parts: - cribriform plate,
Perpendicular plate,
Lattice labyrinth (pair formation).
1. Cribriform plate , lamina cribrosa :
Cockscomb, crista galli;
Cockscomb wings, alae cristae galli.
2. Perpendicular plate,lamina perpendicularis
3. Lattice labyrinth,labyrinthus ethmoidalis :
Lattice cells (front, middle and rear), cellulae ethmoidales;
lattice bubble, bulla ethmoidalis;
superior nasal concha, concha nasalis superior;
Middle turbinate, concha nasalis media;
Upper nasal passage, meatus nasi superior;
Middle nasal passage meatus nasi medius;
uncinate process, processus uncinatus;
Lattice funnel, infundibulum ethmoidae;
orbital plate, lamina orbitalis.
PARIETAL BONE, OS PARIETALE
1.The edges: - frontal edge, margo frontalis;
occipital edge, margo occipitalis;
sagittal edge, margo sagittalis;
scaly edge, margo squamosus.
2. Angles: - frontal angle, angulus frontalis;
wedge angle, angulus sthenoidalis;
occipital angle, angulus occipitalis;
mastoid angle, angulus mastoideus.
3. Surfaces:
1) outer surface, facies externa:
Parietal tubercle, tuber parietale;
superior temporal line, linea temporalis superior;
inferior temporal line, linea temporalis inferior;
parietal foramen, foramen parietale.
2) inner (cerebral) surface, facies interna (cerebralis):
The groove of the superior sagittal sinus, sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris;
Sigmoid sinus groove, sulcus sinus sigmoidei;
Arterial grooves, sulci arteriosi;
Finger-shaped impressions , impressiones digitatae;
Dimples of granulations , foveolae granulares.
TEMPORAL BONE, OS TEMPORALE
Parts: - rocky part (pyramid),
drum part,
Scaly part.
1. Rocky part (pyramid),pars petrosa
1) Parts of the pyramid:
The top of the pyramid apex partis petrosae:
Internal aperture of the carotid canal, apertura interna canalis carotici;
Base of the pyramid basis partis petrosae.
2) Surfaces of the pyramid:
A) front surface, facies anterior:
Stony-scaly fissure, fissura petrosquamosa;
arcuate elevation, eminentia arcuata;
Roof of the tympanic cavity, tegmen tympani;
Trigeminal depression, impressio trigeminalis;
B) back surface, facies posterior:
porus acusticus internus;
Internal auditory canal, meatus acusticus internus;
subarc fossa, fossa subarcuata;
;
B) bottom surface, facies inferior:
jugular fossa, fossa jugularis:
mastoid foramen, foramen mastoideum;
Jugular notch, incisura jugularis;
stony dimple, fossula petrosa;
styloid process, processus styloideus;
stylomastoid foramen, foramen stylomastoideum.
3) Edges of the pyramid:
A) leading edge margo anterior:
Musculo-tubal canal, canalis musculotubarius;
B) top edge, margo superior:
Groove of the superior petrosal sinus, sulcus sinus petrosi superioris;
B) back edge, margo posterior:
Groove of the inferior petrosal sinus, sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris;
External aperture of the cochlear tubule, apertura externa canaliculi cochleae;
Mastoid,processus mastoideus , posterolateral section of the petrous part of the temporal bone:
parietal notch, incisura parietalis;
mastoid notch, incisura mastoidea;
sulcus arteriae occipitalis;
mastoid foramen, foramen mastoideum;
Sigmoid sinus groove, sulcus sinus sigmoidei;
mastoid cells, cellulae mastoideae;
mastoid cave, antrum mastoideum.
2. Drum part,pars tympanica :
External auditory opening, porus acusticus externus;
External auditory canal , meatus acusticus externus;
fissura tympanomastoidea;
Tympanosquamosal fissure, fissura tympanosquamosa;
petrostympanic fissure, fissura petrotympanica;
Stony-scaly fissure, fissura petrosquamosa;
3. Scaly part,pars squamosa :
1) temporal surface, facies temporalis:
Zygomatic process, processus zygomaticus;
Mandibular fossa , fossa mandibularis;
articular tubercle, tuberculum articulare;
2) brain surface, facies cerebralis:
Finger-shaped impressions, impressiones digitatae;
Arterial grooves, sulci arteriosi.
CHANNELS OF THE TEMPORAL BONE
1. Sleepy channel, canalis caroticus.
The beginning of the canal is the external opening of the carotid canal on the lower surface of the pyramid.
The end of the canal is the internal opening of the carotid canal at the apex of the pyramid.
Contents: internal carotid artery.
2. Facial nerve canal, canalis nervi facialis.
The beginning of the canal is at the bottom of the internal auditory canal.
The end of the canal is the stylomastoid opening on the lower surface of the pyramid.
Contents: facial nerve.
3. Musculo-tubal canal, canalis muculotubarius.
a) hemicanal of the tensor tympani muscle, semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani,
b) hemicanal of the auditory tube, semicanalis tubae auditivae.
The beginning of the canal is the opening of the myotubal canal at the anterior edge of the pyramid.
The end of the canal is in the tympanic cavity.
Contents: tensor tympani muscle,
Eustachian tube.
4. Drum string channel, canaliculus chordae tympani.
The beginning of the tubule is in the facial canal, above the stylomastoid foramen.
The end of the tubule is the petrotympanic fissure.
Contents: chorda tympani, branch of the facial nerve.
5. Tympanic canaliculus, canaliculus tympanicus.
The beginning of the tubule is a stony dimple on the lower surface of the pyramid.
The end of the tubule is the cleft of the canal of the lesser petrosal nerve on the anterior surface of the pyramid.
Contents: tympanic nerve, branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
6. Mastoid tubule, canaliculus mastoideus.
The beginning of the canaliculus is the jugular fossa (mastoid foramen) on the lower surface of the pyramid.
The end of the tubule is the tympanomastoid fissure.
Contents: auricular branch of the vagus nerve.
7. Carotid-tympanic tubules, canaliculi caroticotympanici.
The beginning of the tubules is on the wall of the carotid canal, near its external aperture.
The end of the tubules is the tympanic cavity.
Contents: carotid-tympanic arteries, branches of the internal carotid artery;
Carotid-tympanic nerves, branches of the internal carotid plexus.
BONES OF THE FACIAL SKULL
Paired: - upper jaw, maxilla;
palatine bone, os palatinum;
Cheekbone, os zygomaticum;
nasal bone, os nasale;
lacrimal bone, os lacrimale;
inferior nasal concha, concha nasalis inferior.
Unpaired: - lower jaw, mandibula;
opener, volume;
Hyoid bone, os hyoideum.
UPPER JAW, MAXILLA
Parts: - body,
frontal process,
Zygomatic process,
Alveolar ridge,
Palatine process.
1. Body,corpus, contains the maxillary (maxillary) sinus, sinus maxillaris:
1) front surface, facies anterior:
Infraorbital margin, margo infraorbitalis;
infraorbital foramen, foramen infraorbitale;
canine fossa, fossa canina;
nasal notch, incisura nasalis;
Anterior nasal spine, spina nasalis anterior;
2) orbital surface, facies orbitalis:
Infraorbital groove, sulcus infraorbitalis;
infraorbital canal, canalis infraorbitalis;
3) infratemporal surface, facies infratemporalis:
Tubercle of the maxilla, tuber maxillae;
alveolar openings, foramina alveolaria;
alveolar canals, canales alveolares;
Greater palatine sulcus sulcus palatinus major;
4) nasal surface, facies nasalis:
maxillary cleft, hiatus maxillaris;
tear trough, sulcus lacrimalis;
shell comb, crista conchalis.
2. Frontal process, processus frontalis:
Anterior lacrimal ridge crista lacrimalis anterior;
lattice comb, crista ethmoidalis.
3. Zygomatic process, processus zygomaticus.
4. Alveolar process, processus alveolaris:
alveolar arch, arcus alveolaris;
dental alveoli, alveoli dentales;
septa interalveolaria;
Alveolar eminences, yuga alveolaria.
5. Palatine process, processus palatinus:
nasal ridge, crista nasalis;
Palatine grooves, sulci palatini;
Incisive canal, canalis incisivus.
PALATINE BONE, OS PALATINUM
Parts: - horizontal plate
Perpendicular plate.
1. Horizontal plate,lamina horizontalis :
nasal surface, facies nasalis;
palatal surface, facies palatina;
nasal ridge, crista nasalis;
Posterior nasal spine, spina nasalis posterior.
2. Perpendicular plate,lamina perpendicularis:
maxillary surface, facies maxillaris;
Greater palatine sulcus sulcus palatinus major; together with the grooves of the same name in the upper jaw and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, it forms the large palatine canal , canalis palatinus major ending in the greater palatine foramen, foramen palatinum majus.
nasal surface, facies nasalis:
lattice comb, crista ethmoidalis;
shell comb, crista conchalis.
Processes:
1. Pyramidal process, processus pyramidalis:
Lesser palatine canals canales palatini minores;
Small palatine foramina, foramina palatina minora.
2. Orbital process, processus orbitalis.
3. Sphenoid process, processus sphenoidalis.
Sphenopalatine notch, incisura sphenopalatina, located between the orbital and sphenoid processes. When connected to the body of the sphenoid bone, it forms the sphenopalatine foramen, foramen sphenopalatinum.
CHEEKBONE, OS ZYGOMATICUM
1. Surfaces:
1) lateral surface, facies lateralis:
zygomaticofacial foramen, foramen zygomaticofaciale;
2) temporal surface, facies temporalis:
Zygomaticotemporal foramen, foramen zygomaticotemporale;
3) orbital surface, facies orbitalis:
Zygomaticoorbital foramen, foramen zygomaticoorbitale.
2. Processes:
1) frontal process, processus frontalis;
2) temporal process, processus temporalis, connects with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, forming the zygomatic arch, arcus zygomaticus.
NASAL BONE, OS NASALE
1. Front surface
2. Back surface:
ethmoid groove, sulcus ethmoidalis.
LACRIMAL BONE, OS LACRIMALE
1. Medial surface
2. Lateral surface:
Posterior lacrimal ridge crista lacrimalis posterior;
tear hook, hamulus lacrimalis;
tear trough, sulcus lacrimalis;
Fossa of the lacrimal sac, fossa sacci lacrimalis.
INferior nasal concha, CONCHA NASALIS INFERIOR
Processes :
1) lacrimal process, processus lacrimalis;
2) maxillary process, processus maxillaris;
3) ethmoid process, processus ethmoidalis.
LOWER JAW, MANDIBULA
Parts: - body
Two branches.
1. Body, corpus:
1) base, basis mandibulae:
A) outer surface, facies externa:
chin protuberance, protuberantia mentalis;
mental tubercle, tuberculum mentale;
chin hole, foramen mentale;
Oblique line, linea obliqua;
B) inner surface, facies interna:
mental spine, spina mentalis;
digastric fossa, fossa digastrica;
Sublingual fossa , fovea sublingualis;
Mylohyoid line, linea mylohyoidea;
Submandibular fossa, fovea submandibularis;
Mandibular ridge, torus mandibularis.
2) alveolar part, pars alveolaris:
alveolar arch, arcus alveolaris;
dental alveoli, alveoli dentales;
interalveolar septa, septa interalveolaria;
Alveolar eminences, juga alveolaria;
Posterior molar fossa, fossa retromolaris.
2. Branch,ramus mandibulae :
Angle of the lower jaw angulus mandibulae:
Chewing tuberosity, tuberositas masseterica;
Pterygoid tuberosity, tuberositas pterygoidea;
hole of the lower jaw, foramen mandibulae;
Canal of the lower jaw, canalis mandibulae;
uvula of the lower jaw, lingula mandibulae;
Mylohyoid groove, sulcus mylohyoideus.
condylar process, processus condylaris:
Head of the mandible, caput mandibulae;
neck of the mandible, collum mandibulae;
pterygoid fossa, fovea pterygoidea;
coronoid process, processus coronoideus;
buccal ridge, crista buccinatoria;
Mandible cutting, incisura mandibulae.
VAULT, VOMER
opener plate, lamina vomeris.
opener wings, alae vomeris.
HYPOGLOUS BONE, OS HYOIDEUM
Parts: - body, corpus ossis hyoidei;
Big horns, cornua majora;
Small horns, cornua minora.
SKULL AS A WHOLE
BRAIN COMPARTMENT OF THE SKULL
Parts: - vault (roof) of the skull
Base of skull.
Boundary between the vault and the base of the skull passes through the external occipital protrusion, along the superior nuchal line to the base of the mastoid process, above the external auditory foramen, along the base of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and along the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, continues to the zygomatic process of the frontal bone and along the supraorbital margin reaches the nasofrontal suture.
vault (roof) of the skull,calvaria, formed by the frontal scales, parietal bones, occipital scales, scaly parts of the temporal bones, lateral sections of the large wings of the sphenoid bone.
1. Seams:
sagittal suture, sutura sagittalis;
Coronal suture, sutura coronalis;
Lambdoid seam, sutura lamboidea;
Scaly seam sutura squamosa;
Serrated seams suturae serratae.
2. Basic structures.
1) Outer surface:
Frontal tubercle, tuber frontale;
Glabella, glabella;
Parietal tubercle tuber parietale;
parietal foramen, foramen parietale;
superior temporal line, linea temporalis superior;
inferior temporal line, linea temporalis inferior.
2) Inner surface:
Finger-shaped impressions , impressiones digitatae;
Arterial grooves, sulci arteriosi;
Dimples of granulations, foveolae granulares;
The groove of the superior sagittal sinus, sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris.
Outer base of the skullbasis cranii externa, covered in front by facial bones. The posterior section, accessible for inspection, is formed by the occipital, temporal and sphenoid bones.
1. Occipital bone:
Big hole foramen magnum;
occipital condyle, condylus occipitalis;
condylar fossa, fossa condylaris;
condylar canal, canalis condylaris;
Canal of the hypoglossal nerve, canalis nervi hypoglossi;
External occipital protuberance, protuberantia occipitalis externa;
External nuchal crest, crista occipitalis externa;
Upper nuchal line, linea nuchae superior;
Lower nuchal line, linea nuchae inferior;
pharyngeal tubercle, tuberculum pharyngeum.
2. Temporal bone:
External aperture of the carotid canal, apertura externa canalis carotici;
jugular fossa, fossa jugularis;
styloid process, processus styloideus;
Mastoid processus mastoideus;
stylomastoid foramen, foramen stylomastoideum;
stony dimple, fossula petrosa;
sulcus of the occipital artery, sulcus arteriae occipitalis;
mastoid notch, incisura mastoidea;
mastoid foramen, foramen mastoideum;
External auditory canal, porus acusticus externus;
Tympanomastoid fissure, fissura tympanomastoidea;
Tympanosquamosal fissure, fissura tympanosquamosa;
Stony-scaly fissure, fissura petrosquamosa;
petrostympanic fissure, fissura petrotympanica;
mandibular fossa, fossa mandibularis;
articular tubercle, tuberculum articulare.
3. Sphenoid bone:
oval hole, foramen ovale;
Foramen spinosum, foramen spinosum;
pterygoid process, processus pterygoideus;
pterygoid canal, canalis pterygoideus.
When the above bones are connected, the following are formed:
Jugular foramen , foramen jugulare;
Ragged hole foramen lacerum;
petrooccipital fissure, fissura petrooccipitalis;
fissura sphenopetrosa.
Inner base of the skull, basis cranii interna, is divided into three cranial fossae: anterior, middle and posterior.
Boundary between the anterior and middle cranial fossae– the posterior edge of the lesser wings and the tubercle of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
Boundary between the middle and posterior cranial fossae– the upper edge of the pyramids of the temporal bones and the back of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
1.Anterior cranial fossa,fossa cranii anterior , educated:
1) orbital parts of the frontal bone;
2) the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone;
3) small wings of the sphenoid bone.
Basic structures:
Cockscomb, crista galli;
blind hole, foramen caecum;
frontal ridge, crista frontalis.
2. Middle cranial fossa,fossa cranii media , educated:
1) the body and large wings of the sphenoid bone;
2) the anterior surface of the pyramids and the scaly part of the temporal bones.
Basic structures:
Turkish saddle , sella turcica;
pituitary fossa, fossa hypophysialis;
Precross groove, sulcus prehiasmaticus;
visual channel, canalis opticus;
sleepy furrow, sulcus caroticus;
Ragged hole foramen lacerum;
superior orbital fissure, fissura orbitalis superior;
round hole, foramen rotundum;
oval hole, foramen ovale;
Foramen spinosum, foramen spinosum;
Trigeminal depression, impressio trigeminalis;
Cleft canal and groove of the greater petrosal nerve, hiatus canalis et sulcus nervi petrosi majoris;
Cleft canal and groove of the lesser petrosal nerve, hiatus canalis et sulcus nervi petrosi minoris;
Roof of the tympanic cavity, tegmen tympani;
arcuate elevation, eminentia arcuata;
Wedge-stony fissure, fissura sphenopetrosa.
3. Posterior cranial fossa,fossa cranii posterior , educated:
1) occipital bone;
2) the posterior surface of the pyramids and the inner surface of the mastoid processes of the temporal bones;
3) the body of the sphenoid bone;
4) mastoid angle of the parietal bone.
Basic structures:
foramen magnum, foramen magnum;
Scat, clivus;
condylar canal, canalis condylaris;
Canal of the hypoglossal nerve, canalis nervi hypoglossi;
Internal nuchal crest , crista occipitalis interna;
Internal occipital protuberance, protuberantia occipitalis interna;
groove of the transverse sinus, sulcus sinus transversi;
Sigmoid sinus groove, sulcus sinus sigmoidei;
jugular foramen, foramen jugulare;
Internal auditory opening, porus acusticus internus;
External aperture of the vestibule water supply, apertura externa aqueductus vestibuli;
Groove of the inferior petrosal sinus, sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris.
Table 1
Foramina of the base of the skull and their contents
| Hole name | Content |
| Holes of the cribriform plate | - anterior ethmoidal artery, branch of the ophthalmic artery; - olfactory nerves (I)* |
| Visual channel | - ophthalmic artery; - optic nerve (II) |
| Superior orbital fissure | - superior ophthalmic vein; - oculomotor nerve (III); - trochlear nerve (IV); - abducens nerve (VI); - optic nerve, 1st branch of the trigeminal nerve (V) |
| Round hole | - maxillary nerve, 2nd branch of the trigeminal nerve (V); |
| Oval hole | - mandibular nerve, 3rd branch of the trigeminal nerve (V) |
| Foramen spinosum | - middle meningeal artery, branch of the maxillary artery; - meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve |
| Pterygoid canal | - artery of the pterygoid canal; - nerve of the pterygoid canal |
| Ragged hole | - greater petrosal nerve |
| External and internal apertures of the carotid canal | - carotid artery |
| Stony dimple | - tympanic nerve, branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX); - inferior tympanic artery (branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery) |
| Cleft of the greater petrosal nerve canal | - greater petrosal nerve, branch of the facial (intermediate) nerve (VII) |
| Cleft of the lesser petrosal nerve canal | - lesser petrosal nerve, continuation of the tympanic nerve (from the glossopharyngeal nerve, IX) |
| Internal auditory canal (internal auditory canal) | - facial nerve (VII); - vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) |
| External aperture of the aqueduct of the vestibule | - endolymphatic duct |
| External aperture of the cochlear tubule | - perilymphatic duct |
| Stylomastoid foramen | - stylomastoid artery, branch of the posterior auricular artery; - facial nerve (VII) |
| Mastoid foramen | - meningeal branch of the occipital artery; - mastoid emissary vein |
| Jugular foramen | - posterior meningeal artery, branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery; - internal jugular vein; - glossopharyngeal nerve (IX); - vagus nerve (X); - accessory nerve (XI) |
| Petrostympanic fissure | - anterior tympanic artery, branch of the maxillary artery; - chorda tympani, branch of the facial nerve (VII) |
| Mastotympanic fissure | - auricular branch of the vagus nerve (X) |
| Hypoglossal nerve canal | - hypoglossal nerve (XII) |
| Condylar canal | - condylar emissary vein |
| Big hole | - vertebral arteries, anterior and posterior spinal arteries; - medulla |
* pairs of cranial nerves.
FACIAL REGION OF THE SKULL
Eye socket, orbita , has the shape of a tetrahedral pyramid.
The base of the pyramid is the entrance to the orbit, aditus orbitae.
The tip of the pyramid passes into the optic canal, canalis opticus.
Walls of the orbit: superior, medial, inferior, lateral.
1. Top wall , paries superior , educated:
1) orbital part of the frontal bone,
2) the small wing of the sphenoid bone.
Top wall structures:
Fossa of the lacrimal gland, fossa glandulae lacrimalis,
trochlear fossa, fovea trochlearis.
2. medial wall, paries medialis , educated:
1) frontal process of the maxilla,
2) lacrimal bone,
3) orbital plate of the ethmoid bone.
4) body of the sphenoid bone,
5) orbital part of the frontal bone.
Structures of the medial wall:
Fossa of the lacrimal sac, fossa sacci lacrimalis,
Nasolacrimal duct, canalis nasolacrimalis,
Anterior ethmoidal opening, foramen ethmoidae anterius,
Posterior ethmoidal foramen, foramen ethmoidae posterius.
3.Bottom wall, paries inferior , educated:
1) orbital surface of the upper jaw,
2) orbital surface of the zygomatic bone,
3) orbital process of the palatine bone.
Bottom wall structures:
Infraorbital groove, sulcus infraorbitalis,
infraorbital canal, canalis infraorbitalis.
4. lateral wall,paries lateralis , educated:
1) orbital surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone,
2) the orbital surface of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone,
3) the orbital surface of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone.
Lateral wall structures:
Zygomaticoorbital foramen, foramen zygomaticoorbitale.
Between the superior and lateral walls is the superior orbital fissure, fissura orbitalis superior, leading into the middle cranial fossa.
Between the lateral and inferior walls there is an inferior orbital fissure, fissura orbitalis inferior, which communicates the orbit with the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae.
nasal cavity, cavitas nasi, front opens pear-shaped aperture, apertura piriformis, which is limited:
1) from the sides - nasal notches of the upper jaws,
2) from above - the lower edges of the nasal bones,
3) from below - the anterior nasal spine.
Posteriorly, the nasal cavity communicates with the pharynx through joan, choanae, limited:
1) lateral - medial plates of the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone,
2) from below – horizontal plates of the palatine bone,
3) from above - the body of the sphenoid bone,
4) medially – by the vomer.
Bone septum of the nose, septum nasi osseum, educated:
1) perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone,
2) opener,
3) nasal crest of the upper jaws and palatine bones.
Walls of the nasal cavity: upper, lower, lateral.
1. Upper wall,paries superior , educated:
1) nasal bones,
2) the nasal part of the frontal bone,
3) cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone,
4) the body of the sphenoid bone.
2. Bottom wall , paries inferior , educated:
1) palatine processes of the upper jaws,
3. lateral wall,paries lateralis , educated:
1) nasal bone,
2) the nasal surface of the body and the frontal process of the maxilla,
3) lacrimal bone,
4) ethmoid labyrinth of the ethmoid bone,
5) perpendicular plate of the palatine bone,
6) medial plate of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.
On the lateral wall there are three nasal conchae: superior, middle and inferior. The superior and middle turbinates are part of the ethmoid labyrinth. The inferior nasal concha is a separate (independent) bone.
Below the nasal turbinates are located nasal passages: upper, middle and lower.
1. Upper nasal passage,meatus nasi superior , limited by the superior and middle turbinates. Located in the posterior part of the nasal cavity and its posterior end reaches the sphenopalatine foramen, foramen sphenopalatinum.
The upper nasal passage opens:
Posterior cells of the ethmoid bone.
Above the superior nasal concha there is a sphenoethmoidal recess, recessus sphenoethmoidalis, into which the aperture of the sphenoid sinus opens , apertura sinus sphenoidalis.
2. Middle nasal passagemeatus nasi medius , located between the middle and inferior turbinates.
The middle nasal meatus opens:
Anterior and middle cells of the ethmoid bone,
Frontal sinus through the ethmoidal infundibulum, infundibulum ethmoidae,
Maxillary sinus through the cleft semilunaris, hiatus semilunaris.
3.Lower nasal passage , meatus nasi inferior , located between the inferior turbinate and the lower wall of the nasal cavity.
The lower nasal meatus opens:
Nasolacrimal duct.
Between the nasal septum and the nasal turbinates is located common nasal passage, meatus nasi communis .
Bone palate palatum osseum, limited by the alveolar processes of the upper jaws and formed by:
1) palatine processes of the upper jaws,
2) horizontal plates of the palatine bones.
Structures of the bony palate:
Median palatal suture sutura palat
In the inner base of the skull (basis cranii interna) There are three cranial fossae - anterior, middle and posterior (fossae cranii anterior, media et posterior. The middle cranial fossa is a paired formation, the anterior and posterior are unpaired. Sometimes the step-like arrangement of these fossae is clearly expressed: the anterior cranial fossa is higher, the middle one is lower, and the posterior one is even lower.
Anterior cranial fossa posteriorly limited by the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone (ala minor ossis sphenoidalis). The following formations are located in the anterior cranial fossa.
1. Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone(lamina cribrosd) located on the sides of the cock's comb (crista galli). Through its numerous openings (about 30) from the olfactory area (regio olfactorid) nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulb (bulbus olfactorius) olfactory filaments pass through (fila olfactorid) olfactory nerve.
2. Blind hole(foramen caecum) located anterior to the cock's comb. The superior sagittal sinus approaches this opening in front (sinus sagittalis superior), lying in the groove of the superior sagittal sinus (sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris) frontal bone. The blind opening communicates with the nasal cavity, as a result of which the veins of the nasal cavity and nasal septum anastomose with the superior sagittal sinus.
3. On the side of the cock's comb and the cribriform plate lie frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. From the adhesion of the cerebral convolutions to the bone, so-called digital impressions were formed on the latter (impressiones digitatae), which are separated from each other by the cerebral eminences.
4. Visual channel(canalis opticus) lies at the base of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone near the border with the middle cranial fossa. The optic nerve passes through this canal (p. opticus) and ophthalmic artery (a. ophthalmicd). Due to the direct adjacency of the ophthalmic artery to the optic nerve within the optic canal, with aneurysms of the ophthalmic artery, the resulting aneurysmal sac puts pressure on the optic nerve, as a result of which amblyopia gradually occurs - decreased vision, and sometimes amavros - blindness.
Middle cranial fossa anteriorly limited by the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone (ala minor ossis sphenoidalis), posteriorly - the petrous part of the temporal bone and partially the back of the sella turcica. There are also finger-shaped depressions and cerebral eminences. In the middle cranial fossa there are the following openings: superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, foramen lacerum, internal opening of the carotid canal, cleft canal of the greater petrosal nerve, cleft of the canal of the lesser petrosal nerve.
1. Upperorbitalgap(fissura orbitalis superior). Through it, the middle cranial fossa communicates with the orbit. Three motor nerves pass through this gap - the oculomotor (n. oculomotorius), block (p. trochlearis), abducting (p. abducens) nerves and three sensory branches of the optic nerve ( ophthalmicus)[first branch of the trigeminal nerve ( trigeminus)]- frontal (n.frontalis), lachrymal ( lacrimalis) and nasociliary ( nasociliaris) nerves. In addition, the superior ophthalmic vein (v. ophthalmica superior).
2. Round hole(foramen rotundum) opens into the pterygopalatine fossa (fossa pterygopalatina). The maxillary nerve (n. maxillaris) - second branch of the trigeminal nerve.
3. Oval hole(foramen ovale) opens into the infratemporal fossa (fossa infratemporalis). The mandibular nerve passes through it ( mandibularis)- third branch of the trigeminal nerve, as well as the meningeal accessory branch of the middle meningeal artery (n. meningeus accessorius).
4. Foramen spinosum(foramen spinosuni) opens onto the outer base of the skull. The middle meningeal artery passes through it (a. meningea media) and meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (spinous nerve) \ramus meningeus nervi mandibularis(n.spinosus, BNA)].
5. Ragged hole(foramen lacerum). The greater and lesser petrosal nerves pass through it (n.petrosus major, n.petrosus minor), auditory tube (tuba auditiva), tensor tympani muscle (tensor tympani), and the nerve of the tensor tympani muscle ( tensoris tympani).
6. Internal opening of the carotid canal(canalis caroticus), through which the internal carotid artery passes (a. carotis interna) and internal carotid plexus (plexus caroticus internus), receiving postnodal sympathetic nerve fibers from the internal carotid nerve (p. caroticus internus), extending from the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk.
7. Cleft of the greater petrosal nerve canal(hiatuscanalis n.petrosi majoris). The greater petrosal nerve passes through this foramen (n.petrosus major), petrous branch of the middle meningeal artery (ramus petrosus a. te-ningeae mediae), vein of the labyrinth (v. labyrinthi).
8. Cleft of the lesser petrosal nerve canal(hiatuscanalis n.petrosi minoris). The lesser petrosal nerve passes through this foramen (n. petrosus minor) and tympanic artery (a. tympanica).
Posterior cranial fossa bounded anteriorly by the pyramids of the temporal bone (pars petrosa ossis temporalis) and stingray (clivus), behind - cruciform eminence (eminentia cruciformis).
The following openings are located in the posterior cranial fossa: foramen magnum, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, internal auditory foramen, external opening of the vestibular aqueduct, external opening of the cochlear canaliculus, mastoid opening.
1. Foramen magnum(foramen magnum). The medulla oblongata passes through this hole (medulla oblongata), accessory nerve (n. accessorius), vertebral artery (a. vertebralis).
2. Jugular foramen(foramen jugulare). The glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves pass through it in the anterior section (n. glossopharyngeus, n. vagus, n. accessorius), in the posterior section - internal jugular vein (v.jugutaris interna) and posterior meningeal artery (a. meningea posterior), which is a branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery.
3. Sublingual canal(canalis hypoglossalis) for the hypoglossal nerve (p. hypoglossus).
4. Internal auditory opening(porus acusticus internus) leads into the internal auditory canal (meatus acusticus internus), through which the facial, intermediate and vestibulocochlear nerves pass (n.facialis, n. inter-medius et n. vestibulocochlearis), as well as artery and vein of the labyrinth (a. et v. labyrinthi).
5. External opening of the vestibule water supply(apertura extema aqueductus vestibulf). The internal lymphatic duct passes through this opening.
6. External opening of the cochlear tubule(apertura extema canaliculi cochleae). The cochlear canaliculus vein (v. canaliculi cochleae).
7. Mastoid foramen(foramen mastoideum). The mastoid emissary vein (v. emissarium mastoideum), connecting the sigmoid sinus (sinus sigmoideus) with the occipital vein (v. occipitalis), and meningeal branch of the occipital artery (ramus meningeus a. occipitalis).
