Colds of the upper respiratory tract. Inflammation of the respiratory tract: symptoms, causes and features of treatment. Acute inflammation of the trachea

46-47. RESPIRATORY DISEASES

In children, respiratory diseases are much more common than in adults, they are more severe, due to the peculiarity of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of children and the state of immunity.

Anatomical features

The respiratory organs are divided into:

1. Upper respiratory tract (AP): nose, pharynx.

3. Lower DP: bronchi and lung tissue.

Respiratory diseases

Diseases of the upper respiratory tract: The most common are rhinitis and tonsillitis.

Angina- an infectious disease that affects the palatine

tonsils. The causative agent is most often streptococcus and viruses.

There are acute angina and chronic.

The clinical picture of acute tonsillitis:

Symptoms of intoxication: lethargy, muscle pain, lack of appetite.

Fever

Pain when swallowing

The appearance of raids on the tonsils

Principles of therapy:

Antibacterial therapy! (The drug of choice is penicillin (amoxicillin)).

Plentiful drink (V \u003d 1.5-2 l)

Vitamin C

Gargling with disinfectant solutions.

Clinical picture of chronic tonsillitis:

The main symptom: repeated exacerbations of angina.

Symptoms of intoxication may be present, but to a lesser extent

Frequent nasal congestion

Bad breath

Frequent infections

Prolonged subfebrile condition

Principles of therapy:

Washing of lacunae, tonsils with antiseptic solutions (course 1-2 r / per year).

Local antiseptics: ambazon, gramicidin, hepsetidine, falimint.

General strengthening measures

Regular spa treatment

Vitamin-rich nutrition (vit. C at a dose of 500 mg per day)

Phytotherapy: tonsilgon for children 10-15 drops x 5-6 times a day for 2-3 weeks.

Acute rhinosinusitis- an infectious disease, the causative agent is most often viruses. Depending on the type of pathogen, rhinosinusitis is divided into catarrhal (viral) and purulent (bacterial).

Clinical picture:

Difficulty in nasal breathing

Headache

Discharge from the nose (may be mucous - with a viral infection, and purulent - with a bacterial one).

Less common: increased body temperature, cough

Principles of therapy:

With a mild course, in the early stages of the disease, it is effective to wash the nose with a warm solution (saline, furatsilin), hot foot baths, moisturizing sprays (to thin the mucus) - Aquamoris or mucolytic agents.

Mucolytic drugs: rinofluimucil for 7-10 days.

Vasoconstrictor drugs are prescribed for a period of not more than 7-10 days.

In severe viral rhinitis, bioparox is effective.

Antibacterial drugs are prescribed only in the presence of purulent discharge (the drug of choice is amoxicillin, in the presence of an allergy to penicillin - sumamed (macropen)).

Diseases of the middle respiratory tract

Of the lesions of the SDP, laryngotracheitis is the most common.

Acute laryngotracheitis- an acute disease, the causative agent of which is most often viruses, but can be allergens.

Clinical picture:

Sudden onset, usually at night

Noisy wheezing and shortness of breath

Less common: increased body temperature

Principles of therapy:

Distraction therapy (hot foot baths, mustard plasters on the calf muscles, plenty of warm drinks).

The air in the room should be cool and humid.

Inhalation of bronchodilators (ventolin) through a nebulizer.

In the absence of effect - hospitalization of the patient.

Diseases of the lower respiratory tract

Of the lesions of the upper respiratory tract, the most common are:

Airway obstruction

Bronchitis

pneumonia

Bronchial asthma

Obstructive bronchitis appear more often in children of the first 2 years of life

due to the anatomical features of the respiratory tract: narrow

bronchial lumen. Obstruction is associated either with a narrowing of the lumen or with blockage of the airways with thick sputum. The causative agent in 85% are viruses.

Clinical picture:

At the beginning of the disease, a clinic of acute respiratory disease (runny nose, malaise, there may be a temperature). Later, a cough joins: at the beginning dry, but then turning into a wet one. Subsequently

there is shortness of breath, characterized by difficulty inhaling and exhaling

with a characteristic whistling, pecking breath or noise heard on

distance, rapid breathing, retraction of all compliant places

chest (jugular fossa, intercostal spaces).

Principles of therapy:

For mild cases, outpatient treatment:

Frequent ventilation of the room

Inhalation through a nebulizer or spacer with bronchodilators:

berodual, ventolin, soda-salt inhalations.

Bronchial drainage and vibration massage

Acute bronchitis- characterized by inflammation of the bronchial mucosa and are accompanied by hypersecretion of mucus. The cause of the disease is most often viruses.

Clinical picture:

In the first days of illness, the acute respiratory disease clinic: malaise, runny nose, there may be an increase in body temperature

Dry cough, subsequently (after 2-5 days) moistened

Principles of therapy:

Plentiful warm drink (mineral water, decoction of expectorant herbs)

With dry, hacking cough - antitussives (libeksin, sinekod)

Mustard plasters, jars - not shown (because they injure the skin and can cause an allergic reaction).

Acute pneumonia- an infectious disease in which inflammation of the lung tissue occurs. The causative agent in 80-90% is the bacterial flora, much less often - viruses or fungi.

Clinical picture:

Symptoms of intoxication are expressed: body t > 38-39, lasting more than 3 days; lethargy, weakness,

May be vomiting, abdominal pain

Lack of appetite

Rapid breathing (shortness of breath) without signs of obstruction.

Principles of therapy

In mild forms, treatment can take place on an outpatient basis; in severe cases, as well as children under 3 years of age, hospitalization is indicated:

Antibacterial therapy: Amoxicillin is the drug of choice for mild cases.

Expectorants (ambroxol, lazolvan, acetylcysteine)

Plentiful drink (mineral water, fruit drink, decoctions).

Bed rest during the first days of illness

From the fifth day of illness - breathing exercises

Vitamins (aevit, vit. C)

Physiotherapy

Bronchial asthma is a chronic allergic disease of the respiratory tract, characterized by intermittent attacks of shortness of breath or suffocation. The cause of the disease in the vast majority of cases are allergens. Factors that exacerbate the effect of causative factors are: SARS, tobacco smoke, strong odors, cold air, exercise, food coloring and preservatives.

Clinical picture:

Shortness of breath associated with wheezing

Dry, paroxysmal cough

Possible sneezing, nasal congestion

The deterioration usually worsens over several hours or

days, sometimes within minutes.

In addition to the classic signs of bronchial asthma, there are likely signs of the disease:

The presence of frequent episodes of paroxysmal cough and wheezing

The absence of a positive effect from the ongoing antibacterial

Coughing at night

Seasonality of symptoms

Detection of allergies in the family

The presence of other allergic reactions in the child (diathesis)

Principles of therapy

Preventive therapy is the prevention of exacerbation attacks, i.e. elimination of contact with the allergen;

Symptomatic therapy includes the appointment of prophylactic or anti-inflammatory drugs;

Pathogenetic therapy - is aimed at the cause of the disease, i.e. if elimination of the allergen is not possible, then specific immunotherapy (allergic vaccination) is indicated.

The reaction of the body occurs to an allergic lesion or inflammation on the mucous membrane of the bronchi, throat, larynx or lungs. A person can also cough due to the inhalation of gases, vapors, dust or dirt.

In the process of treating cough against the background of the inflammatory process of the respiratory tract, it is important to establish the true cause of the disease. To do this, the patient should undergo a detailed diagnosis in the office of an ENT doctor. Self-administration of drugs can cause inflammation or the formation of severe side effects.

Why does cough occur

The formation of a throat cough indicates the beginning of the inflammatory process. But if coughing is not accompanied by acute symptoms, it may not be a pathologically dangerous process, but a natural reaction of the body. When dust or other foreign objects are inhaled, the immune system tries to clear the mucous membrane of the throat with the help of a cough. Such a process does not require medical treatment and should not frighten a person.

Urgent therapy is necessary only if the cough causes vomiting, headaches, disturbs sleep.

How to treat a night cough in an adult is described in this material.

There are several other reasons for the formation of an upper cough:

1. Hypothermia. In the case of long walks and frostbite of the throat, spasms of blood vessels occur, which are responsible for the production of sputum. This process is accompanied by dryness and perspiration, which causes a prolonged cough.
2. Viral or bacterial inflammation. When coughing, which was formed against the background of pathogenic development in the throat, an unproductive cough appears, which eventually turns into a wet form. In some cases, the disease in the upper compartment is accompanied by a debilitating cough for several weeks.
3. Inflammation of the bronchopulmonary system can occur due to trauma. This reason is common among young children who, due to lack of experience, put foreign objects in their mouths. If the child began to choke and cough, the first thing parents should do is check the oral cavity for small parts.
4. Injury among adults occurs through inhalation of chemicals and hazardous emissions, as well as prolonged exposure to dusty and dirty places.
5. Allergy. If a certain irritant has entered the throat cavity, an allergic reaction may occur in the mucous membrane of the throat. In this case, patients note the formation of a debilitating dry cough, which may be accompanied by itching, burning, dryness, redness of the skin and mucous membranes. The treatment of an allergic cough is described in this material.
6. Addiction to bad habits. The risk of asphyxia due to swelling of the respiratory systems and dysfunction increases several times if the patient smokes. The so-called "smoker's cough" is manifested due to severe irritation of the mucous membrane due to inhalation of vapors, acids and alkalis.

Treatment Methods

Treatment of chest cough should be directed towards addressing the underlying cause, so it is important to ask your doctor how to treat upper respiratory cough in adults and children. After identifying the inflammation that provokes the formation of cough syndrome, the specialist will draw up an individual treatment regimen that will correspond to all the characteristics of the body and the mechanism of the development of the disease.

If it is not possible to diagnose the nature and mechanism of the development of inflammation, the patient is prescribed a trial treatment, during which the patient takes inhalation drugs, nasal anti-inflammatory and corticosteroid medications, as well as means to eliminate the focus of inflammation.

With the help of medicines that can be combined with folk recipes, the attending physician will translate the dry form into a productive cough. For this, synthetic drugs are prescribed for adults, and for the treatment of children, it is necessary to pick up herbal preparations.

How to cure a cough in an adult with alternative medicine methods can be found here.

Subsequently, the patient will be prescribed a comprehensive treatment to eliminate not only the symptoms, but also the focus of inflammation. Thus, the following drugs are prescribed:

1. To translate a dry cough into a productive form, use the following means - "Lazolvan", "Ambroxol".
2. When coughing against the background of SARS or acute respiratory infections, which are accompanied by a dry and painful cough, as well as a sore throat, you can use the following local preparations "Bioparox", "Polydex", "Gramicidin", "Ingalipt", "Stopangin", "Gexoral", "Pharingosept" .
3. With a throat cough, it is reasonable to use agents that can increase the lumen in the bronchi. In addition to the main action, they reduce inflammation and improve the general condition of the patient. These drugs include Budesonide, Flunisolide, Beclomethasone, Volmax, Salmeterol
4. In the presence of a bacterial infection, the patient must use antibiotic therapy. It is believed that the most effective drugs among antibiotics are macrolides - Sumamed, Macropen, Erythromycin.
5. With a dry and debilitating cough, the patient is recommended to use drugs that inhibit the cough reflex - "Sinekod", "Bronholitin", "Tussin".
6. Non-narcotic drugs - Glauvent or Libeksin - can have a softening effect on the irritated mucous membrane of the throat and reduce pain.
7. It is possible to restore the patency of the respiratory tract and normalize the elasticity of mucous secretions with the help of expectorants - Bromhexin, Bronchosan, Libeksin Muko, Fluicort, Lazolvan, Ambrohexal. However, be prepared for the fact that the drugs of this group stimulate the work of the bronchial tree, which entails severe irritation of the glands of the bronchial mucosa.
8. In the future, in order to change the substance of the secretions and increase its fluidity, which will facilitate the removal of sputum, use mucolytics - Fluimucil, Bromhexine, ACC, Ambroxol. They will improve the functioning of the tracheobronchial tree, which will normalize the patient's breathing.
9. For a cold cough, use analgesic drugs that have an anti-inflammatory and sedative effect - Toff Plus, Agisept, Doctor Theiss, Falimint, Coldrex LariPlus.

For children

If the treatment of a cough in an adult proceeds with the help of powerful drugs, then a dry throat cough in a baby requires a softer approach. First of all, parents should contact a pediatrician and conduct a series of diagnostic procedures.

Treatment of cough of the upper respiratory tract is carried out according to the following scheme:

1. It is possible to activate the work of bronchioles and villi of the ciliated epithelium with the help of anti-flicker preparations for children - Bronhikum, Pertussin, Tussamag, Codelac Broncho, Stoptussin.
2. Practical effectiveness was proved by mucolytics - Ambroxol, Fluimucil, ACC, Bromhexine, Lazolvan, Ambrobene. They liquefy thick secretions, which allows you to remove sputum from the bronchi and lungs. However, funds from this group can increase spasms in the bronchi, so they should be used only with a doctor's prescription.
3. With viral or bacterial inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, the use of combined preparations is not enough. Therefore, the doctor changes the course of treatment and adds a broad-spectrum agent "Augmentin", "Amoxiclav", "Azithromycin", "Cefpir". Preparations of this category suppress the activation of pathogenic strains, which makes it possible to stop bacterial reproduction.
4. It is possible to eliminate spasms in the bronchi and prevent blockage of the respiratory system with thick secretions thanks to herbal preparations of combined action - "Thermopsis", "Alteika", "Licorice Root", "Herbion with Plantain", "Bronchipret", "Stoptussin", "Bronhofit". Keep in mind that the effect of these drugs is cumulative.
5. If the cough appeared on the background of allergic irritation, the patient needs antihistamines - "Zodak", "Cetrin", "Cetrinal", "Ksizal", "Allergostop". Means of this category can reduce the intensity of the reaction, as well as reduce tissue swelling.
6. As a preventive measure, give the baby pills for resorption "Septolete", "Doctor Mom", "Doctor Theiss". By the way, you can make lollipops yourself. How to do this can be found here.
7. As an additional therapy, use antiseptic agents - Strepsils, Astrasept, Neo-angin, Lyzobakt, Septolete, Laripront.

You can eliminate cough in combination with folk methods. You can find out how to prepare decoctions here. In addition, try to rub the baby's sternum. The correct method is described in this article.

Conclusion

Remember that self-treatment can cause inflammation. In addition, you can provoke the development of not only SARS, but also various benign or malignant neoplasms. If the cough is not treated, it can develop into bronchial asthma, acute bronchitis or laryngitis. In addition, the lack of medical involvement can cause pneumonia or abscess.

To avoid dangerous consequences, you must undergo timely differential diagnosis and a full course of treatment.

Directory of major ENT diseases and their treatment

All information on the site is for informational purposes only and does not claim to be absolutely accurate from a medical point of view. Treatment must be carried out by a qualified doctor. By self-medicating, you can harm yourself!

Airway inflammation treatment

Inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract are the most common diseases. This fact is explained by the simplicity of the mechanism of infection in the human body and the carelessness that leads to the disease.

Inflammation of the airways

An infected person, not caring not only about his own health, but also about the health of those around him, goes to work, study, communicates with classmates, colleagues, thinking that there is nothing wrong with that. In fact, he is a carrier and distributor of the infection. Sneezed, coughed - spread the infection in the air. Talked on the phone in the office - left pathogens on the phone that the next person who needs to make a phone call will pick up. And so on... Everyone can get sick, regardless of gender, age and social status.

Respiratory system

The airways are divided into upper and lower. The upper tracts are the nose, sinuses, part of the mouth and pharynx. The lower ones are the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Healthy airways provide gas exchange function. When the system works without failure, the air, entering the nasal passages during inhalation, is warmed up, disinfected and enters the lungs already “prepared”. When inflammation occurs in some part of this complex system, the whole system fails.

Treatment with folk remedies

Rhinitis

• St. John's wort. If you often have rhinitis, take care of the treatment in advance. Narvaet fresh St. John's wort, chop it and mix thirty grams of green mass with a glass of high-quality refined vegetable oil. Close the dishes and put in a dark cabinet for three weeks. Shake from time to time. Carefully strain and squeeze the raw material. For the treatment of rhinitis, put five drops into each nostril three times a day.
• Burdock. For the treatment of rhinitis, oil infused with burdock roots is effective. Dig up the roots, wash and cut into small pieces. Put them in a glass jar and fill with unrefined vegetable oil so that it completely covers the roots. After two weeks, the product is ready for use. You don't need to strain. Moisten cotton or gauze flagella in infused oil and lay in the nasal passages for a quarter of an hour five times a day.

• Lilies of the valley. During the lily-of-the-valley season, pick the flowers and dry them along with the stems. Then grind them into a fine powder and pour into a glass dish with a lid. As soon as you feel the approach of a runny nose, open the jar and inhale the powder from the lily of the valley in the manner of snuff.
• Mint and foot baths. The following tool has come down to our days from time immemorial. Immediately before going to bed, prepare a large container of hot water in which you dissolve a glass of salt. Brew mint tea. Sit comfortably, dip your feet into the water so that it reaches your knees, and take a little vodka in your mouth. Sit like this without swallowing vodka for fifteen minutes. Then take your feet out of the water, wipe them, spit out the vodka and drink two glasses of tea with the addition of raspberry jam. Warm your head with a scarf or hat and go to bed until morning.

Sinusitis

• St. John's wort. With sinusitis, washing the nasal cavity with infusion of St. John's wort helps very well. Brew one teaspoon of dried herb with a glass of boiling water. Infuse to a comfortable temperature, strain and use for washing. The same infusion is recommended to drink half a cup three times a day.

• Clover. An infusion of clover flowers is recommended for sinusitis accompanied by severe headaches. Pour one spoonful of dried crushed flowers into a glass of boiling water and leave for half an hour. Strain and drink one hundred ml three times a day.
• Celandine. Purulent sinusitis responds well to treatment with celandine juice. Narvaet fresh celandine, rinse and dry it, squeeze the juice. Pour it into a dry, clean glass dish and refrigerate for a week. After the specified time, use for instillation into the nose.
• Garlic and apple cider vinegar. Inhalations are also an integral part of the complex treatment of sinusitis. Peel the garlic and pour five crushed cloves into a glass of boiling water. Pour a spoonful of apple cider vinegar into the mixture and breathe over the fumes. The inhalation procedure should be carried out once a day for a week.

• Cyclamen, aloe, kalanchoe. Prepare aloe and kalanchoe. Squeeze out the juice from them and combine one spoon at a time. Add to them a spoonful of Vishnevsky ointment and pounded cyclamen root. Rub everything until completely connected and put tampons lubricated with ointment into the nostrils for half an hour. Perform the procedure once a day for three weeks.

Sinusitis

• Interior fat and salt. Melted interior pork fat in the amount of one spoon, mix with four tablespoons of sea salt. Rub the resulting ointment-like mass three times a day into the bridge of the nose and the area of ​​the nasal sinuses.

• Honey, milk, butter. Mix a spoonful of honey, vegetable oil, milk, onion juice, medical alcohol and laundry soap grated on a fine grater and put in a steam bath. Hold until the soap melts. Remove and cool. Three times a day, put tampons smeared with ointment into each nostril for a quarter of an hour.
• Onion compress. Finely chop the onion along with the husk, crush until the juice is released. Spread the onion mass on the compress fabric. Apply a rich cream on your forehead and apply an onion compress for five to ten minutes. Do onion compresses three times a day.

• Radish compress. Rinse one radish and chop on a grater. Treat the gruel in the same way as with onions and, after lubricating the skin, apply a compress to the sinus area. Put a warm cloth on top and lie down for ten minutes. Make radish compresses once a day before going to bed.
• Rosemary. Infuse for a week and a half two tablespoons of chopped wild rosemary in half a glass of vegetable oil. Strain and use for instillation three times a day.
• Laurel oil. Effectively treat sinusitis drops from bay leaf. Pour thirty grams of mashed bay leaf into a glass of heated vegetable oil. Strain after five days. Drip three drops into each nostril three times a day.

Tonsillitis

• Coltsfoot. Harvest fresh juicy coltsfoot leaves, wash and pat dry. Squeeze the juice out of them, measure the volume. Add the same amount of natural dry red wine and onion juice to the juice. Store the mixture in the refrigerator. Three times a day, take one spoonful of the product, diluted with three tablespoons of purified water.
• Sage. Pour three tablespoons of dry sage with a liter of hot water and send for a quarter of an hour to a steam bath. Remove, wait until cool and strain. Drink a quarter cup three times a day and gargle with a sore throat with an interval of one hour.

• Garlic. Peel the garlic cloves and squeeze out the juice. Soak a swab in the juice and wipe the inflamed tonsils. After an hour, repeat the procedure, but instead of garlic juice, use propolis infusion to lubricate.
• Iodine-soda rinse. Pour half a spoonful of salt and soda into a glass of warm water, stir until dissolved. Add five drops of iodine and use as a rinse throughout the day. Traditional healers promise relief by the evening.
• Beets and vinegar. Squeeze the juice from one medium-sized beet, add a spoonful of table vinegar to it. After an hour of infusion, use for rinsing. After the procedure, it is recommended to drink one spoon of the product.

• Ivy. Pick twenty ivy leaves, wash them, pour a glass of dry wine and boil for five minutes over low heat. Cool, strain and use as a rinse.
• Aloe. Every morning, immediately after waking up, take one spoonful of freshly squeezed aloe juice. Treatment should be carried out daily, one and a half weeks.
• Aloe and honey. Squeeze the juice from prepared aloe leaves, mix it with honey, taken in triple volume from aloe juice. The resulting remedy should be lubricated daily with inflamed tonsils.

Angina

• Anise. Pour a spoonful of anise seeds into a small saucepan, pour in a glass of hot water and put on fire. Bring to a boil and boil for three minutes. Remove, strain after twenty minutes. Three times a day, before meals, drink a quarter cup of decoction.
• Pine cones. Dial two kilograms of young pine cones. Grind them and mix with a kilogram of honey. Leave to infuse for three months. Take one scoop before breakfast, lunch and dinner.
• Tincture of pine cones. Finely chop one kilogram of green cones and pour in a liter of high-quality vodka. Leave for a month and a half. Strain and drink half an hour before each meal, one spoonful.

• Horseradish. Squeeze juice from horseradish, add to it the same volume of pure water. Use the resulting remedy for gargling.
• Garlic, honey, wine vinegar. Peel eight cloves of garlic and rub them thoroughly. Pour eight tablespoons of wine vinegar into the garlic mass, stir and refrigerate for eight hours. Add two tablespoons of liquid honey, mix thoroughly. For treatment, take two tablespoons of the remedy three times a day and hold as much as you can, then swallow.
• Coffee, yogurt, garlic. In one spoonful of natural yogurt, add a spoonful of instant coffee and a gruel of five cloves of garlic. Stir, then add two tablespoons of honey and add enough cornmeal to make the mass have the consistency of a thick cream. In the morning and in the evening, smear the neck with a healing cream.

• cranberries and honey. Squeeze a glass of juice from cranberries, add three tablespoons of honey to it. Use for gargling. After the procedure, take two tablespoons of the product inside.

Pharyngitis

• Sage, eucalyptus, plantain. Boil a spoonful of herbs in half a liter of water for fifteen minutes. Cool, add a spoonful of honey and a little citric acid. Gargle four times a day, after the procedure, swallow two or three sips of the decoction. Instead of plantain, you can use chamomile, calendula or thyme.

• Healing syrup. Chop juicy garlic. Put half a glass of garlic mass into a saucepan and add liquid honey so that it completely covers the garlic. Heat over low heat for half an hour. During this time, a homogeneous mass should be obtained. Cool, add some clean water and heat. Strain after two hours. Eat a spoonful every hour.
• Three step treatment. Stage one - ten days. Prepare for gargles six times a day and use the following remedy. Mince two cloves of garlic and pour over a half glass of hot milk. When the milk reaches a comfortable temperature, strain and gargle while lying on your back.

Stage two - ten days. Also, six times a day, prepare an infusion of one spoon of calendula in a glass of hot milk. Use for rinses.

Stage three - ten days. Four times a day, prepare a decoction of a spoonful of dried potato flowers in a glass of water. Bring to a boil and boil for five minutes. After half an hour, strain and gargle while lying on your back.

Laryngitis

• Peanut. Pour sixty grams of unpeeled peanuts with water, bring to a boil and cook for half an hour. Take the peanuts out of the water and dry them in a hot pan. Eat without peeling in one meal.
• Pigskin. Boil clean pork skin until tender. For twenty days, eat a small amount of pork skin three times a day before each meal.
• Raspberry and ginger. Put two tablespoons of dried raspberries, a pinch of ginger and two tablespoons of vegetable oil into a thermos. Pour in half a liter of boiling water and leave overnight. In the morning, strain and drink five sips before each meal.
• Flax seed. Boil one tablespoon of flaxseeds in a glass of water for five minutes. Remove, cool slightly, strain and add two tablespoons of cognac. You should drink two tablespoons with an interval of half an hour.

• Raspberries. A handful of dry raspberry leaves insist in half a liter of boiling water for one hour. Strain and take half a glass three times a day.
• Horseradish. Finely chop a horseradish root, about the size of two walnuts. Pour into one hundred and fifty ml of boiling water. After half an hour, add two tablespoons of sugar. Stir and strain. Drink throughout the day often, in small sips.

Tracheitis

• Altey. Grind marshmallow root and pour into a glass of boiling water. Leave until cool. Strain and drink one spoon four times a day.
• Aloe and wine. Squeeze one hundred and fifty ml of juice from aloe, add three hundred ml of dry red wine and two hundred grams of liquid honey to it. Leave to infuse for five days. Eat one scoop an hour before each meal.
• Aloe, honey and walnut. Pluck the fleshy aloe leaves, rinse and refrigerate for ten days. Then finely chop them and, measuring the volume of the resulting mass, add three times more boiling water. After two hours, strain and squeeze the raw materials into the infusion. Mix with a glass of honey and half a kilogram of mashed walnut kernels. Eat one spoon an hour before breakfast, lunch and dinner.

• Blackberry (root). Grind the blackberry root and boil in half a liter of water for ten minutes. Strain after two hours. Drink one glass of decoction three times a day.
• Blackberry (leaves). Pour two tablespoons of blackberry leaf into half a liter of clean, slightly warm water and leave overnight. In the morning, put on the stove and bring to a boil. Cool and strain the decoction. Drink like tea.
• Hoof. Two spoons of hoof leaf for two hours insist in a glass of boiling water. Then strain and drink four times a day, one spoonful.
• Mullein. Two tablespoons of crushed dry mullein leaves insist in a glass of freshly boiled water for one hour. Strain and drink two sips throughout the day.

Bronchitis

• Honey and plantain. Combine half a kilogram of honey with half a liter of juice from fresh plantain leaves, put on fire, bring to a boil and boil for twenty minutes. Remove, cool, take one spoon half an hour before each meal.
• Mogul. Grind two yolks of fresh chicken eggs with sugar until the volume doubles. Consume twice on an empty stomach.

• Honey and viburnum. Mash one hundred grams of viburnum berries, add two hundred grams of honey and boil for five minutes after boiling. Refrigerate and heal by taking two scoops five times a day.
• Honey and onion. Finely chop half a kilogram of onions and put in a saucepan. Add four hundred grams of sugar and fifty grams of honey, and a liter of water to the onion. Put on the stove, bring to a boil and cook over very low heat for three hours. Cool, pour into a glass dish, store in the refrigerator. Drink six times a day, one spoonful.

• Licorice. Grind the licorice root and boil two tablespoons in half a liter of water for ten minutes. Remove from heat, strain after two hours. Drink a third of a glass up to five times a day.
• Honey, radish and carrots. Get one hundred ml of carrot and beet juice in any way available to you. Mix the juices together, add a spoonful of liquid honey. Drink one spoon every hour.

Pneumonia

• Elecampane and St. John's wort. Pour three tablespoons of dry elecampane and a spoonful of St. John's wort into half a liter of boiling water. Boil on low heat for half an hour. Remove, strain after cooling. Combine two cups of liquid honey with a glass of warm olive oil. Combine herbal decoction and honey with oil in a glass bowl. Close and refrigerate for fourteen days. Stir before use and drink one scoop five times a day.
• Aloe, honey, Cahors. Pour two hundred and fifty finely chopped aloe leaves with half a liter of high-quality Cahors and add honey. Mix and infuse in the refrigerator for two weeks. Before use, drain the liquid from the infusion, squeeze out the aloe and take one spoonful of the product three times a day.

• Oats. Pour one glass of oat grains with a glass of milk, bring to a boil and cook over low heat for one hour, stirring constantly. Strain and drink throughout the day.
• Birch, linden, honey, aloe. Fifty grams of linden flowers, one hundred and fifty grams of birch buds, a glass of chopped aloe, two hundred ml of olive oil and 1.3 kilograms of linden honey. Combine honey and aloe and heat over low heat. Pour linden flowers and birch buds with two glasses of water and boil for two minutes. Strain the decoction, squeeze out the flowers and buds and pour the decoction into the honey with aloe. Mix thoroughly and pour into glassware. Take one spoon three times a day.

Alveolitis

• Cowberry. Boil fifteen grams of dry lingonberry leaf in a glass of water for a quarter of an hour. Cool, strain. Drink the decoction throughout the day, divided into three different parts.
• Birch. Pour twenty grams of dry birch leaf and the same amount of buds with two cups of boiling water and leave for an hour. Strain, divide into four equal portions and drink a day before each meal for half an hour.
• Chamomile, motherwort, hawthorn. Take five grams of hawthorn berries, chamomile, motherwort and cudweed. Pour into two hundred and fifty ml of hot water and boil for fifteen minutes. Then cool slightly, strain and take a quarter cup of decoction after meals.

• Pumpkin juice. Drink five hundred ml of fresh pumpkin juice daily. Pumpkin juice perfectly relieves pulmonary and alveolar edema.

Respiratory diseases. Symptoms and Causes

Nasal congestion. Headache. Loss of smell. Increase in body temperature.

Nasal congestion. Pain in the eyes, forehead, sinuses. Temperature increase.

A sore throat. Increase in body temperature. Muscle and joint pain. General weakness.

Itching and dryness in the throat. Redness and enlargement of the tonsils.

Redness and swelling of the mucous membrane of the larynx. Cough. Fever, weakness.

Cough, mostly nocturnal, sore throat, difficulty breathing. Temperature increase.

Cough with expectoration. Increase in body temperature.

Fever, cough, chest pain. Weakness, loss of appetite.

Shortness of breath, cough, wheezing in the chest. Weakness, fatigue

Treatment of diseases of the upper respiratory tract

Inflammation of the upper respiratory tract is the most common disease among people of all ages. At different times, respiratory diseases were called differently: acute respiratory viral disease or SARS, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, acute respiratory disease or acute respiratory infections. The main causes that cause the disease are pathogenic bacteria. Factors contributing to the development of the disease are hypothermia, emotional exhaustion, chronic fatigue, beriberi, decreased immunity.

Acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract is mainly manifested by signs that are due to the introduction of the virus and the intoxication of the body that it causes. The main symptoms of the disease are fever, headaches of varying intensity, sleep disturbance, general weakness, muscle pain, loss of appetite, vomiting, and nausea. In more severe cases of the disease - disorders of consciousness, agitation or lethargy, muscle cramps. Also, in acute inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, pronounced catarrhal disorders occur, which are associated with the defeat of the disease of one or another respiratory organ.

The treatment of diseases of the upper respiratory tract is complex, aimed at strengthening the protective properties of the body, antibacterial effects on pathogens and the removal of inflammatory processes from the organs affected by the disease.

Diseases of the upper respiratory tract and methods of their treatment

Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Manifestations of this disease are shortness of breath, discharge of exudate from the nose, sneezing.

Pharyngitis is an inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the pharynx and arches. Symptoms of the disease: pain when swallowing, sore throat.

Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx. There is hoarseness of voice, frequent "barking" cough.

Catarrhal angina or tonsillitis. The main complaint of patients with this disease is pain when swallowing, enlarged tonsils and redness of their mucous membrane, swelling of the upper palate.

Tracheitis - inflammation of the trachea: there is pain behind the sternum, dry, painful cough, lasting 2-3 weeks.

To get rid of diseases, folk and traditional methods of treatment are successfully used.

Instill juice from boiled or fresh beets into the nose 5-6 drops 3 times a day and rinse the nose with beetroot broth 2 times a day: in the morning and in the evening before going to bed. To enhance the effect of juice and decoction, we recommend adding softened honey. You can also put cotton swabs soaked in beetroot juice into the nostrils 3-4 times a day.

Boil the potato "in uniform" and roll the quickly slightly cooled potatoes on the forehead, nose, ears. Then cut it into three parts and apply one part to the forehead and two parts to the sinuses. After the procedure, wrap your forehead with a woolen scarf.

Make inhalations with hot water and soda. You can add 10 drops of eucalyptus oil to the water. The procedure is recommended to be done before going to bed.

To get rid of the disease as soon as possible, take a small piece of propolis and chew it for 15 minutes (do not swallow). Then drink an infusion of oregano herb and coltsfoot leaf, taken 1 teaspoon per glass of boiling water. Infuse for 30 minutes, strain and drink 2 at a time.

Attention: during pregnancy and lactation, it is not recommended to take drugs with oregano. In this case, replace oregano with chamomile or calendula.

Bury aloe juice 4-5 drops in each nostril 4 times a day.

Rinse your nose with cold water or cold water and salt at any time.

Use disposable handkerchiefs.

For pharyngitis, laryngitis and tonsillitis:

Eat a whole lemon with a peel at one time, after cutting it. You can flavor the lemon with honey or sugar.

Prepare a herbal rinse for rinsing: chamomile - 2 parts, eucalyptus leaf - 2 parts, linden flowers - 2 parts, flax seeds - 1 part. Mix the components. Take 1 tablespoon of the collection and pour a glass of boiling water in earthenware or porcelain dishes. Infuse for 30 minutes, strain and gargle with warm infusion throat 4 times a day. After each rinse, drink 1 tablespoon of infusion.

Gargle with water-alcohol infusion of propolis. To do this, grind 10g of propolis and mix it with 100ml of alcohol. Insist in a dark place at room temperature for 7 days. To rinse, take 10 ml of alcohol tincture and dilute it with 100 ml of water (for children, take 5 ml of tincture and add a tablespoon of honey to the tincture). Gargle 3 times a day. During treatment, it is recommended to drink tea with herbs, honey.

Grind two egg yolks with sugar until white, add to the mass. Take this remedy between meals for hoarseness.

Pour 1 tablespoon of dill seeds with a glass of boiling water, leave for half an hour and drink 4 times a day after meals, 2 tablespoons.

Squeeze the juice from the leaves of a five-year-old aloe, mix with water in a ratio of 1: 1 and drink 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

Make a compress on the throat area from cottage cheese and leave it overnight, wrapping your neck with a warm scarf. In the morning, remove the compress, rinse the neck with warm water and lubricate with any menthol-containing cream.

Cut the peel of one apple and fill it with 2 cups of cold water, put on fire. Bring to a boil and cook for 5 minutes. Then add 1/2 teaspoon dry mint, 1/2 teaspoon thyme, a pinch of cinnamon and honey to taste.

For citation: Chelenkova I.N., Uteshev D.B., Bunyatyan N.D. Acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract // RMJ. 2010. No. 30. S. 1878

Inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract include rhinitis, sinusitis, adenoiditis, tonsillitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis and pharyngitis. These diseases are widespread: they occur in every fourth inhabitant of our planet. In Russia, infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract are diagnosed year-round, but in the period from mid-September to mid-April they become widespread and are associated with acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI). ARVI is the most common infectious disease in developed countries; on average, an adult gets ARVI at least 2-3 times a year, and a child 6-10 times a year.

Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity. Rhinitis can manifest itself in both acute and chronic forms. Acute rhinitis occurs as a result of exposure to the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity of a bacterial or viral infection. Often this form of rhinitis accompanies various infectious diseases: influenza, diphtheria, scarlet fever, gonorrhea, etc. In acute rhinitis, the tissues of the nasal region swell (and this swelling extends to both halves of the nose). As a rule, acute rhinitis occurs in three stages. During the first stage (it lasts from 1-2 hours to 1-2 days), patients experience itching and dryness in the nasal cavity, accompanied by frequent sneezing; in addition, they have a headache, malaise, reduced sense of smell, watery eyes, fever. During the second stage, patients develop (usually in large quantities) clear discharge from the nose, nasality and shortness of breath. During the third stage, the discharge becomes mucus-purulent and gradually disappears, breathing improves. As a rule, with acute rhinitis, patients recover within 7-10 days, but in some cases this disease can become chronic. Acute rhinitis can lead to complications such as sinusitis, otitis media, and laryngotracheobronchitis (if inflammation from the nasal cavity passes into the sinuses, auditory tube, pharynx, or lower respiratory tract).
Chronic rhinitis is divided into three types: catarrhal, hypertrophic and atrophic.
Chronic catarrhal rhinitis, as a rule, is a consequence of acute rhinitis. In addition, it can be caused by negative environmental influences, circulatory disorders, endocrine disorders, dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, sinusitis, chronic adenoiditis, or hereditary predisposition. In chronic catarrhal rhinitis, the ciliated epithelium of the nasal cavity changes into a cubic one and loses cilia, the mucous glands and the amount of mucus they secrete increase. Periodically there is a decrease in the sense of smell and nasal congestion. As a result of prolonged catarrhal rhinitis, chronic hypertrophic rhinitis may occur. With hypertrophic rhinitis, the mucous membranes grow, the epithelium loosens, nasal congestion and mucous discharge are constantly observed. Rhinoscopy reveals hypertrophy of the middle and lower turbinates. As a result of frequent acute rhinitis, professional or climatic harmful effects, atrophic chronic rhinitis may develop. With atrophic chronic rhinitis, the mucous membrane becomes thinner, the vessels and mucous glands become empty, the ciliated epithelium is transformed into a flat one. Atrophic rhinitis is manifested by a weakening (or complete absence) of smell, congestion and dryness of the nasal cavity, the appearance of dry crusts in the nose. For rhinitis, conservative treatment is used: vasoconstrictor drugs (nasal drops, sprays, aerosols, etc.), local antimicrobials (ointments, aerosols, etc.) and (in the case of allergic rhinitis) antihistamines.
Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. Most often, sinusitis is a complication of infectious diseases such as scarlet fever, influenza, measles, acute rhinitis, etc. Sinusitis can manifest itself in both acute and chronic forms. Acute forms of sinusitis include catarrhal and purulent sinusitis. To chronic forms of sinusitis - purulent sinusitis, edematous-polypous sinusitis and mixed sinusitis. Symptoms of acute sinusitis and chronic sinusitis (during exacerbations) are the same. These include fever, general malaise, headache, nasal congestion (usually on one side), and copious nasal discharge. An accurate diagnosis of sinusitis is made on the basis of a patient questioning, anamnesis, examination of the nasal cavity, diaphanoscopy, probing and radiography. Inflammations of individual paranasal sinuses include diseases such as aerosinusitis, sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, sphenoiditis and ethmoiditis. If all the sinuses of the nose become inflamed at the same time (on both sides or on one side), this disease is called pansinusitis. In the acute form of sinusitis, conservative treatment is used, in chronic - surgical. Conservative treatment includes the use of local antimicrobial agents (ointments, sprays, etc.), broad-spectrum antibiotics, restorative drugs, and physiotherapy. During surgical treatment, the inflamed sinuses are pierced, the purulent mucus accumulated in them is sucked out and antibiotics are applied.
Adenoids are an increase in the nasopharyngeal tonsil as a result of hyperplasia of its tissue (the nasopharyngeal tonsil is located in the fornix of the nasopharynx and is part of the lymphadenoid pharyngeal ring). In most cases, adenoiditis affects children aged 3 to 10 years. As a rule, adenoids appear as a result of inflammation of the tonsils or nasal mucosa, which is caused by infectious diseases such as influenza, measles, scarlet fever, acute and chronic diseases of the upper respiratory tract. There are three degrees of adenoiditis: in the first degree, the adenoids cover only the upper part of the vomer; in the second degree, the adenoids cover two-thirds of the vomer; in the third degree, the adenoids completely cover the entire vomer. At the same time, the negative effects of adenoids on the body do not always correspond to their size. The first symptoms of adenoiditis include difficulty breathing and mucous discharge from the nose. Difficulty breathing leads to sleep problems, fatigue, lethargy, memory impairment, academic performance decline (in schoolchildren), voice changes and nasality, hearing loss, constant headaches. In advanced cases of adenoiditis in patients, the nasolabial folds are smoothed out, the so-called "adenoid" facial expression appears, laryngospasms occur, twitching of the facial muscles, the chest and facial part of the skull are deformed, cough and shortness of breath appear, and anemia develops. In young children, in addition to all of the above, adenoiditis (inflammation of the adenoids) may also occur. Adenoids are diagnosed on the basis of anamnesis, examination and digital examination of the nasopharynx, rhinoscopy and radiography. With adenoids of the first degree and the absence of breathing difficulties, conservative treatment is prescribed (local antimicrobials, vasoconstrictors, etc.); in all other cases, adenotomy (surgical removal of adenoids) is performed. Adenotomy is performed permanently, the postoperative period lasts 5-7 days.
Chronic tonsillitis is an inflammation of the palatine tonsils that has developed into a chronic form. In most cases, chronic tonsillitis occurs in children. In people over 60 years of age, this disease is extremely rare. The causes of chronic tonsillitis are bacterial and fungal infections that affect the palatine tonsils, enhanced by negative environmental influences (cold, gas, dusty air), malnutrition and other diseases (caries, purulent sinusitis, adenoiditis or hypertrophic rhinitis). Prolonged exposure to pathogenic microflora on the palatine tonsils, combined with a general weakening of the body, leads to chronic tonsillitis. In chronic tonsillitis, certain changes occur in the palatine tonsils: keratinization of the epithelium occurs, dense plugs form in the lacunae, connective tissue grows, lymphoid tissue softens, lymphatic drainage from the tonsils is disturbed, regional lymph nodes become inflamed, receptor functions of the tonsils are disturbed. There are two forms of chronic tonsillitis: compensated and decompensated. With a compensated form of chronic tonsillitis, patients have bad breath, pain, dryness and tingling in the throat, sometimes shooting pain in the ears in the absence of inflammation in the middle ear. With a decompensated form of chronic tonsillitis in patients, relapses of tonsillitis, paratonsillar abscesses, paratonsillitis, pathological reactions of distant organs (for example, tonsillocardial syndrome), headaches, fatigue and decreased performance are added to the listed symptoms. In chronic tonsillitis, the tonsils become denser, their edges thicken, cicatricial adhesions appear between them and the palatine arches, purulent plugs form in the lacunae, and regional lymph nodes increase. Chronic tonsillitis can affect the occurrence of diseases such as rheumatism, thyrotoxicosis, nephritis, sepsis, exudative erythema multiforme, psoriasis, eczema, lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, nodular periarteritis, etc. Prolonged intoxication in chronic tonsillitis can lead to immune diseases such as hemorrhagic vasculitis and thrombocytopenic purpura. As a rule, chronic tonsillitis is fairly easy to diagnose. In some doubtful situations, it is confirmed through such studies as the study of the surface of the tonsils and the study of the contents of the lacunae (the pathogenic microflora, leukocytes, lymphocytes, ESR, serum immunological parameters are examined). With a compensated form of chronic tonsillitis and in the presence of contraindications to operations, conservative treatment is used (vasoconstrictor drugs, local antimicrobial agents, restorative drugs, physiotherapy). With a decompensated form of chronic tonsillitis and the absence of contraindications, as well as in cases where conservative treatment has not yielded results, surgical treatment (tonsillectomy) is used. As a rule, with timely detection and adequate treatment, chronic tonsillitis is well cured.
Angina (other name: acute tonsillitis) is an acute inflammation that affects the palatine tonsils (in most cases), the lingual tonsil, the pharyngeal tonsil, the lateral folds, or the larynx. Most often, angina affects children and adults under 35-40 years old. The causative agents of angina are microorganisms such as staphylococci, streptococci, fungi of the genus Candida, etc. Predisposing factors for the development of angina include hypothermia, overheating, reduced immunity, smoke and dust in the air, and mechanical damage to the tonsils. Infection with angina can occur in two ways: exogenous (in most cases) and endogenous. Exogenous infection occurs by airborne and alimentary routes, endogenous infection - due to the presence of inflammation in the oral cavity or nasopharynx (caries, gum disease, chronic tonsillitis, etc.). There are four types of angina: catarrhal, follicular, lacunar and phlegmous.
Catarrhal angina in the first day is manifested by dryness and perspiration in the throat and pain when swallowing. Then the temperature rises in patients, the general state of health worsens, weakness and headache appear. When examining the pharynx, you can see that the palatine tonsils are slightly swollen (while the posterior pharynx and soft palate do not change). In patients with a catarrhal form of angina, in addition to these symptoms, lymph nodes increase and the composition of the blood changes slightly (ESR moderately increases and leukocytes increase). Follicular and lacunar forms of angina are more acute. Their symptoms are chills, sweating, severe fever, headache, weakness, aching joints, lack of appetite, swollen and sore lymph nodes. With follicular and lacunar forms of angina, the palatine tonsils swell greatly. With the follicular form of angina, festering follicles (small yellowish vesicles) are visible through the mucous membrane of the tonsils. With the lacunar form of angina, a yellowish-white coating appears at the mouths of the lacunae, which gradually completely covers the tonsils (this plaque is well removed with a spatula). In its pure form, follicular and lacunar forms of angina are quite rare (as a rule, they appear together). The phlegmous form of angina is a purulent inflammation of the peri-almond tissue, which manifests itself, as a rule, against the background of one of the forms of angina described above and chronic tonsillitis. Signs of phlegmous angina are: a sharp pain when swallowing, a sharp headache, nasality, pain in the chewing muscles, bad breath, chills, a strong fever, a strong increase and soreness of the lymph nodes. Any form of angina can lead to complications such as acute otitis media, laryngeal edema, acute laryngitis, neck phlegmon, acute cervical lymphadenitis, peripharyngeal abscess. Angina is diagnosed by means of anamnesis, pharyngoscopy and laboratory tests (bacteriological, cytological, etc.). Patients with angina should, as far as possible, be protected from contact with other people (especially children), since this disease belongs to the category of acute infectious diseases. Angina is usually treated at home. Antibiotics, local antimicrobials, antipyretic and general tonic agents are used as treatment. In especially severe cases, patients are hospitalized.
Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous surface of the pharynx. There are two forms of pharyngitis: acute and chronic. Acute pharyngitis occurs both as a separate disease and as one of the manifestations of SARS. The factors influencing the development of acute pharyngitis include: eating too cold or too hot food, inhaling polluted or cold air. Symptoms of acute pharyngitis are: pain when swallowing, dryness in the throat. As a rule, a general deterioration in well-being is not observed, the temperature does not rise. When conducting pharyngoscopy, you can see that the back wall of the pharynx and the palate are inflamed. Acute pharyngitis with its symptoms resembles catarrhal angina (but with catarrhal angina, only palatine tonsils become inflamed). Acute pharyngitis is treated by gargling with warm alkaline solutions and decoctions of medicinal herbs that have anti-inflammatory effects. Chronic pharyngitis, as a rule, is a consequence of acute pharyngitis. Sinusitis, rhinitis, diseases of the digestive tract, smoking, and alcohol abuse contribute to the development of the chronic form of pharyngitis from acute. Common symptoms of chronic pharyngitis, manifested in all patients, are dryness and sore throat, feeling of a lump in the throat. In chronic pharyngitis, pharyngoscopy reveals various changes in the posterior pharyngeal wall. Depending on these changes, three types of chronic pharyngitis are distinguished: hypertrophic, atrophic and catarrhal. With hypertrophic chronic pharyngitis, the mucous membrane of the back of the pharynx and palatine arches thickens. Hyper-trophic chronic pharyngitis is divided into granular and lateral. With hypertrophic granulosa pharyngitis, bright red granules form on the mucous membrane of the back of the throat. With hypertrophic lateral pharyngitis, bright red ridges form behind the palatine arches. With atrophic chronic pharyngitis, the glands atrophy and the mucous membrane of the pharynx dries up, which leads to an unpleasant dryness in the throat, which becomes especially painful after a long conversation. With pharyngoscopy, you can see that the mucous membrane is dry, with dry crusts. With catarrhal chronic pharyngitis, patients experience constant sore throat and accumulation of mucus. With pharyngoscopy, the same picture is observed as with acute pharyngitis. For the treatment of chronic pharyngitis, local antimicrobial agents, antibiotics, restorative drugs and physiotherapy are used. In some cases, the treatment of chronic pharyngitis requires surgery.
Laryngitis is an inflammation of the mucous surface of the larynx. There are two forms of laryngitis: acute and chronic. The causes of acute laryngitis, as a rule, are voice strain, hypothermia, or some diseases (flu, measles, whooping cough, etc.). In acute laryngitis, both the entire mucosa of the larynx and the mucosa of only some parts of the larynx can become inflamed. In places of inflammation, the mucous membrane of the larynx swells and acquires a bright red hue. In some cases, inflammation of the larynx can pass to the mucous surface of the trachea and lead to a disease such as laryngotracheitis. Symptoms of acute laryngitis are: dry throat, perspiration, pain when swallowing, cough (first dry, then wet), hoarseness, in some cases - lack of voice, slight fever, headache. As a rule, acute laryngitis resolves in 7-10 days. In some cases, acute laryngitis can lead to complications such as laryngeal cartilage perichondritis, sepsis, and neck phlegmon. Acute laryngitis is diagnosed by means of anamnesis, examination of the patient, laryngoscopy, bacteriological examination of scrapings from the pharynx, etc. Treatment of acute laryngitis comes down to eliminating the causes of this disease (smoking, loud and long conversations, spicy food, alcohol, hypothermia, etc.), mustard plasters or compresses on the sternum and neck, gargling with herbal decoctions. As a rule, acute laryngitis is well cured, but in some cases it can become chronic.
There are three forms of chronic laryngitis: catarrhal, hypertrophic and atrophic. With chronic catarrhal laryngitis, the mucous membrane of the larynx becomes bright red, the glands enlarge and secrete a large amount of secretion, and sputum forms in the mucous membrane of the trachea. In hypertrophic chronic laryngitis, hyperplasia of the submucosa and epithelium of the larynx is detected, and nodules form on the vocal folds (in case of voice overstrain). With atrophic chronic laryngitis, the mucous membrane of the larynx becomes thinner and covered with crusts. Symptoms of chronic laryngitis are: cough, sore throat, hoarseness, periodic loss of voice. As a rule, otherwise the patient's well-being does not worsen, although in some cases weakness and fatigue are observed. Chronic laryngitis is diagnosed by anamnesis, laryngoscopy and biopsy (for the purpose of differential diagnosis with tumors and syphilitic lesions of the larynx). With timely detection and adequate treatment, catarrhal chronic laryngitis is usually well cured. Hypertrophic and atrophic chronic laryngitis in most cases is irreversible. For the treatment of chronic laryngitis, local antimicrobials, antibiotics, restorative drugs and physiotherapy are used. In some cases, the treatment of chronic laryngitis requires surgery.
Treatment of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract in general, without taking into account the characteristics of each specific disease, is reduced to the following measures:
. reduction of mucosal edema and restoration of airway patency. For this purpose, vasoconstrictors or decongestants are used;
. the use of local antimicrobial agents (ointments, sprays, etc.). These remedies are especially effective in the early stages of the disease. At later stages, they supplement and enhance (and in some cases replace) antibiotic therapy;
. suppression of pathogenic bacterial flora (systemic antibiotic therapy);
. elimination of stagnation of mucus in the cavities of the upper respiratory tract. For this purpose, mucolytics based on carbocysteine ​​or acetylcysteine, as well as herbal preparations, are used.
The basis for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract is the treatment with antibacterial drugs. In recent years, oral antibiotics have been predominantly used to treat inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. As a rule, in such cases, antibacterial drugs of the cephalosporin group are used, in particular, a third-generation cephalosporin - the drug Suprax (cefixime). It is an effective, safe and inexpensive antibiotic that is used in more than 80 countries around the world. Suprax belongs to the third-generation semi-synthetic oral cephalosporins and has a high bactericidal effect associated with the inhibition of the main structural component of the cell membrane of various bacteria. This drug is active against gram-negative microorganisms (Bronchanella catarralis, Haemophilus influenza, Klebsiella pneumonia, etc.) and some gram-positive microorganisms (Strepto-coc-cus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumonia, etc.), which makes it extremely effective in treatment of inflammatory diseases not only of the upper, but also of the lower respiratory tract. The advantages of Suprax compared to other antibacterial drugs are:
. good bioavailability (regardless of food intake), which makes the use of injection therapy unnecessary, allows curing diseases of the upper respiratory tract in a shorter time and preventing their transition to a chronic form;
. the ability to create effective concentrations of the drug in the blood and accumulate in the target organ (the focus of inflammation);
. long (3-4 hours) half-life (half-life), which allows you to use this drug only once a day and improves the quality of treatment at home;
. minimal inhibitory effect on the resident microflora of the colon, which makes Suprax safe to use even for children from 6 months old;
. the presence of two dosage forms - tablets and suspension. This allows the use of Suprax not only for adults, but also for small children who are not able to swallow tablets.
Suprax is prescribed for adults and children weighing over 50 kg at a dosage of 400 mg per day, for children aged 6 months to 12 years - at a dosage of 8 mg per 1 kg of body weight per day. The duration of treatment depends on the type and severity of the disease. As studies by Japanese specialists have shown, side effects with the use of Suprax are quite rare and are associated with increased sensitivity of patients to this drug.

Literature
1. Zhukhovitsky V.G. bacteriological substantiation of rational antibiotic therapy in otorhinolaryngology // Bulletin of otorhinolaryngology, 2004, no. 1, p. 5-15.
2. Kamanin E.I., Stetsyuk O.U. Infections of the upper respiratory tract and ENT organs. A practical guide to anti-infective chemotherapy / Ed. Strachunsky L.S., Belousova Yu.B., Kozlova S.N. Smolensk: MACMAH, 2007, p. 248-258.
3. Zubkov M.N. Algorithm for the treatment of acute and chronic infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract. - 2009. - v.17. - No. 2.- S. 123-131.
4. Benhaberou-Brun D Acute rhinosinusitis. Are antibiotics necessary? Perspect Infirm. 2009-6(3):37-8.
5. Fluit AC, Florijn A, Verhoef J, Milatovic D. Susceptibility of European beta-lactamase-positive and -negative Haemophilus influenzae isolates from the periods 1997/1998 and 2002/2003. // J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005-56(1):133-8
6. Hedrick JA. Community-acquired upper respiratory tract infections and the role of third-generation oral cephalosporins. //Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010-8(1):15-21.

Respiratory diseases are more common during the cold season. More often they affect people with a weakened immune system, children and elderly pensioners. These diseases are divided into two groups: diseases of the upper respiratory tract and lower. This classification depends on the location of the infection.

According to the form, acute and chronic diseases of the respiratory tract are distinguished. The chronic form of the disease occurs with periodic exacerbations and periods of calm (remission). The symptoms of a particular pathology during periods of exacerbation are absolutely identical to those observed in the acute form of the same respiratory disease.

These pathologies can be infectious and allergic.

They are more often caused by pathological microorganisms, such as bacteria (ARI) or viruses (ARVI). As a rule, these ailments are transmitted by airborne droplets from sick people. The upper respiratory tract includes the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx. Infections that enter these parts of the respiratory system cause diseases of the upper respiratory tract:

• Rhinitis.
• Sinusitis.
• Angina.
• Laryngitis.
• Adenoiditis.
• Pharyngitis.
• Tonsillitis.

All these ailments are diagnosed year-round, but in our country the increase in incidence occurs in mid-April and September. Such respiratory diseases in children are most common.

Rhinitis

This disease is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Rhinitis occurs in acute or chronic form. Most often it is caused by an infection, viral or bacterial, but various allergens can also be the cause. In any case, a characteristic symptom is swelling of the nasal mucosa and difficulty in breathing.

The initial stage of rhinitis is characterized by dryness and itching in the nasal cavity and general malaise. The patient sneezes, the sense of smell is disturbed, sometimes subfebrile temperature rises. This state can last from several hours to two days. Further, transparent discharges from the nose join, liquid and in large quantities, then these discharges acquire a mucopurulent character and gradually disappear. The patient gets better. Breathing through the nose is restored.

Rhinitis often does not manifest itself as an independent disease, but acts as an accompaniment to other infectious diseases, such as influenza, diphtheria, gonorrhea, scarlet fever. Depending on the cause that caused this respiratory disease, treatment is directed to its elimination.

Sinusitis

It often manifests itself as a complication of other infections (measles, rhinitis, influenza, scarlet fever), but can also act as an independent disease. There are acute and chronic forms of sinusitis. In the acute form, a catarrhal and purulent course is distinguished, and in a chronic form, it is edematous-polypous, purulent or mixed.

Typical symptoms for both acute and chronic forms of sinusitis are frequent headaches, general malaise, hyperthermia (fever). As for the discharge from the nose, they are plentiful and have a mucous character. Can be observed only on one side, this happens most often. This is due to the fact that only some of the paranasal sinuses become inflamed. And this, in turn, may indicate a particular disease, for example:

• Aerosinusitis.
• Sinusitis.
• Etmoiditis.
• Sphenoiditis.
• Frontit.

Thus, sinusitis often does not manifest itself as an independent disease, but serves as an indicative symptom of another pathology. In this case, it is necessary to treat the root cause, i.e. those respiratory infections that provoked the development of sinusitis.

If nasal discharge occurs on both sides, this pathology is called pansinusitis. Depending on the cause that caused this disease of the upper respiratory tract, the treatment will be aimed at eliminating it. The most commonly used antibiotic therapy.

If sinusitis is caused by chronic sinusitis, when the acute phase of the disease passes into the chronic phase, punctures are often used to quickly eliminate undesirable consequences, followed by washing with the drug "Furacilin" or saline of the maxillary sinus. This method of treatment in a short period relieves the patient of the symptoms that torment him (severe headache, swelling of the face, fever).

Adenoids

This pathology appears due to hyperplasia of the tissue of the nasopharyngeal tonsil. This is a formation that is part of the lymphadenoid pharyngeal ring. This tonsil is located in the nasopharyngeal vault. As a rule, the inflammatory process of the adenoids (adenoiditis) affects only in childhood (from 3 to 10 years). The symptoms of this pathology are:

• Difficulty breathing.
• Mucus discharge from the nose.
• During sleep, the child breathes through the mouth.
• Sleep may be disturbed.
• Annoyance appears.
• Possible hearing loss.
• In advanced cases, the so-called adenoid facial expression appears (smoothness of the nasolabial folds).
• There are laryngospasms.
• Twitching of individual muscles of the face may be observed.
• Deformation of the chest and skull in the front part appears in especially advanced cases.

All these symptoms are accompanied by shortness of breath, cough and, in severe cases, the development of anemia.

For the treatment of this disease of the respiratory tract in severe cases, surgical treatment is used - removal of the adenoids. At the initial stages, washing with disinfectant solutions and decoctions or infusions of medicinal herbs is used. For example, you can use the following collection:

All ingredients of the collection are taken in equal parts. If some component is missing, then you can get by with the composition that is available. The prepared collection (15 g) is poured into 250 ml of hot water and boiled over very low heat for 10 minutes, after which it is insisted for another 2 hours. The medicine prepared in this way is filtered and used in a warm form to wash the nose or instill 10-15 drops into each nostril.

Chronic tonsillitis

This pathology occurs as a result of the inflammatory process of the palatine tonsils, which has become chronic. Chronic tonsillitis often affects children, in old age it practically does not occur. This pathology is caused by fungal and bacterial infections. Other infectious diseases of the respiratory tract, such as hypertrophic rhinitis, purulent sinusitis, and adenoiditis, can provoke the development of chronic tonsillitis. Even untreated caries can become the cause of this disease. Depending on the specific cause that provoked this disease of the upper respiratory tract, treatment should be aimed at eliminating the primary source of infection.

In the case of the development of a chronic process in the palatine tonsils, the following occurs:

• The growth of connective tissue.
• Dense plugs form in the lacunae.
• The lymphoid tissue softens.
• The keratinization of the epithelium may begin.
• Lymphatic outflow from the tonsils is difficult.
• Nearby lymph nodes become inflamed.

Chronic tonsillitis can occur in a compensated or decompensated form.

In the treatment of this disease, physiotherapeutic procedures (UV irradiation) give a good effect, rinsing with disinfectant solutions (Furacilin, Lugolevy, 1-3% iodine, Iodglycerin, etc.) is applied topically. After rinsing, it is necessary to irrigate the tonsils with disinfectant sprays, for example, Strepsils Plus is used. Some experts advise vacuum suction, after which the tonsils are also worked out with similar sprays.

In the case of a pronounced toxic-allergic form of this disease and the absence of a positive effect from conservative treatment, surgical removal of the tonsils is performed.

Angina

The scientific name for this disease is acute tonsillitis. There are 4 types of angina:

1. Catarrhal.
2. Follicular.
3. Lacuna.
4. Phlegmous.

In the pure version, these types of angina are practically not found. There are always at least two varieties of this disease present. So, for example, with a lacuna, white-yellow purulent formations are visible in the mouths of some lacunae, and with a follicular, festering follicles shine through the mucous membrane. But in both cases, catarrhal phenomena, redness and enlargement of the tonsils are observed.

With any type of angina, the body temperature rises, the general condition worsens, chills appear and an increase in the lymphatic regional nodes is observed.

Regardless of the type of angina, rinsing with disinfectant solutions and physiotherapy are used. In the presence of purulent processes, antibiotic therapy is used.

Pharyngitis

This pathology is associated with the inflammatory process of the pharyngeal mucosa. Pharyngitis can develop as an independent disease or concomitant, for example, with SARS. This pathology can be provoked by eating too hot or cold food, as well as inhaling polluted air. Allocate acute pharyngitis and chronic. Symptoms that are observed in acute pharyngitis are as follows:

• Sensation of dryness in the throat (in the region of the pharynx).
• Pain during swallowing.
• On examination (pharyngoscopy), signs of an inflammatory process of the palate and its posterior wall are revealed.

The symptoms of pharyngitis are very similar to the signs of catarrhal angina, but, unlike it, the general condition of the patient remains normal, and there is no increase in body temperature. With this pathology, as a rule, the inflammatory process does not affect the palatine tonsils, and with catarrhal tonsillitis, on the contrary, signs of inflammation are present exclusively on them.

Chronic pharyngitis develops with an untreated acute process. Other inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, such as rhinitis, sinusitis, as well as smoking and alcohol abuse, can also provoke a chronic course.

Laryngitis

In this disease, the inflammatory process extends to the larynx. It can affect individual parts of it or capture it completely. Often the cause of this disease is voice strain, severe hypothermia or other independent diseases (measles, whooping cough, influenza, etc.).

Depending on the localization of the process on the larynx, separate areas of the lesion can be identified, which become bright red and swell. Sometimes the inflammatory process also affects the trachea, then we are talking about a disease such as laryngotracheitis.

There is no clear boundary between the upper and lower airways. The symbolic boundary between them runs at the intersection of the respiratory and digestive systems. Thus, the lower respiratory tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Diseases of the lower respiratory tract are associated with infections of these parts of the respiratory system, namely:

• Tracheitis.
• Bronchitis.
• Pneumonia.
• Alveolitis.

Tracheitis

This is an inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the trachea (it connects the larynx with the bronchi). Tracheitis can exist as an independent disease or serve as a symptom of the flu or other bacterial disease. The patient is concerned about the symptoms of general intoxication (headache, fatigue, fever). In addition, there is a sore pain behind the sternum, which is aggravated by talking, inhaling cold air and coughing. In the morning and at night, the patient is disturbed by a dry cough. In the case of a combination with laryngitis (laryngotracheitis), the patient's voice becomes hoarse. If tracheitis is manifested in combination with bronchitis (tracheobronchitis), sputum appears when coughing. With the viral nature of the disease, it will be transparent. In the case of a bacterial infection, the sputum has a gray-green color. In this case, antibiotic therapy is mandatory for treatment.

Bronchitis

This pathology manifests itself as inflammation of the bronchial mucosa. Acute respiratory diseases of any localization very often accompanies bronchitis. So, in case of inflammatory processes of the upper respiratory tract, in case of untimely treatment, the infection falls lower and bronchitis joins. This disease is accompanied by a cough. In the initial stage of the process, it is a dry cough with sputum difficult to separate. During treatment and the use of mucolytic agents, sputum liquefies and is coughed up. If bronchitis is bacterial in nature, antibiotics are used for treatment.

Pneumonia

This is an inflammatory process of the lung tissue. This disease is mainly caused by pneumococcal infection, but sometimes another pathogen can also be the cause. The disease is accompanied by high fever, chills, weakness. Often the patient experiences pain in the affected area when breathing. With auscultation, the doctor can listen to wheezing on the side of the lesion. Diagnosis is confirmed by x-ray. This disease requires hospitalization. Treatment is with antibiotic therapy.

Alveolitis

This is an inflammatory process of the terminal parts of the respiratory system - the alveoli. As a rule, alveolitis is not an independent disease, but a concomitant of another pathology. The reason for this may be:

• Candidiasis.
• Aspergillosis.
• Legionellosis.
• Cryptococcosis.
• Q fever.

Symptoms of this disease are a characteristic cough, fever, severe cyanosis, general weakness. Fibrosis of the alveoli can become a complication.

Antibacterial therapy

Antibiotics for respiratory disease are prescribed only in case of a bacterial infection. If the nature of the pathology is viral in nature, then antibiotic therapy is not applied.

Most often, for the treatment of diseases of the respiratory system of an infectious nature, drugs of the penicillin series are used, such as medicines "Amoxicillin", "Ampicillin", "Amoxiclav", "Augmentin", etc.

If the selected drug does not give the desired effect, the doctor prescribes another group of antibiotics, for example, fluoroquinolones. This group includes drugs "Moxifloxacin", "Levofloxacin". These drugs successfully cope with bacterial infections that are resistant to penicillins.

Antibiotics of the cephalosporin group are most commonly used for the treatment of respiratory diseases. For this, drugs such as Cefixime (its other name is Suprax) or Cefuroxime Axetil are used (analogs of this drug are the drugs Zinnat, Aksetin and Cefuroxime).

Antibiotics of the macrolide group are used to treat atypical pneumonia caused by chlamydia or mycoplasmas. These include the drug "Azithromycin" or its analogues - the medicines "Hemomycin" and "Sumamed".

Prevention

Prevention of respiratory diseases is reduced to the following:

• Try not to be in places with a polluted atmosphere (near highways, hazardous industries, etc.).
• Ventilate your home and workplace regularly.
• In the cold season, with bursts of respiratory diseases, try not to be in crowded places.
• Good results are given by tempering procedures and systematic physical exercises, morning or evening jogging.
• If you feel the first signs of malaise, you should not wait for everything to go away on its own, you need to seek medical help.

By following these simple rules for the prevention of respiratory diseases, you can maintain your health even during seasonal outbreaks of respiratory diseases.

The respiratory organs perform an important function in the body, but more often than other systems they are subject to all kinds of pathologies. Diseases of the upper respiratory tract are detected in almost every person at least once a year.. Despite similar symptoms, the diseases differ in the severity of the course and approaches to therapy.

What are the diseases

The upper respiratory system includes: the nasal cavity, larynx and pharynx. Pathogenic microorganisms that have fallen into these parts of the body provoke the following pathologies:

• rhinitis;
• inflammation of the adenoids;
• sinusitis and its types - sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, etc .;
• angina (tonsillitis);
• laryngitis;
• pharyngitis.

The causative agents of infections are bacteria, viruses and fungi: streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, chlamydia, Haemophilus influenzae, parainfluenza, adenoviruses, candida and others.

The most common route of infection is airborne. In addition, pathogens can enter the body through contact.

All diseases of the upper respiratory organs can have an acute and chronic stage. The chronic form of the disease is characterized by systematic relapses and remissions, while during an exacerbation the same symptoms are observed as in the acute form.

If respiratory diseases are not treated in a timely manner, then pathogens can spread to the lower respiratory organs and provoke the addition of other infections, including serious ones (for example, pneumonia).

Rhinitis

One of the most common pathologies, characterized by inflammation of the mucous surfaces of the nose. Rhinitis can be acute or chronic. The cause of inflammatory phenomena are viruses and bacteria, less often - allergens.

At the initial stage, the patient has the following symptoms:

• swelling, dryness and itching of the mucosa;
• violation of nasal breathing;
• decreased sense of smell;
• sneezing
• prostration;
• sometimes - an increase in temperature.

Most often, rhinitis is not an independent disease, but is a consequence of other infections, such as influenza, measles, diphtheria.

Sinusitis

Inflammatory phenomena in one or more sinuses usually develop as a complication of the common cold, flu, and other diseases. The main symptoms of sinusitis include:

• thick discharge from the nasal passages;
• feeling of constriction in the nose, above the eyes;
• deterioration in general condition;
• soreness in the head;
• difficulty in nasal breathing, while blockage of mucus is most often observed on one side.

Depending on the focus of the inflammatory process, the following types of sinusitis are distinguished: ethmoiditis, sphenoiditis, frontal sinusitis, sinusitis.

Adenoiditis

This disease, characterized by the growth of the nasopharyngeal tonsils, is diagnosed in children from 3 to 10 years old. Most often it is the result of an infectious disease.

Clinical manifestations of adenoiditis are as follows:

• violation of respiratory function through the nose;
• the presence of viscous mucus;
• voice change;
• pain in the head;
• increased fatigue;
• shortness of breath, cough;
• in some cases, hearing impairment.

In the advanced stage, there is an "adenoid" mask on the face, laryngospasm, curvature of the sternum and head.

Chronic tonsillitis

Provocateurs of pathology are usually fungi and bacteria, as well as other respiratory infections - sinusitis, rhinorrhea, adenoiditis, caries.

Inflammatory phenomena on the palatine tonsils occur with the following symptoms:

• lethargy, loss of strength;
• muscle and headaches;
• chills;
• swelling and proliferation of tonsils;
• increase in temperature indicators;
• sore throat when swallowed;
• intoxication syndrome.

This disease is most often detected in children and, in rare cases, in elderly patients.

Angina

Acute tonsillitis is a disease in which inflammatory processes capture the tonsils and larynx. The causative agents of infection are streptococci, staphylococci and fungi.

There are the following forms of acute tonsillitis:

• catarrhal;
• follicular;
• lacunar;
• phlegmonous.

Any type of acute tonsillitis has the following features of the course:

• high temperature indicators;
• general weakness;
• chills;
• enlarged lymph nodes;
• pain when swallowing;
• dry mouth, sore throat;
• swelling of the tonsils.

With follicular and lacunar tonsillitis, a white or yellowish coating is observed on the mucous membranes of the tonsils.

Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the pharynx can develop as a separate pathology or become a complication of SARS. In addition, the development of the disease is facilitated by the use of irritating food, as well as polluted air.

The transition of the disease to the chronic stage can provoke another inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, for example, sinusitis. The signs of pharyngitis are similar to those of catarrhal tonsillitis, but the patient's general health is satisfactory, there is no temperature.

Symptoms include:

• swelling of the posterior wall of the palate;
• sensation of perspiration and dryness in the throat;
• pain when swallowing food.

Laryngitis

A disease in which inflammation affects the larynx is called laryngitis. Severe hypothermia, intense overstrain of the vocal cords, as well as other diseases, such as influenza, can become a provocateur of inflammation.

In the affected areas, the mucosa swells and acquires a bright red color. In addition, there are:

• barking cough;
• hoarseness of voice;
• respiratory dysfunction.

With the transition of inflammation to the trachea, the patient is diagnosed with laryngotracheitis.

The respiratory organs are a single system, and there is no clear boundary between its upper and lower sections. Therefore, very often diseases of the lower respiratory tract occur as a result of undertreated upper ones, but they can also develop as independent pathologies.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis begins with a visual examination of the patient, while the specialist can detect swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membranes, impaired respiratory function, and tearing.

A mandatory procedure is palpation of the lymph nodes, as well as listening to the lungs, which will allow you to hear wheezing and evaluate the work of the lungs.

It is possible to establish the type of pathogen with the help of bakposev from the pharynx and nostrils. To determine the degree of intensity of inflammation, the doctor may recommend donating blood and urine.

Suspecting diseases of the lower respiratory organs, x-rays and other diagnostic methods, such as bronchoscopy, are performed.

Treatment

Regardless of the type of disease, the treatment of the upper respiratory tract is carried out in a complex manner. The goals of therapy are:

• elimination of infection;
• removal of acute symptoms;
• restoration of impaired functions.

For this, the attending physician prescribes medications.

Bacteria are the most common provocateurs of diseases of the upper ENT tract, so the main principle of treatment is antibiotic therapy. :

• The drugs of first choice in this case are drugs from the penicillin group - Ampicillin, Amoxiclav, Amoxicillin, Augmentin. In the absence of the desired effect, a specialist can replace them with agents from another pharmacological group, for example, fluoroquinolones - Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin. For the treatment of respiratory pathologies, cephalosporins are used - Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Suprax, Zinnat.
• Treatment of viral pathologies is carried out with the help of antiviral drugs - Remantadin, Tamiflu, Kagocel, Arbidol. Drugs Amiksin, Cycloferon, Viferon will also help speed up recovery.
• For fungal diseases, he uses antimycotic drugs (Nystatin, Fluconazole).
• To stimulate the immune system, immunomodulators (Imudon, IRS-19, Bronchomunal) can be prescribed.

Symptomatic therapy is used to improve the general condition of the patient, so the choice of medication depends on the type of pathology:

• rhinitis shows vasoconstrictor drops (Nazol, Rinostop, Pinosol);
• if the pathology is accompanied by a cough, expectorant syrups Sinekod, Falimint, ACC, Bromhexine will help. A good effect was shown by medicines with mucolytic properties based on thermopsis, licorice, thyme. Among the most popular are Bronhikum, Stoptussin, Bronchipret, Pertussin, Gedelix, Tonsilgon, Prospan, Erespal;
• to reduce local soreness in the throat, absorbable tablets with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects Ajisept, Strepsils, Lizobakt, Faringosept, Grammidin are used. Sprays Geksoral, Yoks, Ingalipt, Tantum Verde will help to disinfect the mucous membranes;
• in the presence of fever, antipyretics are used (Nurofen, Paracetamol);
• for sinusitis, sinusitis and rhinitis, washing the nasal cavity with Miramistin and Furacilin disinfectant solutions, as well as products based on sea salt, are prescribed;
• to remove swelling from the tonsils will help ingestion of antihistamine drugs Zirtek, Claritin, etc .;
• Ibuprofen, Aspirin is used for pain relief.

Physiotherapy is shown as auxiliary methods, including inhalation sessions, breathing exercises, and diet. During exacerbations, it is recommended to observe strict bed rest, limit physical activity, drink as much water as possible.

Inhalations

Inhalation procedures showed a good effect in pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis. Inhalations for diseases of the upper respiratory tract are carried out with the help of antiseptic drugs Fluimucil, Furacilin, Dioxidin.

The procedure is carried out through a nebulizer - a special device that breaks the medicine into small particles, due to which the substance penetrates into hard-to-reach areas of the nasal cavity and respiratory organs.

Depending on the type of disease, inhalation therapy can be used:

• mucolytics that help thin the mucous secretion and improve coughing (Ambroxol, Lazolvan);
• bronchodilators (Berodual, Berotek);
• corticosteroids (Pulmicort);
• antiallergic drugs (Kromoheksal);
• antimicrobial (Fluimucil-antibiotic IT);
• products based on alkali and salt (Borjomi mineral water and sodium chloride).

This method of treatment can be used in both adults and children.

ethnoscience

Recipes of traditional medicine will help speed up the healing process. However, they should be used only after an accurate diagnosis has been made.

It is recommended to treat diseases of the upper respiratory organs at home with the help of herbs:

• Rosemary. On the basis of the plant, decoctions and infusions are prepared, which have proven themselves in the treatment of inflammation of the larynx, cough, and febrile syndrome.
• Oregano decoction. Helps to get rid of spastic cough. Not applicable during pregnancy.
• Berries and bark of viburnum. Reception of infusion will reduce the severity of cough reflexes, restore the lost voice.
• Medicinal marshmallow. It is used to improve the excretion of mucus when coughing.
• Elecampane. It is intended for the treatment of cough accompanying the pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract.
• Birch buds. They showed excellent results in the treatment of angina.
• You can bring down the heat at home with raspberry tea.

In addition, the following recipes are used:

• with a runny nose, juice from aloe, kalanchoe, beets, carrots can help;
• to restore the voice, use the following mixture: 2 tablespoons of butter, 2 yolks, 2 teaspoons of honey, 5 g of flour. Use the drug on an empty stomach 4-5 times a day;
• you can alleviate a cough and cure a runny nose with the help of inhalations over steam of hot potatoes;
• to improve the extraction of purulent secretion, rubbing the neck and sternum with a mixture of ground onion and goose fat will help.

Pathologies of the upper respiratory organs can be of infectious, allergic or autoimmune origin. It is very important to accurately and quickly establish the type of disease: this will allow you to choose a medicine and defeat the disease in a short time.