Overheating and hypothermia Overheating can be judged by the following signs: bright pink color of the skin, which becomes moist, an increase in body temperature noticeable to the touch (sometimes up to 39–40 ° C), very restless or lethargic behavior of the baby, and frequent bowel movements. IN

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Overheating of the body (hyperthermia) is a condition that occurs under the influence of high environmental temperatures and factors that impede heat transfer, which leads to increased heat content in the body.

The group of heat injuries that can be considered as threatening conditions include heat stroke, heat collapse, heat cramps, heat exhaustion due to dehydration, heat exhaustion due to desalination (loss of salts), transient heat fatigue, heat edema of the feet and legs.

As a rule, all these lesions occur during strenuous physical work under conditions of high ambient temperature or intense insolation. They occur differently in patients with different adaptations to thermal load and different (in terms of volume, rate of drinking and composition of the liquid consumed) water regimes.

Excess thermal energy leaves the body in two main ways: evaporation of moisture from the surface of the body and through the respiratory tract.
With hyperthermia, as a rule, there is no primary violation of thermoregulation. In this situation, excessive heat accumulation occurs as a result of difficult heat transfer.

Among all the injuries caused by high temperature, heat stroke occupies a special place. In this pathological condition, the functions of many organs and systems are affected.

In case of heat stroke, the leading factor causing the accumulation of excess heat in the victim’s body is the convection heat of the environment.

The genesis of heat stroke is a violation of thermoregulation with the accumulation of heat in the body above the physiological limit, insufficient sweating and acute cardiac weakness. The development of acute cardiac weakness is determined by the high energy costs of the affected organism due to hyperthermia, hypovolemia, and hypokalemia. Hypovolemia develops due to uncompensated loss of fluid through the skin and kidneys (polyuria). In combination with cardiac weakness, this leads to profound disorders of hemodynamics and microcirculation, up to the development of thrombohemorrhagic syndrome and intravascular coagulation disorders.

Heat stroke often develops in young, unadapted individuals, in elderly people with chronic diseases, during diuretin therapy, and sometimes in army recruits.

Clinic

The clinical picture of heat stroke is characterized by profound disturbances of consciousness. Motor agitation, delirium, and hallucinations are possible. The victim's face and conjunctiva are hyperemic. The skin is dry, hot, “burning.” Body temperature in the axillary areas is above 410C. Breathing is rapid and shallow. The pulse is frequent, thread-like, blood pressure is reduced. On auscultation, very dull heart sounds are heard.

Characteristic polyuria (up to 4 liters of urine per day in an adult affected person). Damage to the central nervous system progresses to the development of a deep coma. The pupils are dilated. Abdominal and tendon reflexes are weakened. Convulsions and involuntary urination are possible. With an increase in central respiratory disorders (Cheyne-Stokes type breathing) and deepening hemodynamic disorders, death occurs.

Urgent Care

Do not administer adrenaline or drugs; hydrate the patient, but not excessively.

Sakrut V.N., Kazakov V.N.

HEAT STROKE is a pathological condition caused by general overheating of the body as a result of exposure to external thermal factors. The main cause of overheating is thermoregulation disorder.

Normal functioning of the human body is possible at a temperature of its internal organs and blood of about 37 ° C, while temperature fluctuations should not exceed 1.5 ° C. The operation of the thermoregulation system largely depends on the functioning of thermoreceptors - nerve formations specifically sensitive to changes in environmental temperature . The majority of thermoreceptors are in the skin of the face, with fewer on the torso and legs. There are “heat” and “cold” thermoreceptors. At increase in ambient temperature, direct action of thermal radiation or an increase in the body's heat production (muscle work), thermoregulation is carried out using reactions of changes in heat transfer. The thermoregulation system responds to changes in the sum of the temperatures of the central and peripheral points of the body and the main object of its regulation is the average Body temperature, which is maintained with high precision. In the temperature comfort zone (28-30°C for a naked person), the vascular thermoregulatory response develops when the average body temperature changes by only 0.1°C or less. Moreover, any conditions that impede heat transfer (high humidity and still air) or increase heat production (physical stress, increased nutrition) are factors contributing to overheating.

Overheating of the body (hyperthermia) is a condition characterized by a violation of the thermal balance, an increase in the body's heat content. The main route of heat transfer during human hyperthermia is the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the body and through the respiratory tract. Overheating of the human body is observed in industries with high ambient temperatures or in conditions that impede heat transfer from the surface of the body, as well as in areas with a hot climate.

Symptoms of Heat Stroke: mild degree:

general weakness;

headache;

increased heart rate and breathing;

pupil dilation.

Necessary measures: remove from the overheated area, provide assistance.

Average degree:

severe adynamia;

severe headache with nausea and vomiting;

stunned;

uncertainty of movements;

unsteady gait;

at times fainting;

increased heart rate and breathing;

increase in body temperature to 39 - 40 C.

Heavy form of heatstroke develops suddenly. The face is hyperemic, later pale cyanotic. There have been cases of changes in consciousness from mild to coma, clonic and tonic convulsions, delirium, hallucinations, increased body temperature to 41 - 42 C, and cases of sudden death. The severity of overheating of the body depends not only on the magnitude of the ambient temperature, but also on the duration of its impact on the human body.

Necessary measures:

eliminate thermal effects;

remove the victim from the overheated zone;

lay in an open area in the shade;

inhalation of ammonia vapor from cotton wool;

free from outer clothing;

wetting the face with cold water, patting the chest with a wet towel;

put a bottle of cold water on your head;

frequent plowing;

call an ambulance.

Overheating of the body is accompanied by increased sweating with a significant loss of water and salts from the body, which leads to thickening of the blood, an increase in its viscosity, obstruction of blood circulation and tissue hypoxia.

Necessary treatment for signs of heat stroke: expose the victim. Place ice or containers of ice water on the area of ​​large vessels. Inject intramuscularly 1-2 ml of a 2.5% solution of diprazine (pipolfen) or 1 ml of a 0.5% solution of diazepam (Seduxen, Relanium) to avoid muscle tremors when warming up (shivering can further increase hyperthermia). Inject 1-2 ml of 25% analgin solution intravenously. In case of severe hyperthermia, it may be necessary to administer antipsychotics as part of so-called lytic cocktails: an antihistamine, a non-narcotic analgesic, a sedative, an antipsychotic. Start intravenous drip administration of 0.9% sodium chloride solution or other saline crystalloid solution. In the first 2-3 hours, it is necessary to administer up to 1000 ml of solution, correcting the level of blood electrolytes, especially K+ and Ca++. If cardiac activity drops, cardiac glycosides (for example, digoxin 0.025% - 1 ml) or inhalation of isadrin through an inhaler are prescribed. Start oxygen inhalation.

Prevention of heat stroke: on hot days with high humidity, it is advisable to go out into the open air until 10 - 11 o'clock in the afternoon, later it is possible to stay in a green area in the shade of trees, stay outside only in a hat, move the main meal to the evening hours, instead of water you can use acidified or sweetened tea, rice or cherry decoction, bread kvass, limit fatty and protein foods, avoid alcoholic beverages, clothing should be light, loose, made of cotton fabrics, for constant evaporation of sweat. Limiting the use of cosmetics and creams as they interfere with the normal functioning of the skin.

SUN STROKE is a condition that occurs due to severe overheating of the head by direct sunlight, under the influence of which the cerebral blood vessels dilate and rush of blood to the head, cerebral edema.

Symptoms: facial hyperemia, shortness of breath, tachycardia, fever, profuse sweating. Sometimes nasal bleeding, loss of consciousness, the occurrence of convulsive syndrome.

Necessary actions in case of sunstroke: the patient must be placed in the shade or in a cool room. Lay horizontally, legs raised. Unfasten your clothes and trouser belt. Spray cold water on your face. Cool your head, for which you can use a cooling thermal pack available in a standard car first aid kit. Wipe your entire body with a wet towel. A good effect is achieved by inhaling ammonia vapor. If conscious, give cold water to drink.

To prevent sunstroke, it is recommended to: walk for up to 11 hours with a mandatory hat. The clothes are light, made of cotton fabrics. Avoid standing for long periods of time in direct sunlight. Limit unnecessary physical activity (competitions, long walks). Eliminate emotional stress. Diet: vegetable and fruit dishes, limit fatty foods, excessive amounts of meat products. Drink up to 1.5 - 2 liters of liquid: cool tea, fruit drink, juices, kvass.

Hyperthermia, overheating, is a state of the body in conditions of high ambient temperature when heat generation exceeds the heat output of the body, accompanied by an increase in body temperature and dysfunction of the vital systems of the body, especially the central nervous system.

Hyperthermia, overheating of the body, symptoms, first aid. Heatstroke. Burns.

The body's main reaction is aimed at preventing overheating by increasing heat transfer - skin vessels dilate, heart rate and breathing increase, blood flow increases, sweating increases, etc. With intense physical work, sweating can amount to 5-6 liters per day, even in the cold. In high temperature conditions, sweating can reach 10-12 liters per day.

The heat accumulated in the body adversely affects, first of all, the central nervous system. Protein denaturation occurs, thermal oxygen starvation of the brain develops, and due to large loss of water through sweat, blood viscosity increases. Death can occur from paralysis of vital centers of the brain and acute adrenal insufficiency.

Degrees of hyperthermia (overheating):

1. Mild hyperthermia - body temperature rises to 37.5-38.9 degrees. Complaints of weakness, malaise, dizziness, nausea, severe thirst. The skin is red, covered with perspiration, the pulse and breathing are rapid. The symptoms of mild overheating disappear within a few hours when the victim is placed in a cool room.

2. Moderate hyperthermia - body temperature rises to 39-40 degrees. Headache, tinnitus, muscle weakness, flickering in the eyes, speech disorder, and blackouts occur. The pulse quickens to 120-130 beats per minute, blood pressure decreases, breathing is rapid and shallow, the skin is red, and cyanosis of the lips is evident. With timely exit from the overheating zone and appropriate treatment, body temperature gradually decreases and within 2-3 days, body functions are restored.

3. Hyperthermia, a severe form of overheating, is characterized by heat stroke. Loss of consciousness occurs, temperature is over 40 degrees, pulse is over 140 beats per minute, blood pressure decreases, the skin is pale and dry. There may be seizures, vomiting, and involuntary urination. Death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory and vasomotor centers.

Heatstroke.

Occurs when the body overheats and heat transfer decreases. It can occur during prolonged physical stress and at high ambient temperatures while simultaneously limiting fluid intake, since in this case sweating sharply decreases. Overheating is also facilitated by low air permeability and poor ventilation, for example, made of synthetic materials, as well as the lack of wind and high humidity in hot weather.

First pre-medical aid for hyperthermia.

It consists of removing the victim from the overheated zone, wiping the skin with cool water, applying ice packs to the inguinal and axillary areas, and drinking plenty of cold drinks. It is necessary to replenish the loss of electrolytes, mainly sodium (table salt) and potassium (mineral water, raisins, dried apricots, bananas). If possible, it is necessary to administer saline solutions intravenously, for headaches - analgin, for convulsions and agitation - sedatives.

Direct and prolonged exposure to sunlight on an uncovered head causes congestion of the cerebral vessels, and subsequently loss of consciousness. First, dizziness, headache, darkening of the eyes, excruciating thirst, nausea, and then vomiting begin. At the first appearance of these signs, it is urgent to cover your head with something or find shade, since with a progressive condition it is no longer possible to help yourself on your own. The signs of heatstroke are similar to those of the sun, and therefore first aid boils down to creating the same conditions: shade, coolness, a cold compress on the head, plenty of fluids and rest.

Burns.

May be caused by hot liquids, vapors, gases or strong solar radiation. The intensity of burns depends on the temperature and duration of exposure. There is no point in talking about the degrees of burns and their classification, since in an extreme situation this will still not bring relief to the victim. Minor burns cause pain and a burning sensation in the affected area. With burns of large areas of the body, in addition to local symptoms, general symptoms also occur: headache, loss of cardiac activity, general weakness or anxiety, and sometimes convulsions. The temperature is rising.

When a fire burns, the first thing that catches fire is the clothing that needs to be extinguished. The best thing to do is to throw yourself on the ground and try to put out the fire by rolling on the ground. If there is a body of water nearby, you need to throw yourself into the water. Then immediately remove clothes and, if there are no burns on the body, extinguish the smoldering areas of clothing with earth, sand or water. But if the body is affected, then everything depends on the degree of damage. To reduce the consequences, and sometimes even completely remove minor burns, you can use your own urine, generously moistening the affected areas of the body with it.

Under no circumstances should you pierce the blisters or remove the thin burnt surface of the skin! The best healing occurs in an open way, when a bandage is not applied to the burned area, but medicinal herbs and wound-healing herbs are used: plantain, coltsfoot, sphagnum, Icelandic lichen, nettle, cudweed, saranka, willowherb, moss, yarrow and etc. The crust that forms on the burned areas after some time will well protect the burned surface from infection by pyogenic bacteria. When the temperature rises, it is advisable to drink a lot.

Attention! Under no circumstances should burns be lubricated with any oils. Ointments and oils are used at the final stages of burn treatment.

Based on materials from the book “Encyclopedia of Survival.”
Chernysh I. V.

Heatstroke– a pathological condition caused by general overheating of the body as a result of exposure to external thermal factors. The main cause of overheating is thermoregulation disorder.

Overheating of the body (hyperthermia) is a condition characterized by an imbalance in heat balance, an increase in the body’s heat content. The main route of heat transfer during human hyperthermia is the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the body and through the respiratory tract. Overheating of the human body is observed in industries with high ambient temperatures or in conditions that impede heat transfer from the surface of the body, as well as in areas with a hot climate.

Symptoms of Heat Stroke:

A) mild degree:

• general weakness;
• headache;
• nausea;
• increased heart rate and breathing;
• pupil dilation.

Necessary measures: remove from the overheated area, provide assistance.

B) Average degree:

• severe adynamia;
• severe headache with nausea and vomiting;
• stunned;
• uncertainty of movements;
• unsteady gait;
• at times fainting;
• increased heart rate and breathing;
• increase in body temperature to 39 - 40 C.

B) Severe heat stroke develops suddenly .

The face is hyperemic, later pale cyanotic. There have been cases of changes in consciousness from mild to coma, convulsions, delirium, hallucinations, increased body temperature to 41 - 42 C, and cases of sudden death. The severity of overheating of the body depends not only on the magnitude of the ambient temperature, but also on the duration of its impact on the human body.

Necessary measures:

• eliminate thermal effects;
• remove the victim from the overheated zone;
• lay in an open area in the shade;
• inhalation of ammonia vapor from cotton wool;
• free from outer clothing;
• wetting the face with cold water, patting the chest with a wet towel;
• put a bottle of cold water on your head;
• frequent plowing;
• call an ambulance.

Overheating of the body is accompanied by increased sweating with a significant loss of water and salts from the body, which leads to thickening of the blood, an increase in its viscosity, obstruction of blood circulation and tissue hypoxia.

Necessary treatment for signs of heat stroke: expose the victim. Place ice or containers of ice water on the area of ​​large vessels.

Prevention of heat stroke: on hot days with high humidity, it is advisable to go out into the open air until 10 - 11 o’clock in the afternoon, later it is possible to stay in a green area in the shade of trees, stay outside only in a hat, move the main meal to the evening hours, instead of water you can use acidified or sweetened tea, rice or cherry decoction, bread kvass, limit fatty and protein foods, avoid alcoholic beverages, clothing should be light, loose, made of cotton fabrics, for constant evaporation of sweat. Limiting the use of cosmetics and creams as they interfere with the normal functioning of the skin.

Sunstroke- a condition that occurs due to severe overheating of the head by direct sunlight, under the influence of which the cerebral blood vessels dilate and rush of blood to the head, cerebral edema.

Symptoms: facial hyperemia, shortness of breath, tachycardia, fever, profuse sweating. Sometimes nasal bleeding, loss of consciousness, the occurrence of convulsive syndrome.

Necessary actions in case of sunstroke: the patient must be placed in the shade or in a cool room. Lay horizontally, legs raised. Unfasten your clothes and trouser belt. Spray cold water on your face. Cool your head, for which you can use a cooling thermal pack available in a standard car first aid kit. Wipe your entire body with a wet towel. A good effect is achieved by inhaling ammonia vapor. If conscious, give cold water to drink.

To prevent sunstroke, it is recommended to: walk for up to 11 hours with a mandatory hat. The clothes are light, made of cotton fabrics. Avoid standing for long periods of time in direct sunlight. Limit unnecessary physical activity (competitions, long walks). Eliminate emotional stress. In the diet - vegetable and fruit dishes, limit fatty foods, excessive amounts of meat products. Drink up to 1.5 - 2 liters of liquid: cool tea, fruit drink, juices, kvass.