Analysis of the CBC is the most popular type of diagnosis of a person's condition. It is prescribed at every visit to the doctor. Expectant mothers should undergo a study before each visit to the gynecologist. This article will tell you in detail about what a UAC analysis is. You will find out the features and methods of diagnostics. You can also find out what indicators a blood test (KLA) has. The norm of these or those values ​​will be described below.

General blood test

KLA - complete blood count. This is how the abbreviation stands for. Research can be done in several ways. A few decades ago, the material for research was taken exclusively from the ring finger. Nowadays, venous blood is increasingly being used.

Analysis (UAC) is taken by people of all ages. It is prescribed to newborns and elderly patients, men and women. When conducting a study, it is necessary to take into account the gender of a person and his age. The study may show some deviations in health and clarify the situation for the doctor. Analysis (OAK) helps to make the correct diagnosis and prescribe the appropriate correction. All this will lead to a speedy recovery of the patient.

KLA (analysis): interpretation of the results

After you have handed over the material for research, the laboratory assistant conducts an analysis. In most cases, results can be obtained on the same day. Do not try to figure out on your own the indicators and strange figures that the UAC (analysis) provided you. Decryption should only be carried out by a specialist. Diagnostics determines the following indicators:

• hemoglobin - supplies blood cells with the necessary oxygen;
• erythrocytes - bodies in which such important hemoglobin is present;
• platelets - an indicator indicating the ability of blood to clot;
• ESR - an indicator of the rate of sedimentation of cells (erythrocytes);
• leukocytes - cells that increase during the inflammatory process and protect the body;
• esinophils - indicators of the presence of allergies.

Some laboratories conduct more detailed studies. At the same time, the list of indicators is somewhat increased. Consider the basic norms of values.

Hemoglobin

This indicator should be in women at a level of 120 to 140 g / l. Men, on the other hand, have a norm of 130 to 160 g / l. An increase in hemoglobin may be due to certain diseases. If the value is below normal, then this indicates anemia.

red blood cells

This indicator for men should be at the level of 4 to 5.1 10 ^ 12. Women should get a value between 3.7 and 4.7 10^12. A decrease in the indicator indicates anemia or iron deficiency.

platelets

This indicator for both sexes should be in the range from 180 to 320 10 ^ 9. An increase in platelets indicates that the blood is too thick and needs to be thinned.

In men, this figure should be 1-10 mm / h. Women have a rate of 2 to 15 mm / h. An increase in this indicator indicates an acute inflammatory process.

Leukocytes

For women and men, this value should be between 4 and 9 10^9. An increase in the indicator indicates inflammation or infection.

Do I need to prepare for the diagnosis?

Analysis (UAC) can be taken on any day. Before the diagnosis, you should refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages and fatty foods. Otherwise, the results may be distorted.

Approximately 8 hours before the diagnosis, you need to refrain from eating. Failure to comply with this condition may lead to an increase in blood sugar and a change in other values. It is allowed to drink plain water in a small amount. Immediately before the diagnosis, you need to calm down and limit yourself from stressful situations. Also avoid smoking and drinking caffeinated drinks. Physical labor before the study is contraindicated.

Summarizing

You now know everything about the general blood test. Also, you could learn about the main indicators of this study. Remember that the laboratory may take material from a vein or a finger. If there is a fundamental difference for you, then you should clarify this information in advance. Donate blood regularly. You can get a transcript and appointment after the study from your doctor. Be healthy!

blood test, interpretation of blood test, complete blood count, blood test norm, biochemical blood test, blood test table, table of blood test norms, blood analysis decoding table, blood test in adults, take a blood test

Clinical blood test

Clinical blood test (AS) (complete blood count, complete blood count (CBC)) - a medical or nursing analysis that allows you to evaluate the hemoglobin content in the red blood system, the number of red blood cells, color index, the number of leukocytes, platelets. A clinical blood test allows you to consider the leukogram and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

With the help of this analysis, anemia can be detected (decrease in hemoglobin - leukocyte formula), inflammatory processes (leukocytes, leukocyte formula), etc.

Blood indicators

Currently, most of the indicators are performed on automatic hematological analyzers, which are able to simultaneously determine from 5 to 24 parameters. Of these, the main ones are the number of leukocytes, the concentration of hemoglobin, hematocrit, the number of erythrocytes, the average volume of an erythrocyte, the average concentration of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte, the average hemoglobin content in an erythrocyte, the half-width of the distribution of erythrocytes by size, the number of platelets, the average platelet volume.

• WBC(white blood cells - white blood cells) - the absolute content of leukocytes (norm 4-9 10 9 (\ displaystyle 10 ^ (9)) cells / l) - blood cells - responsible for recognizing and neutralizing foreign components, the body's immune defense against viruses and bacteria, elimination of dying cells of one's own body.
• RBC(red blood cells - red blood cells) - the absolute content of erythrocytes (norm 4.3-5.5 cells / l) - blood cells - containing hemoglobin, transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• HGB(Hb, hemoglobin) - concentration of hemoglobin in whole blood (normal 120-140 g/l). For analysis, a cyanide complex or cyanide-free reagents are used (as a replacement for toxic cyanide). It is measured in moles or grams per liter or deciliter.
• HCT(hematocrit) - hematocrit (normal 0.39-0.49), part (% \u003d l / l) of the total blood volume attributable to blood cells. Blood consists of 40-45% formed elements (erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes) and 60-55% of plasma. Hematocrit is the ratio of the volume of formed elements to blood plasma. It is believed that hematocrit reflects the ratio of the volume of erythrocytes to the volume of blood plasma, since erythrocytes mainly make up the volume of blood cells. Hematocrit depends on the amount of RBC and the value of MCV and corresponds to the product of RBC * MCV.
• PLT(platelets - platelets) - the absolute content of platelets (norm 150-400 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) cells / l) - blood cells - involved in hemostasis.

Erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC):

• MCV- the average volume of an erythrocyte in cubic micrometers (µm) or femtoliters (fl) (the norm is 80-95 fl). In the old analyzes indicated: microcytosis, normocytosis, macrocytosis.
• MCH- the average content of hemoglobin in an individual erythrocyte in absolute units (norm 27-31 pg), proportional to the ratio "hemoglobin / number of erythrocytes". Color indicator of blood in old tests. CPU=MCH*0.03
• MCHC- the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte mass, and not in whole blood (see HGB above) (the norm is 300-380 g / l, reflects the degree of saturation of the erythrocyte with hemoglobin. A decrease in MCHC is observed in diseases with impaired hemoglobin synthesis. However, this is the most stable hematological indicator Any inaccuracy associated with the determination of hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV leads to an increase in MCHC, therefore this parameter is used as an indicator of an instrument error or an error made during sample preparation for the study.

Platelet indices (MPV, PDW, PCT):

• MPV(mean platelet volume) - the average volume of platelets (normal 7-10 fl).
• PDW- the relative width of the distribution of platelets by volume, an indicator of platelet heterogeneity.
• PCT(platelet crit) - thrombocrit (normal 0.108-0.282), the proportion (%) of whole blood volume occupied by platelets.

Leukocyte indices:

• LYM% (LY%)(lymphocyte) - relative (%) content (normal 25-40%) of lymphocytes.
• LYM# (LY#)(lymphocyte) - absolute content (norm 1.2-3.0x 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) / l (or 1.2-3.0 x 10 3 (\displaystyle 10^(3)) / µl)) of lymphocytes.
• MXD% (MID%)- relative (%) content of the mixture (norm 5-10%) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils.
• MXD# (MID#)- the absolute content of the mixture (norm 0.2-0.8 x 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) / l) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils.
• NEUT% (NE%)(neutrophils) - relative (%) content of neutrophils.
• NEUT# (NE#)(neutrophils) - absolute content of neutrophils.
• MON% (MO%)(monocyte) - relative (%) content of monocytes (normal 4-11%).
• MON# (MO#)(monocyte) - absolute content of monocytes (norm 0.1-0.6 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) cells/l).
• EO%- relative (%) content of eosinophils.
• EO#- absolute content of eosinophils.
• BA%- relative (%) content of basophils.
• BA#- absolute content of basophils.
• IMM%- relative (%) content of immature granulocytes.
• IMM#- absolute content of immature granulocytes.
• ATL%- relative (%) content of atypical lymphocytes.
• ATL#- absolute content of atypical lymphocytes.
• GR% (GRAN%)- relative (%) content (norm 47-72%) of granulocytes.
• GR# (GRAN#)- absolute content (norm 1.2-6.8 x 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) / l (or 1.2-6.8 x 10 3 (\displaystyle 10^(3)) / μl) ) granulocytes.

Erythrocyte indices:

• HCT/RBC- the average volume of erythrocytes.
• HGB/RBC- the average content of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte.
• HGB/HCT- the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte.
• RDW- Red cell Distribution Width - "erythrocyte distribution width" the so-called "erythrocyte anisocytosis" - an indicator of erythrocyte heterogeneity, calculated as a coefficient of variation of the average volume of erythrocytes.
• RDW-SD- relative width of distribution of erythrocytes by volume, standard deviation.
• RDW-CV- the relative width of the distribution of erythrocytes by volume, the coefficient of variation.
• P-LCR- coefficient of large platelets.
• ESR (ESR) (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) is a non-specific indicator of the pathological state of the body.

As a rule, automatic hematology analyzers also build histograms for erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes.

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin(Hb, Hgb) in a blood test is the main component of red blood cells that transports oxygen to organs and tissues. For analysis, a cyanide complex or cyanide-free reagents are used (as a replacement for toxic cyanide). It is measured in moles or grams per liter or deciliter. Its definition has not only diagnostic, but also prognostic value, since pathological conditions leading to a decrease in hemoglobin content lead to oxygen starvation of tissues.

• men - 135-160 g / l (gigamol per liter);
• women - 120-140 g / l.

An increase in hemoglobin is noted with:

• primary and secondary erythremia;
• dehydration (false effect due to hemoconcentration);
• excessive smoking (formation of functionally inactive HbCO).

A decrease in hemoglobin is detected when:

• anemia;
• hyperhydration (a false effect due to hemodilution - "dilution" of blood, an increase in plasma volume relative to the volume of the totality of formed elements).

red blood cells

red blood cells(E) in a blood test - red blood cells that are involved in the transport of oxygen to tissues and support the processes of biological oxidation in the body.

• men - (4.0-5.15) x 10 12 (\displaystyle 10^(12))/l
• women - (3.7-4.7) x 10 12 (\displaystyle 10^(12))/l
• children - (3.80-4.90) x 10 12 (\displaystyle 10^(12))/l

An increase (erythrocytosis) in the number of red blood cells occurs when:

• neoplasms;
• dropsy of the renal pelvis;
• the influence of corticosteroids;
• Cushing's disease and syndrome;
• disease Polycythemia vera;
• steroid treatment.

A slight relative increase in the number of red blood cells may be associated with thickening of the blood due to burns, diarrhea, diuretics.

A decrease in the content of red blood cells in the blood is observed with:

• blood loss;
• anemia;
• pregnancy;
• hydremia (intravenous administration of a large amount of fluid, i.e. infusion therapy)
• with the outflow of tissue fluid into the bloodstream with a decrease in edema (therapy with diuretic drugs).
• decrease in the intensity of the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow;
• accelerated destruction of red blood cells;

Leukocytes

Leukocytes(L) - blood cells produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. There are 5 types of leukocytes: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes and lymphocytes. The main function of leukocytes is to protect the body from antigens foreign to it (including microorganisms, tumor cells; the effect is also manifested in the direction of transplant cells).

An increase (leukocytosis) occurs when:

• acute inflammatory processes;
• purulent processes, sepsis;
• many infectious diseases of viral, bacterial, fungal and other etiologies;
• malignant neoplasms;
• tissue trauma;
• myocardial infarction;
• during pregnancy (last trimester);
• after childbirth - during the period of breastfeeding;
• after heavy physical exertion (physiological leukocytosis).

To decrease (leukopenia) leads to:

• aplasia, hypoplasia of the bone marrow;
• exposure to ionizing radiation, radiation sickness;
• typhoid fever;
• viral diseases;
• anaphylactic shock;
• Addison's disease - Birmer;
• collagenoses;
• under the influence of certain drugs (sulfonamides and some antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, antiepileptic drugs, antispasmodic oral drugs);
• damage to the bone marrow by chemicals, drugs;
• hypersplenism (primary, secondary);
• acute leukemia;
• myelofibrosis;
• myelodysplastic syndromes;
• plasmacytoma;
• metastases of neoplasms in the bone marrow;
• pernicious anemia;
• typhus and paratyphoid;
• collagenoses.

Leukocyte formula

Leukocyte formula (leukogram) - the percentage of different types of leukocytes, determined by counting them in a stained blood smear under a microscope.

In addition to the leukocyte indices listed above, leukocyte, or hematological, indices are also proposed, calculated as the ratio of the percentage of different types of leukocytes, for example, the index of the ratio of lymphocytes and monocytes, the index of the ratio of eosinophils and lymphocytes, etc.

color index

Main article: color indicator of blood

Color Index (CPU)- the degree of saturation of erythrocytes with hemoglobin:

• 0.85-1.05 - norm;
• less than 0.80 - hypochromic anemia;
• 0.80-1.05 - erythrocytes are considered normochromic;
• more than 1.10 - hyperchromic anemia.

In pathological conditions, there is a parallel and approximately the same decrease in both the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin.

A decrease in the CPU (0.50-0.70) occurs when:

• iron deficiency anemia;
• anemia caused by lead poisoning.

An increase in CPU (1.10 or more) occurs when:

• deficiency of vitamin B12 in the body;
• folic acid deficiency;
• cancer;
• polyposis of the stomach.

For a correct assessment of the color index, it is necessary to take into account not only the number of red blood cells, but also their volume.

ESR

(ESR) is a non-specific indicator of the pathological state of the body. Fine:

• newborns - 0-2 mm / h;
• children under 6 years old - 12-17 mm / h;
• men under 60 - up to 8 mm / h;
• women under 60 - up to 12 mm / h;
• men over 60 years old - up to 15 mm / h;
• women over 60 - up to 20 mm / h.

An increase in ESR occurs when:

• infectious and inflammatory disease;
• collagenoses;
• damage to the kidneys, liver, endocrine disorders;
• pregnancy, postpartum period, menstruation;
• bone fractures;
• surgical interventions;
• anemia;
• oncological diseases.

It can also increase under such physiological conditions as food intake (up to 25 mm/h), pregnancy (up to 45 mm/h).

A decrease in ESR occurs when:

• hyperbilirubinemia;
• increased levels of bile acids;
• chronic circulatory failure;
• erythremia;
• hypofibrinogenemia.

Comparison of the results of a general analysis of capillary and venous blood

Blood tests from a vein are the recognized “gold standard” of laboratory diagnostics for many parameters. However, capillary blood is a commonly used type of biomaterial for complete blood counts. In this regard, the question arises of the equivalence of the results obtained in the study of capillary (K) and venous (V) blood.

A comparative assessment of 25 indicators of the general blood test for different types of biomaterial is presented in the table as the average value of the analysis, :

Indicator, units	n	Blood		Difference		Significance differences
		B, unit	K, unit	(K-V), units	(K-V), % of V
WBC, *10 9 /l	52	6,347	5,845	-0,502 [-0,639; -0,353]	-7,901	W=1312 R MC<0,001
RBC, *10 12 /l	52	4,684	4,647	-0,5	-0,792	W=670 R MC=0.951
HGB, g/l	52	135,346	136,154	0,808	0,597	W=850,5 R MC=0.017
HCT, %	52	41,215	39,763	-1,452	-3,522	W=1254 p MC<0,001
MCV, fl	52	88,115	85,663	-2,452	-2,782	W=1378 p MC<0,001
MCH, pg	52	28,911	29,306	0,394	1,363	W=997 p MC<0,001
MCHC, g/l	52	328,038	342,154	14,115	4,303	W=1378 R MC<0,001
PLT, *10 9 /l	52	259,385	208,442	-50,942	-19,639	W=1314 R MC<0,001
BA, *10 9 /l	52	0,041	0,026	-0,015	-37,089	W=861 R MC<0,001
BA, %	52	0,654	0,446	-0,207	-31,764	W=865,5 R MC<0,001
P-LCR, %	52	31,627	36,109	4,482	14,172	W=1221 R MC<0,001
LY, *10 9 /l	52	2,270	2,049	-0,221	-9,757	W=1203 p MC<0,001
LY, %	52	35,836	35,12	-0,715	-1,996	W=987,5 R MC=0.002
MO, *10 9 /l	52	0,519	0,521	0,002	0,333	W=668,5 R MC=0.583
MO, %	52	8,402	9,119	0,717	8,537	W=1244 R MC<0,001
NE, *10 9 /l	52	3,378	3,118	-0,259	-7,680	W=1264 R MC<0,001
NE, %	52	52,925	52,981	0,056	0,105	W=743 R MC=0.456
PDW	52	12,968	14,549	1,580	12,186	W=1315 R MC<0,001
RDW-CV	52	12,731	13,185	0,454	3,565	W=1378 R MC<0,001
RDW-SD	52	40,967	40,471	-0,496	-1,211	W=979 R MC<0,001
MPV, fl	52	10,819	11,431	0,612	5,654	W=1159 R MC<0,001
PCT, %	52	0,283	0,240	-0,042	-14,966	W=245 R MC<0,001
EO, *10 9 /l	52	0,139	0,131	-0,007	-5,263	W=475 R MC=0.235
EO, %	52	2,183	2,275	0,092	4,229	W=621,5 R MC=0.074
ESR, mm/hour	52	7,529	7,117	-0,412	-5,469	W=156,5 R MC=0.339

All studied 25 parameters were divided into 3 groups: (1) statistically significantly decreasing in capillary blood relative to venous blood, (2) significantly increasing, and (3) not changing:

1) There are eleven indicators in this group, 4 of which are within -5% (HCT, MCV, LY%, RDW-SD) - their CIs are within the limits of the bias of -5% and 0%, but do not cross them. CIs for WBC, LY, NE, and PCT were not within the -5% bias. The indicators of PLT (-19.64%), BA (-37.09%) and BA% (-31.77%) decrease the most.

2) The scores in this group are 7. For MO%, P-LCR, PDW, and MPV, the bias is greater than 5%, but the MPV 95% CI includes a bias value of 5%. The deviations of the remaining 3 indicators of this group (MCH, MCHC, RDW-CV) are less than 5%.

3) There are 7 indicators in this group: RBC, HGB, MO, NE%, EO, EO%, ESR. No statistically significant differences were found for them.

When comparing the results of capillary and venous blood, it is necessary to take into account a significant decrease in the number of basophils and platelets in capillary blood (leads to an increase in the ratio of large platelets, distribution of platelets by volume, average platelet volume and a significant decrease in thrombocrit), as well as a less significant decrease in the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils, which causes some increase in the relative number of monocytes.

Third group parameters (RBC, HGB, MO, NE%, EO, EO%, ESR), along with blood parameters of the first and second groups, whose 95% CI included no more than 5% deviation (HCT, MCV, LY%, RDW -SD, MCH, MCHC, RDW-CV) can be determined in capillary blood under strict adherence to preanalytical rules without any compromise on the accuracy of the clinical assessment.

General blood test norms

Table of normal indicators of the general blood test

Analysis indicator	Norm
Hemoglobin	Men: 130-170 g/l
	Women: 120-150 g/l
RBC count	Men: 4.0-5.0 10 12 / l
	Women: 3.5-4.7 10 12 / l
White blood cell count	Within 4.0-9.0x10 9 /l
Hematocrit (the ratio of the volume of plasma and cellular elements of the blood)	Men: 42-50%
	Women: 38-47%
Average erythrocyte volume	Within 86-98 µm 3
Leukocyte formula	Neutrophils: Segmented forms 47-72% Band forms 1-6% Lymphocytes: 19-37% Monocytes: 3-11% Eosinophils: 0.5-5% Basophils: 0-1%
Platelet count	Within 180-320 10 9 /l
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)	Men: 3 - 10 mm/h
	Women: 5 - 15 mm/h

Norms of a general blood test for children under 1 year old

Index	Age
	newborn	7-30 days	1 – 6 months	6 -12 months
Hemoglobin	180-240	107 - 171	103-141	113-140
red blood cells	3,9-5,5	3,6-6,2	2,7-4,5	3,7-5,3
color index	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15
Reticulocytes	3-15	3-15	3-12	3-12
Leukocytes	8,5-24,5	6,5 -13,8	5,5 – 12,5	6-12
stab	1-17	0,5- 4	0,5- 5	0,5- 5
Segmented	45-80	16-45	16-45	16-45
Eosinophils	1 - 6	1 - 5	1 - 5	1 - 5
Basophils	0 - 1	0 - 1	0 - 1	0 - 1
Lymphocytes	15 - 35	45 - 70	45 - 70	45 - 70
platelets	180-490	180-400	180-400	160-390
ESR	2-4	4-10	4-10	4-12

Norms of a complete blood count for children aged 1 to 12 years

Index	Age
	1-2 years	2-3 years	3-6 years old	6-9 years old	9 -12 years old
Hemoglobin	100 - 140	100 - 140	100 - 140	120 - 150	120 - 150
red blood cells	3,7-5,3	3,9-5,3	3,9-5,3	4,0-5,2	4,0-5,2
color index	0,75-0,96	0,8-1,0	0,8-1,0	0,8-1,0	0,8-1,0
Reticulocytes	0,3-1,2	0,3-1,2	0,3-1,2	0,3-1,2	0,3-1,2
Leukocytes	6,0 - 17,0	4,9-12,3	4,9-12,3	4,9-12,2	4,5-10
stab	1 - 5	1 - 5	1 - 5	1 - 5	1 - 5
Segmented	28 - 48	32 - 55	32 - 55	38 - 58	43 - 60
Eosinophils	1 - 7	1 - 6	1 - 6	1 - 5	1 - 5
Basophils	0 - 1	0 - 1	0 - 1	0 - 1	0 - 1
Lymphocytes	37 - 60	33 - 55	33 - 55	30 - 50	30 - 46
platelets	160-390	160-390	160-390	160-390	160-390
ESR	4-12	4-12	4-12	4-12	4-12

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein containing an iron atom, which is able to attach and carry oxygen. Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells. The amount of hemoglobin is measured in grams/liter (g/l). Determining the amount of hemoglobin is very important, since when its level decreases, the tissues and organs of the whole body experience a lack of oxygen.
The norm of hemoglobin in children and adults age floor Units - g/l Up to 2 weeks 134 - 198 from 2 to 4.3 weeks 107 - 171 from 4.3 to 8.6 weeks 94 - 130 from 8.6 weeks to 4 months 103 - 141 at 4 to 6 months 111 - 141 from 6 to 9 months 114 - 140 from 9 to 1 year 113 - 141 from 1 year to 5 years 100 - 140 from 5 years to 10 years 115 - 145 from 10 to 12 years old 120 - 150 from 12 to 15 years old women 115 - 150 men 120 - 160 from 15 to 18 years old women 117 - 153 men 117 - 166 from 18 to 45 years old women 117 - 155 men 132 - 173 from 45 to 65 years women 117 - 160 men 131 - 172 after 65 years women 120 - 161 men 126 – 174	Causes of an increase in hemoglobin Dehydration (reduced fluid intake, profuse sweating, impaired kidney function, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, excessive vomiting or diarrhea, use of diuretics) Congenital heart or lung defects Lung failure or heart failure Kidney disease (renal artery stenosis, benign kidney tumors) Diseases of the hematopoietic organs (erythremia)
	Low hemoglobin - causes Anemia Leukemia Congenital blood diseases (sickle cell anemia, thalassemia) iron deficiency Vitamin deficiency Depletion of the body blood loss

RBC count

red blood cells are small red blood cells. These are the most numerous blood cells. Their main function is to carry oxygen and deliver it to organs and tissues. Erythrocytes are presented in the form of biconcave discs. Inside the erythrocyte contains a large amount of hemoglobin - the main volume of the red disk is occupied by it.
Normal red blood cell count in children and adults Age indicator x 10 12 / l newborn 3,9-5,5 1st to 3rd day 4,0-6,6 in 1 week 3,9-6,3 in 2 weeks 3,6-6,2 in 1 month 3,0-5,4 at 2 months 2,7-4,9 from 3 to 6 months 3,1-4,5 from 6 months to 2 years 3,7-5,3 from 2 to 6 years 3,9-5,3 from 6 to 12 years old 4,0-5,2 boys aged 12-18 4,5-5,3 girls aged 12-18 4,1-5,1 grown men 4,0-5,0 adult women 3,5-4,7	Causes of a decrease in the level of red blood cells A decrease in the number of red blood cells is called anemia. There are many reasons for the development of this condition, and they are not always associated with the hematopoietic system. Errors in nutrition (food poor in vitamins and protein) blood loss Leukemia (diseases of the hematopoietic system) Hereditary fermentopathies (defects in enzymes that are involved in hematopoiesis) Hemolysis (death of blood cells due to exposure to toxic substances and autoimmune lesions)
	Causes of an increase in the number of red blood cells Dehydration (vomiting, diarrhea, profuse sweating, decreased fluid intake) Erythremia (diseases of the hematopoietic system) Diseases of the cardiovascular or pulmonary system that lead to respiratory and heart failure Renal artery stenosis

Total white blood cell count

Leukocytes These are the living cells of our body that circulate with the bloodstream. These cells exercise immune control. In the event of an infection, damage to the body by toxic or other foreign bodies or substances, these cells fight against damaging factors. The formation of leukocytes occurs in the red bone marrow and in the lymph nodes. Leukocytes are divided into several types: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes. Different types of leukocytes differ in appearance and functions performed during the immune response.
	Causes of an increase in leukocytes Physiological increase in the level of leukocytes After eating After intense physical activity In the second half of pregnancy After vaccination During the period of menstruation Against the backdrop of an inflammatory response Purulent-inflammatory processes (abscess, phlegmon, bronchitis, sinusitis, appendicitis, etc.) Burns and injuries with extensive soft tissue damage After operation During an exacerbation of rheumatism During the oncological process With leukemia or with malignant tumors of various localization, the immune system is stimulated.
	Causes of a decrease in leukocytes Viral and infectious diseases (influenza, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis, sepsis, measles, malaria, rubella, mumps, AIDS) Rheumatic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus) Some types of leukemia Hypovitaminosis The use of anticancer drugs (cytostatics, steroid drugs) Radiation sickness

Hematocrit

Hematocrit- this is the percentage ratio of the volume of the studied blood to the volume occupied by erythrocytes in it. This indicator is calculated as a percentage.
Hematocrit norms in children and adults Age floor % up to 2 weeks 41 - 65 from 2 to 4.3 weeks 33 - 55 4.3 - 8.6 weeks 28 - 42 From 8.6 weeks to 4 months 32 - 44 4 to 6 months 31 - 41 6 to 9 months 32 - 40 9 to 12 months 33 - 41 from 1 year to 3 years 32 - 40 From 3 to 6 years 32 - 42 6 to 9 years old 33 - 41 9 to 12 years old 34 - 43 From 12 to 15 years old women 34 - 44 men 35 - 45 From 15 to 18 years old women 34 - 44 men 37 - 48 From 18 to 45 years old women 38 - 47 men 42 - 50 From 45 to 65 years women 35 - 47 men 39 - 50 after 65 years women 35 - 47 men 37 - 51	Causes of an increase in hematocrit erythremia Heart or respiratory failure Dehydration due to profuse vomiting, diarrhea, extensive burns, diabetes
	Causes of a decrease in hematocrit Anemia kidney failure second half of pregnancy

MCH, MCHC, MCV, color index (CPU)- norm

Color Index (CPU)- this is a classic method for determining the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. At present, it is being gradually replaced by the MSI index in blood tests. These indices reflect the same thing, only they are expressed in different units.

Leukocyte formula

The leukocyte formula is an indicator of the percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood of their total number of leukocytes in the blood (this indicator is discussed in the previous section of the article). The percentage of different types of leukocytes in infectious, blood diseases, oncological processes will change. Due to this laboratory symptom, the doctor may suspect the cause of health problems.

Types of leukocytes, norm

Neutrophils

Neutrophils there can be two types - mature forms, which are also called segmented immature - stab. Normally, the number of stab neutrophils is minimal (1-3% of the total). With the "mobilization" of the immune system, there is a sharp increase (by several times) in the number of immature forms of neutrophils (stab).
The norm of neutrophils in children and adults Age Segmented neutrophils, % Stab neutrophils, % newborns 47 - 70 3 - 12 up to 2 weeks 30 - 50 1 - 5 From 2 weeks to 1 year 16 - 45 1 - 5 1 to 2 years 28 - 48 1 - 5 From 2 to 5 years 32 - 55 1 - 5 From 6 to 7 years old 38 - 58 1 - 5 8 to 9 years old 41 - 60 1 - 5 From 9 to 11 years old 43 - 60 1 - 5 From 12 to 15 years old 45 - 60 1 - 5 From 16 years old and adults 50 - 70 1 - 3	An increase in the level of neutrophils in the blood - this condition is called neutrophilia. Causes of an increase in the level of neutrophils Infectious diseases (tonsillitis, sinusitis, intestinal infection, bronchitis, pneumonia) Infectious processes - abscess, phlegmon, gangrene, traumatic injuries of soft tissues, osteomyelitis Inflammatory diseases of the internal organs: pancreatitis, peritonitis, thyroiditis, arthritis) Heart attack (heart attack, kidney, spleen) Chronic metabolic disorders: diabetes mellitus, uremia, eclampsia Cancer tumors The use of immunostimulating drugs, vaccinations
	Decreased neutrophil levels - a condition called neutropenia Causes of a decrease in the level of neutrophils Infectious diseases: typhoid fever, brucellosis, influenza, measles, varicella (chickenpox), viral hepatitis, rubella) Blood diseases (aplastic anemia, acute leukemia) hereditary neutropenia High thyroid hormone levels Thyrotoxicosis Consequences of chemotherapy Consequences of radiotherapy The use of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral drugs
What is the shift of the leukocyte formula to the left and to the right? Shift of the leukocyte formula to the left means that young, "immature" neutrophils appear in the blood, which are normally present only in the bone marrow, but not in the blood. A similar phenomenon is observed in mild and severe infectious and inflammatory processes (for example, with tonsillitis, malaria, appendicitis), as well as in acute blood loss, diphtheria, pneumonia, scarlet fever, typhus, sepsis, intoxication. ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) is a laboratory analysis that allows you to evaluate the rate of separation of blood into plasma and red blood cells. The essence of the study: erythrocytes are heavier than plasma and leukocytes, therefore, under the influence of gravity, they sink to the bottom of the test tube. In healthy people, erythrocyte membranes are negatively charged and repel each other, which slows down the rate of sedimentation. But during an illness, a number of changes occur in the blood: Content is increasing fibrinogen, as well as alpha and gamma globulins and C-reactive protein. They accumulate on the surface of erythrocytes and cause them to stick together in the form of coin columns; Decreased concentration albumin, which prevents erythrocytes from sticking together; violated blood electrolyte balance. This leads to a change in the charge of red blood cells, due to which they cease to repel. As a result, red blood cells stick together. Clusters are heavier than individual erythrocytes, they sink to the bottom faster, as a result of which erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases. There are four groups of diseases that cause an increase in ESR: infections malignant tumors rheumatological (systemic) diseases kidney disease What you need to know about ESR The definition is not a specific analysis. ESR can increase with numerous diseases that cause quantitative and qualitative changes in plasma proteins. In 2% of patients (even with serious diseases), the ESR level remains normal. ESR increases not from the first hours, but on the 2nd day of the disease. After illness, ESR remains elevated for several weeks, sometimes months. This is evidence of recovery. Sometimes ESR rises to 100 mm/hour in healthy people. ESR rises after eating up to 25 mm / h, so the tests must be taken on an empty stomach. If the temperature in the laboratory is above 24 degrees, then the erythrocyte bonding process is disrupted and the ESR decreases. ESR is an integral part of the general blood test. The essence of the method for determining the erythrocyte sedimentation rate? The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the Westergren technique. It is used by modern laboratories to determine the ESR. But in municipal clinics and hospitals, the Panchenkov method is traditionally used. Westergren's method. Mix 2 ml of venous blood and 0.5 ml of sodium citrate, an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting. The mixture is collected in a thin cylindrical tube up to the level of 200 mm. The test tube is placed vertically in a rack. An hour later, measure in millimeters the distance from the upper border of the plasma to the level of erythrocytes. Often automatic ESR meters are used. ESR unit - mm/hour. Panchenkov's method. Examine capillary blood from a finger. In a glass pipette with a diameter of 1 mm, sodium citrate solution is collected up to the 50 mm mark. It is blown into a test tube. After that, blood is drawn 2 times with a pipette and blown into a test tube to sodium citrate. Thus, a ratio of anticoagulant to blood of 1:4 is obtained. This mixture is collected in a glass capillary to a level of 100 mm and set in a vertical position. The results are evaluated after an hour, as in the Westergren method. The determination according to Westergren is considered a more sensitive technique, therefore the level of ESR is slightly higher than in the study by the Panchenkov method. Reasons for increasing ESR Causes of reduced ESR Menstrual cycle. ESR rises sharply before menstrual bleeding and decreases to normal during menstruation. This is associated with a change in the hormonal and protein composition of the blood at different periods of the cycle. Pregnancy. ESR increases from the 5th week of pregnancy to the 4th week after delivery. The maximum level of ESR reaches 3-5 days after the birth of a child, which is associated with injuries during childbirth. During normal pregnancy, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate can reach 40 mm/h. Physiological (not associated with the disease) fluctuations in the level of ESR newborns. In infants, ESR is low due to low fibrinogen levels and a high number of red blood cells in the blood. Infections and inflammatory processes(bacterial, viral and fungal) infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract: tonsillitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia inflammation of the ENT organs: otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis dental diseases: stomatitis, dental granulomas diseases of the cardiovascular system: phlebitis, myocardial infarction, acute pericarditis urinary tract infections: cystitis, urethritis inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs: adnexitis, prostatitis, salpingitis, endometritis inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: cholecystitis, colitis, pancreatitis, peptic ulcer abscesses and phlegmons tuberculosis connective tissue diseases: collagenoses viral hepatitis systemic fungal infections Reasons for the decrease in ESR: recovering from a recent viral infection astheno-neurotic syndrome, exhaustion of the nervous system: fatigue, lethargy, headaches cachexia - extreme depletion of the body long-term use of glucocorticoids, which led to inhibition of the anterior pituitary gland hyperglycemia - elevated blood sugar levels bleeding disorder severe traumatic brain injury and concussion. Malignant tumors malignant tumors of any localization oncological diseases of the blood Rheumatological (autoimmune) diseases rheumatism rheumatoid arthritis hemorrhagic vasculitis systemic scleroderma systemic lupus erythematosus Taking medications can reduce ESR: salicylates - aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - diclofenac, nemid sulfa drugs - sulfasalazine, salazopyrin immunosuppressants - penicillamine hormonal drugs - tamoxifen, nolvadex vitamin B12 kidney disease pyelonephritis glomerulonephritis nephrotic syndrome chronic renal failure Injuries conditions after surgery spinal cord injury burns Drugs that can cause an increase in ESR: morphine hydrochloride dextran methyldopa vitamin D It must be remembered that uncomplicated viral infections do not cause an increase in ESR. This diagnostic sign helps to determine that the disease is caused by bacteria. Therefore, with an increase in ESR, antibiotics are often prescribed. Slow is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 1-4 mm/h. This reaction occurs when the level of fibrinogen responsible for blood clotting decreases. And also with an increase in the negative charge of erythrocytes as a result of changes in the electrolyte balance of the blood. It should be noted that taking these drugs can cause a falsely low ESR result in bacterial infections and rheumatoid diseases. Biochemical blood test: decoding Some norm values ​​for adults are shown in the table. Index Unit of calculation Valid values Notes Protein total Gram per liter 64-86 In children under 15 years of age, the age norm is lower Albumen Grams per liter or percentage of total protein 35-50 g/l 40-60 % There are separate rules for children. Transferrin Gram per liter 2-4 During pregnancy, the indicators increase, in old age they decrease. ferritin micrograms per liter Men: 20-250 Women: 10-120 For adult men and women, the norms are different Bilirubin total Bilirubin indirect Bilirubin direct micromoles per liter 8,6-20,5 0-4,5 0-15,6 Separate indicators for childhood Alpha fetoprotein Unit per ml 0 Perhaps the physiologically determined appearance of the factor in the 2nd-3rd trimester of gestation Globulin total Percentage 40-60 Rheumatoid factor Unit per ml 0-10 Regardless of age and gender Blood test for sugar and cholesterol: decoding and norm in the table Total cholesterol (Chol); LDL (low density lipoprotein, LDL) or "bad" cholesterol involved in the transport of lipid to organ cells. It is able to accumulate in the blood, provoking the development of life-threatening diseases - atherosclerosis, heart attack, and others; HDL (high-density lipoproteins, HDL) or “good” cholesterol, which cleanses the bloodstream of low-density lipoproteins and reduces the risk of vascular pathologies; Triglycerides (TG) - chemical forms of blood plasma that form, due to interaction with cholesterol, free energy for healthy body activity. total cholesterol Level Index mmol/l <15,8 Border from 5.18 to 6.19 High >6,2 LDL Degree Criterion mmol/l Optimal <2,59 Increased optimal from 2.59 to 3.34 border high from 3.37 to 4.12 High from 4.14 to 4.90 Very tall >4,92 HDL Level Indicator for men mmol/l Indicator for women mmol/l Increased Risk <1,036 <1,29 Protection against cardiovascular diseases >1,55 >1,55 A blood test, decoding in adults, the norm in the table sugar, cholesterol is as follows: For men For women The given transcript of a blood test for cholesterol in adults, the table, clearly shows the average lipid coefficient according to international calculations. Level mg/dl mmol/l Desirable <200 Upper bound 200–239 High 240 and > Optimal slightly elevated 5–6,4 Moderately high 6,5–7,8 Very tall >7,8

Hematocrit is an indicator that reflects how much blood is occupied by red blood cells. The hematocrit is usually expressed as a percentage: for example, a hematocrit (HCT) of 39% means that 39% of the blood volume is represented by red blood cells. Elevated hematocrit occurs with erythrocytosis (increased number of red blood cells in the blood), as well as with dehydration. A decrease in hematocrit indicates anemia (a decrease in the level of red blood cells in the blood), or an increase in the amount of the liquid part of the blood.

The mean volume of a red blood cell allows the doctor to obtain information about the size of the red blood cell. Mean cell volume (MCV) is expressed in femtoliters (fl) or cubic micrometers (µm3). Red blood cells with a small average volume are found in microcytic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, etc. Red blood cells with an increased average volume are found in megaloblastic anemia (anemia that develops when there is a deficiency in the body of vitamin B12 or folic acid).

Platelets are small platelets of blood that are involved in the formation of a blood clot and prevent blood loss when blood vessels are damaged. An increase in the level of platelets in the blood occurs in some blood diseases, as well as after operations, after the removal of the spleen. A decrease in the level of platelets occurs in some congenital blood diseases, aplastic anemia (disruption of the bone marrow that produces blood cells), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (destruction of platelets due to increased activity of the immune system), cirrhosis of the liver, etc.

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is responsible for developing immunity and fighting germs and viruses. The number of lymphocytes in different analyzes can be presented as an absolute number (how many lymphocytes were found), or as a percentage (what percentage of the total number of leukocytes are lymphocytes). The absolute number of lymphocytes is usually denoted LYM# or LYM. The percentage of lymphocytes is referred to as LYM% or LY%. An increase in the number of lymphocytes (lymphocytosis) occurs in some infectious diseases (rubella, influenza, toxoplasmosis, infectious mononucleosis, viral hepatitis, etc.), as well as in blood diseases (chronic lymphocytic leukemia, etc.). A decrease in the number of lymphocytes (lymphopenia) occurs with severe chronic diseases, AIDS, kidney failure, taking certain drugs that suppress the immune system (corticosteroids, etc.).

Granulocytes are white blood cells that contain granules (granular white blood cells). Granulocytes are represented by 3 types of cells: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. These cells are involved in the fight against infections, in inflammatory and allergic reactions. The number of granulocytes in various analyzes can be expressed in absolute terms (GRA#) and as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes (GRA%).

Granulocytes are usually elevated when there is inflammation in the body. A decrease in the level of granulocytes occurs with aplastic anemia (loss of the ability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells), after taking certain medications, as well as with systemic lupus erythematosus (connective tissue disease), etc.

Monocytes are leukocytes that, once in the vessels, soon exit them into the surrounding tissues, where they turn into macrophages (macrophages are cells that absorb and digest bacteria and dead cells of the body). The number of monocytes in various analyzes can be expressed in absolute terms (MON#) and as a percentage of the total number of leukocytes (MON%). An increased content of monocytes occurs in some infectious diseases (tuberculosis, infectious mononucleosis, syphilis, etc.), rheumatoid arthritis, and blood diseases. A decrease in the level of monocytes occurs after major operations, taking drugs that suppress the immune system (corticosteroids, etc.).

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is an indicator that indirectly reflects the content of proteins in the blood plasma. Elevated ESR indicates possible inflammation in the body due to increased levels of inflammatory proteins in the blood. In addition, an increase in ESR occurs with anemia, malignant tumors, etc. A decrease in ESR is rare and indicates an increased content of red blood cells in the blood (erythrocytosis), or other blood diseases.

It should be noted that some laboratories indicate other standards in the test results, which is due to the presence of several methods for calculating indicators. In such cases, the interpretation of the results of a general blood test is carried out according to specified standards.

In addition to deciphering a blood test, you can also make transcripts of urine and feces tests.

Each of us at least once in our lives had to take it for analysis. Therefore, everyone knows how this process takes place. But there are times when we do not know everything about what can and cannot be done before the analysis. A few words about this.

Important Rules

So, refrain from taking X-ray studies and physiological procedures before laboratory tests. The indicators will be affected by excessive mental stress and medication the day before, especially intravenously or intramuscularly. If these simple rules are not followed, the results may be erroneous and lead to an incorrect diagnosis.

So, get a good night's sleep and come to the lab on an empty stomach. Don't forget to calm down in front of the fence.

Learning to interpret results

The ABC of blood is not so complicated. But for many, normal indicators are a mystery. How can you read them correctly? What should you pay attention to first?

Here and now we will deal with the forms, with the columns, which list some elements with numbers.

General blood analysis

So, you already have the knowledge, but it is certainly impossible to prescribe treatment for yourself, adjusting the indicators to the norm.

It should be remembered that our body is a wise system. And in collaboration with an experienced doctor, it will be easier to adjust all its functions. A mirror of blood will greatly help in this.

A complete blood count (CBC) is a method of laboratory blood testing, which is included in the list of mandatory measures during the primary diagnosis. UAC allows you to identify signs of latent and sluggish inflammatory processes, anemia, to evaluate the quantitative indicators of blood cells. To make it easier for the patient to understand whether everything is in order with his health, we publish tables below in which the results of the general blood test are deciphered depending on the sex and age of the person and the blood counts are normal in adults.

What is a complete blood count

KLA allows you to evaluate the quantitative indicators of blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), as well as determine the leukocyte formula - an indicator of the percentage of different types of leukocytes in relation to the total number of leukocytes in the blood. A detailed blood test also allows you to measure the erythrocyte sedimentation rate - an indicator that displays the ratio of plasma protein components, which is a non-specific laboratory characteristic.

Indications for appointment

A detailed blood test is included in the list of necessary studies for most diseases. Its appointment is also necessary to assess the state of health and the functioning of vital organs in people who refuse annual medical examinations or rarely go to medical institutions for preventive care.

The study of quantitative indicators of blood components is also necessary for the following diseases:
• pathology of the heart and blood vessels;
• infectious and inflammatory processes in the respiratory system, genitourinary system, gastrointestinal tract;
• injuries and ruptures of internal organs;
• chronic allergic reactions;
• helminthic invasions and helminthiases;
• diseases of the digestive and hepatobiliary system (cirrhosis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, bile duct dyskinesia, gastritis, etc.);
• pathology of the musculoskeletal system (as part of an auxiliary diagnostic complex).

KLA is of great importance in the diagnosis of anemia, a hematological disease in which the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood decreases and the transport of iron to organs and tissues is disrupted. Simultaneously with a decrease in hemoglobin in anemia, a decrease in the volume of erythrocyte mass is often noted, which makes it possible to diagnose pathology in almost 70% of cases without resorting to additional diagnostic methods.

How is it carried out

For a detailed clinical blood test, both capillary and venous blood can be used. The “gold standard” in most medical institutions is the sampling of capillary biomaterial, that is, blood is taken from a finger in almost all hospitals. The sampling is carried out using disposable sterile needles and double-sided vacuum tubes.

Before testing, the patient must make sure that the nurse or other medical worker performing the sampling put on clean disposable gloves and removed the needle from the disposable package (all packages must be opened strictly in the presence of the patient). It is important to remember that testing rooms are sources of increased risk of infection with syphilis, hepatitis and other infectious diseases that are transmitted during contact with the blood of an infected person.

Blood is taken on an empty stomach within 2-4 hours after waking up. It is advisable not to eat or drink anything in the morning. If you are very thirsty, you can moisten your lips or rinse your mouth with water. If you want to drink very much, you can drink a small amount of clean water (no more than 50-100 ml). It is forbidden to smoke, chew gum, rinse your mouth with mouthwash and drink any drinks other than water 2-3 hours before visiting the treatment room.

If a person is constantly taking any drugs (for example, blood pressure pills, sugar-lowering drugs), it is necessary to warn the medical worker who will take the material, so that the specialist can make the necessary adjustments during the evaluation of the indicators.

Deciphering indicators of analysis and norms

The main indicators of a detailed (general blood test) are listed below, and their decoding is given so that a person can independently navigate the results obtained.

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Hemoglobin, designation in analyzes as Hb. The level of hemoglobin is one of the most important indicators of the functioning of the hematopoietic system and the whole organism as a whole. Hemoglobin is a complex iron-containing protein that is the main component of red blood cells and is necessary for the transfer of oxygen molecules to organs.

If the amount of hemoglobin in the peripheral blood decreases, a person develops chronic hypoxia (oxygen starvation). It is hypoxia that is considered one of the main factors in the development of heart failure, coronary disease, brain pathologies and neurological disorders.

The physiological norm of hemoglobin for adult women is from 120 to 140 g / l. During pregnancy, this figure may be slightly less - from 110 to 130 g / l. The amount of hemoglobin in the blood in men is 10-20% more than in women of the same age, and is about 135-180 g / l. The norm of hemoglobin in men and women by age is shown in the tables below.

Distortion of the results is possible if a person smokes or does not follow the drinking regime - in this case, hemoglobin may be increased. An increase in iron-containing proteins is also possible in chronic leukemia. If the hemoglobin level in an adult is higher than 160-180 g / l, differential diagnosis with malignant blood pathologies is indicated.

Red blood cells (RBC)

RBC in a blood test what is it? Red blood cells are called erythrocytes, which are involved in the processes of biological oxidation and ensure the transfer of oxygen to cells and organs. The erythrocyte mass is a uniform component of the blood, and its volume is the maximum among other elements.

Most of all in the human blood is erythrocytes. Look at the photo of a hypodermic needle with blood particles (mostly red blood cells) under an electron microscope:

In senile men, the level of red blood cells can range from 3.1 to 5.17 * 10 12 / l.

The average volume of erythrocytes is lowered what does it mean

The mean volume of erythrocytes is referred to as HCT/RBC.

A decrease in the average volume of erythrocytes is often observed in pregnant women, as well as in persons with chronic blood loss, which include:
• menstrual bleeding;
• nosebleeds;
• bleeding gums;
• vaginal spotting with endometriosis;
• uterine bleeding on the background of endometrial hyperplasia.

Some therapies, such as fluid infusion or forced diuresis, also affect red blood cell counts.

The average volume of erythrocytes is increased what does it mean

This situation may be a variant of the norm if the patient is taking steroid drugs (glucocorticosteroid hormones) or diuretic drugs. With burns of 1 and 2 degrees, functional diarrhea, accumulation of fluid in the renal pelvis, the average values ​​of HCT / RBC are always increased.

If the level of erythrocytes exceeds the norm for three studies in a row, a consultation with an oncologist is included in the complex of secondary diagnostics.

Leukocytes

Leukocytes - a designation in the WBC blood test. Leukocytes are called blood cells that are formed in the bone marrow and lymphatic fluid, which do not have an independent color (therefore, leukocytes are called white blood cells).

An increase in white blood cells in the blood is called leukocytosis and may be a manifestation of the following diseases:
• purulent-inflammatory processes (tonsillitis, sepsis, appendicitis);
• viral and bacterial infections;
• malignant tumors;
• necrosis of areas of the myocardium, which develops as a result of ischemic damage to its tissues;
• malignant tumors.

A decrease in leukocytes is characteristic of typhoid fever, bone marrow hypoplasia, acute leukemia and anaphylactic conditions.

In pregnant women, leukocytosis occurs mainly after 30 weeks. A slight excess of physiological parameters is permissible during lactation and after physical exertion (such leukocytosis is called physiological).

Hematocrit

The hematocrit number is the volume of red blood cells, defined as the total ratio of all blood cells to its total volume. Almost 98.7% of the hematocrit is erythrocytes. Therefore, the concept of hematocrit is often understood as the ratio of erythrocyte mass to the volume of circulating blood.

An increase in hematocrit is often associated with diseases of the renal system, blood pathologies and acute oxygen starvation. Dehydration, burns can also lead to an increase in hematocrit.

Deviation from the norm to a smaller side is characteristic of anemia. Persons who consume large amounts of protein, pregnant women, infants are at risk for a possible decrease in hematocrit.

After 50 years, the physiological norm decreases by about 3-8%.

The volumetric ratio of erythrocyte mass and the volume of circulating blood depends on the age of the child.

MCH

MCH in a blood test what is it? The obsolete name for the MCH indicator is the color index (CPI) - the degree of saturation of erythrocyte cells with hemoglobin. In pathological conditions, for example, infectious or, there is almost always a simultaneous change in the quantitative indicators of hemoglobin and erythrocytes.

MCHC

What is MCHC in a blood test? If the patient sees in the conclusion of a blood test that the MCHC level is abnormal, it is necessary to find out what it is and how such a clinic can affect health. This indicator determines the degree of saturation of erythrocytes with hemoglobin in the erythrocyte mass, and not in circulating blood. A decrease in MCHC is one of the main clinical signs of diseases of the hematopoietic system.

MCV

What is MCV in a blood test? MCV defines the average volume of erythrocytes in cubic micrometers.

Platelets (PLT)

Platelets are called small platelets of a flat shape, without color and formed in megakaryocytes - "giant" cells of the spinal cord with a large nucleus. The main function of platelets is the formation of a primary plug, which closes the site of the damaged area when the blood vessels are damaged. In a healthy person, platelets accelerate key plasma coagulation reactions.

What is MPV in a blood test? MPV is the mean platelet volume determined from a platelet distribution histogram.

Thrombocrit above normal what does it mean? Thrombocrit is the number of platelets (MPV in a blood test, which can be either above or below normal.

The average platelet volume is low what does it mean

About what it means if the average platelet volume is lowered (denoted as MPV), people who are at risk for developing diseases of the thyroid gland, heart, and blood vessels need to know. Such a clinical picture can be observed in oncological diseases, iron deficiency anemia, pathologies of the hematopoietic system. Some kidney diseases (for example, glomerulonephritis, an autoimmune, infectious, or allergic inflammation of the renal glomeruli) are also accompanied by a decrease in the average platelet volume. A physiological decrease in MPV is observed in pregnant women and nursing mothers.

If the average platelet volume is significantly below the physiological norm for several studies in a row, oncological diseases may be the cause, so such patients must be consulted by an oncologist.

The average platelet volume is increased what does it mean

When a patient hears that he has an increased average platelet volume, you should not panic: first you need to figure out what this means and how dangerous it can be to health.

The following pathologies can lead to an increase in MPV in patients of any age:
• various forms of anemia;
• helminthic invasion;
• infectious and inflammatory diseases;
• malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.

In some diseases of the hematopoietic system in the blood, there may also be a significant increase in the average volume of platelets.

Leukocyte formula

There are 5 types of leukocytes circulating in human blood. The indicator of their percentage in relation to the total to the total number of leukocytes in the blood is called the leukocyte formula. Of great importance is the decoding of the leukocyte blood count in children, since any deviations from the norm in childhood may indicate latent or sluggish inflammatory processes or tumor formations that occur without pronounced symptoms in the early stages.

A shift of the leukocyte formula (leukogram) to the left is observed with an increase in the number of immature neutrophils in the peripheral blood and the appearance of myelocytes. If the leukogram is shifted to the right, it means that the number of stab neutrophils in the blood counts is reduced, the number of hypersegmented nuclear neutrophils is increased. A shift of the leukocyte formula to the right can occur after blood transfusion and infusion of plasma solutions, as well as in kidney diseases and megaloblastic anemia.

Neutrophils

The main function of neutrophils is the formation of immunity, therefore this type of leukocytes is conventionally called microphages. They have detoxification, antioxidant and bactericidal activity and are involved in the formation of the immune response in infectious diseases provoked by pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria.

The norm of neutrophils in children:

A decrease in eosinophils indicates acute infectious diseases, inflammatory processes in the abdominal organs, and blood poisoning. A significant deviation from the norm is observed within 16 hours after the onset, surgery, burn or traumatic shock.

Intravenous or intramuscular administration of antibiotics can distort the results of the analysis, so the leukocyte formula should be evaluated 10-14 days after the end of treatment.

Monocytes

Monocytes are agranulocytes from the system of phagocytic mononuclear cells (macrophages) - long-lived cells, the properties and functions of which have much in common with neutrophils. They remove old, destroyed and dying cells, antigen complexes and altered native protein molecules from the body.

Basophils

Basophils are called leukocytes involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions. Their increase almost always indicates blood diseases, allergies (including skin pathologies of an allergic nature), ulcerative, acute infectious processes, or endocrine disorders.

A decrease in basophils can be the result of chronic stress, long-term radiation exposure, or an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are a type of leukocyte, the main cells of the immune system, which are part of agranulocytes and provide the production of antibodies necessary for the formation of an immune response when exposed to pathogens. The norm of lymphocytes in women and men is no different by age and is presented in the table below.

The percentage of lymphocytes in the blood of a healthy person should be about 40% of the total leukocyte mass.

ESR

ESR refers to non-specific laboratory parameters that reflect the ratio of plasma protein fractions, and stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate. ESR increases due to an increase in the level of globulin and fibrinogen. Similar changes occur in the presence of inflammatory processes in the body, with prolonged fasting, non-compliance with the drinking regime, taking certain medications, and intense physical exertion.

ESR indicators depend not only on gender, but also on the age of the person.

In infants after birth, ESR is low due to a large number of red blood cells in the blood and a decrease in fibrinogen levels.

At the age of 27 days of life to two years, an increase in the indicator is considered the norm. At this age, ESR can reach 12-17 mm / h.

A complete blood count is the most important element of primary diagnosis, necessary for the early detection of existing disorders and the initial stages of inflammatory processes.

Donate blood at least once a year. People who are at risk for any pathologies or have chronic diseases should check their blood counts 2 to 4 times a year.

Author of the article: Sergey Vladimirovich, an adherent of reasonable biohacking and an opponent of modern diets and rapid weight loss. I will tell you how a man aged 50+ to remain fashionable, handsome and healthy, how to feel 30 at his fifty. about the author.