home Auditorium 7 The structure of the bones of the skull. Scull. Cerebral and Facial parts of the skull The following bones belong to the brain skull:

The structure of the bones of the skull. Scull. Cerebral and Facial parts of the skull The following bones belong to the brain skull:

From the article you will learn about the structural features of the head skeleton. The fact is that some bones of the brain skull differ significantly in structure from the facial skull. How does this affect their functions? Let's figure it out together.

Anatomical characteristics of the human skull

The skeleton of the head, or skull, consists of 27 bones. It also includes the malleus, stirrup and incus. These are located in the middle ear cavity. As part of the sensory system, they provide the perception of sound.

Now let's look at the parts of the skull: the brain and facial parts. During the process of anthropogenesis, the size of the first of them increased. This is due to brain development. With the course of evolution, man began to create an artificial environment. He built himself a home, grew plants, and stored food. The powerful jaw lost its importance. Therefore, the size of the facial skull has decreased significantly. These differences are especially noticeable when comparing a skilled and intelligent person.

At first glance it may seem that it is formed by one large bone. In fact, its structure is like a mosaic. Some bones have their own exact copy. They are paired, there are eight of them in total. The remaining seven are unpaired. Each of them has its own name, in most cases related to its location. So, the frontal is an unpaired bone of the skull. And the temporal and zygomatic areas have their own analogues.

Facial skeleton

This part of the skull consists of 15 bones. The largest of them are the zygomatic and jaw. Let's list the unpaired skull bones of this section:

vomer;
sublingual;
lower jaw.

The paired bones of the facial region include:

The seam

They have different connection types. They depend on the functions performed. For example, the bones of the limbs form joints - movable joints. Elbow, knee, ankle, etc. They make possible the movement of individual parts and the entire body in space. The vertebrae are connected semi-movably. Between them are cartilaginous plates. This structure provides elasticity and shock absorption.

But the bones of the skull are connected motionlessly. Thanks to this, the brain is reliably protected from mechanical damage. This type of connection is called a seam. It is also characteristic of the pelvic bones.

Seams in children have an elastic structure. With age they ossify and become stronger. Depending on the pattern that is formed along the connection of the bones, flat, scaly and jagged sutures are distinguished.

An exception

All bones of the brain skull, like the facial skull, are connected motionlessly, except for the lower jaw. It is an unpaired bone of the skull. Despite the fact that there is, we were not mistaken. How is this possible? The upper jaw consists of two identical bones connected by a suture. Thus, it is a pair in itself.

The lower jaw is attached movably - using a joint. This is very important for human life. Thanks to the movements of the lower jaw, a person is able to chew food and pronounce sounds. These functions are associated with a decrease in the size of this bone during evolution. After all, its massiveness would significantly complicate chewing and speed of pronunciation. In addition, people began to eat chopped and thermally processed food. This is how the lower jaw acquired its optimal size.

What are fontanelles

During a person's life, the skeleton of the head undergoes significant changes. As the body grows, its weight increases from 300 to 1400. In addition, the baby’s brain region is much larger than the facial region. The jaws are still underdeveloped during this period. Between the bones of the occipital region there are areas consisting of cartilaginous tissue. These are fontanelles. These areas have important biological significance. They ensure a narrowing of the cranial vault during the movement of the fetus through the narrow reproductive tract.

In the areas of the fontanelles, the baby's brain is protected only by soft connective tissues. Therefore, any impact or deformation can be fatal. There are only two of them. The large one is located between the frontal, which is an unpaired bone of the skull, and the parietal. The size of this fontanel reaches 2 cm in diameter. In colloquial speech, its location is called the “top of the head.”

Located on the back of the head. In children born on time, it is already closed. Otherwise, it will be overgrown by a maximum of three months. The large fontanelle will close by about the time the child is one year old. The intensity of this process depends on the degree of fetal development and its calcium supply.

Another meaning of fontanelles is thermoregulation. Illnesses in children are often accompanied by a significant increase in body temperature. This is very dangerous, since at high values it can lead to protein coagulation. In the area of the fontanelles, brain tissue cools naturally.

Skull: brain section

This part of the head skeleton is more massive. Here the unpaired bone of the skull is:

occipital;
frontal;
lattice;
wedge-shaped.

The paired ones include the parietal and temporal. The brain region is divided into a base and a fornix.

Despite the general structural plan, the skulls of men and women have their own distinctive features. Thus, in the former, the paranasal sinuses are more pronounced and larger than the orbit. And the skull bones themselves in the male half of humanity are thick. Women have less cranial capacity. But this is not connected with mental abilities, but with the general size of organisms.

Sections of the skull. The skull (cranium) consists of brain And facial departments. All bones are connected to each other relatively motionlessly, except for the lower jaw, which forms a combined joint, and the movable hyoid bone, which lies freely on the neck. The bones of the cranium form the container for the brain, cranial nerves and sensory organs.

TO brain section The skull (neurocranium) includes 8 bones:

unpaired- occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal;
doubles- parietal and temporal.

TO facial area The skull (splanchnocranium) includes 15 bones:

unpaired- lower jaw, vomer, hyoid bone;
doubles- upper jaw, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha.

Brain bones. The bones of the brain skull, unlike the bones of the facial skull, have a number of features: on their inner surface there are imprints of the convolutions and grooves of the brain. The canals for veins lie in the spongy substance, and some bones (frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and temporal) have air sinuses.

Occipital bone(os occipitale) consists of scales, two side parts And main part. These parts limit the large opening through which the cranial cavity communicates with the spinal canal. The main part of the occipital bone fuses with the sphenoid bone, forming a slope with its upper surface. On the outer surface of the scales there is an external occipital protuberance. On the sides of the foramen magnum are the condyles (articular surfaces that are connected by synastosis to the articular surface of the first vertebra). At the base of each condyle there is a canal for the hypoglossal nerve.

Occipital bone(outside). 1 - foramen magnum; 2 - scales; 3 - side part; 4 - condyle; 5 - canal of the hypoglossal nerve; 6 - body (main part); 7 - external occipital crest; 8 - external occipital protuberance

Wedge-shaped, or mainbone(os sphenoidale) consists of a body and three pairs of processes - large wings, small wings and pterygoid processes. On the upper surface of the body there is the so-called sella turcica, in the fossa of which the pituitary gland is located. At the base of the lesser wing there is an optic canal (optic opening).

Both wings (small and large) limit the superior orbital fissure. The large wing has three openings: round, oval and spinous. Inside the body of the sphenoid bone there is an air sinus, divided into two halves by a bony septum.

Wedge-shaped (main) And ethmoid bone. 1 - cockscomb of the ethmoid bone; 2 - perforated plate of the ethmoid bone; 3 - labyrinth of the ethmoid bone; 4 - hole leading into the sinus of the sphenoid bone; 5 - sinus of the sphenoid bone; 6 - small wing; 7 - large wing; 8 - round hole; 9 - oval hole; 10 - spinous foramen; 11 - perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone; 12 - sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; 13 - back of the sella turcica; 14 - tubercle of the sella turcica; 15 - superior orbital fissure; 16 - visual channel

Ethmoid bone(os ethmoidae) consists of a horizontal or perforated plate, a perpendicular plate, two orbital plates and two labyrinths. Each labyrinth consists of small air-bearing cavities - cells separated by thin bone plates. Two curved bony plates hang from the inner surface of each labyrinth - the superior and middle turbinates.

Frontal bone(os frontale) consists of scales, two orbital parts and a nasal part. The scales have paired projections - frontal tubercles and brow ridges. Each orbital part anteriorly passes into the supraorbital margin. The air sinus of the frontal bone (sinus frontalis) is divided into two halves by a bony septum.

Parietal bone(os parietale) has the shape of a quadrangular plate; on its outer surface there is a protrusion - the parietal tubercle.

Temporal bone(os temporale) consists of three parts: the scales, the stony part, or pyramid, and the drum part.

The temporal bone contains the organ of hearing, as well as canals for the auditory tube, internal carotid artery and facial nerve. On the outside of the temporal bone there is the external auditory canal. Anterior to it is the articular fossa for the articular process of the lower jaw. The zygomatic process extends from the scales, which connects with the process of the zygomatic bone and forms the zygomatic arch. The stony part (pyramid) has three surfaces: anterior, posterior and inferior. On its posterior surface there is the internal auditory canal, in which the facial and vestibulocochlear (stato-auditory) nerves pass. The facial nerve exits the temporal bone through the stylomastoid foramen. A long styloid process extends from the lower surface of the petrous part. Inside the petrous part is the tympanic cavity (middle ear cavity) and the inner ear. The stony part also has a mastoid process (processus mastoideus), inside of which there are small air-bearing cavities - cells. The inflammatory process in the cells of the mastoid process is called mastoiditis.

TO brain section The skull (neurocranium) includes 8 bones:

· unpaired- occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal;

· doubles- parietal and temporal.

TO facial area The skull (splanchnocranium) includes 15 bones:

· unpaired- lower jaw, vomer, hyoid bone;

· doubles- upper jaw, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha.

Skull (side view). 1 - frontal bone; 2 - sphenoid bone (large wing); 3 - nasal bone; 4 - lacrimal bone; 5 - zygomatic bone; 6 - upper jaw; 7 - lower jaw; 8 - external auditory opening; 9 - temporal bone; 10 - occipital bone; 11 - parietal bone

Wedge-shaped, or main bone(os sphenoidale) consists of a body and three pairs of processes - large wings, small wings and pterygoid processes. On the upper surface of the body there is the so-called sella turcica, in the fossa of which the pituitary gland is located. At the base of the lesser wing there is an optic canal (optic opening).

Frontal bone (external view). 1 - scales; 2 - frontal tubercle; 3 - bow; 4 - brow ridge; 5 - supraorbital edge; 6 - temporal line

Parietal bone(os parietale) has the shape of a quadrangular plate; on its outer surface there is a protrusion - the parietal tubercle.

Temporal bone(os temporale) consists of three parts: the scales, the stony part, or pyramid, and the drum part.

Temporal bone(right). A - outside view; B - view from the inside; 1 - scales; 2 - zygomatic process; 3 - front surface of the rocky part; 4 - articular fossa; 5 - sigmoid groove; 6 - top of the pyramid; 7 - in the top picture - the drum part; in the lower picture - the internal auditory opening; 8 - styloid process; 9 - external auditory opening; 10 - mastoid process; 11 - mastoid foramen

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

The position of man in nature. Anatomy and physiology as sciences. Methods for studying the human body

Tissue is a system of cells and intercellular substance having the same structure, origin and function.. intercellular substance is a product of the vital activity of cells, it provides.. tissue cells have different shapes, which determines their function; tissues are divided into four types..

If you need additional material on this topic, or you did not find what you were looking for, we recommend using the search in our database of works:

What will we do with the received material:

If this material was useful to you, you can save it to your page on social networks:

All topics in this section:

The position of man in nature. Anatomy and physiology as sciences. Methods for studying the human body
The position of man in nature. Man is part of the biosphere, a product of its evolution, therefore his health is closely dependent on the state of the environment. WITH

Parts of the human body. Axes and planes of the human body
Parts of the human body. The structure of the human body is the same as that of all mammals. The human body is divided into: head, neck, torso and two pairs of limbs. In every part

Anatomical nomenclature. Human constitution, morphological types of constitution. Definition of organ. Organ systems
Anatomical nomenclature. In anatomy, Latin terminology has been adopted, which is used all over the world. The organ system, organs and their parts have Latin designations. Totality

Muscle tissue: functions, types
Muscle tissue. Motor processes in the human and animal body are caused by contraction of muscle tissue that has contractile structures. Muscle tissue includes

Internal environment of the body. Homeostasis: its nervous and humoral regulation mechanism. Blood like tissue
Blood is like tissue. Blood and lymph are connective tissues with special properties. They are called tissues of the internal environment. Thanks to constant blood circulation, it is ensured: 1

The process of hematopoiesis. The functions of blood are transport and protective. Blood composition: plasma and formed elements
Hematopoiesis (blood formation) is the process of formation, development and maturation of blood cells - leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets in vertebrates. Organ systems involved in

Study of the formed elements of blood. Red blood cells: structure and functions. Normal red blood cells. Hemoglobin
Formed elements (40% of blood): · 96% - red blood cells - carry oxygen and carbon dioxide; · 3% - leukocytes - cells of the immune system; ·

Platelets: structure, functions, norm. Hemostasis. Clotting factors
Platelets, or blood platelets, are colorless spherical bodies devoid of nuclei. Their diameter is 2-3 microns, 3 times smaller than the diameter of red blood cells. Platelets are formed

Rh factor. Designation, localization. The concept of Rh conflict. ESR: norms for men and women, diagnostic value
In addition to the main agglutinogens A and B, red blood cells may contain additional ones, in particular the so-called Rh factor (Rh factor), which was first discovered in the blood of the rhesus macaque monkey

Human skeleton: functions, departments
The skeleton is a collection of bones, cartilage that belongs to them, and ligaments connecting the bones. There are more than 200 bones in the human body. The skeleton weighs 7-10 kg, which is 1/8 the weight of a person.

Connection of bones. Joint structure
Connection of bones. All the bones in the human body are connected to each other in various ways into a harmonious system - the skeleton. But all the variety of bone connections in the skeleton can be reduced to two

Bones of the facial part of the skull
The facial section of the skull (splanchnocranium) includes 15 bones: unpaired - lower jaw, vomer, hyoid bone; · paired - upper jaw, palatine, with

The skeleton of the body - the structures that make it up. Features of the structure of the thoracic, cervical, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx. Spinal movements
The human skeleton consists of four sections: the skeleton of the torso, the skeleton of the head (skull) and the skeleton of the upper and lower extremities. The skeleton of the body includes the vertebral column and bones

Spinal column - sections, number of vertebrae in them. Physiological curves of the spine, their formation, significance
According to its development, the spinal column (columna vertebralis) is formed around the spinal cord, forming a bone container for it. In addition to protecting the spinal cord, the spinal column

Upper limb belt. Skeleton of the upper limbs
The skeleton of the upper limbs consists of the shoulder girdle and the skeleton of the free upper limbs (arms). The shoulder girdle consists of two pairs of bones - the clavicle and the scapula. TO

Lower limb belt. Skeleton of the lower limbs
The skeleton of the lower extremities consists of the pelvic girdle and the skeleton of the free lower extremities (legs). The pelvic girdle on each side is formed by the extensive pelvic bone.)