home Audience 4 Vaginal dysbiosis: symptoms. Complications of vaginal dysbiosis. What leads to imbalance

Vaginal dysbiosis: symptoms. Complications of vaginal dysbiosis. What leads to imbalance

09.02.2013 DISTURBANCE OF VAGINAL MICROFLORA: CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT

What is a violation of the vaginal microflora? Disturbance of the vaginal microflora (vaginal dysbiosis, vaginal dysbiosis) is a phenomenon associated with the functioning of the female reproductive system. Violation of vaginal microflora: symptoms, treatment depend on many factors. Such factors include the general condition of the patient, the course of concomitant diseases, diet, quality of sexual life, etc. Disturbance of the vaginal microflora is manifested by whitish discharge from the vagina. Such discharge may have different consistency, odor and abundance. Such discharge may be a normal part of the vaginal cleansing process of a healthy woman. But vaginal discharge may also indicate a pathological process, including vaginal dysbiosis.

According to statistics, a violation of the vaginal microflora occurs in every second woman. Such a disorder can occur in mature women after the onset of menopause, in middle-aged women with an established sex life, in girls before the onset of sexual activity, in girls before the onset of the menstrual cycle. Vaginal dysbiosis often goes unnoticed. A woman may not suspect a violation of the vaginal microflora for a long time. An asymptomatic course is dangerous due to its complications. It is complications in asymptomatic cases that force the patient to go to a specialized clinic.

Normally, a woman’s vagina is inhabited by normal, non-pathogenic microflora. This microflora ensures the functioning of the genital organs. The vaginal microflora consists of approximately 90% lactobacilli, 9% bifidobacteria and less than 1% other opportunistic microorganisms. Opportunistic microorganisms normally do not provoke the development of the disease, but under the influence of predisposing factors they can cause the disease. Opportunistic microorganisms cover the walls of the vagina. These include fungi of the genus Candida, Gardnerella and some other microorganisms. The body of a healthy woman controls the ratio of microorganisms in the vagina and does not allow the appearance of uncharacteristic microflora. At the same time, the immune system does not react in any way to representatives of the characteristic microflora of the vagina. If minor changes occur in the vaginal microflora, the microflora will resume on its own. This process does not affect the woman’s health in any way. Exposure to predisposing factors and disruption of the vaginal microflora reduces the number of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. At the same time, there is an increase in the amount of opportunistic microflora, and pathogenic microorganisms also appear. Such a microorganism can be gardnerella, a fungus of the genus Candida, a sexually transmitted infection (trichomoniasis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, etc.), as well as another pathogen from the environment (staphylococcus, streptococcus, Proteus, E. coli, etc.). Such microorganisms, when multiplying and living, cause inflammation of the vagina. Inflammation depends on the woman’s level of immunity, the general condition of her body, the number of pathogenic microorganisms, etc. In the absence of treatment for inflammation and in the absence of therapy against pathogenic microorganisms, the disease will progress.

Symptoms of vaginal microflora disorders

Violation of the vaginal microflora, as mentioned above, is often asymptomatic. For a long time, a woman may not even be aware of a violation of the vaginal microflora. But still, a violation of the vaginal microflora provokes a number of symptoms. Thus, various types of vaginal discharge may be observed. Often women ignore this symptom or do not notice it at all. The discharge is not accompanied by dryness of the vagina and external tissues of the genital organs, or discomfort during sexual intercourse. Over time, the amount of discharge increases and such discharge acquires a characteristic odor. If other symptoms are observed, they refer to symptoms of concomitant diseases. After all, dysbacteriosis is often the cause and predisposing factor to the development of sexually transmitted diseases, erosion processes, inflammatory processes, tumor growth, etc.

Complications of microflora disturbances include: inflammation of the vaginal walls (vaginitis), inflammation of the cervix (cervicitis). These complications occur most often. Symptoms of inflammation include an increase in vaginal discharge, the appearance of unpleasant sensations when urinating, the appearance of unpleasant sensations in the perineal area (itching, burning, pain, stinging, etc.), pain during sexual intercourse or after sexual intercourse, and other symptoms. Pain during sexual intercourse occurs due to vaginal dryness and insufficient secretion. Long-term infection can spread to all internal genital organs. This can cause inflammation of the uterus (endometriosis), inflammation of the uterine appendages (adnexitis). Infection and pathogenic bacteria can enter the urethra. Penetration of pathogenic bacteria into the urethra provokes the development of cystitis and urethritis.

There are many reasons for the development of vaginal microflora disorders. Violation of vaginal microflora: symptoms, causes, treatment - every woman needs to avoid predisposing factors. It is better to prevent the development of a disease than to treat its consequences.

Violation of vaginal microflora - causes:

Local or general hypothermia. Hypothermia causes a decrease in immunity and is reflected in the ratio of microorganisms in the vagina.

Hormonal imbalances. Hormonal imbalances occur with irregular sexual activity, menstrual irregularities, puberty, pregnancy, after childbirth, abortion, with the onset of menopause, etc. A sharp change in hormonal levels is reflected in the condition of the genital organs.

Change of climate zone. A change in climate zone or a sharp change in climate provokes an exacerbation of dysbacteriosis.

Sexual infections. Sexual infections can be both a cause and a consequence of disturbances in the vaginal microflora.

Inflammatory process of the pelvic organs. The inflammatory process of the pelvic organs provokes the occurrence of specific symptoms, and the cause of inflammation can be an imbalance of microorganisms in the vagina.

Taking antibiotics. Long-term use of antibiotics disrupts the vaginal microflora and destroys not only harmful microorganisms, but also beneficial microorganisms. Therefore, with long-term use of antibiotics, it is necessary to colonize beneficial microorganisms in the vagina (which should be done by an experienced gynecologist).

Failure to comply with the rules of personal hygiene or sexual hygiene. Failure to maintain hygiene can cause the introduction of pathogenic microflora into the vagina.

Intestinal disease (intestinal dysbiosis). The intestinal microflora is associated with the vaginal microflora. Therefore, the presence of one of them causes a violation of the other.

Poor hygiene during menstruation. Poor menstrual hygiene involves the improper use of tampons and pads during menstruation. It is recommended to replace menstrual hygiene products every two hours. If you ignore the recommendations, then favorable conditions are created for the proliferation of opportunistic vaginal microflora, as well as for the development of inflammation.

The above factors do not always lead to disruption of the vaginal microflora. After all, a woman’s immune system is able to control and regulate the vaginal microflora if it changes. But still, it is better to avoid predisposing factors.

Violation of vaginal microflora - treatment

Treatment of vaginal microflora disorders is based on the results of preliminary diagnostics. For diagnostic purposes, the following tests are carried out: flora smear, PCR test, culture of vaginal discharge with determination of sensitivity to antibiotics. A flora smear allows you to determine the state of the vaginal microflora and identify inflammation. The PCR test allows you to determine the type of microorganism that caused the microflora disturbance. Bacterial culture also allows one to identify the pathogen and determine its sensitivity to antibiotics. In parallel with laboratory tests, an ultrasound examination of the pelvis and calposcopy are performed. Ultrasound examination of the pelvis allows you to assess the condition of the genital organs, their shape, the presence of tumors, etc. Cytoscopy allows you to assess the condition of the vaginal walls and identify uncharacteristic changes in the epithelial cover of the vagina. High-quality diagnostics are simply necessary. After all, 90% of treatment depends on the results of the diagnosis.

Treatment of vaginal microflora disorders includes:

Suppression of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. If a violation of the vaginal microflora is associated with a sexually transmitted infection, then treatment is aimed at the complete destruction of such an infection. In this case, treatment includes a course of antibiotics. But if genital infections are not caused by a violation of the vaginal microflora, antibiotics are not prescribed. Sometimes a short course of antibiotics is prescribed. Local procedures are considered very effective in treating vaginal microflora disorders. This is how special tampons, suppositories, creams, ointments, special baths, etc. are prescribed. Such drugs combine all the objectives of treatment: suppression of pathogenic microflora, restoration of normal vaginal microflora, correction of immunity. It is worth noting that in the treatment of vaginal microflora, the use of antiseptics is much more effective than the use of antibiotics. The effectiveness of antiseptics is explained by the broad action and immunity of bacteria to antiseptics.

Restoration of normal microflora. In order to restore the vaginal microflora, special vaginal preparations are used. Such drugs allow you to populate the vagina with useful and necessary microorganisms, as well as restore the vaginal walls.

Restoring the immune system of the vagina. Restoring the immunity of the vaginal wall will help maintain the normal composition of the vaginal microflora. For this purpose, various systemic and local drugs are used. It is not recommended to restore immunity on your own. Drugs that correct immunity have contraindications for use and specific application. Advanced forms of the disease require a serious approach to treatment. Immunostimulants are often combined with antibiotics. This treatment takes on average several weeks (2-4 weeks). It is worth noting that when treating vaginal microflora disorders, it is recommended to conduct a study of the health status and sexual partner of the sick woman. After completion of treatment, control studies are carried out. Control studies make it possible to confirm the quality of treatment and confirm the elimination of predisposing factors to relapse of vaginal dysbiosis.

You can prevent disruption of the vaginal microflora by following the rules of prevention. For the purpose of prevention, all women are recommended to visit the office of a gynecologist-endocrinologist at least 1-2 times a year. So, when visiting a specialist, you should report changes in the body, previous diseases, bad habits, etc. This information allows you to timely assess changes in the state of the vaginal microflora. If the gynecologist detects the influence of predisposing factors, he prescribes a number of necessary studies. Also, measures to prevent violations of the vaginal microflora include: timely treatment of sexually transmitted infections; timely treatment of acute diseases; proper nutrition; rejection of bad habits; use of mechanical contraceptives; having one sexual partner, etc.

Experienced doctors, including a gynecologist-endocrinologist, practice at the Hippocrates clinic. With us you can undergo the necessary examinations, as well as undergo treatment of gynecological diseases using modern methods. Our specialists accept appointments by appointment. You can make an appointment at any time by phone. Take care of your health.

Vaginal dysbiosis is a disorder of the balance of the microflora of the vaginal environment. With vaginal dysbiosis, the ratio of beneficial and opportunistic bacteria is disrupted, and the opportunistic flora begins to significantly predominate.

A change in the composition of the vaginal environment occurs both in quantitative and qualitative terms, which is manifested by significant discomfort in the genital area and can provoke the development of inflammatory processes in the reproductive area with the addition of various infectious complications. True, in a certain number of women, an imbalance of the vaginal microflora may be asymptomatic for some time.

This material will allow you to understand what vaginal dysbiosis is, how to deal with it, and how to prevent the appearance of this unpleasant pathology in the future.

ICD-10 code

N76 Other inflammatory diseases of the vagina and vulva

N76.8 Other specified inflammatory diseases of the vagina and vulva

Causes of vaginal dysbiosis

The number of beneficial microflora in the vaginal environment may decrease for several reasons:

the emergence of favorable factors for the development of fungal infection in the vagina;
frequent colds and infectious diseases, hypothermia;
hormonal imbalance associated with puberty, lack of sexual activity, pregnancy, menstruation disorders, induced abortion, menopause, etc.;
frequent climate change;
frequent psycho-emotional stress and mental overload;
violation of sanitary and hygienic standards (failure to comply with personal hygiene rules, untimely change of underwear, replacement of tampons and pads, as well as promiscuous sexual intercourse without using a condom;
inflammatory processes (especially chronic) of the uterus and appendages;
incorrect or prolonged use of antibiotics;
disruption of the normal balance of the intestinal environment, frequent stool disorders;
the presence of infectious diseases of the genital area (ureaplasma, chlamydia, trichomonas).

Especially worth highlighting are several factors that create favorable conditions for the growth and development of fungal and other pathogenic flora in the vaginal environment. These are the following reasons:

metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus, obesity, dysproteinemia);
thyrotoxicosis, vitamin deficiency, diseases of the blood system;
improper or long-term treatment with antibiotics, contraceptives, corticosteroid hormones, cytostatic agents, which provoke hormonal imbalance and reduce immune defense.

Symptoms of vaginal dysbiosis

At first, dysbiosis may be asymptomatic. However, after some time, the first signs of the pathological condition appear:

vaginal discharge that has not previously been observed;
itching and discomfort in the vaginal area;
discomfort during sexual intercourse;
pain and dryness in the vaginal cavity.

Discharge from vaginal dysbiosis has a cloudy pastel yellowish or even greenish tint, as well as an unpleasant putrid odor. Sometimes women do not pay much attention to vaginal discharge, since this is also normal. However, normal discharge is clear and does not have an unpleasant odor.

Disturbance of the microflora in the vagina can be accompanied by inflammation of the bladder (cystitis), adnexitis (inflammatory process in the appendages) or colpitis (inflammation of the vaginal mucosa), as well as other inflammatory and infectious diseases of the reproductive system.

Vaginal dysbiosis in women

Very often, the causes of dysbacteriosis are promiscuity, neglect to use a condom, and periodic infection with sexually transmitted infections. If the vaginal flora is within normal limits, then the risk of developing an infectious disease of the genital organs is minimized. The development of a sexually transmitted infection indicates that the balance of the microflora has been disturbed, and the body can no longer cope with the invasion of foreign agents.

If a pathogen that is sexually transmitted appears in the genitals, then at the same time the process of inflammation begins in the genital area, and the imbalance of the vaginal environment only worsens. It is important to understand that the infection does not cause the disease on its own, but only together with opportunistic microorganisms that are present in the vagina. Therefore, treatment of genital tract infections, along with the destruction of the pathogen (Trichomonas, chlamydia, etc.), should be accompanied by measures to restore normal microflora in the vagina. If this is not done, treatment for bacterial vaginosis may not be successful.

The issue of simultaneous treatment of a sexual partner for diseases that are sexually transmitted should be decided at an appointment with a specialist, since such treatment is not appropriate or necessary in all cases.

In the future, with successful implementation of measures to restore the vaginal environment, the incidence of infectious diseases of the genital tract can be minimized.

Vaginal dysbiosis during pregnancy

Very often during pregnancy there is an exacerbation of hormone-dependent diseases in a woman’s body. Such diseases include vaginal dysbiosis (bacterial vaginosis). It is no secret that pregnant women experience changes in hormonal levels almost daily. Along with this, immune defense decreases, nutritional patterns and sex life change. For these reasons, the development of vaginal dysbiosis during this period is a very, very common phenomenon.

Due to the fact that pregnant women are not recommended to take any treatment before the birth of the child, it is unlikely that it will be possible to fully cure dysbiosis during this period. Experts do not allow the use of antibiotics and immunostimulants in pregnant women.

Treatment boils down to symptomatic therapy, nutritional correction and adherence to personal hygiene rules. Sometimes local treatment (ointments, douching) is prescribed at the discretion of the doctor.

Vaginal dysbiosis in a child

Vaginal dysbiosis often occurs not only in adults, but also in childhood and adolescence. The causes of the disease can be infectious and non-infectious factors.

At birth, the vagina of a girl who received support from the mother’s estrogen hormones during the intrauterine stage of development hypertrophies due to layered squamous epithelial tissue containing glycogen. Indicators of the vaginal environment during this period can be 5.5-7.0. This natural physiological state can lead to the appearance of milky-white discharge of a thick consistency during the first twenty days of life, the amount of which gradually decreases as the active influence of maternal estrogens decreases.

From approximately the third week of life until the onset of menopause, the vaginal mucous membranes may become atrophic, will not contain glycogen, and the vaginal environment will maintain a neutral or alkaline pH (from 6.5 to 7.4). This development of pathology favors the development of pathogenic microorganisms.

Vaginal dysbiosis in girls can manifest itself in different ways. Small children may scratch and rub their genital area and become fussy while urinating or defecating. Older girls describe feeling itchy and sore. Discharge from the genital fissure is unstable and may not be considered the first symptom of dysbacteriosis.

It is necessary to pay attention to the possible entry of foreign bodies into the vagina. For older girls, these can be tampons or napkins. Sometimes detergents (soap, shower gel or intimate hygiene), deodorants and clothing items are irritating factors. Underwear with a predominance of synthetic fabrics, as well as narrow and tight underwear will only aggravate the problem.

An important role in the etiology of dysbiosis in childhood is played by antibiotic therapy, the presence of a hereditary predisposition to diabetes mellitus, helminthic infestations, and skin diseases (psoriasis, eczema, dermatitis). These factors can accelerate or contribute to the development of dysbiosis.

Diagnosis of vaginal dysbiosis

Standard diagnosis of vaginal dysbiosis, in addition to a basic gynecological examination, should include the following tests:

taking a smear for microflora;
PCR analysis;
carrying out culture of vaginal discharge.

An analysis for vaginal dysbiosis is taken using a disposable spatula in three places: in the cervical canal, in the opening of the urinary canal and from the vaginal wall. Before undergoing such an analysis, a woman should adhere to some recommendations:

do not have sex 1-2 days before the smear test;
do not use intimate creams, vaginal suppositories;
do not douche or take a bath, do not swim in ponds or pools on the eve of the procedure.

If possible, a smear for microflora is taken several times in the same laboratory to avoid differences in standards. Be sure to get tested before and after treatment.

PCR analysis allows you to identify the causative agent of infection. For analysis, as a rule, samples of vaginal discharge are used, which are combined with certain enzymes and placed in a specialized reactor. Such a study not only determines the type of infectious pathogen, but also makes it possible to detect how much infection is present in the body. This method determines the presence of chlamydia, ureaplasma, mycoplasma, fungal infection, gardnerella, trichomonas, herpes, etc.

Sowing on the flora (cultural examination) allows you to obtain a pure culture of microbes, identify them and determine the properties of the pathogen.

Using culture, you can detect Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, protozoa, coccal flora, enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, corynebacteria, etc. Simultaneously with culture, if necessary, sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs is determined.

Vaginal dysbiosis after antibiotics

Changes in the composition of the vaginal flora are one of the most common consequences after treatment with antibiotic drugs.

Antibiotics are one of the most effective drugs in the fight against various infectious diseases. These medications can stop the reproduction and destroy pathogenic microorganisms for a short time, but at the same time they can also kill beneficial microbes, without which the normal functioning of the body becomes impossible. At this moment, vaginal dysbiosis develops after antibiotics.

To prevent the development of dysbiosis, you must adhere to several rules:

if the doctor has prescribed antibiotic therapy, you must strictly follow the treatment regimen, do not skip taking pills or injections, and do not cancel or extend the course of antibiotic therapy yourself;
Along with antibiotics, you should take drugs that help restore microflora in the body and contain a complex of living beneficial bacteria.

During antibiotic therapy, it is important to adhere to a special diet that will protect the body from imbalances in the intestinal and vaginal flora. This diet involves eating fresh dairy products, vegetables and fruits, as well as avoiding sweets and alcohol.

Treatment of vaginal dysbiosis

How to treat vaginal dysbiosis? For successful treatment you will need to solve several issues:

stop the growth and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms that are found in the vaginal environment;
promote the growth of the number of beneficial microorganisms in the vaginal cavity;
improve the immune resistance of the mucous membranes of the vaginal wall.

If the phenomena of dysbiosis are associated with the detection of an infectious pathogen, then the main treatment regimen for vaginal dysbiosis should be aimed at the complete destruction of foreign microorganisms. In such a situation, antibiotics are prescribed depending on the sensitivity of the detected bacteria. If no genital infections have been identified, douching or local application of antimicrobial and antiseptic agents can be used. This method can suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria, restore normal environmental parameters and local immunity. To inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, antibiotic therapy (amoxiclav, sumamed, trichopolum, doxacycline), the use of local antiseptics (chlorhexidine, miramistin), as well as the use of antimicrobial suppositories (ginopevaril, terzhinan) are often prescribed.

Medicines for vaginal dysbiosis:

trichopolum (metronidazole) 0.5 g orally twice a day for a week. The drug effectively fights infection, prevents the development of complications, but can sometimes cause dyspeptic disorders;
Metronidazole gel (synonyms Metrogyl, Flagyl) is inserted into the vaginal cavity using a special device (included) every day before bed for five days. This treatment has fewer side effects and is easily tolerated by patients;
clindamycin ointment (synonym Dalatsin) – is inserted into the vaginal cavity before bedtime for five days;
the drug clindamycin (dalacin, climycin) - 0.3 g orally twice a day for a week. This remedy is often prescribed if you are allergic to metronidazole;
Lactobacterin is a probiotic preparation that normalizes the microflora of the vaginal environment, increases immunity and inhibits the growth of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic flora. Before use, Lactobacterin is diluted with boiled water and administered into the vagina in 2.5 to 5 dosages over 10-12 days;
bifidumbacterin - restores the balance of the flora of the vaginal cavity, inhibits the growth of staphylococci, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Shigella, and fungal infections. The powder is taken orally half an hour before meals as prescribed by the doctor, usually 5 dosages three times a day.

Suppositories for vaginal dysbiosis:

neo-penotran - antimicrobial vaginal suppositories, which are prescribed for bacterial and trichomonas vaginitis, fungal infections, as well as mixed flora. As a rule, use 1 suppository before bedtime, treatment duration is 2 weeks. Sometimes it is possible to prescribe suppositories twice a day: in the morning and at night for a week. The drug should not be used in the first trimester of pregnancy and in childhood;
flagyl suppositories - prescribed simultaneously with oral therapy with metronidazole, administered before bedtime, 1 suppository for 7-10 days. It is not recommended to take the drug for a long time, or to carry out more than 3 courses of therapy per year;
terzhinan - vaginal tablets that are inserted into the vagina, 1 piece per day, duration of use is from 10 to 20 days. If necessary, treatment with terzhinan can be carried out even during menstruation;
gynolact - contains lactic acid bacteria that inhibit the growth of pathogens and activate the natural mechanism of immunity. One capsule is inserted into the vagina, the duration of treatment is from 3 to six days. If necessary, treatment can be repeated after a week's break;
acylact is a probiotic product containing active acidophilus lactobacilli. Suppositories are used intravaginally, 1 pc. once or 2 times a day. The average duration of treatment is from 5 to 10 days.

To successfully treat vaginal dysbiosis and prevent relapses, vitamin complexes are prescribed, and it is also recommended to adhere to a diet with a predominant consumption of vegetables, fruits, herbs, and fermented milk products. Limit sweets, smoked and spicy foods, and alcoholic drinks.

If you experience frequent signs of vaginal dysbiosis, avoid the following products:

sugar and sugar-containing products, baked goods, sweets, cakes, chocolate;
yeast baked goods;
coffee, alcohol;
chilli.

During the course of therapy, it is advisable to abstain from sexual intercourse or use condoms, since often after sexual intercourse the symptoms of dysbiosis may intensify.

Folk remedies for vaginal dysbiosis

As a folk treatment, it is possible to use infusions of juniper berries, yarrow herbs, sage, eucalyptus, chamomile, and calendula. To prepare the infusion, 1 ½ -2 full tablespoons of dry crushed herbs should be poured into 200 ml of boiling water and left for 40-50 minutes. The product can be taken three times a day, 1/3 cup after meals, or used for douching.

These herbs have a strong antimicrobial effect and can be used either alone or as a mixture in arbitrary proportions.

A good remedy for combating pathogenic microbes is St. John's wort. It can also be used for douching and sitz baths. To do this, you need to take 2 full spoons of raw material and pour 200 ml of boiling water, leave for 50-60 minutes.

Soda baths are successfully used to combat fungal infections. To prepare them, mix a teaspoon of baking soda and 50 drops of iodine in warm water. The bath should be taken before bedtime, the duration of treatment is from 1 to 2 weeks.

The following remedy helps well: take 10 cloves of garlic, 100 g of homemade sour cream, 400 ml of apple juice, 200 g of prunes and 200 g of fresh berries (strawberries, raspberries, blueberries). Chop the garlic cloves, prunes and berries, mix with the liquid ingredients and take 1 tbsp. spoon three times a day for 14 days.

A few more recipes for restoring normal vaginal microflora:

mix aloe juice with vegetable oil in equal proportions, soak a tampon in the mixture and insert it into the vaginal cavity overnight;
oak bark (1 tablespoon) is poured into a thermos with 300 ml of boiling water. Leave for 3 hours, filter and use for douching at night;
moisten the tampon in sea buckthorn oil and insert it into the vaginal cavity overnight;
let's take 5 tbsp. spoons of chopped currant leaf, throw into boiling water, add 5 cloves of garlic, passed through a press, remove from heat and pour in the juice of half a lemon. Filter the mixture and drink ½ glass up to 4 times a day.

It is useful to drink 1 glass of fresh kefir or yogurt daily at night. Fresh sour milk from goat's milk helps especially well. It is important that the product is fresh: old kefir or sour milk does not contain active beneficial bacteria that will benefit the body.

Never douche with kefir or yoghurt, this will only make the situation worse. Fermented milk products have a beneficial effect only when consumed orally.

Sometimes it makes sense to carry out preventive courses of treatment 1-2 times a year. In the first time after therapy, it is advisable to be examined every three months for one year. Follow your doctor’s recommendations, because vaginal dysbiosis is a very common and unpleasant problem that can be dealt with: treatment is especially effective in the early stages of the disease.

Oddly enough, most girls and women remember the vaginal microflora only when it begins to be disrupted. Leading experts rightly believe that maintaining normal vaginal microflora creates serious barriers to the occurrence of various infectious and inflammatory processes in the internal genital organs. As recent statistics show, from 20 to 30% of women of reproductive age have a violation of the vaginal microflora.

Normal vaginal biocenosis

Thanks to clinical studies, scientists have found that the natural microflora of the vagina is a combination of beneficial and opportunistic microorganisms. Normally, beneficial bacteria significantly outnumber opportunistic species. It is reliably known that approximately 95–97% of the vaginal biocenosis consists of lactobacilli, which, by producing lactic acid, provide an acidic environment in the vagina and protect it from infection. Opportunistic microorganisms (3–5%) are represented by the following types:

Gram-positive rods.
Gram-positive and gram-negative cocci.
Anaerobic rods.
Enterobacteriaceae.

The symbiotic relationship between beneficial and opportunistic microorganisms not only does not cause any harm, but even protects the internal genital organs from infection. Most infectious agents entering the vagina are neutralized in an acidic environment. However, it is worth noting that changes in microflora can occur during the menstrual cycle. For example, at the beginning of the cycle there is some deviation in vaginal pH towards the alkaline side. There will be a characteristic decrease in the number of lactobacilli, which is accompanied by an increase in opportunistic microorganisms. But immediately after menstruation, a rapid restoration of balance is observed.

If you notice any unnatural discharge from the genitals, do not delay visiting a doctor.

Violation of vaginal biocenosis

Not so long ago, a violation of the vaginal microflora was considered a clinical syndrome. However, it is now classified as a separate nosological entity, which is given the name bacterial vaginosis. In this pathological condition, there is a sharp decrease or absence of lactobacilli and an increase in the number of opportunistic microorganisms, in particular gardnerella and gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. It should be noted that neither sexually transmitted bacterial infections, nor fungi or pathogenic protozoa are the cause of bacterial vaginosis.

As a result of the development of vaginal dysbiosis, the pH of the environment in the vagina shifts to the alkaline side and becomes more than 4.5. Such changes are associated with the presence of a large number of anaerobic bacteria, which produce volatile amines that have an extremely unpleasant odor, reminiscent of rotten fish. Changes in the biocenosis and pH of the environment deprive the vagina of a biological protective barrier, creating all the conditions for the occurrence of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the woman’s reproductive system.

What causes dysbiosis?

Bacterial vaginosis does not appear out of nowhere. The following may act as a provoking factor leading to disruption of the vaginal microflora:

Hormonal imbalance. Often observed during pregnancy and breastfeeding, during abortion, menopause, irregular sex life, etc.
Taking antibacterial agents. If you use antibiotics, they destroy not only dangerous, but also beneficial bacteria and other microorganisms. Uncontrolled long-term use of antibacterial drugs is particularly harmful to health.
Constant hypothermia, physical fatigue, unbalanced psycho-emotional stress, leading to decreased immunity.
Failure of the menstrual function of the ovaries of various types.
Past infectious and inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system.
Too active sexual life (several sexual partners or frequent changes).
Both insufficient and overly thorough hygiene of the intimate area.
Use of hormonal oral contraception and/or use of intrauterine contraceptives.

Violation of the vaginal microflora is a disease that needs to be treated purposefully.

Manifestation of dysbiosis

In the vast majority of cases, bacterial vaginosis is manifested by local symptoms. In some patients, subjective sensations may be absent. Typical clinical picture of vaginal dysbiosis:

There is copious discharge from the internal genital organs (whitish-gray in color, strong unpleasant odor). Quite often observed after intimacy or during menstruation.
If the disturbance of the vaginal microflora is chronic, then the discharge becomes yellowish-green, more saturated and thick, and looks like a cheesy mass.
The amount of discharge can vary from slight to very heavy.
Women rarely complain of itching and problems with urination. If present, they usually appear periodically.
A characteristic symptom of bacterial vaginosis is the absence of inflammation of the vagina.
Sometimes there is heavy menstrual bleeding and a feeling of pain in the lower abdomen.

A woman who has a violation of the vaginal microflora can contribute to the development of inflammation of the head and foreskin in her sexual partner.

How to determine dysbiosis?

Basic clinical and laboratory criteria indicating bacterial vaginosis:

Abundant cheesy discharge with a whitish-gray tint and a very unpleasant odor, evenly covering the walls of the vagina.
The pH of the vaginal environment is more than 4.5.
Positive amine test. By mixing samples of vaginal discharge with a solution of potassium hydroxide in equal proportions, a characteristic fishy odor appears.
Microscopic examination identifies “key cells.” These are desquamated epithelial cells to which various opportunistic microorganisms are attached. Normally, key cells are not detected.

If at least three of the above criteria are detected, then we can safely talk about a violation of the vaginal microflora, characteristic of bacterial vaginosis. If necessary, the diagnosis is supplemented with a bacteriological research method, which makes it possible to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of the vaginal biocenosis.

If the vaginal microflora has been disturbed for a long time, this can affect the woman’s reproductive function.

Restoration of vaginal biocenosis

To successfully eliminate bacterial vaginosis, two main tasks must be performed:

Suppress excessive growth and reproduction of opportunistic bacteria (especially anaerobes) through the use of antibacterial drugs.
Restore normal vaginal biocenosis with the help of eubiotics, which will help increase the proportion of beneficial microorganisms.

Currently, antibacterial therapy to suppress opportunistic flora includes the administration of the following medications:

Clindamycin.
Metronidazole.
Tinidazole.
Ornidazole.

The therapeutic course can last for 5–7 days. If a woman is pregnant and suffers from bacterial vaginosis, then Clindamycin in the form of a cream is usually used. After completion of antibacterial treatment, measures are taken to restore normal vaginal biocenosis. There are no special restrictions regarding sexual activity during therapy. To boost immunity, it is recommended to take vitamin-mineral complexes and biogenic stimulants (Actovegin, aloe extract, etc.).

With proper adherence to the regimen and compliance with all the instructions of the attending physician, the normal microflora of the vagina is restored within several weeks.

Preparations for normalization of biocenosis

How to improve vaginal microflora? Having effectively dealt with opportunistic bacteria, they move on to taking eubiotics that help restore the vaginal biocenosis. This group of drugs includes:

Lactobacterin

One of the most popular eubiotics used to correct vaginal biocenosis is Lactobacterin. Live bacteria contained in the drug ensure the normalization of microflora, maintaining the pH of the vaginal environment at a level of no more than 4.5. In the acidic environment created by lactobacilli, many pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms cannot grow and reproduce. Allergy to the components of the drug, vulvovaginal candidiasis and childhood are considered contraindications for use.

Side effects in the form of allergic reactions are very rare. Due to a decrease in the therapeutic effect, the simultaneous use of Lactobacterin and antibacterial drugs is not recommended. Restorative therapy using intravaginal suppositories can last 10–14 days. If necessary, repeated courses of treatment may be prescribed after 2–3 weeks. The cost of the drug Lactobacterin ranges from 130–150 rubles.

Gynoflor

Gynoflor is widely used to normalize vaginal microflora. Unlike the previous drug, this medicine contains not only lactobacilli acidophilus, but also a small amount of estrogen (estriol). Lactobacilli successfully cope with pathogenic and opportunistic flora. Estriol ensures the restoration of the vaginal epithelium, maintaining the biocenosis and pH of the environment, without having a systemic effect on the female body. In healthy epithelium, glycogen accumulates, which is necessary for the normal functioning of lactobacilli. Contraindications include the following conditions and diseases:

Allergy to the main and auxiliary components of Gynoflor.
Neoplasms sensitive to estrogen (tumors of the breast, reproductive system, etc.).
Any form of endometriosis.
Bloody discharge from the genitals of unknown origin.
Young age.

I would like to note that Gynoflor does not change the level of natural hormones in the blood. In the early stages of pregnancy (1st trimester) it is not recommended to prescribe the drug. At the same time, in later stages its use is allowed if there are appropriate indications and there are no contraindications. However, there is no reliable data on the effect of Gynoflor on the course of pregnancy and fetal development, since long-term clinical studies have not been conducted.

Side effects are recorded quite rarely. Some women experienced local adverse reactions, such as redness and a burning sensation in the genital area. In addition, simultaneous use with antibiotics may lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of the drug. Spermicidal agents are also not recommended to be combined with Gynoflor. The course of treatment is determined solely by the attending physician, but on average it can last 1–2 weeks. During therapy, it is better for girls and women to use sanitary tampons.

In most pharmacies, the price for the domestically produced drug Gynoflor does not exceed 950 rubles per package (6 vaginal tablets). Packs of 12 tablets are also available for sale, costing about 1,300 rubles.

Solcotrichofac

In prolonged and recurrent forms of bacterial vaginosis, the immunostimulating vaccine Solcotrichofac is used to normalize the vaginal microflora. The use of this specific drug not only helps to stabilize vaginal biocinosis, but also prevents the likelihood of relapses and mixed infections in approximately 80% of women. Solcotrichofak is actively used as both a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for bacterial vaginosis.

Vaccination with this drug should only be carried out by a doctor. The course includes 3 intramuscular injections. The interval between each administration is 14 days. The exact time of vaccination is calculated in advance so that injections do not coincide with menstruation. Revaccination is carried out after 12 months. The main contraindications to the use of Solcotrichofac are:

During pregnancy, whether to vaccinate with Solcotrichofak or not is decided by the doctor, taking into account the benefits for the woman and the possible risk for the child. There are practically no side reactions. In rare cases, headaches, chills, fever, general weakness, etc. were observed. The drug is also effective for recurrent trichomoniasis. You can purchase the Solcotrichofac vaccine in pharmacies with a prescription.

Symptoms of the disease manifest themselves differently in women. In general, this condition is characterized by a violation of the ratio of normal microflora of the body and opportunistic microflora.

In adult women, most often with dysbiosis, there is a decrease in lactobacilli in the body and an increase in E. coli and staphylococci.

It is important to know! For successful treatment, it is important to identify this pathology at an early stage of development and prevent its progression. To do this, you should first understand the causes of dysbiosis, and then apply comprehensive treatment of the disease.

Causes of vaginal dysbiosis in gynecology

Large number of sexual partners and lack of contraception or use of hormonal contraceptives.
Hormonal disorders associated with abortion, menstrual disorders, long absence of sexual intercourse, thyroid dysfunction, as well as any disruption of the ovaries.

Dysbacteriosis in gynecology is quite a common phenomenon, it affects about 75% of women

Improper personal hygiene - frequent douching, untimely changing of the tampon, abuse of antimicrobial agents.
Stress, nervous breakdowns, excessive fatigue.
Long-term use of antibiotics.
Climate change, hypothermia.
Chronic vaginal infections.
General decrease in the body's immunity.
Intestinal diseases.
Diabetes.
Smoking, taking drugs, drinking too much alcohol.

Note! This is not a complete list of reasons characterizing dysbiosis. Symptoms of the disease in women manifest themselves differently, depending on the individual characteristics of the body. Therefore, the causes of the disease, according to information from gynecological reference books, may be different.

Provoking factors for the occurrence of vaginosis

Gardnerellas

In addition to the main causes of dysbiosis, it is important to determine the provoking factors of the disease. These include bacteria, the type of which will help determine the identified symptoms of the disease in women.
The main types of bacteria that cause vaginosis:

Streptococci and staphylococci;
Gardnerellas;
Mycoplasma and ureaplasma;
The causative agent of thrush is Candida fungus;
Clostridia, Klebsiella, Corynebacterium;
Escherichia coli.

When bacteria are present in small quantities, they are harmful to health, but when they multiply and spread, they cause illness.

The main symptoms of vaginal dysbiosis in women

Vaginosis can occur for a long time without any visible symptoms, however as the disease worsens, the following is observed:

Vaginal dryness– this condition is very clearly noticeable during sexual intercourse and can give a woman very unpleasant sensations. This condition means the transition of dysbiosis to the pelvic organs. These symptoms can lead to irritability and loss of interest in sex.
Discharge. Dysbacteriosis in gynecology is also characterized by symptoms in women such as an increase in clear discharge in the initial stage. As the disease develops, namely an increase in the number of staphylococci and E. coli, they acquire a pungent odor and become greenish.

Symptoms of bacterial vaginosis in women may not appear for a long time. Therefore, it is important to undergo regular gynecological examinations

Itching and burning. If vaginosis is aggravated by thrush, a white coating appears on the walls of the vagina, and itching and burning are possible.
Pain in the lower abdomen. With a long course of dysbacteriosis, pain in the lower back and lower abdomen may appear; in an aggravated form, frequent painful urination is possible.

You should know! With vaginosis at the initial stage, there are no visible signs of the inflammatory process.

Ignoring vaginal dysbiosis for a long time can lead to more serious illnesses and a significant deterioration in overall health.

Symptoms of vaginal dysbiosis in girls

According to the accepted data of modern gynecology, symptoms of vaginal dysbiosis in girls can appear at any age.

The main reasons for the development of the disease in adolescents:

hypothermia;
errors in personal hygiene, most often incorrect use of tampons and gels for intimate hygiene;
weak immunity;
poor nutrition, lack of rest and fresh air, stress;
hormonal imbalance during puberty.

In most cases, until adulthood, the main symptoms of the disease are itching and burning in the groin area. Discharge and a specific odor appear in older girls.

If you suspect the development of this disease in a child, you should consult a doctor to determine the causes and treatment program.

Diagnosis of vaginal dysbiosis

Standard diagnosis of dysbiosis includes:

gynecological examination;
microflora smear;
polymerase chain reaction analysis;
vaginal seeding.

Before taking a smear, it is important to abstain from sexual intercourse, use of vaginal suppositories and douching for several days.

A smear is taken before the start of treatment and at the end of it.

A PRC analysis must be taken to determine the causative agent of the infection and the number of bacteria in the body. In turn, taking a culture helps determine the properties inherent in the pathogen. It is also necessary to determine the body's sensitivity to antimicrobial agents.

Vaginal dysbiosis during pregnancy

Quite often, dysbiosis in gynecology is characterized by the presence of similar symptoms in pregnant women:

discomfort and itching in the vagina;
an abundance of discharge that has an unpleasant, sometimes pungent odor.

Stress caused by worry about the child, excessive fatigue, and poor nutrition can lead to dysbacteriosis. The most common cause is hormonal imbalances, which lead to decreased immunity.

Self-medication is prohibited during pregnancy, all procedures must be agreed with the attending physician so as not to harm the baby.

Comprehensive treatment of vaginal dysbiosis

To achieve a positive result, it is necessary to stop the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms, after which the presence of beneficial microorganisms in the vagina should be increased.

To consolidate the result, you need to strengthen the body's immunity. Treatment of vaginal dysbiosis consists of taking prescribed medications and therapy to restore normal microflora. Let's look at each stage in more detail.

Drug treatment

Let's highlight Some drugs that help treat vaginal dysbiosis and restore microflora:

Drug, price	Method of administration	Cause
Tiberal (price about 700 rubles)	A week twice a day, 500 ml	Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms
Tinidazole (pack about 45 rubles)	3-4 tablets per day, 6 days	Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms
Clindamycin (approximate price 600 rubles)	Per day from 600 to 1800 mg three times a day, for a week	Against staphylococci and E. coli
Terzhinan (price from 350 rubles)	1 tablet in the evening in the vagina, 10 days	Against staphylococci and E. coli
Essentiale forte (price from 700 rubles)	2 capsules, three times a day	Recovery process

Doctors warn that taking medications that were not prescribed by a specialist can negatively affect the functioning of the body and worsen overall well-being.

Microflora restoration therapy

Violation of the vaginal microflora is directly related to a woman’s immunity, so during treatment it is necessary to pay enough attention to strengthening the immune system.

Most often, restoration of microflora takes no more than 1 month. After completing the course, a re-examination by a specialist is required. If the disease is not in an advanced state, the use of immunomodulators is sufficient for treatment.

In more complex cases, for example, to restore microflora after thrush, it is necessary to take products containing lactobacilli and a component that restores epithelium.

Drugs that help restore the normal vaginal environment:

A drug	Mode of application
Gynoflor	For a week, one tablet into the vagina before bedtime
Laktogin	For women over 18 years old, one capsule, 10 days
Ecofemin	1 capsule twice a day. Take from two weeks to a month
Lactobacterin	Ten days, one vaginal suppository before bed

A rehabilitation course of medication should be discussed with your doctor.

Possible complications of vaginal dysbiosis

If the disease is not treated for a long time, complications are possible, which include:

endometritis– inflammation of the uterine cavity;
vaginitis– inflammation of the vaginal walls;
cervicitis- development of the inflammatory process of the uterus;

development of cystitis as a result of bladder infection;
adnexitis- inflammation of the appendages.

Most often, the first signs of the onset of the development of such diseases are caused by the appearance of burning and itching, as well as an increase in the amount of discharge.

Traditional recipes for the treatment of vaginal dysbiosis

Dysbacteriosis in gynecology. The use of traditional recipes to treat identified symptoms in women
Name	Ingredients	Recipe	Reception
Douching - no more than 15 minutes. Normalization of the body's condition	1. Chamomile and plantain	1 tbsp. spoons of herbs, pour a liter of boiling water, leave for half an hour, strain	In the morning and before bed
	2.Oak bark	1 tbsp. spoon, pour 200 ml of boiling water, leave for three hours, strain, cool	During the week at night
	3. Bird cherry	1 tbsp. spoon per 400 ml of water, boil, cook for 20 minutes over low heat, strain and cool	Once a day for a week
Therapeutic sitz baths (waist-deep) – have a calming effect and relieve inflammation	1.Oak bark	250 gr. leave the collection in cold water for four hours, boil, add to the bath	Daily for 20 minutes
	2.Flower honey	2 tbsp. dilute spoons of honey with 500 ml of hot water and add the mixture to the bath	20 minutes every two days
Tinctures to strengthen the immune system	1.Quince, cherry, garlic, lemon and apples	Mash the cherries, grate the quinces and apples, finely chop the lemon, squeeze out the garlic. Mix all the ingredients, pour in 1.5 liters of water, close and let it brew for 30 minutes, then strain	Four times a day, 100 ml
Tinctures to strengthen the immune system	2. Dried rowan, honey, onion	Pour 2 tablespoons of berries into 400 ml of water, cook for 25 minutes, add 2 tablespoons of honey and grated onion	One spoon 4 times a day
	3. Purslane leaves, egg white	Grind leaves and mix with egg white	Drink three times a day, course 15 days

One should not neglect the fact that to improve the effect of treatment, in addition to the above methods, fresh fruits, vegetables and dairy products should be introduced into the daily diet.

You should take vitamins E and C, which have a positive effect on the balance of microflora.

When using traditional methods of treatment, one should not neglect the consultation of a qualified specialist. This will help you get better treatment.

According to modern gynecology, dysbacteriosis, regardless of the identified symptoms in women, is not transmitted during sexual intercourse and is not classified as a venereal disease. However, it must be treated immediately when the first symptoms are detected.

Useful videos about vaginal dysbiosis from doctors

Dysbacteriosis in gynecology. Symptoms in women:

Bacterial vaginosis, its consequences and treatment:

Dysbacteriosis in gynecology or bacterial vaginosis is a violation of the normal microflora of the vagina (normally the vagina is inhabited by bifidum - and lactobacilli), with the growth of opportunistic microorganisms (gardnerella, candida, streptococci, staphylococci and others).

The disease affects all ages, regardless of whether the fairer sex is sexually active or not.

Causes

The following reasons can lead to the formation of dysbacteriosis:

Symptoms

Dysbacteriosis has specific symptoms that are well studied. The main symptoms of bacterial vaginosis:

All of the above signs do not disappear after taking a shower, bath, or washing the external genitalia.

Diagnostics

The conclusion “bacterial vaginosis” is made based on the patient’s complaints, examination, and laboratory results. Identifying the disease is not difficult, as it has characteristic symptoms.

To clarify the diagnosis, a smear is taken from the vaginal mucosa for microflora, which is studied under a microscope. With dysbacteriosis, a reduced number or complete absence of lactobacilli and bifidumbacteria is detected, while at the same time an increase in opportunistic microflora. In advanced forms, an infection occurs (streptococci and bacilli are detected).

In addition to the smear, culture and diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections are mandatory. Using these tests, the type of pathogen that has changed the microflora is determined and sensitivity to antibiotics is determined.

Treatment methods

Treatment of dysbiosis does not cause any difficulties. With properly selected therapy, the primary signs of the disease disappear after a couple of days.

Treatment is selected individually depending on the type of pathogen that caused the formation of the disease, and is carried out in two stages.

The first stage of therapy is the elimination of pathogenic opportunistic microflora. The second stage is the colonization of the vagina with “good” bacteria.

Drug therapy

Treatment is carried out with the following drugs:

Desensitizing drugs are used in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis:

suprastin in tablet form;
Claritin tablets.

Suppositories are used to treat dysbiosis:

The doctor selects medications, dosages and course of treatment based on individual, physiological characteristics.

Treatment with “healing” tampons:

Rehabilitation therapy

After the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms, the vagina is populated with “beneficial” bacteria, for this purpose the following means are used:

Bifidin suppositories;
intravaginal suppositories Acylact;
Vaginorm suppositories - S, Laktonorm, Lactobacterin.

ethnoscience

It is possible to treat dysbiosis with folk remedies; herbal infusions, which are used for sitz baths and douching, are suitable for these purposes. Recipes for folk remedies therapy:

The disease can be treated with folk remedies only after consulting a specialist.

E. Malysheva: Lately I have been receiving a lot of letters from my regular viewers about breast problems: MASTITIS, LACTOSTASIS, FIBROADENOME. To completely get rid of these problems, I advise you to familiarize yourself with my new technique based on natural ingredients...

Therapy with folk remedies should be combined with traditional methods of treatment; in no case should medications be discontinued.

A young woman S., 25 years old, consulted a gynecologist with complaints of unusual yellowish discharge with an odor reminiscent of rotten fish, itching and burning in the genital area. Washing and taking a shower do not bring the desired result, the symptoms persist.

The gynecologist examined the genital organs and took the necessary smears. The test results showed a decrease in the number of lacto- and bifidumbacteria, the growth of gardnerella, and a diagnosis of dysbacteriosis was made.

Metronidazole tablets;
Lactobacterin suppositories;
abstaining from sexual intercourse during treatment;
sitz baths using herbs (chamomile, sage, yarrow).

After a few days, the signs of dysbacteriosis decreased significantly. After three weeks from the start of treatment, the patient was tested again, which showed the restoration of normal microflora.

Do you still think that it is completely impossible to heal your body?

How can you identify them?

nervousness, sleep and appetite disturbances;
allergies (watery eyes, rashes, runny nose);
frequent headaches, constipation or diarrhea;
frequent colds, sore throat, nasal congestion;
pain in joints and muscles;
chronic fatigue (you get tired quickly, no matter what you do);
dark circles, bags under the eyes.