home Audience 5 Canine diseases of the reproductive system of males and females - features, signs and methods of treatment. Diseases of the female genital area. Pulmonary artery stenosis

Canine diseases of the reproductive system of males and females - features, signs and methods of treatment. Diseases of the female genital area. Pulmonary artery stenosis

Problems of the male reproductive system

Prostate diseases in dogs.

This category of diseases includes a number of pathologies: prostate swelling, benign hypertrophy (enlargement) of the prostate gland, prostatitis, prostate adenoma.
All these diseases are actually stages of one pathological process.
Unlike humans, dogs do not have a clear age-related predisposition to inflammation of the prostate gland: it can occur in male dogs even at the age of 6-8 months. Adults and old males suffer more often. All these diseases cause a lot of concern for animals and their owners. Often male dogs are brought to see a doctor with problems with urination and requests for treatment of the kidneys or bladder. Upon detailed examination, the reason for such violations lies elsewhere.

Bloody discharge can be observed with a fairly wide range of diseases of the urinary or genital area. We can only help you to some extent orient yourself based on the nature of the discharge, but not make a diagnosis.
Thus, blood at the beginning of urination (in the first fraction of urine, and then the urine looks normal) is observed in diseases of the ureter, penis, prostate gland (prostate).
Blood at the end of urination appears in diseases of the bladder or prostate.
In the absence of urination problems, blood may indicate kidney disease. So there are many options, and you need to understand it very specifically.

Causes
Swelling of the prostate most often develops against the background of stagnation of blood in the gland during prolonged stimulation. This usually occurs during the period of estrus in females. While walking, a male sniffs marks with the odor of a female in heat and his hormonal levels reflexively change and blood flow to the genitals increases. If exposure to the smell continues for a long time (an empty female in an apartment, with neighbors, in a house, etc.), then blood stagnation develops in the prostate gland and small organs.
pelvis It increases in volume and can cause urinary disorders, such as: frequent urge to urinate, urine retention in the bladder, painful urination. Cases have been described when, if there is a female in heat in the immediate vicinity, male dogs begin to urinate blood. Prostate swelling is a disease in the early stages that is most often reversible.

The cold factor as a cause of prostatitis has also not been confirmed in dogs.
The infectious nature of prostate inflammation in male dogs has not yet been proven, although it is widely discussed in scientific circles. The most likely and common cause of prostatitis in males today is considered to be imbalance of sex hormones.
At the same time, the prostate gland enlarges, its blood circulation worsens, and favorable conditions are created for the proliferation of microbes in it.
One of the main causes of prostatitis is nonspecific inflammation spreading from the urinary tract. Hidden infections of the genitourinary system, such as chlamydia and mycoplasmosis, are of great importance in the development of prostatitis.
Other causes of prostatitis include frequent hypothermia, lack of mating or too frequent mating, and the presence of a source of inflammation in the body.

In the etiology of inflammation, the leading place is occupied by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and less commonly by other microorganisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, streptococci, mycoplasmas, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pasteurella, Hemophilus). Anaerobic flora is extremely rarely found in the secretion of the inflamed prostate gland. The causative agent of specific prostatitis is usually Br. canis.

Symptoms

Caused mainly by an enlarged prostate gland: difficulties with defecation (tenesmus, constipation, ribbon-like feces) are observed much more often than problems with urination. Often the tail, with a typical depression in the dorsal part, is located at the base from the anus. When the prostate gland is enlarged, a unilateral or bilateral perineal hernia may occur.
If, under the influence of its weight, the prostate gland has moved into the abdominal cavity, then it cannot be completely palpated rectally.

Clinical signs.

One of the most common signs of prostatitis in male dogs is involuntary discharge of blood from the urethra (in drops, regardless of urination).
It is necessary, however, to distinguish the source of bleeding: it is from the opening of the urethra, and not from the prepuce.
During the acute period of prostatitis, a slight increase in temperature and lethargy of the animal may be observed, although more often the dog feels fine.
Hypertrophy can be so severe that the prostate compresses the urinary canal. Against this background, urine retention occurs in the bladder, the animal urinates for a long time, with a weak force and intermittent stream, male dogs stop raising their hind paw when urinating. The bladder does not empty completely, which leads to persistent distension and decreased wall tone.

With a significant increase in the size of the prostate gland, defecation disorders sometimes occur: defecation is difficult, feces are of normal consistency, but noticeably reduced in diameter (as if flattened) - ribbon-like feces
1. With prostatitis in dogs, a characteristic swelling appears between the anus and the scrotum (this is what can be seen during a visual examination)
2. On palpation, a tumor/lump with a diameter greater than 3 cm is felt

Anamnesis
To make a correct diagnosis, a detailed history is required, including both specific symptoms and the condition of the animal as a whole. Here you need to pay attention to factors such as the cause and degree of development of symptoms from the moment they are detected, whether the dog defecates and urinates normally. Systemic signs include lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, lameness or altered gait, as well as the amount of water consumed and the amount of urine excreted.

Last edited by moderator: 18 Feb 2016

Diseases of the genital area of male dogs

BALANOPOSTHITIS
Definition. Balanoposthitis is an inflammation of the skin of the glans penis and preputial sac.
Causes and development of the disease. The disease occurs due to the development of microflora. As a result, a mucopurulent secretion is formed, the skin of the glans penis and prepuce swells. Inflammation can spread to the urethra with the development of urethritis (cm).
Clinical signs. Males constantly lick their prepuce.
The hair at the end of the penis is glued together with a mucopurulent secretion, which is easier to detect when the head of the penis is exposed.
Sometimes erosions form on the skin and it swells.
Treatment. The preputial sac is washed with antiseptic solutions: 0.5-2% potassium permanganate solution, 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. Then the head of the penis and prepuce are lubricated from the inside and outside with ointments containing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory components (Lorinden S, Hyoxyzon, Cortomycetin, Dermozolon). Lubrication is repeated 2-3 times a day until complete recovery.

ORCHEPIDIDYMITIS
Definition. Orchiepididymitis is inflammation of the testicle and epididymis.
Causes and development of the disease. The disease occurs due to trauma and exposure to infectious agents, such as Brucella canis, rickettsia, staphylococci and streptococci. If fluid accumulates in the scrotal cavity, testicular hydrocele occurs.
Clinical signs. There is unilateral or bilateral enlargement of the testicles, redness of the skin, and increased temperature. The testicle may be painful or painless. With testicular hydrocele, there is a sharp increase in the volume of the scrotum, spreading upward to the groin.
Treatment. In case of traumatic orchiepididymitis, the dog is given rest, analgesics (acetylsalicylic acid, analgin), antihistamines (diphenhydramine, diprazine), and glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone) are prescribed. For orchiepididymitis of unknown etiology, an additional course of therapy with tetracycline, doxycycline hydrochloride in combination with biseptol, rifampicin or ampicillin is prescribed.
In case of traumatic crushing of the testicle, as well as severe purulent lesions, it is removed. In case of hydrocele, a puncture is performed.
Prevention has not been developed.

PROSTATITIS, PROSTATE ADENOMA
Definition. Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland.
Prostate adenoma is a growth of the prostate gland.
Causes and development of the disease. Prostatitis occurs due to the proliferation of pathogenic and opportunistic microflora (E.coli, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Proteus) in the prostate gland.
Prostate adenoma occurs due to hormonal disorders, as well as from unknown causes. Older dogs are more likely to get sick. As a result of inflammatory edema, suppuration, and increased volume of the prostate gland, sexual function decreases, libido decreases, and difficulty urinating may occur.
Both diseases contribute to the development of kidney and urinary organ diseases.
Clinical signs. There is difficulty urinating. Urine is released drop by drop. With prostatitis, low-grade fever, the appearance of pus and blood in the urine and ejaculate are possible. An enlarged prostate gland is detected by palpation through the rectum. Palpation of the abdomen reveals a full bladder.
Diagnosis is made based on clinical signs.
Treatment. For prostatitis, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents are prescribed for 2-3 weeks: biseptol, tetracycline, doxycycline hydrochloride, chloramphenicol, abactal, ofloxacin. At the same time, it is useful to use antispasmodic and analgesic drugs such as baralgin, spasmalgin, trigan.
For adenoma in old age, estrogens are prescribed for 2-3 months. Theoretically, surgical treatment is possible - adenectomy.
Prevention. Timely treatment of diseases of the genitourinary organs is necessary. Indoor dogs should be walked at least 3 times a day.

HYPERSEXUALISM AND ONANISM
Increased sexual excitability occurs in males starting from 4 months of age. It manifests itself as frequent erections of the penis, attempts to copulate with a female, a person, other animals, and inanimate objects. As a rule, attempts do not end with ejaculation. This behavior sometimes frightens dog owners. No treatment required. Objects that are objects of sexual desire should be removed, and attempts to copulate with animate objects should be gently suppressed. Increased excitability of males who smell the discharge of a female who is in heat and is manifested by a desire to get closer to the female, a desire to run away, and frequent urination, also does not require correction.

Kuzmin A.A. "Diseases of dogs. A practitioner's reference book"

It has always been believed that dogs are distinguished by endurance and resistance to negative environmental factors. But, as they say, once a year the stick shoots, so you should know the dangers that may await your pet at every step. Modern veterinary medicine claims that we often encounter fatal diseases in dogs. Do not forget that large breeds of dogs are much easier to tolerate any diseases than small decorative dogs. This is justified by their physiological characteristics. Canine diseases of the reproductive system of males and females directly depend on their breed, habitat and lifestyle.

The friendship between dogs and humans dates back to ancient times, but the reason for its occurrence still remains a mystery. Over the several thousand years of its existence, people, as we know, managed to tame and make more than one animal as their friend, but the dog has always occupied a special place among its winged and four-legged relatives. Why did this happen?

Reproductive system of dogs

Undoubtedly, the most important reason that forms the basis of human and canine friendship is the animal’s devotion. Does humanity know a creature whose character would be better? Hardly. Living side by side with humans since ancient times, dogs have learned to forgive us for any mistakes, be it a bad attitude towards an animal or simply irritability. A dog is such an understanding and loyal friend that he always responds to us with kindness and boundless affection. Whether it is a purebred dog or taken from the street - there is no difference, because above all else there is sincere affection for its owner.

Over time, man began to breed new breeds, each embodying a set of certain qualities and an even more docile disposition. At the moment, there are about 400 dog breeds in the world, which have formed certain groups among themselves. The most important and largest group are service dogs, among which the following stand out:

watchman (Caucasian Shepherd, Dogo Argentino, Doberman);
customs officers (German Shepherd, Labrador);
firefighters (spaniel, rottweiler, husky);
rescuers (Newfoundland, St. Bernard);
guides (Labrador retrievers) and many other equally important professions.

Thanks to their boundless loyalty to themselves, their work and people, service dogs have been monitoring our safety for many years, often sacrificing their own lives.

Service dogs are loyal friends and helpers of humans.

The second group is hunters. It was hunting dogs that were indispensable companions on foot and horseback hunting. The most famous among them are:

terriers capable of fishing out a nimble animal from a hole;
greyhounds and hounds, which have incredible endurance and loud barks for baiting large game;
Spaniels are known for their sensitive and keen senses.

In third place is a group of herding dogs, in the lists of which you can find border collies, mountain dogs, bobtails and some other breeds that are most suitable for working with cattle and simply on farms.

The last group is decorative dogs (toy terriers, poodles, chow chows, bulldogs), not intended for a specific service, but capable of becoming a true friend for a person and giving all their affection and love.

By communicating with each other, a dog and a person learn to understand each other, create a strong psychological and emotional connection, feel everyone’s mood and give such important moments of attention.

Veterinarians are frightened by how owners often neglect vaccinations, considering them just a waste of money. Don't forget about puppies who do not have immunity due to the period of dental cavity formation. Old dogs also have weakened immunity; their body is not able to fight the virus and maintain a normal state at the proper level. The most common diseases among animals include the following:

Rabies in dogs is one of the most common diseases

All these diseases have characteristic symptoms, so the owner’s task is to notice them in time and take appropriate measures. Not all pathologies can be cured, but in some cases it is important to isolate the animal to prevent the spread of the disease and to protect other inhabitants of the house. It is believed that most diseases occur at an early age, so it is very important to provide proper care and appropriate conditions for the puppy, especially if you are planning to feed it yourself. This issue should be considered in more detail.

Sometimes situations occur in which newborn puppies are left without a mother, and then they have to be artificially fed. The best substitute for mother's milk is mother's milk, bought at a pet store, but it is not always available for some reason. Then the babies are fed either goat's milk, or 10% cream, or 1% kefir, or a mixture of cow's milk (raw egg yolk beaten with a few drops of lemon juice for 250 grams of milk).

The temperature of the nutritional mixture should be around 37.8 degrees Celsius. Depending on their size, babies are fed from a bottle with a nipple or from a syringe with a rubber tube - nozzle. In the first week, puppies are fed every 2 hours, in the second week - every three hours, by the age of one month, the interval between feedings decreases to 4 - 4.5 hours. For one meal they give 5 - 7 grams of nutrition, increasing the single dose by a couple of grams as the puppies grow. At the age of about two weeks, they begin to feed with scraped raw meat or raw, low-fat minced beef, turkey or chicken. The serving size is about the size of a pea or bean depending on the size of the puppies.

The puppy needs good nutrition

You can give high-quality dry puppy food soaked in water instead of meat. In order to avoid the risk of introducing new food, a few drops of the drug Nux Vomica are given before the meat. When feeding, puppies should lie in a natural position on their bellies with their heads raised. Care must be taken to ensure that puppies do not swallow too much of the mixture and that it is not excreted through the nose. After each meal, it is necessary to massage the abdomen with your fingers clockwise to promote intestinal motility. And then gently rub with a damp cloth or cotton pad in the anal area to stimulate bowel movements. After using the toilet, it is necessary to remove any remaining feces. Breastfeeding puppies without a mother is a very troublesome task, but there is no other way to save little lives and raise healthy babies. If everything is done correctly, you will be able to raise a strong and healthy dog for which any disease will not pose a danger.

The reproductive system of dogs, like that of humans, has significant differences between females and males. Therefore, there are diseases that occur exclusively in females; males either act as carriers or do not react to the disease at all. Let's look at diseases of the reproductive system in bitches in more detail:

Pyometra. With this disease, pus accumulates in the uterus. The main reason for the development is hormonal imbalance, which results in an effect such as hyperplasia of the glandular epithelium of the lining of the uterus. The organ becomes thickened, the production of mucus is activated, which, when ingested by microorganisms, also acquires a purulent composition. A problem arises a couple of months after estrus; it may appear against the background of false pregnancy. Typically occurs in bitches who have not yet given birth and have had problems with regular heat in the past.
Endometritis. If the cervix dilates too much, the process is accompanied by the release of mucus, blood or even pus. Over the course of some time, the dog’s condition should normalize and return to normal. The volume of the animal’s abdomen increases; during diagnosis, an increased size of the uterine horn can be noticed. The dog feels unwell, has problems with movement, experiences increased thirst and lethargy. At the same time, the heart rate increases, appetite decreases and vomiting occurs.
False pupishness. In another way, this disease can be called a fraudulent pregnancy. It is a consequence of hormonal imbalance, which disrupts the sexual cycle. The bitch may experience growth of the mammary glands and uterine horn, and milk secretion is activated. The dog prepares the place for childbirth and plays with toys. After 7-14 days, these symptoms disappear, although in the next heat they may appear again with even greater force.
Inguinal hernia of the uterus. Occurs when the uterine horn enters the inguinal canal directly. A round swelling forms in the groin area. When pressed, this formation disappears. Treatment is carried out exclusively through surgery. The disease certainly leads to the death of the fetus.

Inguinal hernia of the uterus

These diseases have a complex clinical picture and require serious therapy. Without professional help, your dog can face a slow and painful death. Therefore, at the first signs, you should definitely contact a specialist.

It is believed that dogs that live in apartments are much more likely to suffer from various diseases. This can be explained by the lack of fresh air and active pastime, because limited space does not allow some dog breeds to fully realize their physical potential. Therefore, for an apartment it is better to choose a dog that leads a more apathetic lifestyle; let's take a closer look at the breeds.

Many people at some point in their lives want to have a dog. Some people need a faithful friend to brighten up their loneliness, some children begged them to buy them a good friend, and others just want to add even more fun and activity to their lives. If you decide to get a dog, but live in an apartment, then choosing a pet becomes a little more complicated. After all, not all dog breeds feel comfortable in a small room. In addition, if you have children, then it is necessary to take into account the breed’s resistance to stress. To live with children, you need to choose a dog breed with a very balanced and friendly character. An equally important factor when choosing a pet for an apartment is the animal’s fur. The dog should not constantly shed, otherwise it will become a serious test not only for the vacuum cleaner, but also for your nerves.

A dog's resistance to stress is an important factor when choosing a breed.

If you are not a fan of active pastime, but you just want to see always loyal eyes nearby, then choose breeds with a more phlegmatic lifestyle. For example, the Besset Hound. This is a rather lazy dog that will not tire you with constant jumping and playing. Such a dog is unlikely to agree to descend from a high floor without an elevator. You'll have to carry it by hand. But Bassets have a big advantage: they are incredibly smart. They are perfect for older people and adapt to their lifestyle. Bassets are absolutely non-confrontational in their expressions and will get along well with children if they do not bother them with their games. Games with the Basset Hound will be limited to stroking its smart head and enjoying its non-standard appearance. For active pranks with children, it is better to take a closer look at another breed of dog, for example, a beagle.

The Beagle is a small dog. Its dimensions fit perfectly into any apartment. The Beagle is “English” to the core: an intelligent, friendly, smooth-haired dog. This breed of dog will be an ideal companion for a very active and energetic child. Beagles get along well not only with children, but also with other pets, even cats. But from such an “explosive mixture of friends,” the owners will have to constantly sweep away fragments of vases and look for the necessary small objects.

The Labrador retriever has a calmer character. This dog has the perfect combination of intelligence, patience and energy. They are easy to train and friendly. Labradors are calm about children's pranks, even allowing them to climb into their mouths. But despite their kind soul, these dogs are excellent guards and protectors of all family members. Labradors are always positive and energetic with their owners. But still, this is a fairly large breed of dog, so when buying, you need to pay great attention to the purebred of the breed. After all, only a purebred Labrador cannot be brought to act aggressively towards its owner. This breed of dog practically does not shed, which also serves as an additional bonus for apartment owners. But it’s worth considering in advance the size of the adult and the dimensions of your apartment.

If you are a lover of furry pets, then such a rare breed of dog as the Samoyed is perfect for you. She has a balanced character, long hair does not cause allergies and does not need careful grooming. But most importantly, this breed of dog feels great even in small spaces. This is an ideal option for a small city apartment. But it’s worth noting that Samoyeds love long walks. Therefore, if you lead a sedentary lifestyle, then this breed of dog will set your lifestyle in the right direction with daily long walks.

There are a great many dog breeds. Each is individual in its disposition, health characteristics and lifestyle. Therefore, before purchasing, you need to carefully study the breed so that it suits all your requirements. And yet, even if you know perfectly well all the features of the chosen breed, this still does not relieve you of responsibility for raising your pet. This is a lot of work. How you raise a puppy is how it will grow up, regardless of its genetics.

Diseases of the reproductive system characteristic of dogs include about 20 items. Each of the ailments is dangerous in its own way for both the four-legged pet and its owner. Infection of an animal occurs due to the entry into the body of harmful protozoa, as well as viruses and bacteria. The infection spreads in all possible ways, from sexual intercourse to the feces of a sick dog and through airborne droplets. The article will examine in detail the most common diseases of the genital organs of barking pets, their characteristic symptoms and effective preventive measures.

In most cases, diseases of the reproductive system occur immediately after mating of males with females. Those animals that mate haphazardly and without any control from the owner suffer especially from this. That is, the partner can be a random individual that the furry pet meets during an independent walk. Let's take a closer look at these diseases.

Transmissible venereal sarcoma

It spreads sexually and is located on the mucous membranes of the dog's genitals. During intercourse, the affected neoplasm cells are torn off and attached to the partner’s genitals. This tumor does not metastasize, but it can occur in the mouth of a shaggy friend, as well as on the nose and eyes. This happens for the simple reason that the dog licks the affected organ and thus transfers the disease-causing cells to its face. A characteristic symptom is constant bleeding from the penis of the male, and from the loop in females. The neoplasm itself looks like a button or button, the surface of which is covered with bright red tubercles. This type of sarcoma can occur in a puppy, as the female will pass on pathogenic cells to him during childbirth.

Chlamydia

Gonococcal urethritis

Experts call it briefly “gonorrhea.” Transmission of urethritis pathogens occurs exclusively during mating of animals. This sexually transmitted disease (STD) is characterized by a rapid course - inflammatory processes begin the very next day. Main symptoms: increased frequency of urination in the dog, which causes pain.

Staphylococcosis

It is transmitted from pet to pet during mating. The mucous membranes of the genitals are particularly vulnerable to staphylococcus. Symptoms include the appearance of characteristic flaky plaques with a dark center on the dog’s skin. They are localized in the groin area, as well as on the back, croup and hips of dogs.

Streptococcosis

The disease is of infectious etiology and can only be diagnosed after a thorough bacteriological examination. It is transmitted from a sick dog to a healthy dog through the genitals, feces and airborne droplets. Symptoms are numerous and include inflammatory processes in the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and joints of the barking friend. If the disease is advanced and in acute form, then the dog’s body temperature may rise significantly (up to 40-42°C), he loses his appetite, and gets tired quickly. In addition, hyperthermia occurs in the mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities, as well as the conjunctiva. Serous fluid leaks from the pet's nostrils and eyes. Without treatment, death occurs within 1-2 days. In the subacute form, the course of the pathology is somewhat slowed down: on the 4-5th day the dog begins to cough, it begins to have diarrhea, discharge with an obvious admixture of blood, pus is discharged profusely from the nose, and the joints swell.

Mycoplasmosis

An insidious disease caused by bacteria called mycoplasma. They can remain in the pet’s body for a long time, but not manifest themselves in any way. Dysfunction of the immune system, vitamin deficiency and other factors that weaken the animal can trigger the development of mycoplasmosis. It is transmitted from a sick dog to a healthy one at the time of mating, as well as through secretions. Leads to extensive damage to internal organs; females may have miscarriages or puppies will be born underdeveloped. It is characterized by symptoms such as breathing problems, loss of appetite, and causeless lameness of the paws.

Brucellosis

It has many ways for a barking fidget to enter the body, ranging from the “classic” one, through sexual intercourse, and ending with spread through eating the meat of an infected animal or its excrement. The infection is characterized by active reproduction and therefore quickly spreads throughout the body through the lymphatic ducts and blood. Can affect the dog's cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems. If the disease is detected late and not treated, it will most likely lead to the death of the dog.

Herpes

It has a viral etiology, but people are not at risk of infection. The course of the disease passes without obvious symptoms, but sometimes provokes breathing problems and coughing. Can lead to abortion and stillbirth of puppies in females. Animals become infected with it not only through mating, but also from secretions or care items used by the sick dog.

All sexually transmitted infections, except herpes and venereal sarcoma, are equally dangerous for both dogs and humans. Therefore, the owner must be extremely attentive to signs of the development of pathology in the pet. Especially after mating. It is important to understand that timely diagnosed diseases of the genital organs can easily be treated therapeutically, which means they will not cause serious harm to the health of the pet and its owner.

Signs of an STD

Venereal diseases of dogs can be expressed in the following characteristic symptoms:

the animal periodically experiences various discharges from the genitals - pus, blood, ichor (with the exception of estrus in females and clear discharge in males);
the pet licks and bites itself in the genital area, trying to calm the itching and irritation that has arisen there;
the surface of the reproductive organs becomes ulcerated. Growths and red spots appear on it in large numbers;
in a female individual, blood is released from the loop, although the time of estrus has not yet come;
the male regularly secretes a viscous green or yellow liquid from the penis;
your four-legged friend begins to suffer from copious discharge of pus from the eyes or nose, and a rash appears on the skin.

It is important for the owner to know that sexually transmitted diseases should never be treated at home. At the first signs, the dog should be taken to a veterinary clinic. If this is not done, the disease can become chronic, and this is fraught with serious complications for the animal’s health.

Prevention

The following actions will help minimize the threat of infection to your shaggy friend:

The owner must carefully ensure that his dog does not have sexual contact with stray dogs.
Completely exclude the possibility of mating with animals whose owners do not have certificates from a veterinary clinic stating that their dog is healthy.
Experienced dog breeders have had cases where their pet came back from a walk already infected, although it had no contact with its fellow dogs at all. Therefore, try to wash the dog’s belly, genitals and paws with warm water after walking.
To protect yourself from the possibility of contracting a sexually transmitted disease through your dog, be sure to wash your hands after each close contact with your pet. Don't let him lick your or your family's face and mouth.
Once a year, take your pet to the veterinarian and have a smear done on the microflora.

Finally, I would like to say that diseases of the reproductive system are dangerous because they can lead to infertility and miscarriages in dogs. In addition, most of them can be transmitted to humans. They need prompt diagnosis and rapid initiation of therapy, otherwise they develop into a chronic disease, which will be extremely difficult to get rid of.

The dog's body is a complex biological mechanism, the work of which is carried out through the interaction of internal organs and systems. One of the most important functions of the body is its ability to reproduce. This function is ensured due to the existence of a system of reproductive organs. Thanks to the ability to reproduce, it is not just the preservation of the species - the dog - that is ensured, but it also becomes possible to select animals, preserve certain breed characteristics, and consolidate useful breed properties in certain lines.
However, increasingly, pets are becoming susceptible to various diseases of the reproductive system.

Sexual cycle

The reproductive cycle in dogs occurs according to the so-called ovarian type. Its essence lies in the fact that under the influence of hormones from the endocrine glands, sex cells (eggs) mature in the ovaries, while the ovaries themselves begin to produce large amounts of female sex hormones (estrogens). At the same time, certain changes occur in the uterus, during which the inner layer of the walls of the uterus (endometrium) thickens, the amount of mucus produced increases, and bloody discharge appears from the external genitalia. All these changes occur during the period of estrus. After a normal estrus, the level of female sex hormones gradually decreases, the uterus acquires a normal structure, which remains until the next estrus. All these changes are cyclical and occur twice a year in dogs. Any disturbances in the reproductive cycle can be considered a disease; in addition, they cause conditions such as inflammation of the uterus and contribute to the appearance of tumors in the uterus, ovaries and mammary glands.
What signs of diseases of the reproductive system organs can be observed? The first symptom is any violation of the sexual cycle. Such disorders may include unequal intervals between estrus, prolonged or mild estrus, frequent estrus, an increase in the interval between estrus of more than 6 months, or absence of estrus.

The most common diseases of the reproductive system include hormonal imbalance, endometritis, uterine hyperplasia, pyometra, neoplasms of the uterus, ovaries and mammary glands.

Hormonal imbalance metabolism, as a rule, is manifested by an increase in the level of female sex hormones. Clinical signs can be very diverse. Often these are skin diseases: itching, baldness (especially symmetrical in the back, abdomen, hind limbs), skin rash, thin, dry hair, thin, “parchment” skin. Another sign of a hormonal imbalance would be considered severe false pregnancy (pseudo-lactation). You should also pay attention to various changes in the skin in the area of the external genitalia: thickening and roughening of the skin, the appearance of pigmentation.
If the increased level of female sex hormones persists for a long enough time, this leads to the development of more severe changes in the organs of the reproductive system: acute purulent process in the uterus (pyometra), as well as a disease such as uterine hyperplasia (pathological long-term thickening of the walls of the uterus with significant changes in the structure and the development of an inflammatory response).

With pyometra The uterus greatly increases in size and pus and other inflammatory products begin to accumulate in its cavity. At the same time, the animal refuses to eat, thirst increases greatly, the temperature rises, weakness and apathy develop. Vomiting may develop. Purulent discharge appears from the external genitalia, and the abdomen noticeably increases in size. The development of pyometra requires immediate surgical intervention.

With the development of hyperplasia uterus clinical signs will be the same as with pyometra, but less pronounced: appetite is absent or reduced, thirst is moderate or normal, lethargy may alternate with a satisfactory general condition, vomiting rarely develops. Discharge from the external genitalia is often bloody or mucous, and may be completely absent. Weakness or stiffness of the hind limbs often appears.

Endometritis characterized by the development of inflammation of the uterine mucosa. The general condition of the dog is satisfactory and the only sign of illness may be stiffness of the hind limbs or mucous discharge from the external genitalia. Almost always, without treatment, inflammation spreads from the uterine mucosa to the entire uterine wall, and endometritis develops into uterine hyperplasia or pyometra.

The diseases listed above, as a rule, develop after estrus, and there may be no clear boundary between estrus and the onset of inflammation.

Development of breast tumors Diseases are also common in dogs. Although the exact cause of this problem has not been established, it is known that high levels of sex hormones contribute to these diseases. Tumors appear as lumps on one or more mammary glands. The sizes of these neoplasms can vary: from a pea to the size of a child’s head. Tumors can have a smooth surface or lumpy surface and have different growth rates. At a certain stage of development, the tumor begins to ulcerate and necrotize. Tumors of the mammary glands have a mixed structure, i.e. consist of both malignant and benign cells. Because these tumors often metastasize, the best treatment is to remove them early in their development.

Neoplasms of the uterus and ovaries are less common in dogs. These are mostly benign tumors, but ovarian cancer also occurs. Clinical symptoms can vary from mild malaise to severe conditions, accompanied by high fever, refusal to eat, severe lethargy, and impaired cardiac and respiratory activity.
In all of the above cases, the dog or cat must be immediately shown to a veterinarian. Sometimes inflammation can develop very quickly and without treatment the animal can die within a few days. To make an accurate diagnosis, veterinary clinics use modern research methods: ultrasound, blood tests, etc. Unfortunately, drug treatment for most diseases of the reproductive system is difficult.

Treatment

The use of antibiotics and strong anti-inflammatory drugs is ineffective. Today, the most reliable and effective method of treating these pathologies, especially in inflammatory processes and neoplasms, is surgical treatment, which consists of removing the uterus and ovaries or tumors. Removal of the ovaries is also recommended for the development of breast tumors, because These tumors develop under the influence of ovarian hormones.

Thus, various diseases of the reproductive organs in dogs are very common and can manifest themselves in a wide variety of symptoms. It should be remembered that even mild discomfort can signal the onset of a serious, life-threatening disease in the reproductive system. Therefore, regardless of the severity of clinical signs, it is recommended to show the animal to a veterinarian as soon as possible. Only a quickly made correct diagnosis and timely initiation of treatment can guarantee a favorable outcome of the disease.

Castration

The main purpose of this operation (castration in males and aurectomy in females) is to prevent the reproduction of animals. There are two types of castration: surgical and biological.
During the surgical operation, the testes are removed from males, and the ovaries from females, sometimes the uterus is also removed along with them. This is called a hystrectomy. This is done because often after removal of the ovaries various uterine tumors occur. Hystrectomy is quite common in the West; in our country, aurectomy is more preferred.
During the biological castration method, hormonal drugs are injected into the male's testes. But in our country this method is not used due to the lack of drugs. In addition to hormones that are injected into the testes, there are drugs that are taken orally, but I do not recommend using them, since animals often experience various diseases of the uterus and changes in hormonal status after their use.
Some people believe that castration reduces an animal's aggressiveness, but this is not true. The male becomes somewhat calmer, but, as a rule, the owner’s expectations are not met.
Some believe that by castrating their male, they deprive him of all the delights of life; this is also a misconception. By losing the testes, the animal is not morally disadvantaged.
After castration, there are practically no complications, especially in males. In females, since this is an abdominal operation, complications are associated with infection, etc., which is why no one is immune. Males and cats recover very quickly after surgery; the recovery period for cats is slightly longer - the stitches are removed on the 710th day. It is better to castrate cats from 8 months, dogs - from one year.

Cost of the operation: 2000 - 3000 prices are constantly changing due to rising prices of drugs.
Under no circumstances should castration be performed at home, as various complications and undesirable consequences may arise. In addition to the main purpose of castration (preventing reproduction), the operation is also performed if there are therapeutic indications, in particular, a disease of the reproductive organs. For now, castration is the only way to reduce the number of stray animals. The world has not yet come up with another means.

Castration of a male

Many professionals recommend neutering a male dog because of his sexual behavior, tendency to run away from home or urinate on furniture, dangerous habit of fighting with other dogs, annoying behavior of jumping on people or other dogs, displays of aggression, and the dog's predisposition to testicular cancer. In some cases, castration may be considered the best solution, in others it may not. Many dog owners see this as a quick fix, but this is the wrong approach. It is more correct to carefully study the dog's behavior and make sure that such a radical decision is justified.
Some behavioral problems, such as dog fighting and the possibility of bodily injury, including to the testicles, may justify neutering. Some medical problems, such as severe hormonal imbalances, can lead to behavioral problems such as uncontrollable lunging at other dogs, frequent erections, or spontaneous ejaculation. In such cases, castration is completely justified.

Basic Rule The thing you should follow when considering castration is to avoid drastic, irreversible decisions when you can resort to simpler measures. If your dog attacks other dogs, runs away from home, or is mildly aggressive, treat it as a behavioral problem that requires well-thought-out obedience training interventions. If you don't understand a problem, you can't find a solution. But you always have the opportunity to make a choice later.
Just like any other obedience decision, a training regimen must first be determined. Use the training methods described in this book as a basis to set the stage for the behavior changes you desire. The dog must be convinced of your determination and reliability. Some changes take time to happen.

You should focus on the behavior pattern of a male dog when he is near a female who is in heat. He gets very excited. This is especially true for male dogs who have already had experience of bonding with a female dog during heat. All male dogs experience emotional and physical torment when they are near a female in heat. They moan and howl. They cannot calm down until they are completely exhausted. They cannot concentrate their attention on obedience training or anything else. All their thoughts are focused on satisfying desire. Even if the bitch is taken away, they still cannot come to their senses for a long time. The more often they are subjected to this torture, the more difficult it is for them to do it later. We are convinced that if you expose your dog to this kind of trauma, you are cutting years off his life. But the solution is not castration of the male dog. Often even this measure does not destroy desire. A sire who was often used for breeding remembers this act even if he has been castrated. No, the solution is not to spay females in the same household or remove the dog from that environment.
There are obvious reasons why bitches in heat should not be used for breeding. A well-behaved and well-trained dog may ignore the distracting object, but the emotional torture continues.
If your dog is a monorch (descent of one testicle) or cryptorchid (undescended of both testicles), there may be many reasons to have your male dog neutered. If you breed dogs from this male, his genes will end up in the gene pool. Do not breed dogs from such a male, no matter how good his character is. If your normal breeder produces male monorchid or cryptorchid puppies, you may want to castrate this dog so that other dog breeders do not breed offspring from it. Some dog breeders withhold documents on dogs that cannot be bred until they are spayed or neutered. Some don't give them away until they are neutered. In some areas, even crossbreeds bring good money. They may become the new "exotic" breed of tomorrow. In addition, some dog breeders can always find ways to obtain and falsify documents, so until the last male dog is neutered, there is always the possibility that puppies will be bred from him.
Dogs whose testicles rest deep within body cavities, as opposed to those with testicular descent, are predisposed to testicular cancer. Constant increased body heat causes a pathological process. If a dog is diagnosed with cancer, then surgery is even more necessary. But the situation needs to be assessed for each dog separately, depending on age, health status, etc.
We have personally trained many full-fledged dogs and many neutered males. We did not notice any difference in the perception and reaction of these two categories of dogs. We want to repeat once again: do not resort to castration of your dog as a quick solution to problems. Study all factors carefully.

Spaying females

To spay or not to spay has always been a controversial issue for both experts and amateur dog owners. Here we want to offer our point of view, based on both a personal and broad professional level.
Sterilization is not for everyone. Some veterinarians try to make this decision easier for people by spaying puppies at a very early age, even before they are given to new owners. If you don't intend to breed dogs, then you need to think about it very seriously. There are many reasons to consider. One of the arguments in favor of sterilization is that unwanted dogs are born in huge numbers, which then leads to their mass destruction.
Let's say that you have purchased a puppy that is 8-12 weeks old and you are sure that you do not want to have any more puppies from him. What age is best for surgery? On average, the operation takes 10-20 minutes. We believe that at 3-4 months it is too early for a dog to undergo surgery.
nutrition

Spaying females
To spay or not to spay has always been a controversial issue for both experts and amateur dog owners. Here we want to offer our point of view, based on both a personal and broad professional level.
Sterilization is not for everyone. Some veterinarians try to make this decision easier for people by spaying puppies at a very early age, even before they are given to new owners. If you don't intend to breed dogs, then you need to think about it very seriously. There are many reasons to consider. One of the arguments in favor of sterilization is that unwanted dogs are born in huge numbers, which then leads to their mass destruction.
When making a decision regarding a hysterectomy, you should consider the age and health of the dog, the frequency of heat cycles, the intensity and duration of these periods, the behavior of the dog during this period, the behavior of other dogs in the house, both male and female, and the reputation and reliability of the veterinarian who will Do a surgery. Let's look at these factors separately.
Let's say that you have purchased a puppy that is 8-12 weeks old and you are sure that you do not want to have any more puppies from him. What age is best for surgery? On average, the operation takes 10-20 minutes. We believe that at 3-4 months it is too early for a dog to undergo surgery.
Females go into estrus between 6 months and one year of age. This is the range of appearance of the first heat. At 6 months they may go into heat and repeat every 6 months, or they may have a 9 or 11 month cycle. Before the first heat has passed, we do not know when is the best time to spay a dog, since after 6 months she can come into heat at any time. If spayed at random, without knowing the exact time of her heat, her uterus may become swollen with blood, creating the possibility of heavy bleeding during surgery. This is an argument for waiting about one month after your first heat. You should wait until your second heat to figure out the cyclicity.
When you have to undergo surgery, you always need to take into account the health of the dog. It is very useful to provide the dog with enhanced nutrition a month before the operation and a month after the operation. In addition, her diet should include: vitamin A or beta-carotene, vitamin B complex, vitamin C complex, vitamin E capsules or liquid, lethicin granules or capsules and some garlic. They should be used according to the size of the dog.
If your dog cycles more frequently - every 5-6 months as opposed to 1 year - this may influence your decision to have your dog spayed. Every heat is a physical and emotional stress for the dog.
The intensity and duration of the heat cycle is another matter. If your female is not in a good mood, she is depressed, she is not eating well, then this is a warning sign and she will eventually have more serious problems. If the heat continues for more than four weeks, or if there is heavy bleeding, mucus discharge, clots or odor, this may indicate illness.
If her character changes too dramatically during heat, this may indicate trouble. A Rottweiler or Pyrenean mountain dog that changes its personality can be terrifying.
Other dogs in the house may suffer from the paws of a female dog in heat. She may become romantically interested in another bitch living in the same family, who may or may not reciprocate her feelings. She can become aggressive towards other females. She will torment all the males living in the house. They will lick her urine, whine, howl, scratch at the door. They will lose their appetite, and all their thoughts will be directed towards satisfying their desire. This situation, repeated several times, can significantly shorten the life of any male dog and lead to serious health problems. Usually the house is not large enough to safely house a male dog and a female dog in heat. Please don't ever try this.

Neutering is the most common surgical procedure performed by veterinarians. A veterinarian who is unable to perform this operation should not go near surgical instruments. Before you trust your veterinarian, ask his clients about him. Ask him for testimonials from satisfied clients. There is nothing offensive about this to the veterinarian; If your question is met with hostility, seek help elsewhere.
One of the terrible consequences (in terms of money and health) of not spaying a dog is pyometra, a collection of pus in the uterine cavity. In this case, major surgery is necessary. The disease creeps up unnoticed, without making itself felt, and appears suddenly. Pyometra can be open or closed. Both cases are serious, but closed pyometra can result in death from extensive infection. Tumors of the mammary gland are also more common in unspayed bitches. These tumors often become cancerous.
With any surgery there are risks associated with anesthesia. But if you take into account all the advantages and disadvantages of sterilization, then this operation will still be the lesser of the evils. Whatever your decision, make it only after you have learned as much as possible about it.

Katie Berman, Bill Landesman. Training your dog

Diseases of the reproductive system of bitches

Infectious and inflammatory diseases of the genital organs

Sexually transmitted diseases

The list of STDs in dogs is as long as in humans. The main danger is chlamydia. It is difficult to diagnose, difficult to treat, and in most cases has a number of complications. You can suspect an STD in your pet if there is any discharge from the genital tract, especially after mating. Redness of the genitals and itching may also occur.

Pyometra, mixometra, endometritis

These three diseases are links in the same chain and can be attributed to both hormonal disorders and inflammatory diseases. Mixometra is characterized by the accumulation of mucous secretion in the uterine cavity. This usually happens after a long period of hyperesthesia (emptiness). Against the background of high levels of estrogen, the endometrial mucosa hyperplasias - increases in size. If the endometrium becomes infected, pus is formed - pyometra.

With even a slight dilatation of the cervix, one can observe the flow of purulent or mucopurulent discharge, often mixed with blood, from the dog’s vagina. In some cases, the disease cures on its own, but in most cases it requires contacting a veterinarian and prescribing antibacterial therapy.

When the cervix is closed, pus accumulates in the uterine cavity, it increases in size, like the female’s abdomen. As a result of the septic process, the load on the kidneys increases, with the possible development of renal failure. The dog is lethargic, appetite is reduced or absent altogether. If left untreated, uterine rupture with the development of peritonitis is possible.

Endometritis– this is inflammation of the uterine mucosa. Purulent or aseptic, as discussed above. Aseptic endometritis can proceed sluggishly and for a very long time, sometimes for months.

Inflammation of the labia and vaginal vestibule

It occurs mainly in young bitches against the background of a reduced concentration of estrogen, which leads to a decrease in local immunity and infection with pathogenic flora. Or after trauma to the genital tract during sexual intercourse.

There is redness and swelling of the labia. There are discharges. Depending on the phase and degree of the disease, their character changes from mucous and watery to creamy and purulent.

Treatment is predominantly local; in more serious situations, antibiotics and estrogens are used.

Inflammation of the ovaries

Inflammation of the ovaries or oophoritis is uncommon, but can lead to serious consequences. Bitches become infected predominantly through the hematogenous route - in the presence of any general infectious or inflammatory process, pathogens or toxins penetrate the ovaries through the bloodstream. In the acute phase, the ovaries are enlarged and painful on palpation. Treatment is effective in the acute period. Then the foci of inflammation become sclerotic and adhesions form. At this stage of the disease, surgical removal of the ovaries is recommended.

Hormonal disorders

False pupishness

False pregnancy or false pregnancy is also called pseudolactation. Develops 1.5-2 months after estrus. The dog's uterine horns and mammary glands enlarge, and milk appears. This is due to the fact that the corpus luteum persists. Due to a hormonal disorder, it is absorbed much more slowly than in healthy dogs, and therefore the level of progesterone in the blood turns out to be very high, which causes changes in the body of the bitch. In most cases, pseudolactation heals on its own - within a few weeks, all signs of false pregnancy decrease and disappear, but during subsequent estrus the situation repeats, and the symptoms become more vivid and pronounced.

Hypoestria

Decreased estrogen production. Against the background of hypoestria, infertility develops. It occurs both in young individuals and in females who have given birth. As a rule, it is a consequence of exhaustion or, conversely, obesity of the cat, which suppresses the production of the hormone in the hypothalamic-pituitary system. He doesn’t allow the dog to come near him; moreover, he shows aggression. Corrected by the introduction of hormonal drugs.

Anestria

Complete absence of estrogen. Most often it is a congenital pathology due to an abnormal development of the ovaries or their infantilism. It also occurs in bitches who have given birth for the same reasons as hypoestria, but with a more pronounced hormone deficiency. In the case of acquired pathology, it can be corrected with hormonal therapy.

Hyperestria

Excessive levels of estrogen in the dog's blood. May be a consequence of increased function of the ovaries or hypothalamic-pituitary system, impaired liver function, or the presence of tumors in the ovaries or brain. It is characterized by a long course – sometimes up to several months. Throughout this time, the bitch experiences bloody discharge from the vagina, the labia are thickened and swollen. He does not allow the male to approach him.

Neoplasms

Tumors of the genital organs

A very common pathology in dogs, especially in old bitches. Any genital organ can be affected, but most often it is the vagina and vestibule. Tumors can be benign (lipoma, fibroma, leomyoma), but most often they are malignant (fibrosarcoma, carcinoma and sarcoma). Malignant tumors of the vaginal vestibule, as a rule, have the appearance of a cauliflower or mushroom, located on a broad base. The “hat” is red or dirty brown with plaque or ulcerations.

Breast tumors

Benign tumors are also found, but the majority of neoplasms are malignant neoplasms, namely carcinoma. Most often, middle-aged or elderly females who have never given birth or nursed their offspring become ill. Upon palpation, the tumor is easy to limit, it is inactive or motionless. Sizes range from the size of a tennis ball to a football. There may be ulceration on the surface with mucopurulent discharge and a red-brown border. Ulcers are painless or slightly painful.

Degenerative changes

Vaginal hyperplasia and eversion

With prolonged estrus or prolonged exposure to estrogen, the vaginal walls hyperplasia (increase in size) and extend beyond the vagina and vulva itself. The disease is typical for Dobermans, bulldogs and boxers.

Diseases of pregnant women

Uterine inguinal hernia

Develops against the background of enlarged inguinal canals or a weak abdominal wall. Part of the uterus, together with the fetus or fetuses, protrudes through the inguinal canal under the skin of the abdominal wall. It can be reversible and irreducible. It can only be treated surgically. Even if the hernia is reducible in the early stages, it becomes irreducible as pregnancy progresses.

Uterine bleeding

As a result of damage to one of the vessels of the chorion or endometrium, blood flows under the placenta, causing its detachment. Fresh blood is released from the genital tract, possibly with clots. The dog is restless, and over time, weakness and signs of increasing anemia appear. Without veterinary care, the animal may die or abort.

Polyhydramnios

The amount of amniotic fluid increases. Most often from the 45th day of pregnancy. The volume of the abdomen rapidly increases, it takes on a barrel-shaped shape. Without veterinary intervention, the bladder or even the abdominal muscles may rupture. Puppies are born very weak or dead.

Uterine torsion

The entire uterus or one of its horns curls “around itself.” This happens as a result of falls, jumps or injuries. The animal takes a forced pose with a hunched back. The abdomen is sharply painful on palpation. Treatment is only surgical.

Abortion

Abortion is the death of all fetuses with termination of pregnancy, or the death of one or more fetuses without termination. Accordingly, it is called complete or incomplete. Develops most often during infection.

Pathologies of childbirth

Weak contractions and pushing

Contractions are brief and of short duration. The time interval between them increases greatly, bringing the process of childbirth to a day or more, and the interval between the birth of fruits to 2 hours. Without veterinary care, the fetuses die from asphyxia.

Violent contractions and attempts

There is practically no time interval between contractions and pushing; they are very intense and painful. Without veterinary care, fetuses may also die from asphyxia or develop uterine rupture.

Narrowness of the birth canal

It can be either congenital or acquired in multiparous women as a result of injuries in previous births. Sterile petroleum jelly and a snare are used to facilitate labor. If this method is ineffective, an incision is made in the perineum. If the pelvic ring is narrow, a caesarean section is performed.

Large-fruited

Occurs in short-faced or dwarf breeds. Requires a caesarean section.

Uterine rupture

May be complete or incomplete. Often develops against the background of violent contractions. When ruptured, labor ceases immediately. In some cases, the fetus(es) can be felt through the abdominal wall. The shape of the abdomen changes - it becomes flattened. Without emergency veterinary care, the dog dies, because... acute extensive bleeding occurs into the abdominal cavity with the development of peritonitis.

Placenta retention

If more than 2 hours have passed between the birth of the last fetus and the expulsion of the placenta, this is considered a delay. Requires urgent veterinary care, because the afterbirth quickly becomes infected with the development of sepsis and death of the animal.

Diseases of the reproductive system in males

Of the diseases of the reproductive system of male dogs, it is perhaps only worth noting prostatitis and prostate adenoma, resulting in difficulty urinating. Urine is released drop by drop. The disease most often develops against the background of infectious diseases. Which in some cases can also cause inflammation of the testicle and its appendages.

Antimicrobial treatment is prescribed, lasting 2-3 weeks. With proper and timely treatment, the disease disappears without a trace.