It involves lifestyle changes and the elimination of risk factors for diabetes and preventive measures only in individuals or groups at high risk for diabetes in the future. - prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus - this is an early control of the disease, preventing its progression, and maintaining a stable compensation for diabetes mellitus, preventing the development of complications.

Prevention of diabetes mellitus at the national level requires the joint efforts of many public institutions, and not just health. However, health authorities play a leading role in raising public awareness about diabetes. Due to the heterogeneity of diabetes mellitus, differentiated approaches to primary prevention are needed. One of the most important measures for the prevention of diabetes is the prevention and treatment of obesity. In families with unfavorable heredity for diabetes, it is necessary to limit the intake of carbohydrate-rich foods and be very careful about diet. To identify early forms of the disease, it is necessary to examine the blood for sugar in relatives of patients, since the predisposition to diabetes is inherited.

Early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is of great importance in prevention. "Disease is easier to prevent than to cure." No less important is the identification of its hidden forms, when following the right diet (limiting bread to 300 g, sugar - up to 1-2 pieces, prohibition of sweets and overeating) can prevent the development of diabetes. Subject to the correct lifestyle, work, rest and diet, with systematic treatment, patients with diabetes mellitus are practically healthy people.

Secondary prevention of diabetes

Monthly examinations help to identify complications of diabetes in the early stages, to prevent their further progression. Firm observance of the regime gives good health, cheerful mood and constant work capacity. A patient with diabetes mellitus should be conscious of following the doctor's instructions, be familiar with the main signs of the disease, with the principles of diet and treatment with insulin and other drugs. In no case should you set a diet for yourself, determine the dose and time of insulin injections. It is necessary to know what signs characterize developing hypoglycemia in order to take the necessary measures in a timely manner. The patient should be well aware of the signs of diabetic coma and familiarize their relatives with them so that they can take the necessary measures if necessary. A person with diabetes is advised to learn how to inject insulin. You must always carry your diabetic passport with you.

For good health, a strict daily routine is of particular importance. It is recommended to go to bed early, eat only at certain hours. Moderate walks, frequent exposure to fresh air are very useful. Patients, especially those who do little physical labor, are useful (as directed by the doctor) physical exercises. Physical labor is not only not contraindicated, but, on the contrary, is useful, as it helps to improve metabolism. Overwork, overstrain, as well as excessive overload, can adversely affect the state of health, lead to an increase in sugar excreted in the urine. The quality of life, its usefulness or a lot of problems and limitations in a patient with diabetes mellitus depend only on him.

The leading role in the prevention of diabetes belongs to the patient himself, who must consciously and flexibly carry out diet therapy, lead a healthy lifestyle, including getting rid of bad habits, carefully take drugs selected together with the doctor with constant self-monitoring of blood sugar and urine, protein in urine .

Diabetes Prevention Research

A sedentary lifestyle and overeating are the main reasons that type 2 diabetes has become epidemic throughout the world. Therefore, for the prevention of type 2 diabetes, first of all, it is necessary to reduce body weight and increase physical activity.

A Study on the Role of Weight Loss and Increased Physical Activity in Diabetes Prevention

It should be noted that there is a clear benefit of lifestyle modification over drug treatment for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.

The Diabetes Prevention Study in Finland showed that weight loss and increased physical activity in obese patients with prediabetes (impaired carbohydrate tolerance and/or fasting hyperglycemia) over 7 years resulted in a 57% reduction in diabetes incidence. .

For the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the following recommendations were used: 1) weight loss by 5% from baseline; 2) restriction of fats to 30% of the total caloric intake, 3) consumption of foods containing dietary fiber> 15 g per 1000 kcal/day, exercise 30 minutes daily.

The results of the Chinese study Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: the use of a low-calorie diet and increased physical activity for 6 years led to a decrease in type 2 diabetes by 51%.

Study on the role of lifestyle changes and the drug metformin in the prevention of diabetes

The American Diabetes Prevention Program study examined the effects of lifestyle changes and the use of metformin in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. This study included patients with prediabetes and a body mass index > 24 kg/m2.

Physical exercises for 30 minutes a day 5 times a week; hypocaloric diet allowed to reduce body weight by 7%. After 2.8 years, these preventive measures were shown to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes by 58%.

In the group of patients treated with metformin, there was a decrease in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus by 31%. Study participants were followed up for another 5.7 years. In the group of patients with lifestyle changes, there was a decrease in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by 34%, and in the metformin group by 18%.

In addition, the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 2 years later in the metformin-treated patients, and the first 4 years later in the lifestyle modification group.

Study on the role of the drug acarbose in the prevention of diabetes

The randomized study STOPNIDDM included patients with prediabetes and obesity. For the prevention of type 2 diabetes, patients were prescribed the drug acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that prevents the breakdown of glucose in the intestine. 31% of patients in the acarbose group and 19% of the placebo group discontinued the drug prematurely due to dyspeptic disorders. After 3.3 years, the absolute reduction in type 2 diabetes in the acarbose group was 9.1%.

Study on the role of the drug rosiglitazone in the prevention of diabetes

The DREAM study examined the role of the drug rosiglitazone in the prevention of type 2 diabetes in patients with prediabetes. Patients treated with rosiglitazone experienced a 62% reduction in type 2 diabetes. Later, in connection with the appearance of a meta-analysis of 42 studies by S. Nissen (2007), during therapy with rosiglitazone, an increase in the incidence of myocardial infarction by 43% and an increase in cardiovascular mortality by 64% were found. For this reason, rosiglitazone has been withdrawn in most countries around the world.

Study on the role of bariatric surgery in diabetes prevention

The role of prevention of bariatric surgery in relation to the development of type 2 diabetes has been proven in many studies. In a Swedish study of obesity secondary to bariatric interventions (gastric banding in 19% of patients, vertical gastroplasty in 69% and gastric bypass in 12%) over 15 years of follow-up, the incidence of new cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 6.8 per 1000 patient years, while in the group of obese patients who were managed conservatively, 28.4 cases per 1000 patient years. At the same time, in patients with obesity who underwent gastric bypass surgery, weight loss was accompanied by a decrease in all-cause mortality by 49%.

Study on the role of the drug orlistat in the prevention of diabetes

The use of drugs that reduce the breakdown of fats in the intestine (which leads to weight loss) also has a positive effect on the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. The XENDOS study showed that during treatment with the competitive intestinal lipase inhibitor orlistat for 4 years, weight loss in 3305 patients with a BMI> 30 kg / m2 reached 5.8 kg, and in the placebo group - 3.0 kg. The number of new cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the group of patients taking orlistat was 6.2%, and those taking placebo - 9%. The reduction in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the orlistat group compared with placebo was thus 37.3%.

Study on the role of insulin glargine in diabetes prevention

The ORIGIN study (Outcome Reduction with an Initial Glargine Intervention) included 1452 patients with prediabetes (11.7% in the insulin glargine group and 11.4% in the control group). The ORIGIN study spanned over 6 years and was published in 2012. Treatment with insulin glargine by the end of the ORIGIN study resulted in a 28% reduction in type 2 diabetes in the prediabetic group. is not supported by any clinical guidelines for the management of patients with prediabetes. In the recommendations for the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, treatment with basal insulin appears only in patients as: 1) a second drug in case of metformin inefficiency; 2) as a third drug with the ineffectiveness of a combination of two hypoglycemic agents, 3) with significant decompensation of glycemic control with an HbA1c level of ≥ 9%.

Methods for the prevention of type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease that is characterized by impaired glucose metabolism and leads to dangerous complications. For a long time it was believed that it was impossible to prevent the disease. However, medicine is actively developing, and today a set of measures has been developed to avoid pathology or reduce the risk of complications. At the same time, it is important to understand: the mechanism of development and manifestation of type 1 diabetes mellitus differs from type 2, therefore, prevention measures will be different.

Nutrition principles

The main method of preventing diabetes is to follow the principles of proper nutrition. To maintain optimal glucose levels, you should limit the intake of sugar and foods with a high glycemic index.

People who are at risk of developing diabetes need to reduce the consumption of potatoes, flour products, sweets and sweet fruits (grapes, bananas, raisins). The ban includes alcohol, fast food, carbonated drinks, convenience foods, pickles and marinades. This will relieve excess stress on the pancreas, optimize insulin production and keep blood glucose levels at an optimal level.

More stringent dietary guidelines should be observed for people who are overweight, since obesity is a factor that increases the risk of developing the disease. In case of excess body weight, high-carbohydrate foods should be completely abandoned, enriching the diet with protein and vegetable products. You need to eat often (5-6 times a day) in small portions. It is important to avoid overeating or prolonged fasting. This will ensure a uniform supply of calories and nutrients to the body, help control appetite and speed up the process of weight loss. In this case, the last meal is allowed at least 4 hours before going to bed.

The diet should be balanced, with an optimal content of calories, fats, proteins and carbohydrates. As a cooking method, choose boiling, stewing or baking, refuse frying using animal fats.

To prevent diabetes, be sure to eat greens, tomatoes, bell peppers, cereals, beans, citrus fruits and walnuts. The menu should include dairy and sour-milk products with a low percentage of fat, lean meats and fish. They contribute to the normalization of blood glucose levels and stimulate the production of insulin.

To prevent the development of diabetes in women during pregnancy, it is important to monitor the daily calorie content and the amount of incoming carbohydrates. The menu should be as useful as possible in order to provide the expectant mother and baby with the necessary nutrients, vitamins and minerals.

Water balance

In the prevention of diabetes mellitus of any type, maintaining an optimal water balance plays an important role. This is due to the peculiarities of the physiological processes occurring in the body. The pancreas, in addition to insulin, synthesizes an aqueous solution of bicarbonate, which is designed to neutralize natural acids. In the case of dehydration, the body gives preference to the production of bicarbonate, which leads to a temporary decrease in the level of the hormone. In combination with a high-carbohydrate diet, this significantly increases the risk of developing diabetes.

In addition, water improves the penetration of glucose into cells. Sufficient fluid intake reduces blood sugar levels.

To prevent diabetes, experts recommend drinking 1-2 glasses of pure water before each meal. This is the minimum amount. The maximum depends on the person's lifestyle, weather conditions, and the features of the work of internal organs.

To replenish the water balance, only pure non-carbonated water is suitable. Avoid frequent juices, tea, coffee, sugary drinks and alcohol.

Physical activity

Regular physical activity is an effective means of preventing the disease in men and women. Sufficient activity will also reduce the risk of a dangerous complication of diabetes - gangrene. During cardio training, fat cells are depleted, and muscle cells are actively working. This contributes to the normalization of glucose levels, even if a slight increase was observed.

To prevent type 2 diabetes, exercise for at least 20-30 minutes daily. For physical activity, choose fitness classes, work on simulators or home cardio training. If it is not possible to visit the gym, long walks, active outdoor games, walking up the stairs, dancing will be an excellent alternative.

Other methods of primary prevention

Reducing the risk of developing diabetes and a number of other diseases will increase stress resistance and avoid stress and conflict at work and in the family. If possible, limit contacts with people who cause negative emotions, carry an unfavorable mood and aggression. It is important to learn how to respond correctly to an irritant, to behave calmly and balanced, regardless of the situation.

Visiting auto-training, working with a psychologist and increasing self-control will help to increase stress resistance and learn how to cope with stress. Maintaining a stable psycho-emotional state and peace of mind is an excellent prevention of diabetes, diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, problems with the gastrointestinal tract.

To avoid the development of a pathological condition will allow the rejection of harmful addictions. First of all, this applies to alcohol and smoking. For people who smoke, cigarettes create an illusion of calmness, which is very short-lived and unstable. At the same time, smoking disrupts the hormonal background, kills nerve cells and increases the risk of developing diabetes, especially in the presence of other predisposing factors (overweight, poor heredity, low physical activity).

Good rest, timely treatment of diseases, control of weight and blood pressure will help to avoid the disease. Take medications with extreme caution. Some groups of drugs disrupt the pancreas and reduce the synthesis of insulin, destabilize the hormonal background and reduce the body's defenses.

Primary prevention of type 1 diabetes includes timely diagnosis and proper treatment of childhood infectious diseases - rubella, measles, mumps. In order to avoid negative consequences during the treatment of diseases, it is recommended to use Interferon, immunostimulants and other drugs that strengthen the body.

For timely diagnosis of the disease, children who have had infections are recommended to take an annual blood test for sugar with a load. This will allow timely detection of hyperglycemia and start competent treatment that prevents the development of complications.

Secondary and tertiary prevention

Secondary prevention, in addition to standard preventive measures (proper nutrition, physical activity and compliance with the water regime), includes additional methods. It is applied to people with already diagnosed diabetes mellitus to prevent complications.

Below is a reminder for patients with diabetes mellitus, which will help to more successfully carry out measures to prevent complications.

• Normalization of nutrition, the use of wholesome and healthy foods with carbohydrate restriction.
• Regular visits to the doctor to monitor glucose levels.
• Normalization of weight and blood pressure.
• Increased physical activity: walking, morning exercises, swimming, fitness.
• Taking medicines for the prevention of the disease, as well as drugs that help reduce blood sugar (conducting insulin therapy and sulfanilamide therapy). At the initial stage, drugs are prescribed in the minimum dosage, the person's well-being and glucose levels are constantly monitored.
• Carrying out regular preventive examinations in a hospital for the timely detection of complications from the kidneys, cardiovascular system and lungs.

Tertiary prevention includes the use of methods and means aimed at preventing the complications of diabetes mellitus. For this, drugs are prescribed that normalize glucose levels and increase the concentration of insulin. Additionally, drugs are used to eliminate atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, obesity, pathologies of the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

Compliance with preventive measures will help to avoid the development of diabetes mellitus and complications from its course. With special care to monitor nutrition, water balance and health should be people prone to the development of pathology. If you follow all the recommendations, you will prevent the disease or be able to successfully maintain it at the stage of compensation.

home / Endocrine diseases / Treatment of diabetes mellitus. Prevention of diabetes

Prevention of diabetes

First of all, heredity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. That is why already at this stage we can safely say that the risk of developing diabetes for a person if one of the parents was sick or sick is 30%, if both are about 60%. It should be remembered that diabetes is not only a hereditary disease. The combination of risk factors in various combinations, according to many endocrinologists, equalizes the risks with aggravated heredity. So, for example, an obese person who often suffers from viral diseases has a risk of developing diabetes in the same 30%.

Currently, we can safely say that diabetes is an almost incurable disease. With its treatment, it is possible to achieve a stable remission (no clinical symptoms and complaints), but it is almost impossible to completely restore the function of pancreatic cells / cell tolerance to insulin. That is why the prevention of diabetes among the above risk groups plays an important role, because the disease is easier to prevent than to treat.

In modern medicine, all prevention of diabetes mellitus is classified into primary and secondary.

Primary prevention of diabetes

Under the primary means the prevention of the development of diabetes as a disease - the elimination or reduction of the influence of risk factors, lifestyle changes, preventive measures, both in risk groups and among individuals.

The main preventive measures for type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent) should include the rationalization of adult nutrition, adequate dosing of physical activity, prevention of obesity and its correction (treatment) if necessary. At the same time, foods that contain easily digestible carbohydrates (sugar, cakes, pastries, etc.) or animal fats should be excluded from the diet or limited. These recommendations can help prevent the development of diabetes in risk groups - among people with a family history of obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, women with gestational diabetes or similar episodes in the past.

Unfortunately, it can be stated that these measures are aimed only at reducing the influence of risk factors, but cannot be fully called the prevention of diabetes. At the development stage, there are now diagnostics that allow you to determine the risk of developing diabetes at the earliest stages, however, they are only designed to determine the risk of developing diabetes, and not to prevent its development.

Secondary prevention of diabetes

Secondary prevention of diabetes mellitus - measures aimed primarily at preventing the complications of diabetes mellitus and its further progression.

Among the complications of diabetes mellitus in modern endocrinology, it is customary to distinguish early and late (chronic).

Early complications include those conditions that require little time to develop - hours and days. Among them are:

• 1) Hypoglycemia - a decrease in blood sugar levels below the maximum allowable values ​​(on most scales below 3.3 mmol / l). The causes can be many factors, ranging from an overdose of antidiabetic drugs or insulin to malnutrition, diet, excessive exercise, or drinking large amounts of alcohol. The terminal state of this complication is called hypoglycemic coma and can lead to serious consequences.
• 2) Hyperglycemia - an increase in blood sugar levels above the maximum allowable values ​​(according to various scales above 5.5-6.7 mmol / l). The main reason for this condition is skipping the intake of insulin, which causes a rapid increase in blood glucose. The terminal state of this complication - hyperglycemic (hyperosmolar) coma - is accompanied by loss of consciousness and can pose a threat to the patient's life.
• 3) Ketoacidosis is a disorder caused by the accumulation of ketone bodies (fat breakdown products) in the blood and their effect on the central nervous system. Prolonged ketoacidosis (not to mention ketoacidotic coma) leads to damage to vital organs and systems, sometimes incompatible with life. It should be noted that ketoacidosis and ketoacidotic coma are direct indications for hospitalization of a patient in a hospital for health reasons.

Late complications take months or years to develop. Among them, the main ones are:

• 1) Diabetic nephropathy - damage to the small vessels of the kidneys, characterized by the appearance of protein in the urine, a decrease in its amount, swelling and pain in the lower back. Depending on the degree of nephropathy, it can lead to chronic renal failure of varying severity.
• 2) Diabetic neuropathy is also a chronic complication of diabetes. This condition is characterized by damage to the peripheral nerves due to circulatory disorders and the accumulation of toxic products. The main symptoms - numbness, pain and convulsions - can progress for a long time, gradually reducing the quality of life of patients.
• 3) Diabetic foot is skin changes, joint problems and disorders of the innervation of the feet caused by long-term diabetes mellitus. Disturbances in blood supply can lead to trophic ulcers, innervation - to numbness of the skin of the legs up to a complete loss of all types of sensitivity. At the same time, any scratch or abrasion is characterized by very poor healing dynamics, which often causes quite a lot of discomfort to a diabetic patient.

If, nevertheless, the development of diabetes mellitus could not be prevented, treatment involves a lifelong correction, because diabetes is not just a disease, but a very special lifestyle.

Necessary measures in the treatment of diabetes

In the first place in the treatment of diabetes should be a diet in which the intake of fats, cholesterol and foods containing sugar should be especially severely limited.

In addition to diet, physical activity should also be controlled, which should not reach a degree above moderate (as we have already indicated, excessive physical stress provokes a sharp increase in glucose consumption and can lead to hypoglycemia).

Depending on the type of diabetes mellitus and the severity of the process, as well as the presence or absence of complications, it is recommended to take hypoglycemic drugs or insulin, dosages and frequency of use are calculated individually based on the analysis data (in particular, the glycemic profile).

Important in this chronic disease is the constant monitoring of blood sugar levels (according to most recommendations, it is necessary at intervals of once a week - two weeks). In addition, it is periodically necessary to monitor the functions of other organs, in particular the kidneys and liver, the state of the retina, etc.

It is also important to indicate the features of the course of diabetes mellitus in people of different sexes and age groups.

diabetes mellitus in children

So, diabetes mellitus in children is mainly type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent) and is characterized by a rather aggressive course. Type 2 diabetes develops more often in people over 45 years of age, and affects mainly men. At the same time, diabetes in men has more pronounced symptoms than diabetes in women. This is due, on the one hand, to hormonal characteristics, on the other hand, to stress factors that men are more susceptible to and more difficult to endure.

Prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus at the Institute for Advanced Medicine

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical help from the specialists of the Medical Center "Institute of Advanced Medicine".

Extensive experience with patients with diabetes is confirmed by the feedback of our patients. Yes, this disease cannot be cured, but carrying out the necessary prevention of diabetes mellitus is the most important event that can be done during the "reverse wave" session. The "reverse wave" method allows the body to independently activate internal mechanisms aimed at balanced work of the endocrine system.

Do not wait for possible complications of diabetes, heal your body now!

Primary prevention of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease that requires a responsible approach to treatment and prevention. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization every 15 years, one can observe a twofold increase in the number of people suffering from this disease.

To effectively reduce this indicator, all patients and healthy people should undergo primary prevention of diabetes mellitus.

What is prevention and why is it needed?

As many people know, preventing the onset of a disease is the best way to treat it. This statement is also true for the pathology of the pancreas. The problem of modernity, and indeed of all mankind, is the wrong approach to one's health.

Very often, people lead a chaotic and harmful way of daily life, they begin to have serious problems, and after the onset of various diseases, they are obliged to pay big money for treatment, endure wellness procedures and suffer from the complications that have arisen.

All this can be avoided. To prevent the progression of any disease, there is prevention, which can be conditionally divided into:

Primary prevention of diabetes is aimed at preventing the onset of the disease as such. The second struggles with the appearance of complications and tries to maintain a normal level of glucose in the blood.

The last option of preventive influence is not relevant for patients with diabetes, since this pathology remains incurable at the moment. This approach can be applied, for example, to patients with rheumatic fever, when after the end of the disease it is necessary to give a course of penicillin injections to reduce the risk of reinfection.

What is the primary prevention of diabetes?

First of all, you need to start by identifying risk groups. People who are more likely to develop diabetes include:

1. Men and women over 40.
2. Children from birth with a disease in one of the parents.
3. Obese people with a body mass index greater than 25.
4. Suffering from impaired glucose tolerance (glycemia level ˃7.8 mmol/l) or increased amount of sugar on an empty stomach (˃5.5 mmol/l).
5. Mothers who gave birth to a large fetus (˃4 kg) and with symptoms of polyhydramnios or have a history of gestational diabetes;
6. The presence of heart attacks, strokes in history.

Such contingents of the population should be especially attentive to their health. Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes should be the basis of their lifestyle.

The main principles of preventing the occurrence of the disease:

1. Rational balanced nutrition. It is very important to eat right. For healthy people, there is no need to follow the strict dietary guidelines for diabetics. However, be sure to observe moderation in everything. Overeating or eating junk food will only harm the body. It is advisable to increase the amount of vegetables, fruits, foods rich in vitamins and microelements in the daily menu. Limit the intake of alcohol, fast food, confectionery, smoked food, quit smoking. All this significantly reduces the risk of developing problems with the pancreas.
2. Physical exercise. It is clinically confirmed that dosed loads have a positive effect on lowering blood sugar levels. This is due to increased work of mitochondria inside muscle cells, which use glucose molecules to create energy. This principle underlies the preventive effect on internal organs and systems. In addition, physical education develops the entire body as a whole and strengthens it, strengthens the immune system and improves mood.
3. Calm mindset. Any stress or nervous experiences negatively affect a person, and in particular, the pancreas. Often, diabetes mellitus develops in absolutely healthy people after a terrible moral shock (death of relatives, loss of work). You need to try to take care of your mind as well as your body, avoid conflict situations and look at small problems easier. This can save you from many ailments in the future. No wonder they say that laughter prolongs life. Positive thinking protects everyone from the harmful influence of society.

Primary prevention of diabetes mellitus is an extremely important aspect for people who are at risk and for ordinary people.

At the moment, this disease remains incurable, so the best option is to prevent it. No one is immune from the onset of problems with hormones and the pancreas, but following the above simple rules can significantly increase the body's resistance to the occurrence of such a formidable disease.

Treatment of diabetes. Prevention of diabetes

Prevention of diabetes

First of all, heredity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. That is why already at this stage we can safely say that the risk of developing diabetes for a person if one of the parents was sick or sick is 30%, if both are about 60%. It should be remembered that diabetes is not only a hereditary disease. The combination of risk factors in various combinations, according to many endocrinologists, equalizes the risks with aggravated heredity. So, for example, an obese person who often suffers from viral diseases has a risk of developing diabetes in the same 30%.

Currently, we can safely say that diabetes is an almost incurable disease. With its treatment, it is possible to achieve a stable remission (no clinical symptoms and complaints), but it is almost impossible to completely restore the function of pancreatic cells / cell tolerance to insulin. That is why the prevention of diabetes among the above risk groups plays an important role, because the disease is easier to prevent than to treat.

In modern medicine, all prevention of diabetes mellitus is classified into primary and secondary.

Primary prevention of diabetes

Under the primary means the prevention of the development of diabetes as a disease - the elimination or reduction of the influence of risk factors, lifestyle changes, preventive measures, both in risk groups and among individuals.

The main preventive measures for type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent) should include the rationalization of adult nutrition, adequate dosing of physical activity, prevention of obesity and its correction (treatment) if necessary. At the same time, foods that contain easily digestible carbohydrates (sugar, cakes, pastries, etc.) or animal fats should be excluded from the diet or limited. These recommendations can help prevent the development of diabetes in risk groups - among people with a family history of obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, women with gestational diabetes or similar episodes in the past.

Unfortunately, it can be stated that these measures are aimed only at reducing the influence of risk factors, but cannot be fully called the prevention of diabetes. At the development stage, there are now diagnostics that allow you to determine the risk of developing diabetes at the earliest stages, however, they are only designed to determine the risk of developing diabetes, and not to prevent its development.

Secondary prevention of diabetes

Secondary prevention of diabetes mellitus - measures aimed primarily at preventing the complications of diabetes mellitus and its further progression.

Among the complications of diabetes mellitus in modern endocrinology, it is customary to distinguish early and late (chronic).

Early complications include those conditions that require little time to develop - hours and days. Among them are:

• 1) Hypoglycemia - a decrease in blood sugar levels below the maximum allowable values ​​(on most scales below 3.3 mmol / l). The causes can be many factors, ranging from an overdose of antidiabetic drugs or insulin to malnutrition, diet, excessive exercise, or drinking large amounts of alcohol. The terminal state of this complication is called hypoglycemic coma and can lead to serious consequences.
• 2) Hyperglycemia - an increase in blood sugar levels above the maximum allowable values ​​(according to various scales above 5.5-6.7 mmol / l). The main reason for this condition is skipping the intake of insulin, which causes a rapid increase in blood glucose. The terminal state of this complication - hyperglycemic (hyperosmolar) coma - is accompanied by loss of consciousness and can pose a threat to the patient's life.
• 3) Ketoacidosis is a disorder caused by the accumulation of ketone bodies (fat breakdown products) in the blood and their effect on the central nervous system. Prolonged ketoacidosis (not to mention ketoacidotic coma) leads to damage to vital organs and systems, sometimes incompatible with life. It should be noted that ketoacidosis and ketoacidotic coma are direct indications for hospitalization of a patient in a hospital for health reasons.

Late complications take months or years to develop. Among them, the main ones are:

• 1) Diabetic nephropathy - damage to the small vessels of the kidneys, characterized by the appearance of protein in the urine, a decrease in its amount, swelling and pain in the lower back. Depending on the degree of nephropathy, it can lead to chronic renal failure of varying severity.
• 2) Diabetic neuropathy is also a chronic complication of diabetes. This condition is characterized by damage to the peripheral nerves due to circulatory disorders and the accumulation of toxic products. The main symptoms - numbness, pain and convulsions - can progress for a long time, gradually reducing the quality of life of patients.
• 3) Diabetic foot is skin changes, joint problems and disorders of the innervation of the feet caused by long-term diabetes mellitus. Disturbances in blood supply can lead to trophic ulcers, innervation - to numbness of the skin of the legs up to a complete loss of all types of sensitivity. At the same time, any scratch or abrasion is characterized by very poor healing dynamics, which often causes quite a lot of discomfort to a diabetic patient.

If, nevertheless, the development of diabetes mellitus could not be prevented, treatment involves a lifelong correction, because diabetes is not just a disease, but a very special lifestyle.

Necessary measures in the treatment of diabetes

In the first place in the treatment of diabetes should be a diet in which the intake of fats, cholesterol and foods containing sugar should be especially severely limited.

In addition to diet, physical activity should also be controlled, which should not reach a degree above moderate (as we have already indicated, excessive physical stress provokes a sharp increase in glucose consumption and can lead to hypoglycemia).

Depending on the type of diabetes mellitus and the severity of the process, as well as the presence or absence of complications, it is recommended to take hypoglycemic drugs or insulin, dosages and frequency of use are calculated individually based on the analysis data (in particular, the glycemic profile).

Important in this chronic disease is the constant monitoring of blood sugar levels (according to most recommendations, it is necessary at intervals of once a week - two weeks). In addition, it is periodically necessary to monitor the functions of other organs, in particular the kidneys and liver, the state of the retina, etc.

It is also important to indicate the features of the course of diabetes mellitus in people of different sexes and age groups.

diabetes mellitus in children

So, diabetes mellitus in children is mainly type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent) and is characterized by a rather aggressive course. Type 2 diabetes develops more often in people over 45 years of age, and affects mainly men. At the same time, diabetes in men has more pronounced symptoms than diabetes in women. This is due, on the one hand, to hormonal characteristics, on the other hand, to stress factors that men are more susceptible to and more difficult to endure.

Prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus at the Institute for Advanced Medicine

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical help from the specialists of the Medical Center "Institute of Advanced Medicine".

Extensive experience with patients with diabetes is confirmed by the feedback of our patients. Yes, this disease cannot be cured, but carrying out the necessary prevention of diabetes mellitus is the most important event that can be done during the "reverse wave" session. The "reverse wave" method allows the body to independently activate internal mechanisms aimed at balanced work of the endocrine system.

Do not wait for possible complications of diabetes, heal your body now!

Any type is possible by observing preventive methods.

Primary and secondary prevention of diabetes mellitus is especially necessary for patients with a genetic predisposition to the disease.

Applies to adults and children.

Letters from our readers

Subject: Grandma's blood sugar returned to normal!

From: Christina [email protected])

To: site administration

Christina
Moscow

My grandmother has been suffering from diabetes for a long time (type 2), but recently there have been complications in her legs and internal organs.

Is prevention effective?

Properly carried out prevention will prevent the development of the disease, even in the presence of 2 risk factors.

The basis of preventive actions is the elimination from the patient's life of conditions that provoke the development of the disease. Preventive actions will help maintain health and prolong the life of a diabetic.

The primary prevention of DM includes the revision of nutrition and the complete elimination of sugar in its pure form from the diet.

In addition to weight loss and circulatory sugar control, the ketogenic diet allows you to get an overall improvement in the body.

A sedentary lifestyle, even with minimal physical activity, can lead to a risk of developing diabetes.

Most often, office workers who need to take a break for a short workout once an hour suffer.

This method of prevention requires some change in the habits of a patient with a predisposition to diabetes mellitus. Movement is considered the best prevention of illness.

For people who are overweight and, as a result, at high risk of developing diabetes, it is important to monitor the quality of food and its quantity.

Portion sizes should be kept to a minimum, as the rise in insulin and sugar levels is directly related to the amount of food eaten at one meal.

It has been experimentally proven that eating in small portions reduces the risk of developing diabetes by as much as 46%.

In the morning on an empty stomach, you can eat softened cereals and drink the water in which it was located.

Beans contain lectins that can normalize fat metabolism in the body, which allows you to stabilize the sugar level.

Decoction of millet

Another traditional medicine is prepared in the following way:

1. wash a handful of grain;
2. pour a liter of hot water and leave overnight;
3. drink the whole infusion in the morning on an empty stomach.

Repeat the intake of millet infusion should be at least 3 days.

Patients at risk of developing diabetes should undergo regular medical examinations and donate blood for the study of sugar levels.

All preventive measures to reduce the risk of developing diabetes are not a treatment if insulin dependence is present in the patient's life as a diagnosis.

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease that affects the human endocrine system. A feature of the clinical condition of a diabetic is considered to be a high level of sugar in the blood, which is considered a consequence of the complete absence or lack of insulin, as well as failures in its interaction with body cells.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. It reacts and is responsible for the metabolism, that is, carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, most of all its action extends precisely to the exchange of sugars. In addition, glucose is considered the main source of vital energy.

Glucose processing occurs in almost all tissues and organs with the participation of insulin. If a person has insulin deficiency, the doctor diagnoses type 1 diabetes mellitus, if there are violations in the process of interaction between insulin and other cells, this is type 2 diabetes mellitus.

However, in any case, the essence of the disease remains the same. In diabetics, glucose accumulates in large quantities in the blood, not reaching the cells of the body. It turns out that all organs, except for insulin-independent ones, remain without vital energy.

Regardless of which type of diabetes is being considered, the onset of the disease can be prevented. The risk group includes the following categories of people:

• Those whose relatives have diabetes;
• People suffering from or simply overweight;
• Children who were born weighing less than 2.5 kg or more than 4.0 kg. As well as mothers of children born with a weight of more than four kilograms;
• People over the age of 45;
• Persons whose lifestyle can be called sedentary;
• Patients suffering from arterial hypertension, from disorders of glucose tolerance.

The second type of diabetes is dominant. It is he who occurs in 95 percent of cases. Knowing the risk factors, it is worth understanding that primary and secondary prevention of diabetes mellitus is considered an opportunity to avoid the disease and all its complications.

Phylactics differ from each other in that the primary one is that the disease does not develop at all, and the secondary goal is to prevent the occurrence of complications in already established diabetics.

Primary prevention

Initially, it should be noted that today there are immunological diagnostic devices that allow an absolutely healthy person to determine in the early stages a tendency to type 1 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, it is necessary to know a set of measures that will allow for a long time to postpone the development of the pathology in question.

Primary prevention of type 1 diabetes involves the following measures:

1. Compulsory breastfeeding of a child for at least a year. This is due to the fact that the child through mother's milk receives special immune bodies that prevent the development of viral and infectious diseases. Moreover, bovine lactose contained in mixtures can adversely affect the functioning of the pancreas.
2. Prevention of the development of any viral diseases, which include the herpes virus, rubella, influenza, mumps, and so on.
3. Children need to be taught from an early age how to properly respond to stressful situations, as well as perceive them.
4. Foods containing additives in the form of canned foods should be completely excluded from the diet. Nutrition should be not only natural, but also rational.

Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes begins with a special diet. At this point in time, proper nutrition is recommended for everyone, since an excess of simple carbohydrates and fats found in most foods leads to a wide range of health problems.

Diet is considered an important measure of the overall preventive process, in addition, it is also an essential factor contributing to the successful treatment of the disease. The main goal of the diet is to reduce the consumption of food containing carbohydrates. However, it also limits the consumption of animal fats, which are replaced by vegetable ones.

The diet of a presumptive diabetic should include a maximum of vegetables and sour fruits, which contain a lot of fiber, which inhibits the absorption of carbohydrates by the intestines. However, any diet will become ineffective if a person leads a sedentary, sedentary lifestyle.

If it is not possible to visit the gym, you just need to allocate an hour of time for daily walks with elements of walking, morning exercises, swimming or cycling.

In addition, the primary prevention of diabetes is also aimed at maintaining a stable psycho-emotional state of a person.

That is why people who belong to the risk zone need to communicate exclusively with nice people, do what they love and try to avoid conflict situations.

Secondary prevention

Sugar level

Prevention of complications is carried out if the person is already over diabetic. The consequences of the disease can be completely different. It is worth noting that diabetes is considered a serious illness, as it leads to severe complications:

1. Cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, ischemic disease, atherosclerosis and others.
2. Diabetic retinopathy, which manifests itself as decreased vision.
3. Neuropathy, which is peeling, dryness of the skin, a decrease in their sensitivity, as well as cramps and pain in the limbs.
4. Diabetic foot, which is manifested by necrotic and purulent ulcers on the feet.
5. Nephropathy, which implies a violation of the kidneys and the appearance of protein in the urine.
6. infectious complications.
7. Komam.

As a rule, complications usually develop with the insulin form. Therefore, the first preventive measure is a clear, regular control of blood sugar, as well as following the plan for visiting the attending endocrinologist, taking insulin in the correct dosage and drugs that reduce sugar levels.

To avoid complications affecting the cardiovascular system, it is necessary to monitor the cholesterol content in the blood, as well as control the dynamics of blood pressure. The patient should immediately completely exclude fats of animal origin from his diet, as well as give up such addictions as smoking and alcohol.

Often, diabetics develop vision problems, including glaucoma, cataracts, and so on. These pathologies can be eliminated only in the initial stages of their development, so the patient should visit an ophthalmologist according to the plan.

Any damage to the skin in order to avoid the onset of a generalized process should be treated using an antiseptic.

In addition, mandatory measures also include the sanitation of infected foci of the body, as well as regular monitoring of the condition of the teeth and oral cavity.

Diet

A strict plant-based diet is mandatory, even if tertiary prevention of diabetes is considered, which is to prevent long-term complications of the disease. All other measures without well-built nutrition are useless.

A person who belongs to the risk zone or is already more diabetic should eat according to the principle of fractional nutrition. The consumption of saturated fats and refined carbohydrates, including all kinds of jams, honey, sugar, and so on, is reduced to a minimum. The menu should be based on foods rich in soluble fibers, as well as complex carbohydrates.

Preference should be given to chicken meat, low-fat fish, vegetable dishes, as well as compotes and herbal decoctions without added sugar. Food should be baked, stewed, boiled, but not fried. Completely exclude carbonated drinks, sweets, fast food, everything salty and smoked from the menu.

The daily diet should be diluted with tomatoes, bell peppers, beans, citrus fruits, walnuts and rutabaga. Fresh herbs should be added to any dish. If a person is overweight, he should forget about snacking after six in the evening, and also minimize the consumption of flour, dairy and meat to reduce pressure on the pancreas.

Therefore, preventive methods should in any case be adopted. Even if the diet does not help prevent the development of diabetes, it will greatly facilitate its course, and will not allow the most serious complications to appear that can cause the death of the patient. The video in this article will help you understand what should be the prevention of diabetes.