home Audience 5 Angiology. Plantar arteries. Medial and lateral plantar artery (a. plantares medialis, a. plantares lateralis) Anatomy and histology

Angiology. Plantar arteries. Medial and lateral plantar artery (a. plantares medialis, a. plantares lateralis) Anatomy and histology

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Left view. Parasagittal incision to the left of the midplane. The peritoneum has been removed.

1st right common iliac artery

2nd right common iliac vein

3rd right internal iliac artery

4-superior gluteal artery ( arteria glutea superior)

5-internal pudendal artery

6-inferior vesical artery

8-bladder:
9-dorsal artery of the penis

10th left vas deferens

11-pubic bone ( os pubis)

12th right vas deferens

13-inferior epigastric artery ( arteria epigastrica inferior)

14-superior urethral artery

15-external iliac artery ( arteria iliaca externa)

16th external iliac vein ( vena iliaca externa)

17-right ureter.

Front view.

1st common iliac artery ( arteria iliaca communis)

2-internal iliac artery

3-external iliac artery ( arteria iliaca externa)

4-inferior epigastric artery ( arteria epigastrica inferior)

5-femoral vein ( vena femoralis)

6-external genital arteries

7-medial circumflex femoral artery ( )

8-femoral artery ( arteria femoralis)

9-saphenous nerve

)

11-deep femoral artery ( arteria profunda femoris)

12-superficial artery, circumflex ilium

13 inguinal ligament ( ligamentum inguinale)

14 deep circumflex ilium artery

15-femoral nerve.

Front view. The rectus femoris and sartorius muscles are removed.

1st femoral artery ( arteria femoralis)

2 medial circumflex femoral artery ( arteria circumflexa femoris medialis)

3-pectineus muscle ( musculus pectineus)

4-long adductor muscle

5-femoral vein ( vena femoralis)

6-tendon and tendon plate of the adductor magnus muscle
7-descending genicular artery
8-knee joint network

9-perforating arteries (1st
2nd 3rd)

10-lateral femoral circumflex artery ( arteria circumflexa femoris lateralis)

11-deep femoral artery ( arteria profunda femoris)

12-femoral vein ( vena femoralis)

13th femoral nerve ( nerve femoralis)

14 inguinal ligament ( ligamentum inguinale)

16-external iliac artery.

Back view. The gluteus maximus and medius muscles are cut and pulled to the sides. The long head of the biceps femoris muscle and the sciatic nerve are partially removed.

1-internal pudendal artery

2nd inferior gluteal artery

3rd superior gluteal artery ( arteria glutea superior)

4-piriformis muscle ( musculus piriformis)

5th sciatic nerve

6-artery accompanying the sciatic nerve

7-first (superior) perforating artery

8-second perforating artery

9th third perforating artery

10-inferior opening of the adductor canal

11th popliteal vein ( vena poplitea)

12th tibial nerve

13-popliteal artery

14-long head of the biceps femoris muscle.

Back view. The gastrocnemius, soleus, and flexor thumb muscles are cut off and removed.

1-tendon gap (adductor magnus)

2nd popliteal fossa

3rd popliteal artery ( arteria poplitea)

4-lateral superior genicular artery

5-muscle branches to the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle

6-lateral inferior genicular artery

7-popliteus muscle

8-anterior tibial artery ( arteria tibialis anterior)

9-posterior tibial artery ( arteria tibialis posterior)

10th peroneal artery

11 lateral malleolar branch

12 heel net

13-medial malleolar branch

14 muscle branches

15-medial inferior genicular artery

16-middle genicular artery

17-medial superior genicular artery.

Front view. The tibialis anterior muscle is turned to the medial side, the long muscle that extends the toes to the lateral side.

I-anterior tibial recurrent artery

2nd anterior tibial artery ( arteria tibialis anterior)

3-deep peroneal nerve ( nervus peroneus profundus)

4-tibialis anterior muscle ( musculus tibialis anterior)

5-muscle branches

Extensor hallucis 6-longus

7 dorsal artery of the foot ( arteria dorsalis pedis)

8-lateral anterior malleolar artery.

View from above.

1st anterior tibial artery ( arteria tibialis anterior)

2-medial anterior malleolar artery

3-medial ankle network

4 dorsal artery of the foot ( arteria dorsalis pedis)

5-medial tarsal arteries

6-tendon of extensor pollicis longus

7-meadow artery

8-deep plantar artery

9-dorsal metatarsal arteries

10-dorsal digital arteries

11-perforating branches

12-lateral tarsal artery

Extensor toes brevis 13 (cut off)

14 lateral malleolar branch

15-lateral anterior malleolar artery.

Femoral artery, a. femoralis, is a continuation of the external iliac artery and begins under the inguinal ligament in the vascular lacuna. The femoral artery, emerging on the anterior surface of the thigh, goes down and medially, lying in the groove between the anterior and medial groups of the thigh muscles. In the upper third, the artery is located within the femoral triangle, on the deep layer of the fascia lata, covered by its superficial layer; the femoral vein passes medially from it. Having passed the femoral triangle, the femoral artery (together with the femoral vein) is covered by the sartorius muscle and, at the border of the middle and lower thirds of the thigh, enters the upper opening of the adductor canal. In this canal the artery is located together with the saphenous nerve, n. saphenus, and femoral vein, v. femoralis. Together with the latter, it deviates posteriorly and exits through the lower opening of the canal onto the posterior surface of the lower limb into the popliteal fossa, where it is called the popliteal artery, a. poplitea.

The femoral artery gives off a series of branches that supply blood to the thigh and the anterior wall of the abdomen.

1. Superficial epigastric artery, a. epigastrica superficialis, starts from the anterior wall of the femoral artery below the inguinal ligament, pierces the superficial layer of the lata fascia in the area of the subcutaneous fissure and, rising upward and medially, passes to the anterior abdominal wall, where, lying subcutaneously, it reaches the area of the umbilical ring. Here its branches anastomose with the branches of a. epigastrica superior (from a. thoracica interna). The branches of the superficial epigastric artery supply the skin of the anterior abdominal wall and the external oblique muscle of the abdomen.

2. Superficial artery, circumflex ilium, a. circumflexa iliaca superficialis, originates from the outer wall of the femoral artery or from the superficial epigastric artery and is directed along the inguinal ligament laterally upward to the superior anterior iliac spine; supplies blood to the skin, muscles and inguinal lymph nodes.

3. External genital arteries, aa. pudendae externae, in the form of two, sometimes three thin stems, are directed medially, bending around the anterior and posterior periphery of the femoral vein. One of these arteries goes up and reaches the suprapubic region, branching in the skin. Other arteries, passing over the pectineus muscle, pierce the fascia of the thigh and approach the scrotum (labia) - these are the anterior scrotal (labial) branches, rr. scrotales (labiales) anteriores.

4. Inguinal branches, rr. inguinales, depart from the initial section of the femoral artery or from the external genital arteries (3 - 4) in small trunks and, perforating the lata fascia of the thigh in the area of the ethmoidal fascia, supply blood to the skin, as well as the superficial and deep lymph nodes of the inguinal region.

5. Deep femoral artery, a. profunda femoris is the most powerful branch of the femoral artery. It departs from its posterior wall 3 - 4 cm below the inguinal ligament, passes on the iliopsoas and pectineus muscles and is directed first outward and then down behind the femoral artery. Deflecting posteriorly, the artery penetrates between the vastus medialis and adductor muscles, ending in the lower third of the thigh between the adductor magnus and longus muscles in the form of a perforating artery, a. perforans.

The deep femoral artery gives off a number of branches.

1) Medial circumflex femoral artery, a. circumflexa femoris medialis, departs from the deep artery of the femur behind the femoral artery, goes transversely inward and, penetrating between the iliopsoas and pectineus muscles into the thickness of the muscles adducting the thigh, bends around the neck of the femur on the medial side.

The following branches arise from the medial circumflex femoral artery:

a) ascending branch, r. ascendens, is a small stem directed upward and inward; branching, it approaches the pectineus muscle and the proximal part of the long adductor muscle;

b) transverse branch, r. transversus, - a thin trunk, is directed downward and medially along the surface of the pectineus muscle and, penetrating between it and the long adductor muscle, goes between the long and short adductor muscles; supplies blood to the long and short adductor muscles, the thin and external obturator muscles;

c) deep branch, r. profundus, is a larger trunk, which is a continuation of a. circumflexa femoris medialis. It is directed posteriorly, passes between the obturator externus muscle and the quadratus femoris muscle, dividing here into ascending and descending branches;

d) branch of the acetabulum, r. acetabulis, is a thin artery that anastomoses with the branches of other arteries supplying blood to the hip joint.

2) The lateral circumflex artery of the femur, a, circumflexa femoris lateralis, is a large trunk that departs from the outer wall of the deep femoral artery almost at its very beginning. It runs outward in front of the iliopsoas muscle, behind the sartorius muscle and the rectus femoris muscle; approaching the greater trochanter of the femur, it divides into branches:

a) ascending branch, r. ascendens, goes upward and outward, lying under the muscle that stretches the fascia lata and the gluteus medius muscle;

b) descending branch, r. descendens, more powerful than the previous one. It departs from the outer surface of the main trunk and lies under the rectus femoris muscle, then descends along the groove between the vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis muscles. Supplies blood to these muscles; Having reached the knee area, it anastomoses with the branches of the popliteal artery. On its way, it supplies the heads of the quadriceps femoris muscle and gives off branches to the skin of the thigh;

c) transverse branch, r. transversus, is a small stem directed laterally; supplies the proximal rectus femoris and vastus lateralis muscles.

3) Perforating arteries, aa. perforantes, usually three, arise from the deep femoral artery at different levels and pass to the posterior surface of the thigh at the very line of attachment of the adductor muscles to the femur.

The first perforating artery begins at the level of the lower edge of the pectineus muscle; the second departs at the lower edge of the short adductor muscle and the third - below the long adductor muscle. All three branches pierce the adductor muscles at the site of their attachment to the femur and, emerging on the posterior surface, supply blood to the adductors, semimembranosus, semitendinosus muscles, biceps femoris and the skin of this area.

The second and third perforating arteries give off small branches to the femur - arteries feeding the femur, aa. nutricae femaris.

4) Descending genicular artery, a. descendens genicularis, is a rather long vessel, starting most often from the femoral artery in the adductor canal, less often - from the lateral artery circumflexing the femur. Heading down, it pierces along with the saphenous nerve, n. saphenus, from the depth to the surface of the tendon plate, goes behind the sartorius muscle, goes around the inner condyle of the femur and ends in the muscles of this area and the articular capsule of the knee joint.

This artery gives off the following branches:

a) subcutaneous branch, r. saphenus, in the thickness of the vastus medialis muscle;

b) articular branches, rr. articulares, taking part in the formation of the knee articular network, rete articulare genus, and the patellar network, rete patellae.

Femoral artery, a. femoralis (Fig. , , , , ; see Fig. , ), is a continuation of the external iliac artery and begins under the inguinal ligament in the vascular lacuna. The femoral artery, emerging on the anterior surface of the thigh, goes down and medially, lying in the groove between the anterior and medial groups of the thigh muscles. In the upper third, the artery is located within the femoral triangle, on the deep layer of the fascia lata, covered by its superficial layer; the femoral vein passes medially from it. Having passed the femoral triangle, the femoral artery (together with the femoral vein) is covered by the sartorius muscle and, at the border of the middle and lower thirds of the thigh, enters the upper opening of the adductor canal. In this canal the artery is located together with the saphenous nerve, n. saphenus, and femoral vein, v. femoralis. Together with the latter, it deviates posteriorly and exits through the lower opening of the canal onto the posterior surface of the lower limb into the popliteal fossa, where it is called the popliteal artery, a. poplitea.

The femoral artery gives off a series of branches that supply blood to the thigh and the anterior wall of the abdomen.

The deep femoral artery gives off a number of branches

1) Medial circumflex femoral artery, a. circumflexa femoris medialis(see Fig. , ), departs from the deep artery of the femur behind the femoral artery, goes transversely inward and, penetrating between the iliopsoas and pectineus muscles into the thickness of the muscles that adduct the thigh, bends around the neck of the femur on the medial side.

The following branches arise from the medial circumflex femoral artery:

, is a small stem directed upward and inward; branching, it approaches the pectineus muscle and the proximal part of the long adductor muscle;
, - a thin stem, directed downward and medially along the surface of the pectineus muscle and, penetrating between it and the long adductor muscle, goes between the long and short adductor muscles; supplies blood to the long and short adductor muscles, the thin and external obturator muscles;
deep branch, r. profundus, – a larger trunk, which is a continuation of a. circumflexa femoris medialis. It is directed posteriorly, passes between the obturator externus muscle and the quadratus femoris muscle, dividing here into ascending and descending branches;
branch of the acetabulum, r. acetabularis, is a thin artery that anastomoses with the branches of other arteries supplying blood to the hip joint.

2) Lateral circumflex femoral artery, a. circumflexa femoris lateralis(see fig.), - a large trunk, extends from the outer wall of the deep artery of the thigh almost at its very beginning. It runs outward in front of the iliopsoas muscle, behind the sartorius muscle and the rectus femoris muscle; approaching the greater trochanter of the femur, it divides into branches:

ascending branch, r. ascendens, goes up and outward, lying under the muscle that stretches the fascia lata and the gluteus medius muscle;
descending branch, r. descendens, more powerful than the previous one. It departs from the outer surface of the main trunk and lies under the rectus femoris muscle, then descends along the groove between the vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis muscles. Supplies blood to these muscles; Having reached the knee area, it anastomoses with the branches of the popliteal artery. On its way, it supplies the heads of the quadriceps femoris muscle and gives off branches to the skin of the thigh;
transverse branch, r. transversus, is a small stem directed laterally; supplies the proximal rectus femoris and vastus lateralis muscles.

The first perforating artery begins at the level of the lower edge of the pectineus muscle; the second departs at the lower edge of the short adductor muscle and the third - below the long adductor muscle. All three branches pierce the adductor muscles at the point of their attachment to the femur and, emerging on the posterior surface, supply blood to the adductors, semimembranosus, semitendinosus muscles, biceps femoris and the skin of this area.

The second and third perforating arteries give off small branches to the femur - arteries feeding the thigh, aa. nutricae femoris.

4) Descending genicular artery, a. descendens genicularis(see Fig. , ), is a rather long vessel, often starting from the femoral artery in the adductor canal, less often from the lateral artery circumflexing the femur. Heading down, it pierces along with the saphenous nerve, n. saphenus, from the depth to the surface of the tendon plate, goes behind the sartorius muscle, goes around the inner condyle of the femur and ends in the muscles of this area and the articular capsule of the knee joint.

This artery gives off the following branches:

saphenous branch, r. saphenus, in the thickness of the vastus medialis muscle;
articular branches, rr. articulares, taking part in education knee articular network, rete articulare genus, And patellar network, rete patellae(Fig. 790).

Internal carotid artery, a. carotis interna, is a continuation of the common carotid artery. It distinguishes between the cervical, stony, cavernous and medullary parts. Heading upward, it initially lies somewhat lateral and posterior to the external carotid artery.

Lateral to it is the internal jugular vein, v. jugularis interna. On its way to the base of the skull, the internal carotid artery passes along the side of the pharynx (cervical part, pars cervicalis) medial to the parotid gland, separated from it by the stylohyoid and stylopharyngeal muscles.

In the cervical part, the internal carotid artery usually does not give off branches. Here it is somewhat expanded due to the carotid sinus, sinus caroticus.
Approaching the base of the skull, the artery enters the carotid canal, makes bends corresponding to the bends of the canal (stony part, pars petrosa) and, upon exiting it, enters the cranial cavity through a ragged foramen. Here the artery runs in the carotid groove of the sphenoid bone.

In the carotid canal of the pyramid of the temporal bone, the artery (stony part) gives off the following branches: 1) carotid-tympanic arteries, aa. caroticotympanicae, in the amount of two to three small stems, pass into the canal of the same name and enter the tympanic cavity, supplying blood to its mucous membrane; 2) artery of the pterygoid canal, a. canalis pterygoidei, is directed through the pterygoid canal into the pterygopalatine fossa, supplying blood to the pterygopalatine node.

Passing through the cavernous sinus (cavernous part, pars cavernosa), the internal carotid artery sends a number of branches: 1) to the cavernous sinus and dura mater: a) branch of the cavernous sinus, r. sinus cavernosi; b) meningeal branch, r. meningeus; c) basal branch of the tentorium, r. basalis tentorii; d) marginal branch of the tentorium, r. marginalis tentorii; 2) to the nerves: a) branch of the trigeminal ganglion, r. ganglioni trigemini; b) branches of nerves, rr. nervorum, supplying the trochlear, trigeminal and abducens nerves; 3) inferior pituitary artery, a. hypophysialis inferior, which, approaching the lower surface of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, anastomoses with the terminal branches of other arteries supplying blood to the pituitary gland. Having passed the cavernous sinus, at the small wings of the sphenoid bone the artery approaches the lower surface of the brain (its medullary part, pars cerebralis).

In the cranial cavity, small branches depart from the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery to the pituitary gland: superior pituitary artery, a. hypophysialis superior, and clivus branch, r. clivi, which supplies the dura mater of the brain in this area.

From the brain part of a. carotis interna gives off large arteries.

I. Ophthalmic artery, a. ophthalmica, - paired large vessel. It is directed through the optic canal into the orbit, lying outward from the optic nerve. In the orbit, the optic nerve crosses, passing between it and the superior rectus muscle, and goes to the medial wall of the orbit. Having reached the medial corner of the eye, the ophthalmic artery splits into terminal branches: the supratrochlear artery, a. supratrochlearis, and the dorsal artery of the nose, a. dorsalis nasi. Along its path, the ophthalmic artery gives off branches (see “Organ of Vision,” vol. IV).

1. Lacrimal artery, a. lacrimalis, begins from the ophthalmic artery at the place where it passes through the optic canal. In the orbit, the artery, located along the upper edge of the rectus lateral muscle and heading to the lacrimal gland, gives branches to the lower and upper eyelids - the lateral arteries of the eyelids, aa. palpebrales laterales, and to the conjunctiva. The lateral arteries of the eyelids anastomose with the medial arteries of the eyelids, aa. palpebrales mediales, using the anastomotic branch, r. anastomoticus, and form the arches of the upper and lower eyelids, arcus palpebrales superior et inferior.

In addition, the lacrimal artery has an anastomotic branch with the middle meningeal artery, r. anastomoticus cum a. meningea media.

2. Central retinal artery, a. centralis retinae, at a distance of 1 cm from the eyeball, enters the thickness of the optic nerve and, having reached the eyeball, breaks up in the retina into several radiating thin branches.

3. Short and long posterior ciliary arteries, aa. ciliares posteriores breves et longae, follow along the optic nerve, penetrate the eyeball and go to the choroid.

4. Muscular arteries, aa. musculares, - upper and lower - break up into smaller branches that supply blood to the muscles of the eyeball. Sometimes they can arise from the lacrimal artery.
The anterior ciliary arteries, aa, originate from the muscular branches. ciliares anteriores, 5-6 in total. They are directed to the white membrane of the eyeball and, penetrating through it, end in the thickness of the iris.

The branches of these arteries are:

a) anterior conjunctival arteries. ah. conjunctivales anteriores, supplying blood to the conjunctiva covering the eyeball and anastomosing with the posterior conjunctival arteries;

b) posterior conjunctival arteries, aa. conjunctivales posteriores, which lie in the conjunctiva covering the eyelids, supply them with blood and anastomose with the arches of the upper and lower eyelids;

c) episcleral arteries, aa. episclerales. supplying blood to the sclera and anastomosing in its posterior sections with short posterior ciliary arteries.

5. Posterior ethmoidal artery, a. ethmoidalis posterior, like the anterior one, departs from the ophthalmic artery in the area where it is located along the medial wall of the orbit, in the posterior third of the orbit, and, passing through the opening of the same name, branches in the mucous membrane of the posterior ethmoid cells, giving off several small branches to the mucous membrane posterior sections of the nasal septum.
6, Anterior ethmoidal artery, a. ethmoidalis anterior, penetrates through the opening of the same name into the cranial cavity and in the area of the anterior cranial fossa gives off the anterior meningeal branch, r. meningeus anterior. Then the artery is directed downwards, passes through the opening of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone into the nasal cavity, where it supplies the mucous membrane of the anterior part of the lateral walls, giving off the lateral anterior nasal branches, rr. nasales anteriores laterales, anterior septal branches, rr. septales anteriores, as well as branches to the mucous membrane of the anterior ethmoid cells.

7. Supraorbital artery, a. supraorbitals, located directly under the upper wall of the orbit, between it and the muscle that lifts the upper eyelid. Moving forward, it bends around the supraorbital margin in the area of the supraorbital notch and follows upward to the forehead, where it supplies blood to the orbicularis oculi muscle, the frontal belly of the occipitofrontal muscle and the skin. The terminal branches of the supraorbital artery anastomose with a. temporalis superficialis.

8. Medial arteries of the eyelids, aa. palpebrales mediales, are located along the free edge of the eyelids and anastomose with the lateral arteries of the eyelids (rr. a. lacrimalis), forming the vascular arches of the upper and lower eyelids. In addition, they give off two to three thin posterior conjunctival arteries, aa. conjunctivales posteriores.

9. Supratrochlear artery, a. supratrochlearis, one of the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery, is located medially from the supraorbital artery. It goes around the supraorbital edge and, going upward, supplies the skin of the medial parts of the forehead and muscles. Its branches anastomose with the branches of the artery of the same name on the opposite side.

10. Dorsal artery of the nose, a. dorsalis nasi, like the supratrochlear artery, is the terminal branch of the ophthalmic artery. It goes anteriorly, lying over the medial ligament of the eyelid, gives off a branch to the lacrimal sac and exits onto the dorsum of the nose. Here it connects with the angular artery (branch of a. facialis), thus forming an anastomosis between the systems of the internal and external carotid arteries
.
II. Anterior cerebral artery, a. cerebri anterior, - quite large, begins at the site of division of the internal carotid artery into terminal branches, passes forward and to the medial side, located above the optic nerve. Then it turns upward, passes through the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum onto the medial surface of the hemisphere. Then it goes around the knee of the corpus callosum, genu corporis callosi, and goes along its upper surface back, reaching the beginning of the occipital lobe. At the beginning of its path, the artery gives off a number of small branches that penetrate through the anterior perforated substance, substantia perforata rostralis (anterior), to the basal nuclei of the base of the cerebrum. At the level of the optic chiasm, chiasma opticum, the anterior cerebral artery anastomoses with the artery of the same name on the opposite side through the anterior communicating artery, a.
communicans anterior.

In relation to the last a. The cerebri anterior is divided into pre-communication and post-communication parts.

A. The precommunicative part, pars precommunicalis, is the section of the artery from its origin to the anterior communicating artery. A group of central arteries, aa, departs from this part. centrales, in the amount of 10-12, penetrating through the anterior perforated substance to the basal ganglia and thalamus.

1. Anteromedial central arteries (anteromedial thalamostriatal arteries), aa. centrales anteromediales (aa. thalamostriatae anteromediales), go upward, giving off branches of the same name - anteromedial central branches, rr. centrales anteromediales, supplying blood to the outer part of the globus pallidus nuclei and the subthalamic nucleus.

2. Long central artery (recurrent artery), a. centralis longa (a. recurrens), rises slightly upward, and then goes posteriorly, supplying blood to the head of the caudate nucleus and partly the anterior leg of the internal capsule.

3. Short central artery, a. centralis brevis, arises independently or from the long central artery; supplies the lower parts of the same area as the long central artery.

4. Anterior communicating artery, a. communicans anterior, is an anastomosis between the two anterior cerebral arteries. It is located in the initial section of these arteries, where they come closest before plunging into the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum.

B. The postcommunication part (pericallosa artery), pars postcommunicalis (a. pericallosa), of the anterior cerebral artery gives off the following branches.

1. Medial frontobasal artery, a. frontobasalis medialis, departs from the anterior cerebral artery immediately after the departure of the anterior communicating branch, goes anteriorly, first along the medial surface of the frontal lobe, and then passes to its lower surface, lying along the straight gyrus.

2. Callosal-marginal artery, a. callosomarginalis, is actually a continuation of the anterior cerebral artery. It is directed posteriorly, located along the edge of the corpus callosum, and at the level of its splenium passes into the terminal branches of the medial surface of the parietal lobe.

From the callosal-marginal artery, in addition to the terminal branches, a number of vessels depart along its course:

a) the anteromedial frontal branch, frontalis anteromedialis, departs at the level of the lower part of the knee of the corpus callosum and, heading anteriorly and upward, is located on the medial surface of the frontal lobe along the superior frontal gyrus, supplying blood to the anterior part of this area;

b) intermedial frontal branch, r. frontalis intermediomedialis, arises from the callosal-marginal artery approximately at the junction of the knee into the trunk of the corpus callosum. It is directed upward along the medial surface and is divided in the area of the superior frontal gyrus into a number of branches that supply blood to the central sections of this area;

c) posteromedial frontal branch, r. frontalis posteromedialis, more often starts from the previous branch, less often - from the callosal-marginal artery and, moving backward and upward along the medial surface of the frontal lobe, supplies blood to this area, reaching the upper marginal part of the precentral gyrus;

d) cingulate branch, r. cingularis, moving away from the main trunk, goes posteriorly, lying along the gyrus of the same name; ends in the lower parts of the medial surface of the parietal lobe;

e) paracentral artery, a. paracentralis, is a rather powerful trunk with which the callosal-marginal artery ends. It goes posteriorly and upward along the medial surface of the hemisphere at the border between the frontal and parietal lobes, branching in the region of the paracentral lobule. The branches of this artery are the precuneus artery, a, precunealis, which is directed posteriorly, passes along the medial surface of the parietal lobe along the precuneus and supplies blood to this area, and the parieto-occipital artery, a. parietooccipitalis, lying along the anterior edge of the groove of the same name, branches in the region of the precuneus.

III. Middle cerebral artery, a. cerebri media, the largest of the branches of the internal carotid artery, is its continuation. The artery enters the depth of the lateral sulcus of the cerebrum and follows first outward, and then upward and slightly posteriorly and exits onto the superolateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere.

Along the way, the middle cerebral artery is divided topographically into three parts; wedge-shaped - from the point of origin to immersion in the lateral sulcus, insular, encircling the insula and passing in the depth of the lateral sulcus, and the final (cortical) part, emerging from the lateral sulcus onto the superolateral surface of the hemisphere.
The wedge-shaped part, pars sphenoidalis, is the shortest. Its distal border, after immersion in the lateral sulcus, can be considered the origin of the literal frontobasal artery.

The anterolateral central arteries (anterolateral thalamostriatal) arteries, aa, depart from the sphenoid part. centrales anterolaterales (aa. thalamostriatae anterolaterales), in the amount of 10-12, penetrating through the anterior perforated substance, then dividing into medial and lateral branches, which are directed upward. Lateral branches, rr. laterales, supply blood to the outer part of the lenticular nucleus - the putamen, putamen, and the posterior parts of the outer capsule. Medial branches, rr. mediales, approach the internal sections of the nuclei of the globus pallidus, the knee of the internal capsule, the body of the caudate nucleus and the medial nucleus of the galamus.

The insular part, pars insularis, runs along the entire surface of the insular lobe in the depth of the lateral sulcus, heading slightly upward and backward, along the central sulcus of the insula. The following branches arise from this part of the middle cerebral artery.

1. Lateral frontobasal artery (lateral orbital-frontal branch), a. frontobasalis lateralis (r. orbitofrontalis lateralis), directed anteriorly and outward, giving off a number of branches lying on the lower surface of the frontal lobe, along the orbital grooves; supplies blood to the orbital gyri. Sometimes one of the branches branches off independently from the main trunk and lies most laterally—this is the lateral orbital-frontal branch, r. orbitofrontalis lateralis.

2. Insular arteries, aa. insulares, 3 - 4 in total, are directed upward, repeating the course of the convolutions of the insula; supply blood to the insula.

3. Anterior temporal artery, a. temporalis anterior, departs from the main trunk in the region of the anterior part of the lateral fossa of the cerebrum and, first heading upward, exits through the lateral sulcus at the level of the ascending branch of the sulcus and goes down and anteriorly; supplies blood to the anterior sections of the superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri.

4. Middle temporal artery, a. temporalis media, departs from the middle cerebral artery somewhat distal to the previous one, repeats its path; supplies blood to the medial parts of the temporal lobe.

5. Posterior temporal artery, a. temporalis posterior, starts from the main trunk in the region of the posterior part of the lateral fossa of the cerebrum, posterior to the previous one, and, emerging through the lateral groove, goes downward and posteriorly; supplies blood to the posterior sections of the superior and middle temporal gyri.

The terminal (cortical) part, pars lerminatis (corticalis), gives off the largest branches that supply blood to the superolateral surface of the frontal and parietal lobes.

1. Artery of the precentral sulcus, a. sulci precentralis, emerging from the lateral sulcus, goes upward along the sulcus of the same name; supplies blood to the precentral gyrus and adjacent areas of the frontal lobe.

2. Artery of the central sulcus, a. sulci centralis, departs from the main trunk somewhat distal to the previous one. Heading upward and somewhat posteriorly, it repeats the course of the central sulcus, branching in adjacent areas of the cortex of the frontal and parietal lobes.

3. Artery of the postcentral sulcus, a. sulci postcentralis, departs from the middle cerebral artery somewhat posteriorly from the previous one and, emerging through the lateral sulcus, goes upward and posteriorly, repeating the course of the sulcus of the same name. Branches extending from it supply blood to the postcentral gyrus.

4. Anterior parietal artery, a. parietalis anterior, emerges from the lateral groove with a rather powerful trunk and, rising upward and slightly posteriorly, gives off a number of branches located along the superolateral surface of the parietal lobe.

Its branches supply blood to the anterior sections of the inferior and superior parietal lobules.

5. Posterior parietal artery, a. parietalis posterior, emerges from the lateral groove in the area of its posterior branch, heading posteriorly, the artery branches; supplies blood to the posterior parts of the superior and inferior parietal lobules and the supramarginal gyrus.

6. Artery of the angular gyrus, a. gyri angularis, emerges from the lateral sulcus in its terminal section and, moving downward and posteriorly, supplies the angular gyrus with blood.

IV. Posterior communicating artery, a. communicans posterior (see Fig. 747), originates from the internal carotid artery and, heading backward and slightly inward, approaches the posterior cerebral artery (branch of the basilar artery, a. basilaris).

Thus, the posterior cerebral and posterior communicating arteries, together with the anterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery, take part in the formation of the arterial circle of the cerebri, circulus arteriosus cerebri. The latter, lying above the sella turcica, is one of the important arterial anastomoses. At the base of the brain, the arterial circle of the cerebrum surrounds the optic chiasm, the gray tubercle and the mastoid bodies.
A number of branches arise from the communicating arteries that close the arterial circle.

Anteromedial central arteries, aa. centrales anteromediales, arise from the anterior communicating artery and, penetrating through the anterior perforated substance, supply the nuclei of the globus pallidus and the posterior limb of the internal capsule.

Posterior communicating artery, a. communicans posterior, gives off significantly more branches. They can be divided into two groups. The first includes branches supplying blood to the cranial nerves: branch of the chiasm, r. chiasmaticus, and a branch of the oculomotor nerve, r. nervi oculomotorii. The second group includes the hypothalamic branch, r. hypothalamicus, and a branch of the caudate nucleus. r. caudae nuclei caudati.
V. Anterior villous artery, a. choroidea anterior, starts from the posterior surface of the internal carotid artery and, moving laterally along the cerebral peduncle posteriorly and outward, approaches the anterior inferior parts of the temporal lobe. Here the artery enters the substance of the brain, giving off villous branches of the lateral ventricle, rr. choroidei ventriculi lateralis, which, branching in the wall of the lower horn of the lateral ventricle, form their branches into the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle, plexus choroideus ventriculi lateralis.

The short villous branches of the third ventricle, rr, immediately arise. choroidei ventriculi tertii, part of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle, plexus choroideus ventriculi tertii.

At the very beginning, the anterior villous artery gives off branches to the anterior perforated substance. rr. substantiae perforatae anteriores (up to 10), penetrating deep into the substance of the cerebral hemispheres.

A number of branches of the anterior villous artery approach the nuclei and internal capsule of the base of the hemispheres: branches of the tail of the caudate nucleus, rr. caudae nuclei caudati, branches of the globus pallidus, rr. globi pallidi, branches of the amygdala, rr. corporis amygdaloidei, branches of the internal capsule, rr. capsulae internae, or to the formations of the hypothalamus: branches of the gray tuberosity, rr. tuberis cinerei, branches of the hypothalamic nuclei, rr. nucleorum hypothalamicorum. The nuclei of the cerebral peduncles supply the branches of the substantia nigra, rr. substantiae nigrae, branches of the red core, rr. nuclei rubris. In addition, branches of the optic tract, rr, originate in this area. tractus optici, and branches of the lateral geniculate body, rr. corporis geniculati lateralis.

In anatomy, the femoral artery (FA) is a blood vessel originating from the external iliac trunk. The connection of these two channels occurs in the human pelvic area. The diameter of the barrel is 8 mm. What branches does the common femoral artery consist of and where are they located?

Location

The femoral artery begins with the iliac trunk. Along the outside of the leg, the channel extends down into the groove between the muscle tissues.

A third of its upper part is located in the triangle of the thigh, where it is located between the layers of the femoral fascia. A vein runs adjacent to the artery. These vessels are protected by sartorius muscle tissue; they extend beyond the boundaries of the femoral triangle and enter the opening of the adductor canal, located above.

In the same place there is a nerve located under the skin. The femoral branches extend slightly back, moving through the canal opening, towards the back of the leg and entering the area under the knee. At this site, the femoral canal ends and the popliteal artery begins.

Main branches

Several branches depart from the main blood trunk, which supply blood to the femoral part of the legs and the anterior surface of the peritoneum. Which branches are included here can be seen in the following table:

Branch	Location
Epigastric femoral artery	It arises from the anterior part of the femoral vessel in the groin area. Then it goes deep into the superficial layer of the fascia lata, moves upward, after which it is located on the abdominal wall in front. At this point it extends under the skin, reaching the navel, and it merges with other branches. The activity of the epigastric superficial artery is to provide blood to the skin and the walls of the external oblique muscle tissues of the abdomen.
Sexual branches	Usually there are 2-3 of them, they go around in front and behind the periphery of the thigh vein. After this, one of them goes up, reaches the suprapubic part and is divided into several more directions in the skin. The remaining branches move above the pectineus muscle, pass through the fascia and go to the genitals.
Femoral superficial artery	It departs from the epigastric vessel, bends around the ilium and moves to the upper part parallel to the fold of the groin. The function of the branch is to supply blood to the integument, tissues, and lymph nodes in the groin.

Inguinal branches

They originate from the external genital arteries, after which they reach the lata femoral fascia. PVs provide blood supply to the skin, tissues, and lymph nodes located in the groin.

Deep femoral artery

It starts at the back of the joint, slightly below the groin. This branch is the largest. The vessel stretches through the muscle tissue, first goes outward, then goes down behind the femoral artery. The branch then moves between the muscles of the area in question. The trunk ends approximately in the lower third of the thigh and is directed into the perforating arterial canal.

The vessel that goes around the femur leaves the deep trunk, heading into the depths of the limb. After this it passes near the neck of the femur.

Branches of the medial canal

The medial artery has its branches running around the femur. These include branches:

Rising. It is presented in the form of a small trunk that runs in the upper and inner parts. Then several more branches extend from the vessel, heading towards the tissues.
Transverse. Thin, goes to the lower zone along the surface of the pectineus muscle to pass between it and the adductor muscle tissue. The vessel supplies blood to nearby muscles.
Deep. It is the largest in size. It moves to the back of the thigh, passes between the muscles and branches into two components.
Vessel of the acetabulum. This is a thin branch that enters other arteries of the lower extremities. Together they supply blood to the hip joint.

Lateral trunk

The lateral artery goes around the femoral bone, leaving the surface of the deep canal outward.

After this, it is removed to the outer region of the anterior iliopsoas, posterior sartorius and rectus muscles. Approaches the greater trochanter of the femur and splits into:

Ascending branch. Moves to the upper part, goes under the tissue surrounding the fascia of the thigh and the gluteal muscle.
Descending branch. It is quite powerful. It starts from the outer wall of the main trunk, runs under the rectus femoris muscle, goes down between the tissues of the legs, nourishing them. Then it reaches the knee area and connects with the branches of the artery located under the knee. Passing through the muscles, it supplies the quadriceps femoris muscle with blood, after which it divides into several branches moving to the skin of the limb.

Transverse branch. It is presented in the form of a small trunk. The vessel supplies the proximal part of the rectus and lateral muscle tissue.

Perforated channels

There are only 3 such trunks. They start from the deep femoral artery in its different parts. The vessels move towards the back wall of the thigh at the place where the muscles connect to the bone.

The first perforating vessel originates from the lower zone of the pectineus muscle, the second from the short, and the third from the long adductor tissue. These vessels pass through the muscles at the junction with the thigh bone.

Then the perforating arteries go towards the posterior femoral surface. They supply blood to the muscles and skin in this part of the limb. Several more branches branch off from them.

Descending artery of the knee

This vessel is very long. It starts from the femoral artery in the adductor canal. But it can also arise from the lateral vessel, which goes around the femur bone. This is much less common.

The artery descends, intertwines with the nerve under the skin, then goes to the surface of the tendon plate, passing through the back of the sartorius. After this, the vessel moves near the internal femoral condyle. It ends in the muscles and knee joint.

The descending trunk of the knee has the following branches:

Subcutaneous. It is located deep in the vast medial tissue of the limb.
Articular. This femoral branch is involved in the formation of the network of joints of the knee and patella.

Vascular disorders

There are a large number of different pathologies that affect the circulatory system, which leads to disruption of the body’s functioning. The branches of the femoral artery are also susceptible to diseases. The most common of them are:

Atherosclerosis. This disease is characterized by the formation of cholesterol plaques in blood vessels. The presence of this pathology increases the risk of thromboembolism. A large accumulation of deposits causes weakening and damage to its wall, impairing patency.
Thrombosis. The disease is the formation of blood clots, which can lead to dangerous consequences. If a blood clot blocks a vessel, the leg tissue will begin to die. This leads to amputation of the limb or death.
Aneurysm. The disease is no less dangerous for the lives of patients. When it occurs, a protrusion occurs on the surface of the artery, the vessel wall becomes thinner and more vulnerable to damage. A ruptured aneurysm can be fatal due to rapid and massive blood loss.

These pathological conditions occur without clinical manifestations in the first stages, which makes their timely detection difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly check for circulatory problems.

If one of the pathologies is identified, the treatment regimen should be prescribed exclusively by a doctor. Under no circumstances should these violations be ignored.

Thus, the femoral artery has a complex structure with a large number of branches. Each vessel plays its role, supplying blood to the skin and other areas of the lower limb.