home Audience 4 Is aspirin dangerous for cats? What safe pain reliever can be given to a cat? Effect on the pet's body

Is aspirin dangerous for cats? What safe pain reliever can be given to a cat? Effect on the pet's body

Pain in cats, like other animals, is a symptom of serious illness or injury. In order to help an animal suffering from pain, it is necessary to cure the underlying disease. If painful sensations significantly worsen the cat’s quality of life, then mainly two groups of painkillers are used – NSAIDs and narcotic drugs. The problem of choosing a safe analgesic for cats is the toxicity of many drugs.

Show all

Pain syndrome in cats

Many diseases in cats are accompanied by pain. Pain aggravates the course of the disease and worsens the animal’s quality of life. With severe pain in cats, overexcitation of the nervous system, disruption of the functioning of individual organs and systems, shock and death of the animal can occur. Most often, cats experience severe pain due to the following pathologies:

oncological diseases;
surgical operations;
injuries (ruptured ligaments, internal organs, fractures, etc.);
inflammatory diseases of various localizations - in the urinary system, ears (otitis media), pancreas (pancreatitis), uterine mucosa (endometritis);
dilated stomach syndrome, peritonitis;
chronic renal failure (CRF);
hepatic and renal colic;
diseases of the nervous system – polyradiculoneuritis, neuromas and others;
toothache, especially severe in FORL (progressive tooth decay in cats).

In many cases, cats do not show that they are in pain. Signs of pain can be determined by the animal's unusual behavior. The behavior of a cat in pain can be different:

if an animal has acute pain, it usually becomes more active and anxious, meowing pitifully;
with chronic pain, on the contrary, the cat becomes lethargic and apathetic. This condition signals that the disease is no longer in its initial stage, and lack of treatment can lead to serious complications.

The highest pain center in cats is in the brain. The appearance and transmission of a pain impulse from the periphery to the brain can be changed through the use of analgesics that affect different parts of the nervous chain. Sensory nerve receptors protect various substances with an analgesic effect:

The difficulty in choosing an analgesic for cats is that many drugs used to treat people, dogs and larger pets are dangerous for cats due to their high toxicity. The remaining drugs that have the least side effects should be used strictly in the recommended dosage, since failure to comply with it can lead to the death of the cat.

Methimazole sodium, or analgin, can cause changes in the blood (leukopenia, anemia) in cats, including death. This drug is especially dangerous for cats with diseases accompanied by a decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood (panleukopenia, infectious and inflammatory diseases). Therefore, this analgesic for the treatment of cats must be used with caution.

Paracetamol-containing drugs also have a negative effect on the circulatory system of animals. In addition, paracetamol is toxic to the liver and kidneys. Toxic damage can occur several hours after the cat is given the medicine, in the form of the following symptoms:

vomiting, poor appetite;
blood in the urine;
increased salivation;
hard breath;
edema.

In severe cases, the animal dies after 18-36 hours.

When using no-shpa injections to eliminate hepatic and renal colic, some animals develop individual intolerance to the drug - the hind legs fail, spontaneous excretion of feces and urine occurs.

The toxic dose of aspirin for cats is about 22 mg/kg. Acetylsalicylic acid, especially in the form of uncrushed tablets, causes irritation of the gastrointestinal mucosa, which can lead to ulcerative lesions and bleeding. The drug causes suppression of bone marrow functions and the production of blood cells, liver and kidney failure in cats, up to coma and death of the animal. Ibuprofen and Indomethacin have a similar effect.

Intolerance in cats, in various forms, can occur to any anesthetic drug administered orally (PO), intramuscularly (IM) or intravenously (IV). Therefore, medications must be used with caution, as prescribed by a veterinarian, and the dosage must be strictly followed.

Approved drugs

Painkillers for cats are divided into 2 types:

Truly analgesic drugs are narcotic painkillers, opioid drugs based on morphine. These drugs are characterized by a strong analgesic effect, as they directly suppress the activity of the pain center in the brain. In addition, they have a hypnotic and sedative (calming) effect. The use of opioids causes drug dependence, so they are prescribed in exceptional cases. The most powerful of them - Morphine, Fentanyl, Trimeperidine are prohibited in Russia. Many of these drugs used for pain relief are not suitable for cats, as they cause increased excitability in them.
Non-narcotic drugs. They successfully cope with pain due to inflammation of muscles and joints, the peripheral nervous system, but with more severe pain associated with injuries, surgery, and oncology, they are not so effective.

Of the non-narcotic drugs for pain relief in small pets, NSAIDs are most often prescribed - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, most of which are also used in the treatment of humans. Their use in many cases in cats leads to the development of acute gastritis a week after the start of use. There are also specialized NSAIDs for small pets - Quadrisol 5, Ketofen, Rimadyl R, but they also irritate the gastrointestinal mucosa (up to 20% of all cases of use). Therefore, these painkillers for cats need to be fed to the animals during or after meals. In order to prevent the development of gastritis and stomach ulcers during long-term use of NSAIDs in animals, it is recommended to give Biocorrector RD for cats and traditional histamine H2 receptor blockers:

Zantac or Ranitidine, po, 2 mg/kg every 8 hours;
Famotidine, 0.5 mg/kg every 12-24 hours, IM, SC or PO;
Cimetidine, 2-5 mg/kg every 12 hours, p.o.

These should be used throughout the course of treatment using NSAIDs. The problem of chemical gastritis when prescribing analgesics in veterinary medicine still remains unresolved.

Systemic non-narcotic pain medications for cats that can be used at home.

Name of analgesic	Dosage for adult cats per day	Applicability of painkillers	Note
Amidopyrine	0.1-0.3 g, po	Acute articular rheumatism, inflammation of joints, muscles, spasms of blood vessels, intestines, uterus	Used in powder and tablet form
Analgin	30 mg/kg, po	Acute articular rheumatism, pain with intestinal atony	The analgesic effect lasts for 1-2 hours.
Antipyrine	0.2-0.5 g, po	For rheumatic processes	In case of overdose it is toxic, convulsions occur
Butadion	0.1-0.2 g, po, twice a day	Acute form of rheumatism, polyarthritis	Cannot be used for liver and kidney diseases, leukopenia, anemia, enteritis. Irritates the stomach, so do not give on an empty stomach
Salicylamide	0.1-0.2 g, po	Analgesic, antirheumatic agent	Better tolerated than other salicylates, dyspeptic disorders occur less frequently
Ketofen	2 mg/kg s.c., i.m. or 1 mg/kg p.o.	Broad-spectrum analgesic and antipyretic	Do not give to a cat orally if you have inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract or kidney failure.
Rimadyl 5%	0.24 ml per 3 kg, IV, SC	Anti-inflammatory and analgesic, used to relieve pain after surgery	Veterinary drug. Can be used once. Less toxic than other analgesics. Cannot be used for heart, liver, or kidney diseases
Dexafort	0.1-0.2 ml, s/c, i/m	Injuries accompanied by swelling	Veterinary drug. Cannot be used for heart or kidney failure or infections
Flexoprofen (ketoprofen)	2 mg/kg, IM, IV	Trauma and postoperative period	Veterinary drug from the group of NSAIDs produced in Belarus
Analgivet	0.05-0.1 ml/kg, IM, SC, 1-2 times	Inflammation of the musculoskeletal system and gastrointestinal tract, trauma, postoperative period	Veterinary drug from the NSAID group
Vetalgin	1 tablet per 2 kg of weight, 1-2 times	Pain due to inflammation of the musculoskeletal system, neuralgia, injuries, spasms of smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary system, urolithiasis, after operations.	A veterinary drug from the NSAID group. The tablets are not divided into parts. Contraindicated for gastrointestinal ulcers, renal, liver failure, diseases of the hematopoietic system

Opioids and their synthetic substitutes for cats.

Pancreatitis

According to veterinary statistics, pain syndrome in cats is expressed in ¾ of all cases of pancreatitis. The drugs of choice for helping animals with this disease are opioid painkillers:

for mild to moderate pain - Biprenorphine, which is administered intramuscularly or intravenously at a dosage of 0.005-0.015 mg per kilogram of animal weight every 4-8 hours;
for severe pain - Fentanyl, subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously at 0.005-0.01 mg/kg every 2 hours.

In severe cases of the disease, the animal may be prescribed multicomponent analgesic therapy from a combination of Fentanyl and Ketamine at 0.002-0.004 mg/kg every hour. This method of administering analgesics is more effective and safe due to the reduced dosage.

To consolidate the analgesic effect, you can use patches with Fentanyl (half or a whole patch, which is changed every 3-4 days). At home, you can give your cat the following analgesics in tablets:

Butorphanol, 0.5-1 mg/kg, every 6-8 hours;
Tramadol, 4 mg/kg, every 12 hours.

Injuries

If there is no damage to internal organs, then local remedies are used to relieve mild pain. For dislocated limbs and bruises in cats, you can apply an ice pack to the damaged area, which will temporarily relieve the pain. You can use special pain-relieving patches used for people:

Fentonyl;
Ketonal;
Kefentek.

Before attaching the patch, you must shave the skin on the affected area.

Veterinary gels and sprays that have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects are used to treat bruises:

Safroderm-gel;
Bio Groom spray;
Travmagel.

For more serious injuries, systemic painkillers (in tablets and injections) are used.

Oncological diseases

For cancer in cats, the most effective painkillers are narcotic analgesics. You can buy this drug only as prescribed by a doctor. Long-term use is addictive, and it is necessary to periodically change the painkiller or increase the dose.

At home, NSAIDs can temporarily relieve pain in a cat, but they negatively affect the animal’s gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys and hematopoietic system. In this case, homeopathic remedies help selectively, and the effect of their use is less.

Sterilization

Sterilization (castration) is a very painful procedure for cats. In the first hours after the operation, the animals are depressed and have no appetite. Therefore, in such cases, it is recommended to help the cat with painkillers. Very often, veterinarians do not warn about this - in the first 3-5 days after the operation, animals need to be given painkillers.

As an analgesic you can use:

Loxicom oral suspension for cats. The drug is available in two concentrations of the active component - 0.5 and 1.5 mg/ml. On the first day, the cat is given 0.1 mg per 1 kg of weight (for a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml - 0.2 ml/kg). Starting from the second day, the amount of the drug is reduced to 0.05 mg/kg.
Ketofen, according to the dosage indicated in the table above.
Rimadyl.
1% solution of Ketofen 0.2 ml/kg, subcutaneously, 1-3 days.
Medicines intended for humans - Ketonal (Ketoprofen) - can also be used for a short time. To do this, 0.2 ml of the drug is mixed with 1 ml of saline solution or water for injection. The resulting amount is applied per 5 kg of cat weight. If the cat is smaller, then a reduced volume is administered. The injection is administered subcutaneously, once a day.

The use of an analgesic after sterilization helps to quickly restore the animal's appetite and strength.

Toothache

For toothache and traumatic lesions of the cat’s oral cavity, the drugs of choice are gels:

Metrogil Denta;
Homeopathic gel Traumatin;
Dentavedin;
Nibbler;
Strong teeth (has a weak analgesic effect).

Treatment of the oral cavity for infectious inflammation should be aimed at eliminating pathogenic microorganisms. The surface of the gums near the affected tooth in a cat can be lubricated with a solution of chlorhexidine.

Homeopathic medicines

One of the most effective and safe painkillers is the homeopathic drug Traumeel. It is produced in the form of an injection solution and gel. Use as an anesthetic is as follows:

For injuries of various etiologies (bites, bruises, fractures, falls from a great height, burns, etc.), the cat is given water every 15 minutes during the first half of the day, and then 5 drops every 30 minutes. The next day, the animal is given the drug after 1-2 hours. It is recommended to dilute the drops in a small amount of water. The general course is until the cat fully recovers (usually no more than 2 weeks).
After surgery or if the cat has an inoperable case, Traumeel is given to the animal according to the previous regimen.
In the form of injections, Traumeel is more effective. Therefore, if you have the skills to give injections, then it is better to administer it intramuscularly, intravenously or subcutaneously, 1-2 times a day, 1 ml for adult cats and 0.5 ml for kittens.
For burns, fractures, dislocations and sprains in cats, you can use Traumeel in the form of a gel or apply a bandage moistened with an injection solution to the affected areas to relieve pain and heal wounds.

Traumeel is a complex homeopathic medicine. It not only relieves pain, but also has anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous, hemostatic, regenerating and antimicrobial effects. It does not irritate the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract of cats and is not toxic to the liver and kidneys. As side effects, the animal may have an individual intolerance to the components of the drug.

Another homeopathic drug, Travmatin, containing extracts of medicinal plants and ASD-2, is effective for eliminating pain in cats with injuries of various origins and severity, with fractures, burns, inflammatory diseases and in the postoperative period. It has a pronounced anti-shock effect and reduces the likelihood of complications during childbirth. It is administered to cats subcutaneously or intramuscularly, 0.5-2 ml up to 3 times a day. It is also commercially available in the form of tablets and gel (Travmagel). If it is impossible to inject at home, adult cats are given 1 tablet, kittens - a quarter. The drug can be used for pain relief for a long time (up to 1-2 months).

Aspirin is an indispensable medicine for relieving fever and eliminating pain of various origins. This medicine is a real salvation for humans. And some cat owners even manage to give it to their pets. But can a cat be given Aspirin? Not every mustachioed owner can give the correct answer to this question.

Let's figure out whether we are risking the life of our pet by using this drug.

What happens in a cat's body

The whole danger lies in acetylsalicylic acid, which is the basis of Aspirin and is converted into salicylic acid in the mustachioed body. And it is not eliminated from your pet’s body for a very long time. Therefore, when calculating the dose of such a medication, you should be extremely careful with this drug.

The accumulation of acid also causes a negative opinion among most veterinarians, who categorically refuse to give Aspirin to cats. They prefer to replace it with other drugs that have similar effects on the body, which cause less harm and are eliminated from the body faster. But situations arise when Aspirin becomes simply irreplaceable and you can’t give up the idea of giving your cat acetylsalicylic acid.

When is the drug prescribed?

There are several important reasons why a doctor might take a risk and use this pain medication. The most important of them include:

The cat has a high fever that cannot go away on its own without medical help.
The need for prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Pain as a result of various diseases.
Painful sensations of a neuralgic nature, which usually occur in older pets.
Inflammation of cartilage tissue.

However, if the cat experiences pain, then it is better to replace the use of Aspirin with analgin, which is a more gentle drug. But this remedy should not be abused. Its daily use can cause pathological disorders.

Dosage of the drug

As for the dosage, there is simply no standard scheme for calculating this medication. The dosage of Aspirin for a cat should be calculated only by a specialist who, taking into account the characteristics of the mustachioed pet’s body, will develop individual instructions for the use of Aspirin. As a rule, the doctor pays attention to the pet’s weight, what diseases he has suffered, his age, as well as other important indicators.

So that the cat eats the entire required dose and does not notice that you are giving him this completely tasteless Aspirin, the tablet is mixed with food. In addition, it causes the cat to increase salivation, so if you give Aspirin with food, this unpleasant process will also go unnoticed by the animal and will not cause him any distress.

Signs of overdose

If you do not adhere to the recommendations for the use of the drug and, in particular, do not follow the dosage, then the cat may become poisoned. The signs of an overdose of Aspirin are clearly expressed, so you can easily understand that something bad has happened to your cat. The following facts may indicate this::

the pet will have difficulty hearing;
he will lose orientation in space, and this happens due to paralysis of the nervous system;
stomach upset and vomiting will occur;
the skin takes on an inflamed appearance;
the animal will refuse to eat;
The cat will produce a large amount of saliva.

And sometimes there is even bleeding from the anus or the pet faints, after which, as a rule, a coma sets in, this is the so-called Aspirin lethargy.

As you can see, Aspirin is toxic, because as soon as you notice the symptoms of poisoning with this drug, you should immediately take action. In this matter, not every day is important, but every second. Therefore, you should immediately call a veterinarian. While waiting for his arrival, thoroughly rinse the cat’s stomach so that as little acetylsalicylic acid as possible is absorbed into the blood and distributed throughout the body. To do this, the animal should be given a large amount of water to drink and thus induce vomiting. Do this about two times. After this, the cat is given about 5 tablets of activated carbon. And remember that the first 12 hours are the most important, it is during this time that you can save your cat from death.

To determine the degree of poisoning, the veterinarian will take urine from your pet and do a biochemical blood test. With such poisoning, anemia and ESR disturbances will be observed. Blood clotting will also greatly decrease; the greater the poisoning, the slower this process will occur.

In very severe forms of overdose, the cat is prescribed medications that will help heal the gastrointestinal tract and promote the healing of wounds on the mucous membranes.

Contraindications to the use of the drug

In addition to the risk of poisoning, there are also contraindications that indicate that a mustachioed pet should not be given Aspirin. The most important of them include the following indicators:

bearing kittens;
lactation period;
poor blood clotting in your pet;
kidney diseases;
lack of vitamin K;
the cat is allergic to this medication;
the presence of gastrointestinal diseases.

If you need to give your kitten Aspirin, then pay attention to its age. For babies under six months of age, this drug is very dangerous and its use is strictly prohibited.

An interesting fact is that Aspirin does not pose such a great threat to the dog’s body and is often attributed to this animal for the treatment of various diseases.

As you can see, one dose of Aspirin is very dangerous. Before giving this drug to your cat, you should decide whether you are willing to risk his health and even life. Therefore, before undertaking such a dubious treatment, you need to consult a specialist and carefully weigh the pros and cons.

Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine

Kharkov State Veterinary Academy

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology

COURSE WORK

in toxicology

Topic: “Acetylsalicylic acid poisoning of a cat”

Work completed

Student 5th year 4th year FVM

Onishchuk Vita Vyacheslavovna

Kharkov 2011

INTRODUCTION

Poisoning is one of the most pressing problems faced by veterinary specialists. Poisoning is a disease and critical condition that occurs when both initially toxic substances and food products that have acquired toxic properties as a result of improper storage enter the animal’s body. In most cases, the main culprit of cat poisoning is its own owner, who did not remove dangerous medications and household chemicals in a timely manner, or did not take care of the kitten. Underfed and malnourished animals that lack vitamins and minerals are more often poisoned.

Many therapeutic agents that are life-saving and therapeutic for humans turn out to be toxic and even fatal for cats. Soluble aspirin is dangerous for them, especially for kittens.

Acetylsalicylic acid has been used in medical practice for more than 100 years. Since the 1980s. aspirin has actively entered clinical practice in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome to prevent the development of myocardial infarction.

Acetylsalicylic acid, dipyridamole, sulfinpyrazone have a number of side effects that reduce their therapeutic effect, so currently the group of thienopyridines - aspirin synergists - is of interest for practical medicine. The main clinical problem with the use of aspirin, in addition to the risk of bleeding (especially in elderly patients), is complications from the gastrointestinal tract in the form of the development of dyspeptic disorders and erosive-ulcerative gastritis. Erosive and ulcerative changes in the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract while taking acetylsalicylic acid in standardized doses is a well-known fact.

For a long time, many clinicians considered the only and almost 100% solution to this problem to be the use of enteric forms of acetylsalicylic acid: Thrombo ACC, Aspiphat, Aspirin-S, Aspirin Upsa. However, according to the results of recent studies, the formation of erosions and gastric ulcers was noted even with the use of enteric-coated aspirin, which scarred in 90% of cases when using cimetidine and antacids only after discontinuation of these forms of aspirin.

Aspirin-induced complications in the gastrointestinal mucosa dictate its abolition and the prescription of cytoprotectors - antacids. A number of clinical and experimental studies have shown that antacids can effectively treat and prevent the occurrence of erosions and ulcers in the gastric mucosa when using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It has been demonstrated that the effect of antacids is realized through stimulation of the formation of prostaglandins in the gastric wall (a decrease in prostaglandins in the gastric mucosa is the main mechanism of the erosive-ulcerative process caused by the use of aspirin), increased secretion of bicarbonates and an increase in glycoproteins in the gastric mucosa.

2. ETIOLOGY

2.1 Characteristics of acetylsalicylic acid

Aspirin is a synthetic drug used in humane medicine.

Active ingredient: acetylsalicylic acid - a derivative of silicylic (ortho-hydroxybenzoic) acid - a nonspecific anti-inflammatory agent that has antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, reduces platelet aggregation.

These are white small needle-shaped crystals or crystalline powder, odorless or with a faint odor, slightly acidic taste. Slightly soluble in water at room temperature, soluble in hot water, easily soluble in alcohol, solutions of caustic and carbonic alkalis. Melting point = 135? C.

Release form: tablets; enteric-coated tablets; film-coated tablets; effervescent soluble tablets.

Aspirin is available without a prescription but should be used under the supervision of a veterinarian.

Pharmacokinetics.

Absorption. Acetylsalicylic acid is quickly and completely absorbed (half-absorption time 5 - 16 minutes). The rate of absorption in the stomach depends on the pH value. ASA, being a weak acid, dissociates to a greater extent in the more alkaline environment of the intestine than in the stomach; it is the increased solubility associated with increased pH, in combination with the larger surface area of the small intestine, that leads to higher overall absorption in this part of the gastrointestinal tract. Since ASA absorption occurs primarily in the small intestine, its bioavailability does not depend on the fullness of the stomach. However, increasing the residence time of acetylsalicylic acid in the stomach may increase the exposure time of nonspecific hydrolases that convert ASA into salicylic acid by removing the acetyl group. This “presystemic” deacetylation under the action of esterases in the gastrointestinal mucosa and liver reduces the bioavailability of ASA from 5 to 70%.

To avoid irritation of the gastric mucosa under the influence of acetylsalicylic acid, Aspirin tablets are coated with a coating that dissolves in the intestines. Thus, the active ingredient (acetylsalicylic acid) is released not in the stomach, but in the small intestine.

Distribution. It is determined primarily by passive diffusion, which depends on the pH level and concentration. Salicylates accumulate in areas with low pH values.

The volume of distribution of salicylates depends on the dose.

Acetylsalicylic acid binds to proteins through phenolic hydroxyl groups.

Metabolism. Once released from the tablet, acetylsalicylic acid is metabolized quickly and completely (Fig. 8). When using drugs with rapid release of the active substance, biotransformation begins in the gastrointestinal mucosa with the hydrolysis of the ester group by nonspecific esterases, which leads to the formation of salicylic acid as the primary metabolite. Depending on the form, orally consumed ASA is deacetylated by 50 - 80% before and during the first passage through the liver. The cleaved acetate residues are transferred to other substances. These are usually proteins.

The rate of biotransformation and the resulting metabolites depend on the dose of ASA received. The half-life of salicylic acid in the blood plasma increases with increasing dose, since the metabolic processes that occur partially have saturation kinetics for all reactions with the formation of salicylic acid, as well as salicylic phenolic glucuronides; the half-life of salicylic acid in the blood plasma is 3 - 4 hours.

After taking ASA in a dose of 1.5 g, salicylic acid is associated with glycine (up to 75%), forming salicylic uric acid. This process is limited. After reaching a saturation level of 1 to 2 mcg/mL, plasma concentrations of salicylic acid do not increase further, despite further increases in salicylate levels.

The reason for this may be the depletion of available glycine. A small portion of salicylic acid (approximately 10%) combines with glucuronic acid to form acyl and phenolic glucuronides, which are excreted through the kidneys. Another small fraction of salicylic acid (about 10%) is oxidized to gentisic acid, which can also combine with glycine to form gentisuric acid (see Fig. 8).

Removal from the body. ASA undergoes complete metabolism and therefore is not excreted from the body in unchanged form. Metabolites are excreted primarily as phase II metabolites in the urine due to renal filtration and tubular secretion. When using therapeutic doses of ASA, its primary metabolite, salicylic acid, is found in the urine mainly in the form of a glycine conjugate (salicyluric acid - 75%), as well as in the form of ester and ether glucuronides (5 - 10%) and as free salicylic acid (10%). ).

The excretion of salicylates through the kidneys depends on t pH level. Increasing urine pH significantly increases dissociation and therefore excretion (5-10-fold), since only undissociated (non-ionic) molecules can be reabsorbed in the renal tubules. This phenomenon is used in the treatment of salicylate intoxication because it occurs with acidosis.

Pharmacodynamics.

Aspirin is a non-steroidal compound with anti-inflammatory activity. It inhibits cyclooxygenase and thus reduces the biosynthesis of prostanoids (prostaglandins and thromboxane). This leads to a decrease in hyperemia, edema, and pain (Appendix 1). There are 2 types of cyclooxygenases - COX-1 and COX-2.

COX-1 is produced under normal conditions and regulates the formation of prostanoids in the body. The production of COX-2 is stimulated by the process of inflammation. Aspirin is a non-selective drug that inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2.

The mechanism of analgesic action is also associated with inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins cause hyperalgesia - they increase the sensitivity of nociceptors to chemical and mechanical stimuli. Suppression of prostaglandin synthesis leads to an analgesic effect. Also, the reduction in pain is due to a mechanical reduction in swelling and a decrease in pressure on the receptor endings.

The antipyretic effect is associated with a decrease in body temperature due to increased heat transfer (vessels dilate, sweating increases, breathing quickens). The antipyretic effect is clear only when aspirin is used against a background of fever. At normal temperatures, aspirin practically does not change body temperature. Also, a violation of the synthesis of prostaglandins is manifested by a decrease in their pyrogenic effect on the thermoregulation center in the hypothalamus.

Antiaggregation effect - the drug reduces blood clotting by suppressing the production of prothrombin in the liver.

Indications

Relieving an acute attack of migraine;

Pain syndrome of weak and medium intensity of various origins;

Fever in infectious and inflammatory diseases;

Rheumatic diseases;

Prevention of thrombosis and embolism;

Prevention and treatment of transient ischemic disorders of cerebral circulation;

Prevention of myocardial infarction.

Contraindications
- acute and recurrent erosive and ulcerative diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;

Hemorrhagic diathesis;

Bronchial asthma induced by taking salicylates and NSAIDs;

Kidney failure;

Liver failure;

Severe heart failure in the decompensation stage;

Arterial hypertension;

Angina;

Enlarged thyroid gland;

I and III trimesters of pregnancy;

Lactation period;

Hypersensitivity to acetylsalicylic acid.

Side effect.

From the gastrointestinal tract: possible nausea, anorexia, pain in the epigastric region; in some cases (especially with frequent and long-term use of the drug) - erosive and ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, hidden blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract, signs of gastrointestinal bleeding (tarry stools).

From the hematopoietic system: very rarely - thrombocytopenia, anemia (due to hidden bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract).

Allergic reactions: rarely skin rash, bronchospasm.

Storage conditions

The drug should be stored at room temperature.

2.2 CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO POISONING

The effect of medicinal substances on the animal's body can vary significantly depending on a number of conditions. These conditions are divided into external (related to the properties of the drug) and internal (depending on the body).

External conditions.

Therapeutic dose for cats is 10 mg/kg, interval 72 hours.

Toxic dose for cats is 25 mg/kg/day.

Physical properties of acetylsalicylic acid.

Internal conditions.

Kind of animal. Different species of animals react differently to drugs. The liver of cats contains the enzyme glucuronidase in small quantities, which helps break down aspirin.

Gender of the animal. Females are more sensitive to the effects of drugs than males.

Age of the animal. Old and young animals are more sensitive to the potency of drugs than middle-aged animals. When prescribing a medicinal substance to old and young animals, the dose is reduced.

General condition of the animal. Emaciated animals are more sensitive to the effects of medicinal substances than well-fed animals. Weak and tired organisms are more difficult to tolerate them than strong and vigorous ones. A sick body reacts differently to the action of drugs than a healthy one.

Route of administration of the drug. The strength and speed of action of a substance depends on how it is introduced into the body. The combined effect of several medicinal substances and the effect of the substance upon repeated administration are of great importance. Acetylsalicylic acid is incompatible with alkaline reaction substances, hexamethylenetetramine, aminophylline, codeine base, antipyrine and themisal (eutectic mixtures are formed and the drug softens).

2.3 TOXICOKINETICS AND TOXICODYNAMICS

Aspirin can have a toxic effect on the central nervous system and respiration, causing metabolic disorders, accompanied by a shift in the acid-base balance to the acidic side. As a result, metabolic acidosis develops, the CO2 content in the blood and blood pH drop. Aspirin interferes with the transfer of oxygen in tissues and disrupts oxidative phosphorus.

Aspirin, as a fairly strong acid, has an irritating effect.

The mechanism of development of “aspirin asthma” and its triad (rhinosinusitis, asthma attacks and drug intolerance) is associated with increased formation of leukotrienes in the body, which cause contraction of bronchial smooth muscles, swelling and their increased reactivity, which disrupts bronchial secretion. As a result, this leads to an attack of bronchial asthma.

Allergic reactions are another common side effect when taking aspirin. This usually manifests itself as skin rash, urticaria, itching; Life-threatening reactions (Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock, etc.) are less likely to develop, which requires immediate medical intervention. Aspirin can also cause severe blood damage, leading to bleeding, platelet destruction, anemia and leukopenia. Aspirin can have an equally toxic effect on the kidneys. This is usually manifested by edema, increased blood pressure, the development of nephritis and acute renal failure.

Aspirin reduces the rate of secretion of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, causing its changes and increased bleeding.

Salicylates also reduce plasma prothrombin by interfering with the metabolism of vitamin K in the liver. The result may be bleeding.

Violation of the synthesis of thromboxane A2 in platelets causes the antiplatelet effect of acetylsalicylic acid.

Aspirin affects metabolism. In case of overdose, a decrease in synthesis and an increase in the breakdown of amino acids, proteins and fatty acids are observed.

After oral administration, aspirin is absorbed in the acidic environment of the stomach. As it enters the small intestine and the pH rises, absorption stops. Bioavailability is 49 - 70%. Absorbed into the blood, it is transported in free and albumin-bound (up to 70%) form to the liver, where it undergoes biotransformation.

Glucuronidation is the main pathway for the biotransformation of xenobiotics in many mammalian species with the exception of the cat family.

It is excreted primarily by the kidneys and is partially destroyed in tissues. Penetrates into milk, synovial fluid, through the blood-brain barrier.

aspirin erosion stomach ulcer

3. PATHOGENESIS

Due to the ability of acetylsalicylic acid to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, the mechanism of prostaglandin-dependent protection of the gastric mucosa is disrupted. The exfoliating epithelium is poorly replaced by a new one, which leads to ulceration of the gastric mucosa, and is subsequently accompanied by bleeding of varying degrees of severity. As a result, the presence of blood in the stool. Inflammatory processes in the gastric mucosa provoke changes in its secretory and motor functions.

The appearance of rapid breathing in cats is explained by direct stimulation of the respiratory center by aspirin, as well as posthemorrhagic and hemolytic hypoxia. An increase in the frequency and amplitude of breathing disrupts the acid-base balance, causing the development of respiratory alkalosis, followed by metabolic acidosis.

The drop in the animal's blood pressure is associated with the dilation of blood vessels by salicylates.

Neurological symptoms may include restlessness, anxiety, depression, incoordination and (rarely) seizures.

Aspirin toxicity can lead to acute kidney failure with symptoms such as light-colored urine. This is due to the direct toxic effect of aspirin on the kidneys. When using aspirin in large doses, there is an increase in the excretion of uric acid (due to a decrease in its reabsorption).

Spontaneous bleeding occurs as a result of prolongation of the time required for the formation of a blood clot. Since aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation

Wasting is caused by increased breakdown of amino acids, proteins and fatty acids. As well as a violation of the absorption function of the gastrointestinal mucosa as a result of its damage.

When analyzing blood in cats, Heinz bodies from denatured hemoglobin are found in red blood cells, which are considered the first sign of upcoming hemolysis and toxic damage to the blood.

PRACTICAL PART

CLINICAL PICTURE

Species - domestic cat

Gender - female

Nickname - Belka

Age - 8 months

Weight - 1.5 kg

Breed - Turkish Angora

Color - white monotonous

Owner - F.A.I.

Owner's address: Kharkov region, P. district

Anamnesis vitae:

The animal was found at approximately 2 months old. At first glance, there were no signs of any illness. He now lives at home (in an apartment). Feeding with complete, balanced Whiskas food 3 times a day. Free access to water.

Anamnesis morbi:

According to the owner, a week before treatment, the cat had nasal discharge, sneezing, elevated body temperature, severe inflammation and oral ulcers. The owner carried out symptomatic treatment on his own - treatment of the oral cavity with inhalipt.

In the evening (1 day before treatment), when the cat had a fever, was she given it overnight? aspirin. In the morning, symptoms of depression appeared, refusal to feed, vomiting, and black stool. When the owner tries to put it on its paws, the animal falls and almost does not move.

CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS

Status presents on 04/15/2010

P - 142 beats/min

D - 38 r/min

Study of the general condition of the animal.

Upon observation - depression, loss of coordination of movements.

The cat is of medium build and average fatness.

The type of constitution is gentle. The skin is elastic, light pink in color, densely evenly covered with dull hair, and has a smell specific to this type of animal.

The examined mucous membranes of the oral cavity are hyperemic and dry, there are ulcers and inflammation in the oral cavity. The conjunctiva is pale. The nasal mucosa is red and there are crusts.

Superficial lymph nodes are painless when palpated in the places where they are located, and their local temperature is not increased.

The general temperature is subfibrile (normal 38 - 39.5 0C)

Research of the cardiovascular system.

The cardiac impulse is moderate in strength, on the left in the fifth, on the right - in the 4th intercostal space. Auscultation revealed 2 ringing and clear constant tones, systolic and diastolic. There are no heart murmurs. Tachycardia - 142 beats/min (normal 120-130 beats/min). The pulse wave is rhythmic.

Research of the respiratory system.

Auscultation: tachypnea - 38 times/min (normal 20 - 30 times/min).

The chest expands and contracts evenly - breathing is rhythmic and symmetrical. Type of breathing - chest. Sneezing, minor bilateral nasal discharge, colorless, transparent, watery. The exhaled air has a specific odor, is warm, and the flow force is weak. The nasal mucosa is slightly inflamed and reddened. On palpation in the area of the nasal sinuses, there are no protrusions or deformations of the bones. Local temperatures are moderately warm. The chest is uniformly round in shape. On auscultation, mixed broncho-vesicular breathing is heard.

Study of the digestive system.

The cat has anorexia and polydipsia. The intake of food and water is natural and physiological; there is no pain reaction when taking food. At the time of examination there was vomiting. The vomit is mucous mixed with blood. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is hyperemic, dry; there are inflammations and ulcers. The condition of the lips and cheeks is normal. The teeth are yellow-white and firmly held in their sockets. The whole tongue is pink. The smell from the oral cavity is specific.

On examination, the abdomen is tucked and symmetrical. Palpation of the abdomen revealed a painful reaction; the stomach was almost empty. With deep palpation of the intestine, no pain is observed, its loops move freely in the abdominal cavity, the contents are liquid.

The liver is not enlarged. The surface of the liver is smooth and elastic.

The frequency of bowel movements is 3 times a day (the norm is 1 time a day). The animal's pose is natural. The act of defecation is free. The stool is liquid and black.

Examination of the genitourinary system.

When urinating, the cat takes a natural position. The frequency of urination is 8 times a day (the norm is 3 - 4 times a day). Urine is watery, light yellow in color. Upon examination, mild swelling was noticed in the abdomen and limbs. Bimanual palpation of the kidneys did not reveal any pain. The shape of the buds is round, the surface is smooth, and the consistency is elastic. The bladder is palpable and moderately full. There is no pain. There is no vaginal discharge. The mucous membrane is pale pink, moderately moist.

Study of the nervous system.

The general condition is depressed, but when fixed, the cat shows excessive excitability and aggression. When checking the somatic part of the nervous system, deep sensitivity was preserved. Superficial cutaneous auricular and plantar reflexes are preserved. Cough and sneeze reflexes are increased. Deep knee reflex and Achilles reflex without changes. When checking the motor sphere by palpation, flabbiness of the muscles was detected, their tone was reduced. There is a lack of coordination of movements.

Research of sense organs.

There is no discharge from the eyes, the eyelids are swollen, the position of the eyeball is normal, the conjunctiva is pale, the iris has a preserved pattern, the pupil is of physiologically normal shape and size. Vision function is preserved.

Hearing is normal. The ears are intact, without plaque or discharge.

Smell unchanged.

The taste is there.

When examining the autonomic nervous system, the Danini-Aschner oculocardiac reflex is triggered.

1. Active detoxification of the body:

A) Inducing vomiting to remove aspirin from the stomach. Aspirin remains in the stomach for a long time as a poorly soluble substance. As an emetic, we use table salt - two teaspoons per glass of warm water. We pour it in forcefully through the mouth using a syringe.

B) For the adsorption of salicylates in the digestive system, we use activated carbon sorbent. Mechanism of action: Refers to enterosorbents. Binds poisons and toxins in the gastrointestinal tract and prevents their absorption. Release form powder, tablets of 0.25 and 0.5

Dose for cat: 0.5-1 g/animal.

Rp.: Carbo activatusi, 0.25

S: orally 2 tablets 1 time per day, 1 day.

C) The method of forced diuresis - the use of osmotic diuretics that promote a sharp increase in diuresis. Toxic substances are eliminated primarily by the kidneys.

Diuretic mannitol (1-2 g/kg intravenously every 6 hours). are in the ionized form of alkali - in acidic urine. Sodium bicarbonate at a dose of 5 meq/(kgh) is used to increase the pH (alkalinization) of urine.

Rp.: Sol. Mannitoli 15% - 200ml

S: IV 100 ml every 6 hours.

PREVENTION

1. Aspirin can be used in very small doses, but only under the strict supervision and control of a veterinarian. It is very important that owners do not treat their pets themselves. It is especially prohibited to use medications, as there can be catastrophic consequences for the cat.

2. All medications must be stored out of the reach of children and animals.

3. If for any reason it is impossible to replace aspirin with a more gentle drug, then it must be given in capsules and with food in order to reduce the effect of the drug on the stomach and never exceed the therapeutic dose.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

1. Lipin A.V., Sanin A.V., Zinchenko E.V. - Veterinary reference book: Traditional and non-traditional methods of treating cats.

2. 1. Kukes V.G., Ostroumova O.D. Cardiomagnyl. A new look at acetylsalicylic acid: a manual for doctors. 2004.

2. Ostroumova O.D. Acetylsalicylic acid is the number one drug for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Main indications for use, clinical benefits, effective doses and ways to increase tolerability // Breast Cancer. 2003. T. 11. No. 5. P. 253.

4. Panchenko E.P. Antithrombotic therapy of acute coronary syndromes without ST segment elevation // Consilium Medicum. 2001.T. 3. No. 10. P. 472.

5. Shalaev S.V. Antiplatelet drugs in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes // Farmateka. 2003. No. 12. P. 94.

7. Shilov A.M., Svyatov I.S., Sanodze I.D. Antiplatelet agents - the current state of the issue // RMJ. 2003. T. 11. No. 9. P. 552.

APPLICATION

Rice. Metabolism of acetylsalicylic acid in the human body

Posted on site.ur