Presentation on the topic: “The history of the emergence of the dollar and the euro. A Brief History of the United States Management of the British Colonies in North America
In the 16th century, the territory of the United States was inhabited by Indian tribes, and during this period the first Europeans appeared here. By the 18th century, Europeans had colonized the entire North American continent, resulting in three zones of influence. The British zone appeared in the areas of the Atlantic coast, the French zone appeared in the Great Lakes region, and the Spanish zone arose on the Pacific coast, in and.
In 1774, 13 English colonies began military operations in the struggle for independence and achieved their goal on July 4, 1776 - the date of formation of the new sovereign state of the United States of America. On September 17, 1787, the Constitution was adopted with the main principles of the democratic formation of the country. The approved Constitution contained the rights of “free” states with powerful government powers.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the territory increased due to the acquisition of Louisiana from the French, Florida from the Spaniards and the conquest of other lands by colonies, for example. The seizure of local states was accompanied by either the forced removal of Indian people to reservations or the complete destruction of the population.
In 1861, disagreements arose between the southern and northern states related to economic and cultural issues, as a result of which a Confederation of 11 southern states emerged, which declared their secession. At the beginning, the southerners won several victories, but in the end it ended with the victory of the northern states and the preservation of the federation. In 1867, the United States purchased the Aleutian Islands and Alaska from Russia. The late 19th and early 20th centuries were distinguished by the tremendous rise of the United States into a strong economic state, thanks to the influx of immigrants from other continents. By 1914, the state's population already amounted to 95 million inhabitants.
On April 4, 1917, America entered the First World War. Until this time, the state preferred to take a neutral position in relation to the events that were taking place at that time in Europe, since the United States was creating zones of influence in the countries of the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean, as well as Central America. At the end of the war, the US Senate refused to vote on the Treaty of Versailles.
After the war in 1929, a sharp jump in the country's economy gave way to a terrible crisis. During the Great Depression, production fell significantly and unemployment increased. On December 7, 1941, the US Army entered World War II with Japan following the bombing of an American base at Pearl Harbor by Japanese fighters. After December 11, 1941, America entered into a military conflict with Italy and Germany. The Americans deployed all their military operations mainly in the Pacific territory. After the Tehran Conference on June 6, 1944, the US Army was involved in the defeat of the German army on the Atlantic coast of France. Combat operations against Japan successfully took place in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. On August 6, 1945, the Americans dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, and on August 9, a bomb was dropped on another Japanese city - Nagasaki. On September 2, 1945, Emperor Hirohito of Japan signed an act of surrender.
The most powerful world state, the United States, after the war, contributed to the economic recovery of Western European countries and launched the Cold War, preventing the spread of communist influence throughout the world, and especially in Europe. In the late 40s and early 50s, American authorities persecuted all those suspected of participating in the communist movement directly within the state.
Later, America, one way or another, got involved in international conflicts: Cuba, Vietnam, the Arab-Israeli war. A pacifist movement against military action against the Vietnamese arose in the United States, which coincided with the struggle of African-American residents against racial discrimination. In April 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated, urging the African-American population to peacefully resolve the issue of defending their civil rights. His constructive political activities did not go unnoticed, since African Americans were subsequently integrated into the American public.
The 1970s saw a significant political turnaround with the resignation of President Nixon, fueled by the Watergate scandal. In 1979, relations between China and the United States, whose president at that time was J. Carter, were normalized. This, in turn, favorably influenced the signing of a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. But, since an unsuccessful operation was carried out to free American citizens who were hostages in the US Embassy in Tehran, the democratic party failed in the elections. As a result of these events, R. Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980. Thanks to negotiations with the USSR, initiated by R. Reagan and taken up by G. Bush, who took the presidency in 1989, the arms race was localized and the Cold War ended.
The United States of America is the most economically developed country in the world. - In terms of territory size, this state ranks fourth in the world. Its area is 9364 thousand square meters. km. - This is a republic consisting of 50 states and the Federal District of Columbia (the territory of the country's capital - Washington). 48 states are located compactly, 2 separately: Alaska, purchased from the Tsarist government of Russia in 1869, and the Hawaiian Islands. - The economic and geographical position of the USA is very favorable: a wide front of maritime borders in the west and east (12 thousand km), excellent harbors. - According to the political system, the USA is a federal republic, each state has its own constitution, its own legislative and executive authorities, an elected governor, as well as symbols. The development of enormous wealth has played an important role in the current prosperity of the United States. - Today, the United States ranks first in the Western world in reserves of coal and uranium, second in reserves of gas, copper, zinc, and iron ore. Many deposits have been depleted. There is a shortage of ores of alloying metals (chromium, nickel, cobalt). - About 250 million people live in the vast territory of the United States, which is the third figure in the world. Modern Americans, in addition to the indigenous population (1% of Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, Hawaiians), also include people from various countries of the world (75%). An integral part of the American nation are blacks (12%), whose ancestors were brought from Africa to work on plantations. Immigration has a great influence on the population, the annual influx, which now amounts to about 1 million people. In the second half of the 20th century, immigration from Europe decreased significantly, but the number of immigrants from Asia, and especially from Latin America, increased. - US industry is characterized by a high level of production and territorial concentration. It represents all existing industries focused on the production of both mass and serial products.
Khudyakova Anastasia
Project Manager:
Melekhina Lyudmila Vitalievna
Institution:
MBOU "Kochevskaya secondary school", Perm region
My research paper on foreign (English) language on the topic " United States of America. State nicknames"is devoted to the study of the names of states, their nicknames and the reasons for these nicknames. In the work I will study the history of the emergence of 13 colonies and the formation of 50 states.
As part of my English language research on the nicknames of the US states, I plan to conduct a survey of students to determine whether students know the names of the states and the presence of nicknames for each state.
In this research project on the nicknames of US states, I will collect material about the names of states, their nicknames and the reasons for such names.
As a result, my work will be used as additional material to help an English teacher for a more in-depth study of this topic.
Introduction
I. Main part
1. History of the formation of the United States of America
1.1. The appearance of 13 colonies
1.2. History of the formation of the 50 states
2. Toponymy of the names of American states
3. The emergence of state nicknames
Conclusion
Literature
Application
Introduction
The topic of my research work in a foreign language (English) is devoted to the United States of America, namely the names of the states and their nicknames.
When talking about the United States or studying this country, we do not think about where their names came from, and, moreover, we know little about what each of the states is. We can easily recognize the US flag, talk about the meaning of the 50 stars on the flag of this country, and name the capital.
But besides the main name of each state, there are also many other names that are directly related to them. And these names appeared thanks to the people living in them from generation to generation, their life observations, their attitude towards their states, their natural phenomena and riches. These names include state nicknames.
When researching this topic, I came across more interesting facts related to each of the states. It turns out that each state not only has its own official name and nickname, but also an official flower-symbol, bird-symbol, tree-symbol, its own anthem and motto by which the state lives and works.
I decided to conduct a survey among 7th and 8th graders in order to test students' knowledge about the United States.
do they know how many states there are in the US, how do they know this information, do they know the names of the states, do they know that each state has different names and symbols.
Based on the results of the survey, it turned out that most children do not know how many states there are in the United States of America.
Students who know this information learned about it from various sources - on the Internet, there are 50 stars on the US flag, they heard from friends and from teachers. When asked to list the names of states, if they know them, 28% of students responded, but the number of states was named no more than four. Most students do not know that each state, in addition to its name, also has a nickname and a symbol. Children would like to know more about the USA.
I decided to display the results of the survey in diagrams that are in the appendix.
Thus, based on the results of the survey, I decided to find out in my research work on the English language how the names of the states and their nicknames appeared.
The purpose of our work: exploring state nicknames and the reasons for those nicknames.
In accordance with the purpose of the study, the following were decided tasks:
1. Conduct a survey of students to determine whether students know the names of states and the presence of nicknames for each state;
2. Collect material about the names of states, their nicknames and the reasons for these nicknames.
3. Collect additional material to help the teacher for a more in-depth study of this topic.
Research material served as nicknames for US states.
Relevance of the work is that the study of the presence and origin of state nicknames helped us deepen our knowledge of the United States of America.
Subject of research: origin of state nicknames.
Object of study: state nicknames.
Hypothesis: Each state has its own unofficial name - a nickname.
Practical significance Our work lies in the fact that this material can be used as additional material, both in English lessons and additional classes in regional studies.
In our work we used such research methods such as analysis, questioning, working with scientific literature and Internet sources.
I. Main part
1. History of the formation of the United States of America
In the 16th century, the territory of the United States was inhabited by Indian tribes, and during this period the first Europeans appeared here. The first English settlement in America arose in 1607 in Virginia and was named Jamestown. The trading post, founded by the crews of three English ships under the command of Captain Newport, also served as a guard post on the way of the Spanish advance deeper into the continent. In just a few years, Jamestown became a thriving community thanks to tobacco plantations established there in 1609. By 1620, the population of the village was about 1000 people.
European immigrants were drawn to America by the distant continent's rich natural resources and its distance from European religious dogma and political leanings. In 1606, the London and Plymouth Companies were formed in England and began exploring the northeast coast of America.
At the end of August 1619, a Dutch ship arrived in Virginia, bringing black Africans to America. In December 1620, the Mayflower arrived on the Atlantic coast of Massachusetts, carrying 120 people. This event is considered the beginning of the purposeful colonization of the continent by the British.
By the 18th century, Europeans had colonized the entire North American continent, resulting in three zones of influence. The British zone appeared in areas of the Atlantic coast, the French zone appeared in Louisiana and the Great Lakes region, and the Spanish zone arose on the Pacific coast, in Texas and Florida.
1.1. The appearance of 13 colonies
Over the course of 75 years after the first English colony of Virginia appeared in 1607, 12 more colonies arose: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
Beginning in the mid-17th century, Great Britain sought to establish complete control over the economic transactions of the American colonies, implementing a scheme in which all manufactured goods (from metal buttons to fishing boats) were imported by the colonies from the mother country in exchange for raw materials and agricultural goods. Under this scheme, English entrepreneurs, as well as the British government, were extremely uninterested in the development of industry in the colonies, as well as in the trade of the colonies with anyone other than the mother country.
Meanwhile, American industry (mainly in the northern colonies) achieved significant success. American industrialists especially succeeded in building ships, which made it possible to quickly establish trade with the West Indies and thereby find a market for domestic manufacturing.
The English Parliament considered these successes so threatening that in 1750 they passed a law prohibiting the construction of rolling mills and iron-cutting workshops in the colonies. Foreign trade of the colonies was also subject to oppression.
In 1763, shipping laws were passed, according to which goods were allowed to be imported and exported from the American colonies only on British ships. In addition, all goods destined for the colonies had to be loaded in Great Britain, regardless of where they came from. Thus, the metropolis tried to bring all foreign trade of the colonies under its control. And this does not include the many duties and taxes on goods that the colonists personally brought home.
In 1776, the British colonies in North America signed the Declaration of Independence and officially declared non-recognition of British rule. The result of these steps was the creation of the United States of America and the American War of Independence.
1.2. History of the formation of the 50 states
State is the main state-territorial unit of the United States. There have been 50 of them since 1959. Each of them has its own flag and motto. Word " state"(state) appeared during the colonial period (around 1648). This word was sometimes used to describe individual colonies. It began to be used everywhere after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The state has its own constitution, legislative, executive and judicial powers.
In 1774, 13 English colonies began military operations in the struggle for independence and achieved their goal July 4, 1776– the date of formation of the new sovereign state of the United States of America.
September 17, 1787 A Constitution was adopted with the main principles of the democratic formation of the country. The approved Constitution contained the rights of “free” states with powerful government powers.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the territory of the United States increased due to the acquisition from the French Louisiana, from the Spaniards Florida and conquest of colonies of other lands, for example, California. The seizure of local states was accompanied by either the forced removal of Indian people to reservations or the complete destruction of the population. They appeared gradually and in different ways. Business development required more and more land.
Some states that were former colonies joined the Union (USA) directly.
So, in 1791 it became a state Vermont(recaptured from the French, in 1777 declared the creation of an independent republic called New Connecticut).
Joins in 1792 Kentucky(seceded from Virginia).
In 1796 – Tennessee(the first state formed in the new Territory).
In 1817 - Mississippi.
In 1820 – Maine.
In 1845 – Florida(conquered at one time from the Spaniards).
In 1863 – West Virginia(the freedom-loving western edge of Virginia).
In 1790, the federal district was formed Colombia(geographically coinciding with the city of Washington). This district was immediately planned as the seat of the US government.
In 1787, the Northwest Territory was organized. The act of its creation was adopted back in 1785.
Later states were formed in this territory: Ohio (1803), Indiana (1816), Illinois (1818), Michigan (1837), Wisconsin(1848) and part Minnesota (1858).
Hawaii- an island state in the Pacific Ocean. It remained an independent kingdom for a long time. But American missionaries and businessmen penetrated its territory. Many missionaries became entrepreneurs and acquired land. Trade and agriculture developed. The Americans invested a lot of money in the development of the region and their business.
At some point, in defense of its territorial interests, the United States “helped” Hawaii turn into a republic. This happened in 1894, on July 4th. Quite symbolic. In 1897, the United States ratified a treaty with Hawaii on the annexation of the latter. In 1959, Hawaii becomes the 50th US state.
Thus, the territory of the United States of America was formed from 1787 - with the acquisition of state status by the states of Delaware, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and until 1959 - with the accession of the 50th state - Hawaii.
2. Toponymy of state names
Toponymy– a science that studies geographical names, their origin, semantic meaning, development, current state, spelling and pronunciation.
Word state(state) appeared in the colonial period (around 1648), when it was sometimes called individual colonies, began to be used everywhere after the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and is currently included in the name of 46 states.
Interestingly, although California is called a state, its flag bears the inscription “Republic of California.” The 50 states of the United States have borrowed their names from many languages. The names of half of them came from North American Indian languages. The remaining states received names from European languages: Latin, English and French.
The names of 26 states are of Indian origin (of which at least one is Idaho– probably invented), name Alaska came from the Eskimo language, Hawaii- from the Hawaiian language, eleven states have names of English origin, six have Spanish, three have French, name Rhode Island taken from the Dutch language and, finally, the name of one state - Washington– has roots in US history.
Of the 50 states, 11 were named after individual historical figures. There are also several possible origins for 6 names (Arizona, Hawaii, Idaho, Maine, Oregon and Rhode Island).
The history of the United States, beginning with the territorial division into 13 colonies, and currently having 50 states, is reflected in the flag of the United States of America. The 13 red and white stripes symbolize the first US colonies, and the 50 stars represent the number of US states today.
3. The emergence of state nicknames
After studying the official names of the states, I became interested in how the states got their nicknames, which later acquired official status.
Official nickname A descriptive name for a US state, used as an addition to the main name. The nickname, officially approved by the state legislature, usually reflects some feature of the history or geography of the state, and is also often advertising in nature. The tradition of assigning nicknames dates back to the formation of the first states.
While researching this topic, I came across more interesting facts related to each of the states. It turns out that each state not only has its own official name and nickname, but also an official flower-symbol, bird-symbol, tree-symbol, its own anthem and motto by which the state lives and works.
Many states get their nicknames from their state symbols. And these names appeared, of course, thanks to the people living in them from generation to generation, their life observations, their attitude towards their states, their natural phenomena and riches.
Thus, I learned that all state nicknames can be divided into several groups, based on the reasons for their names. These reasons were the geographical location of the state, the leading agriculture in the state, the production of certain products, plants and animals proclaimed as symbols of the state, extracted minerals, natural attractions and beauty, historical events and personalities that influenced the life and development of the state.
Due to Alaska's geographic location, the state was given the nickname " The final frontier" It is located near the Arctic Circle and was the last of the country's states to be developed and settled.
The state of Georgia was nicknamed " Peach State”, as it is one of the leading peach producers in the country. For the same reason, Kansas's leading agriculture earned it the nickname " Sunflower State", due to large sunflower crops.
North Carolina was named " By the staff of tar workers"("Tar Heel State") due to the production of turpentine from birch tar. The workers made turpentine from tar and the black sticky resin stuck to the heels of their feet.
Some states are nicknamed because of their state symbols. So, Oregon is called " Beaver State", an image of a beaver can be seen on one side of the Oregon flag, and on the reverse side is the state seal.
Louisiana - " Pelican State”, based on the state’s most common bird, the brown pelican.
The US territory is rich in natural resources, due to which, due to the granite mining in New Hampshire, it was nicknamed “ Granite State", and California is called " Golden State" due to the discovery of gold deposits that sparked the country's first Gold Rush.
The country is no less rich in natural beauty, which also influenced the nicknames. The state of Vermont is " Green Mountain State", the name speaks for itself, and Michigan is called " Great Lake State", as the state features the longest stretch of freshwater coastline and is bordered by four of the five Great Lakes.
Historical events and political figures have also influenced state nicknames. So, Illinois was called " Land of Lincoln"in honor of Abraham Lincoln, who led the country in the Civil War in the 1860s.
The names of states also reflect the character traits of its inhabitants. Utah is called " Beehive State", and this symbolizes the hard work of the people of the state, and the beehive is depicted in the center of the coat of arms.
I compiled all the information that I received while studying this topic into tables that are in the appendix.
Conclusion
Writing this research paper was challenging but very fun. I read a lot of useful information that will be useful to me in my studies.
I found out that...
1)... states, in addition to the official name, also have a nickname, symbols - a tree, a flower and a bird, a state motto and an anthem;
2)... that states got their name and nicknames due to many reasons - the location of the state, natural resources, production developed in a particular state, professions and character of people, animals common in the state and others;
3)... that both the names of the states and their nicknames are written on the license plates of cars registered in those states.
Thus, intending to study only the nicknames of the states, I came across information that became useful to me and helped me develop the chosen topic, so I studied not only the nicknames of the states, but also more detailed information, without which the study of my topic would not have been possible.
When filling out the tables, I came across some unfamiliar words, the meaning of which was unclear to me. I looked up the meaning of these words in the explanatory dictionary and also included them in the appendix.
Literature
1) Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language - M., 2005.
2) ABBYY Lingvo – electronic dictionary. Release: 14.0.0.442. Article: 6091, 2008.
Application
Diagrams
47 people took part in the survey; these were students in grades 7–8. 
Dictionary
| Dominion (English dominion, from Latin Dominium - possession) | a virtually independent state within the British Empire (now within the British Commonwealth), recognizing the head of state as the British monarch, represented in the dominion by the governor-general |
| Quakers (English Quakers, literally “trembling”) | official self-name Religious Society of Friends (English: Religious Society of Friends) is originally a Protestant Christian movement that arose during the years of the revolution (mid-17th century) in England and Wales. The date of origin of Quakerism is usually considered to be 1652 (sometimes 1648, when George Fox first preached) |
| William Penn | key figure in the early history of the English colonies in America. Penn is revered in the United States as one of the founding fathers of the state and its first capital, Philadelphia (“the city of brotherly love”). Being a Quaker-pacifist and a preacher of religious tolerance, he founded a colony called Pennsylvania (Penn's Forest Country (lat.)) as a “refuge for free-thinking Europeans.” He was one of the first defenders of democracy and religious freedom. Particularly noteworthy is his participation in drawing up a peace treaty with the indigenous inhabitants of America - the Lenape tribe, which historically inhabited the territory of Pennsylvania. |
Slide 2
English colonies in North America.
- Iroquois
- Algonquins
- Delawares
- Cherokee
Slide 3
- 1607 – foundation of the first English settlement in North America.
- 1620 – arrival on the Mayflower
- 102 Puritans - the first settlers, called the Pilgrim Fathers.
Pilgrim - pilgrim-pagan
Slide 4
It was difficult to develop new lands. The colonists were helped by the Indians, who taught them to grow corn, fish, etc.
As a token of gratitude, in 1621 in Plymouth, the colonists invited the Indians to dinner.
THANKSGIVING
Slide 5
- farming;
- home industry;
- manufactories (spinning, weaving, ironworking);
- hired workers.
- northern
- southern
- plantations (cotton, tobacco, rice);
- use of black slave labor.
COLONIAL SOCIETY:
- farmers entrepreneurs planters
- hired workers
- "indentured servants" (white slaves)
- Negro slaves
Slide 6
Administration of the English colonies in North America.
- English Parliament (no colonial representatives)
- English king
- colonial governors
- laws
- Local government
- Colonial assemblies upper house
- ADVICE
- Lower Chamber
- male population;
- high property qualification
Slide 7
Formation of the North American nation.
- Indians
- Europeans
- black people
North American nation (Americans)
Slide 8
Conflict with the metropolis.
North American colonies
- to free trade with other countries except England;
- for the opening of manufactories, production of iron products;
- for the import of machines and their drawings;
- 1763 - a decree prohibiting resettlement to free lands in the West;
- 1765 – Stamp Act;
- duty to support the English army.
What were the reasons for the conflict between the North American colonies and the mother country?
- taxes, raw materials
- goods
- PROHIBITIONS
Slide 9
“I L I D A T E N A M S V O B O D U,
I L I O T N I M I T E LIFE!”
A mass protest movement began in the colonies:
- formation of patriotic organizations “Sons of Liberty”, “Daughters of Liberty”;
- issuing proclamations;
- holding protest rallies;
- boycott of British goods;
- 1774 - The Continental Congress condemned England's policies.
- 1773 – “Boston Tea Party”
Slide 10
War of Independence 1775 – 1783
CAUSES OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.
- restrictions by the metropolis on freedom of trade and entrepreneurship in the colonies;
- introduction by the metropolis of new taxes, customs duties, etc.;
- The king's policies insulted the human dignity of the inhabitants of the colonies.
CAUSE FOR WAR.
1775 – an armed clash between an English detachment and detachments of colonists in the city of Concord.
Slide 11
It was proclaimed: the creation of an independent state - the USA;
- the principle of popular supremacy and natural equality of people;
- the principle of popular sovereignty (power comes from the people);
- equality of people;
- the inalienability of human rights to life, freedom, and the pursuit of happiness.
Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence
Slide 12
- Appointment of George Washington as Commander in Chief
- George Washington crosses the river. 1776
Slide 13
Participated in the war on the side of the United States
- France,
- Spain,
- Holland
- 1777 - Battle of Saratoga
- 1781 - Battle of Yorktown.
- 1783 – peace treaty. England recognized the independence of the United States.
Slide 14
Do you agree that this war was a national liberation war?
Do you agree that this war was a revolution?
RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WAR:
- an independent state was formed - the USA;
- a republican system was established;
- obstacles to the free development of industry and trade have been eliminated;
- The capitalist economy began to develop.
1. Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly;
2. The right to keep and bear arms;
6. The rights of the accused, including the right to a jury trial;
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