home Audience 5 Vocational qualification requirements for the training of qualified workers (specialists). The concept of profession, specialty, qualification, qualification category. Vocational qualification requirements for the training of skilled workers

Vocational qualification requirements for the training of qualified workers (specialists). The concept of profession, specialty, qualification, qualification category. Vocational qualification requirements for the training of skilled workers

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Profession there is a historically established type of labor activity that requires certain ZUN, acquired as a result of special (vocational) education, professional training and work experience. There are 3 types of profession: universal, partially specialized, narrowly specialized. Modern professions are qualified by the object or subject of labor, by means of labor, by working conditions, by industry. In accordance with object of labor five types of professions are distinguished: man-alive, nature (agronomist, veterinarian), man-technician (fitter, mechanical technician), man-man (salesman, hairdresser, doctor, teacher), man-sign system (programmer, linguist , mathematician), a person-thin.image (actor, artist, musician). By working conditions E. A. Klimov divides professions into 4 groups: 1-Work in a microclimate close to domestic, “room” (b): laboratory assistants, accountants, computer operators. 2-Work associated with being outdoors in any weather (o): agronomist, steel and reinforced concrete assembler, inspector of the State traffic inspectorate. 3-Work in unusual conditions at height, under water, underground, at high and low temperatures, etc. (n): mast antenna operator, diver, mining machine operator, fireman. 4-Work in conditions of increased moral responsibility for the life, health of people (adults or children), large material values (m) kindergarten teacher, teacher, investigator.

Speciality- the type of activity within the framework of the profession is a complex of acquired ZUN, creating the possibility of certain activities in any industry, services, culture, education. Qualification- the degree and type of professional training of a specialist, the presence of ZUN, necessary for him to perform work of a certain level of complexity and quality. Professional qualification - steps and levels of professional readiness of a specialist to perform a particular type of work of a certain quality and complexity (category). Qualification level - this is the stage of personnel training in the system of continuous professional education, characterized by a certain volume and ratio of general and professional education required for mastering a profession (specialty). In the lyceums of secondary vocational education, basic, advanced secondary vocational education, 5th stage - secondary and general education - higher education, bachelor's degree, master's degree, postgraduate). Specialization- part of the specialty within which it is created. Specialization involves obtaining more in-depth and expanded ZUN in various fields of activity in this specialty.

Professiogram - this is a descriptive model of the professional activities of a specialist. It includes a description of the characteristics of the profession, working conditions, the necessary ZUN, professionally important qualities, rights and obligations. Professional character of the profession- this is a descriptive model of the profession, which determines the goals of the vocational training of the graduate, the general requirements for the results of the training of graduates in the specialty without regard to categories and categories. Prof.har-ka reflects the par-ry of training in the profession and is reflected in the standards for the profession. Prof.har-ka includes: the name of the profession, the code according to the classifier, the purpose of the profession; qualifications, containing pairs of professional activities, a list of accounting elements of the federal content component.

Professional education- a socially and pedagogically organized process of labor socialization of the individual, providing orientation in the world of professions, mastering a specific specialty and skill level, continuous growth of competence, skill and development of abilities in various fields of human activity.

The content of vocational education - a set of achievements in various spheres of the life of society that must be assimilated and which include the professionally and pedagogically adapted foundations of sciences (the experience of human cognitive activity); a set of ZUN (practical experience in certain areas of activity); professionally and pedagogically adapted social experience, identical to the structure of human culture; experience in creative activity, experience in the field of emotional and value relations (morality, aesthetics, law). The experience of cognitive activity is fixed in the form of its results, which are knowledge. The experience of practical activity is recorded in the form of knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of professional activity, in the form of methods of professional activity. The content of training is an integral component of the process of vocational training, it answers the question "What is to be mastered".

In the content of training includes the following components: scientific knowledge about nature, society, technology, thinking and methods of activity; experience in the implementation of methods of activity, including, along with knowledge, intellectual and practical skills and abilities; experience of creative, search activity. The content of training is determined by the following regulatory documents: the State Educational Standard, the basic curriculum of the educational institution, curricula, textbooks and teaching aids.

There can be many options for the content of education, and the content of education is always “standard”. Principles of constructing the content of open source software: compliance of the content of open source software with the goals and values of open source software; compliance of the content with the latest advances in technology and technologies; structural unity of the content of open source software at the level of cycles of disciplines; the unity of the content with the process of theoretical and industrial training (the content should be unified not only with the goals of education, but also with the methods of educational and professional actions, which are one of the components of the content); unity of content with the process of assimilation. Requirements for the content: scientific nature of the content - the formation of an accurate picture of the world, the disclosure of real connections and relationships, the correct explanation of phenomena and processes, familiarization with the main ideas of scientific theories underlying the description of labor processes. That. science is the source of the content of education; compliance with the prospects of scientific and technical progress - this is expressed in the advanced nature of training, in the implementation of a level above the level of qualification. Conclusion: Thus. requirements for the content are determined by three factors: scientific and technical, technical and technological, production and economic. On this basis, a model of a skilled worker is built.

The structure of the content of SVE is divided into compulsory (general and professional) and optional. Vocational training is divided into 3 cycles of disciplines: General technical (subjects that provide the study of the scientific foundations of engineering and technology of an intersectoral nature), general professional (focused on a certain type of activity of an intersectoral nature), professional (subjects that provide training directly on specialty professions). The vocational cycle is divided into 2 parts: basic disciplines (developed on the basis of the federal component of the standard) and special courses (real region component and being a continuation of the basic course).

The professional field is the sphere of labor activity of workers or specialists.

Vocational training is the basis of professional training of students. It should develop in them solid knowledge, skills and abilities that ensure the qualitative and quantitative performance of work, as well as the ability to use new equipment, modern technology and advanced labor methods.

A profession is a relatively constant type of labor activity that requires certain training.

Specialty - specification of the type of labor activity within the framework of

this profession.

The division into work reflects the qualitative diversity of specific labor processes and the depth of the division of labor, taking into account the methods used and the characteristics of equipment, objects, tools, end products, and so on. locksmith-pattern, locksmith for control and measure. instruments and automation, etc.; the basic profession "doctor" includes such S. as a general practitioner, dentist, surgeon, etc. S.'s dynamics more quickly than the profession reflects trends associated with scientific and technical. progress. S. - Naib, a moving element in the system of prof. division of labor. At the same time, the extension of prof. the profile of workers often goes by integrating two or more. interconnected S.

Qualification - the level of development of the employee's abilities, allowing him to perform labor functions of a certain degree of complexity in a particular type of activity. This is the preparedness of the individual for professional activity.

Theoretical Knowledge corresponding to a certain level of education includes both general education and special knowledge, the volume of which depends on the form and duration of the corresponding classes. The training of workers is carried out in the account. institutions of the system prof.-tech. education and directly in production; graduates - in higher. and cf. specialist. uch. institutions; scientific personnel - in postgraduate and doctoral studies.

Practical skills are mastered in the course of performing the relevant work by repeating them many times, as a result of which a strong dynamic is developed. stereotype. Initial skills are formed in the course of training, the development of sustainable prof. skills depends on work experience in one form or another prof. activity and is usually characterized by work experience in the profession.

The qualification structure is a hierarchy of qualification levels.

In the State Standard for Vocational Education, qualification is characterized by five levels:

1st grade - involves basic general education in combination with accelerated vocational training in various forms;

2st. - basic general education and vocational education received in institutions of primary vocational education in one- and two-year departments; 3st. - characterized by a combination of secondary (complete) general education and vocational education received at two-, three-year departments of educational institutions of primary vocational education;

4st. - involves secondary (complete) general education and vocational education, obtained mainly in "advanced" educational institutions: vocational lyceums, institutions of secondary vocational education (basic and advanced levels), colleges;

5st. – corresponds to different levels of higher and postgraduate vocational education.

An indicator of K. a worker is a qualification. category (class, category), which is assigned to him in a particular profession in accordance with the requirements of the tariff qualification. characteristics of this profession. A qualification category is assigned to employees based on the results of a qualification examination or attestation, which indicate the compliance of the level of professional training of employees with the qualification requirements for positions.

The qualification level is of no small importance. Remuneration of labor to employees at the enterprise, in the organization is made taking into account the qualification category, i.e. taking into account the level of professional training and the effort expended. So, if a worker's level of professional training rises, his wages rise proportionally, and vice versa. When selecting and placing personnel in production, the qualification category is also taken into account.

The profession assigned upon completion of studies is indicated in the document on education, which, in accordance with the Employment Law, gives the right to work according to the profile and level of education received. Official the name of the P. or the position of the employee is indicated in the work book.

A key component of the vocational education standard is a qualification, which is characterized by a stage and a level.

Qualification level - the degree of professional skill within a specific qualification level. The essential characteristics of the qualification level are:

– volume and range of knowledge and skills;

– quality of knowledge and skills;

– the ability to rationally organize and plan work;

- the ability to quickly adapt to changes in equipment, technology, organization and working conditions.

The requirements for different levels of qualifications in relation to specific professions and specialties are regulated by the relevant documents of the billing and certification system.

Professions of workers who were previously set tariff categories are charged in accordance with the releases of the Unified Tariff and Qualification Handbook of Works and Professions of Workers, taking into account the additions and changes made to them

In Russia and other CIS countries, the composition of officially recognized P. workers is recorded in the Unified Tariff Qualification. reference book of jobs and professions of workers, which includes a brief description of the jobs and knowledge required for each P.

The Unified Tariff and Qualification Reference Book of Works and Professions of Workers (ETKS) is a regulatory document designed to rate work, assign qualification categories to workers, and also to draw up programs for the training and advanced training of workers in the system of vocational education and directly in production.

The billing of works should be carried out in accordance with their complexity, without regard to working conditions. In necessary cases, UT (severity, harmfulness, etc.) are subject to accounting by establishing additional payments to tariff rates (salaries) based on their assessment at the workplace in accordance with the lists of work according to the degree of severity and harmfulness of UT, approved by the relevant authorities.

The list of professions includes the nomenclature of professions and specialties, training for which is regulated at the state level in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" and determines the most general parameters of training.

List of professions and specialties of primary vocational education. OST 9 to 01.04-94

The list of professions and specialties of the NGO is an integral part of the state standard for primary vocational education, it includes professions, training for which is determined by the requirements established at the federal level.

In this document, professions are ranked by qualification levels, which regulates the volume and ratio of general and vocational education required for their development.

Qualification stage - the stage of training professional personnel in the system of continuous education, reflecting the volume and ratio of general and vocational education.

A professional characteristic, being a descriptive model of a profession, determines the ultimate goals of vocational training, which determine its place in the national economy, the content of labor activity, the requirements for general and vocational training, and the contingent of students.

The professional characteristic is developed on the basis of the profession and specialty of the Federal List and reflects:

- the name of the profession;

– integrated specialties;

- the number of the profession according to the List;

- the purpose and scope of the profession;

– the main activities within the professions and grouped

specialties;

– theoretical foundations of professional activity (requirements for

knowledge);

- requirements for the personality of the worker (employee), the level of his general education;

– specific requirements.

Professiogram - description, characteristics of the profession, the main source (along with practical acquaintance) of obtaining information about various aspects of professional activity.

For example: Designer

Should know: sculpture, drawing, painting, basics of composition, production technology of products, basics of sociology, psychology.

Professionally important qualities:

artistic imagination;

Spatial-figurative thinking;

communication skills;

eye gauge.

Qualification requirements: art and industrial schools, architectural institutes and institutes of arts.

Educational institutions: Krasnoyarsk State Art Institute, Krasnoyarsk State Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Medical contraindications:

Disturbance of coordination of movements of hands;

daltonism;

vision defects.

Trying to give an intelligible answer to the question of how a specialty differs from a profession, even adults often come to a standstill, finding in their memory only some general concepts with a fuzzy formulation.

Of course, these terms are also familiar to children and adolescents, because they are part of the lexicon of almost every person. However, in order to use these words correctly and appropriately in speech, one should understand their essence, as well as how the profession differs from the specialty.

What is a profession

Speaking of a profession, people usually mean some kind of occupation or type of labor activity, the implementation of which is impossible without the acquisition of knowledge, qualifications or practical training.

At the same time, you can master a profession by studying at an appropriate institution or as a result of extensive practical experience. Based on certain similarities in results and knowledge gained or the presence of a common scope, professions are grouped into several categories:

Technical.
Economic.
Pedagogical.
Medical.
Construction.

To understand the difference between a profession and a specialty and position, it is necessary to define these terms.

Specialty: definition, concept, features

Unlike a profession, a specialty can only be assigned to a person who has completed the necessary training, mastered a legally approved program (skills, abilities, knowledge) and received a document confirming this fact (diploma, certificate). At the same time, the acquired knowledge can relate to several types of professions. Specialty is a narrower concept.

Returning to the above classification, it is possible to explain more illustratively how a specialty differs from a profession. Examples of specialties included in technical professions: engineer, designer, architect, web programmer, auto mechanic and others. Common to them is an in-depth study of physics, mathematics, computer science and other exact sciences. Along with this, an auto mechanic and an architect receive completely different knowledge within their specialties.

A position is a place in a particular company, its structural unit. The position is indicated in the staff list and is intended to be filled by an individual with suitable qualifications.

follow the dream

Choosing a profession and specialty, people are guided by a variety of motives. Often, responsibility is placed on young graduates, who must determine the scope of their future work. Here it is important not to be confused by the abundance (or, conversely, scarcity) of options and choose exactly the occupation that will bring joy and satisfaction along with decent pay. Of course, there is a temptation to leave the decision to parents or someone else, but it is unlikely that they will be able to match the preferences of another person with his needs, abilities and potential. Often in such cases, the choice is made for economic reasons.

You can get adequate assistance in career guidance by contacting an appropriate psychologist. Such specialists use various gaming techniques, tests and consultations. Then, analyzing the received data, they issue their recommendations.

Of course, the cost of education and the possibilities of the applicant's family are also an important factor, but it should not be decisive. There are various programs that help you receive discounts on tuition. It is also possible to find a simpler and cheaper educational institution in other cities. Another option for obtaining the desired profession is enrolling in free colleges and technical schools.

So what is the difference between a specialty and a profession?

So, we can conclude that the difference between these concepts is in their scope. Profession is a broader, general term that can cover a certain number of specialties. For example, a doctor is a pediatrician, an endocrinologist, a therapist, and many others.

The main difference between a specialty and a profession is that in order to master the first, training is required, and the received document is valid in a limited area. The second can be acquired as a result of practical training and exercises (builders, sellers, drivers).

The peculiarity of some professions is that for their acquisition it is impossible to do without unique personal qualities and talents: these are, for example, singers, actors, musicians, artists. The best professionals and specialists invariably become only those people who follow their calling, sincerely love and delve into what they do. Favorite business is the way to financial and personal success!

No wonder they say that work ennobles a person, especially if work brings pleasure and prosperity. The material side of the profession is determined by such concepts as specialty and qualification. How do they differ from each other and how to determine the difference? Let's try to understand this issue, using reliable information.

Definition

Qualification- the level of training assigned based on the results of an assessment by an independent commission of the skills of a specialist and documented. The mastery scale is represented by levels (ranks), the movement along which occurs in the vertical direction.

Comparison

The process for assigning them is somewhat different. So, to obtain a specialty, you must undergo training, and then pass an exam in practice. After the professional activity begins, we can talk about the availability of qualifications. At first, this is the lowest level (rank), and then, as skills improve, it begins to grow.

Summing up, we note: a specialty is a profession, and a qualification is a level of skill. How to prove that the applicant is really capable of coping with the tasks? You can confirm the specialty with a diploma, qualification - only with practice.

Findings site

The scope of concepts. Specialty is a broader concept, which includes the level of qualification.
Receipt. A specialty is assigned to a person after he has successfully completed the training and passed the exams. Qualification is assigned upon obtaining a profession.
Dynamics. The specialty received after training remains forever. The skill level can change: both for the better and for the worse.

What is specialty and qualification

Speciality- a set of knowledge obtained as a result of targeted training and confirmed by an appropriate document. Skills and abilities are necessary in order to successfully cope with the range of duties performed by him.
Qualification- the level of training assigned based on the results of an assessment by an independent commission of the skills of a specialist and documented. The mastery scale is represented by levels (ranks), the movement along which occurs in the vertical direction.

The difference between a specialty and a qualification

Thus, a specialty is a set of knowledge, skills and abilities, and a qualification is a level of skill. The scope of concepts varies significantly. Specialty is an extremely broad term, which includes qualifications. A person can have several professions, and each of them has its own level of skill.
The process for assigning them is somewhat different. So, to obtain a specialty, you must undergo training, and then pass an exam in practice. After the professional activity begins, we can talk about the availability of qualifications. At first, this is the lowest level (rank), and then, as skills improve, it begins to grow.
Summing up, we note: a specialty is a profession, and a qualification is a level of skill. How to prove that the applicant is really capable of coping with the tasks? You can confirm the specialty with a diploma, qualification - only with practice.

TheDifference.ru determined that the difference between a specialty and a qualification is as follows:

The scope of concepts. Specialty is a broader concept, which includes the level of qualification.
Receipt. A specialty is assigned to a person after he has successfully completed the training and passed the exams. Qualification is assigned upon obtaining a profession.
Dynamics. The specialty received after training remains forever. The skill level can change: both for the better and for the worse.