home Auditorium 8 New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics - list of names. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials. Antimicrobial drugs in gynecology

New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics - list of names. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials. Antimicrobial drugs in gynecology

Today even primary school children know what antibiotics are. However, the term “broad-spectrum antibiotics” sometimes confuses even adults and raises many questions. How wide is the spectrum? What antibiotics are these? And, yes, it seems that there are also narrow-spectrum drugs that may not help?

The most surprising thing is that even the all-knowing Internet often cannot help and dispel the fog of doubt. In this article we will try to slowly and methodically figure out what kind of broad-spectrum antibiotics they are, what bacteria they act on, as well as when, how and how many times a day they are used.

The diverse world of bacteria

And we will start from the very beginning - with microbes. Bacteria make up the majority of prokaryotes - single-celled living organisms without a clearly defined nucleus. It was bacteria that first populated the lonely Earth millions of years ago. They live everywhere: in soil, water, acidic hot springs and radioactive waste. Descriptions of about 10 thousand species of bacteria are known, but it is estimated that their number reaches a million.

And of course, bacteria live in the bodies of plants, animals and humans. Relationships between lower unicellular organisms and higher multicellular organisms can be different - both friendly, mutually beneficial for partners, and openly hostile.

A person cannot exist without “good”, correct bacteria that form the microflora. However, along with valuable bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, microbes that cause a wide variety of diseases enter our bodies.

The microflora also includes so-called opportunistic microorganisms. Under favorable conditions, they do no harm, but as soon as our immunity decreases, these yesterday’s friends turn into vicious enemies. In order to somehow understand the host of bacteria, doctors proposed classifying them.

Gram- and Gram+: deciphering the puzzle

The most famous division of microbes is very often mentioned in pharmacies, clinics, and in drug annotations. And just as often, the living average patient does not understand what we are actually talking about. Let's figure out together what these mysterious expressions gram+ and gram- mean, without which not a single description of the action of antibiotics is complete?

Back in 1885, the Dane Hans Gram decided to stain sections of lung tissue to make the bacteria more visible. The scientist found that the causative agent of typhus, Salmonella typhi, did not change color, while other microorganisms were exposed to the chemical.

The most famous classification today is based on the ability of bacteria to stain according to Gram. A group of bacteria that do not change color are called gram-negative. The second category is called gram-positive, that is, Gram-staining microorganisms.

Gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens: who is who?

Another, no less important classification of antibiotics breaks down drugs according to their spectrum of action and structure. Again, to understand the complex paragraphs of instructions explaining the spectrum of activity and belonging to a specific group, you need to get to know the microbes better.

Gram-positive bacteria include cocci, that is, spherical microorganisms, including numerous families of staphylococci and streptococci. In addition, clostridia, corynebacteria, listeria, and enterococci belong to this group. Gram-positive pathogens most often cause infectious diseases of the nasopharynx, respiratory tract, ear, as well as inflammatory processes of the eye.

Gram-negative bacteria are a not so numerous group of microorganisms that mainly cause intestinal infections, as well as diseases of the genitourinary tract. Much less commonly, gram-negative pathogens are responsible for respiratory tract pathologies. These include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella (the causative agent of diphtheria), Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Legionella, Klebsiella, Proteus.

Among gram-negative microorganisms there are also causative agents of severe hospital infections. These microbes are difficult to treat - in hospital conditions they develop special resistance to most antibiotics. Therefore, special, often intramuscular or intravenous, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to treat such infectious diseases.

Empirical therapy is based on this “separation” of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, which involves selecting an antibiotic without prior culture, that is, practically “by eye.” As practice shows, in the case of “standard” diseases, this approach to choosing a drug is completely justified. If the doctor has doubts about whether the pathogen belongs to one group or another, prescribing broad-spectrum antibiotics will help “get the ball in the air.”

Broad spectrum antibiotics: the whole army is at gunpoint

So, we come to the most interesting part. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are a universal antibacterial medicine. Whatever the pathogen is the source of the disease, broad-spectrum antibacterial agents will have a bactericidal effect and defeat the microbe.

As a rule, broad-spectrum drugs are used when:

treatment is prescribed empirically, that is, based on clinical symptoms. When selecting an antibiotic empirically, time and money are not wasted on identifying the pathogen. The microbe that caused the disease will forever remain unknown. This approach is appropriate in the case of common infections, as well as fast-acting dangerous diseases. For example, with meningitis, death can be a foregone conclusion literally within a few hours if antibiotic therapy is not started immediately after the first signs of the disease;
pathogens are resistant to narrow-spectrum antibiotics;
a superinfection has been diagnosed, in which several types of bacteria are the culprits of the disease;
prevention of infection after surgical interventions is carried out.

List of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Let's try to name by name those antibacterial drugs that have a wide spectrum of activity:

antibiotics of the penicillin group: , Ampicillin, Ticarcycline;
antibiotics of the tetracycline group: Tetracycline;
fluoroquinolones: Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin;
Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin;
Amphenicols: Chloramphenicol (Levomycetin);
Carbapenems: Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem.

As you can see, the list of broad-spectrum antibiotics is not very large. And we will begin a detailed description of drugs with probably the most popular group - penicillin antibiotics.

Penicillins - drugs that people know and love

With the discovery of an antibiotic of this particular group - Benzylpenicillin - doctors realized that microbes could be defeated. Despite its venerable age, benzylpenicillin is still used today, and in some cases it is a first-line drug. However, broad-spectrum agents include other, newer penicillin antibiotics, which can be divided into two groups:

drugs for parenteral (injection) and enteral administration, which withstand the acidic environment of the stomach;
injection antibiotics that do not withstand the action of hydrochloric acid - Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin.

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin are popular broad-spectrum penicillins

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin occupy a special place of honor among penicillin antibiotics. The spectrum and effect on the human body of these two antibiotics are almost the same. Among the microorganisms sensitive to Ampicillin and Amoxicillin, the most well-known infectious agents are:

gram-positive bacteria: staphylococci and streptococci, enterococci, listeria;
gram-negative bacteria: gonorrhea pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, E. coli, Shigella, salmonella, Haemophilus influenzae, whooping cough pathogen Bordetella pertussis.

With an identical spectrum, Ampicillin and Amoxicillin differ significantly in pharmacokinetic properties.

Ampicillin

Ampicillin was synthesized in the early 60s of the last century. The drug immediately won the hearts of doctors: its spectrum of action compared favorably with the antibiotics of the 50s, to which persistence, that is, addiction, had already developed.

However, Ampicillin has significant disadvantages - low bioavailability and short half-life. The antibiotic is absorbed by only 35–50%, and the half-life is several hours. In this regard, the course of treatment with Ampicillin is quite intensive: tablets should be taken at a dose of 250–500 mg four times a day.

A feature of Ampicillin, which is considered an advantage over Amoxicillin, is the possibility of parenteral administration of the drug. The antibiotic is produced in the form of a lyophilized powder, from which a solution is prepared before administration. Ampicillin is prescribed 250–1000 mg every 4–6 hours intramuscularly or intravenously.

Amoxicillin is slightly younger than its predecessor - it went on sale in the 70s of the 20th century. Nevertheless, this antibiotic is still one of the most popular and effective broad-spectrum drugs, including for children. And this became possible thanks to the undoubted advantages of the drug.

These include the high bioavailability of Amoxicillin tablets, which reaches 75–90%, against the background of a fairly long half-life. Moreover, the degree of absorption does not depend on food intake. The drug has a high degree of affinity for the tissues of the respiratory tract: the concentration of Amoxicillin in the lungs and bronchi is almost twice as high as in other tissues and blood. It is not surprising that Amoxicillin is considered the drug of choice for uncomplicated forms of bacterial bronchitis and pneumonia.

In addition, the medicine is indicated for sore throat, infections of the urinary and reproductive tract, and infectious skin diseases. Amoxicillin is a component of eradication therapy for gastric and duodenal ulcers.

The drug is taken orally at a dosage of 250–1000 mg twice a day for 5–10 days.

Broad-spectrum parenteral penicillins

Penicillins, which are used for parenteral administration, differ from the known Ampicillin and Amoxicillin in their additional activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This microorganism causes soft tissue infections - abscesses, purulent wounds. Pseudomonas also act as causative agents of cystitis - inflammation of the bladder, as well as inflammation of the intestines - enteritis.

In addition, broad-spectrum parenteral penicillin antibiotics have bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects against:

gram-positive microorganisms: staphylococci, streptococci (except for strains that form penicillinase), as well as enterobacteria;
gram-negative microorganisms: Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae and others.

Broad-spectrum parenteral penicillins include Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Carfecillin, Piperacillin and others.

Let's look at the most well-known antibiotics - Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin and Piperacillin.

Carbenicillin

In medicine, carbenicillin disodium salt is used, which is a white powder that is dissolved before use.

Carbenicillin is indicated for infections of the abdominal cavity, including peritonitis, the genitourinary system, the respiratory tract, as well as meningitis, sepsis, infections of bone tissue, and skin.

The drug is administered intramuscularly, and in severe cases intravenously.

Ticarcillin

Unprotected Ticarcillin is prescribed for severe infections caused by strains of bacteria that do not produce penicillinase: sepsis, septicemia, peritonitis, postoperative infections. The antibiotic is also used for gynecological infections, including endometritis, as well as infections of the respiratory tract, ENT organs, and skin. In addition, Ticarcillin is used for infectious diseases in patients with a reduced immune response.

Piperacillin

Piperacillin is mainly used together with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam. However, if it is determined that the causative agent of the disease does not produce penicillinase, an unprotected antibiotic may be prescribed.

Indications for the use of Piperacillin include severe purulent-inflammatory infections of the genitourinary system, abdominal cavity, respiratory and ENT organs, skin, bones and joints, as well as sepsis, meningitis, postoperative infections and other diseases.

Protected broad-spectrum penicillins: antibiotics to fight resistance!

Amoxicillin and Ampicillin are far from omnipotent. Both drugs are destroyed by beta-lactamases, which are produced by some strains of bacteria. Such “harmful” pathogens include many types of staphylococcus, including Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and other bacteria.

If the infection is caused by beta-lactamase-producing pathogens, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and some other antibiotics are simply destroyed without causing any harm to the bacteria. Scientists found a way out of the situation by creating complexes of penicillin antibiotics with substances that inhibit beta-lactamases. In addition to the most famous clavulanic acid, inhibitors of destructive enzymes include sulbactam and tazobactam.

Protected antibiotics can effectively fight infection that the fragile and lonely penicillin cannot. Therefore, combination drugs are often the drugs of choice for a wide variety of diseases caused by bacterial infection, including hospital-acquired ones. The leading places in this list of broad-spectrum antibiotics are occupied by two or three drugs, and some injectable drugs used in hospitals remain behind the scenes. Paying tribute to the spectrum of each combined penicillin, we will open the veil of secrecy and list these, of course, worthy drugs.

Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid. The most famous combined broad-spectrum antibiotic, which has dozens of generics: Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Flemoclav. There are both oral and injectable forms of this antibiotic.

Amoxicillin and sulbactam. Trade name - Trifamox, available in tablet form. A parenteral form of Trifamox is also available.

Ampicillin and sulbactam. Trade name - Ampisid, used for injections, more often in hospitals.

Ticarcillin + clavulanic acid. Trade name Timentin, available only in parenteral form. Indicated for the treatment of severe infections caused by resistant, hospital-acquired strains.

Piperacillin + tazobactam. Trade names Piperacillin-tazobactam-Teva, Tazacin, Santaz, Tazrobida, Tacillin J, etc. The antibiotic is used as an infusion drip, that is, in the form of intravenous infusions for moderate and severe polyinfections.

Broad spectrum tetracyclines: time-tested

Well-known broad-spectrum drugs include tetracycline antibiotics. This group of drugs is united by a common structure, which is based on the four-cyclic system (“tetra” translated from Greek - four).

Tetracycline antibiotics do not have a beta-lactam ring in their structure, and therefore are not subject to the destructive action of beta-lactamase. The group of tetracyclines has a general spectrum of action, which includes:

gram-positive microorganisms: staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia, listeria, actinomycetes;
gram-negative microorganisms: the causative agent of gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Shigella (the causative agent of dysentery), salmonella, the causative agent of whooping cough Bordetella pertussis, as well as bacteria of the genus Treponema, including the causative agent of syphilis - spirochete pallidum.

A distinctive feature of tetracyclines is their ability to penetrate into the bacterial cell. Therefore, these products cope well with intracellular pathogens - chlamydia, mycoplasma, ureaplasma. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus are not susceptible to the bactericidal action of tetracyclines.

The two most commonly used tetracyclines today are Tetracycline and Doxycycline.

Tetracycline

One of the founders of the tetracycline group, discovered back in 1952, is still used today, despite its advanced age and side effects. However, the prescription of tetracycline tablets can be criticized, given the existence of more modern and effective broad-spectrum antibiotics.

The negative aspects of oral tetracycline undoubtedly include its rather limited therapeutic activity, as well as the ability to change the composition of the intestinal flora. In this regard, when prescribing tetracycline tablets, the increased risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea should be taken into account.

It is much more effective and safe to prescribe external and local forms of tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline eye ointment is included in the Russian list of vital drugs and is an excellent example of a local antibacterial drug with a wide spectrum of action.

Doxycycline

Doxycycline is distinguished by its therapeutic activity (almost 10 times higher than Tetracycline) and impressive bioavailability. In addition, Doxycycline has a much lesser effect on the intestinal microflora than other drugs in the tetracycline group.

Fluoroquinolones are essential broad-spectrum antibiotics

Probably, no doctor can imagine his medical practice without fluoroquinolone antibiotics. The first synthesized representatives of this group were distinguished by a narrow spectrum of action. With the development of pharmaceuticals, new generations of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents were discovered and the spectrum of their activity expanded.

Thus, first generation antibiotics - Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin - work primarily against gram-negative flora.

Modern fluoroquinolones of the II, III and IV generations, unlike their predecessors, are antibiotics of the broadest, so to speak, spectrum of action. These include Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin, and other drugs active against:

Note that all fluoroquinolones, without exception, are contraindicated for use in children under 18 years of age. This is due to the ability of antibiotics of this group to disrupt the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a substance included in the structure of the tendon. Therefore, taking fluoroquinolones in children is associated with the risk of changes in cartilage tissue.

Fluoroquinolone II generation, Levofloxacin is prescribed for respiratory tract infections - pneumonia, bronchitis, ENT organs - sinusitis, otitis, as well as diseases of the urinary tract, reproductive tract, including urogenital chlamydia, infections of the skin (furunculosis) and soft tissues (atheromas, abscesses).

Levofloxacin is prescribed 500 mg per day at a time for seven, less often - 10 days. In severe cases, the antibiotic is administered intravenously.

Many drugs containing lomefloxacin are registered on the Russian pharmaceutical market. The original product - the brand - is the German Tavanik. Its generics include Levofloxacin Teva, Levolet, Glevo, Flexil, Ecolevid, Hyleflox and other drugs.

Moxifloxacin

Moxifloxacin is a highly active third-generation broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic indicated for infections of the ENT organs, respiratory tract, skin, soft tissues, and postoperative infections. The drug is prescribed in tablets of 400 mg once a day. The course of treatment ranges from 7 to 10 days.

The original drug of moxifloxacin, which is most often used, is Avelox manufactured by Bayer. There are very few generics of Avelox, and it is quite difficult to find them in pharmacies. Moxifloxacin is part of Vigamox eye drops, indicated for infectious inflammatory processes of the conjunctiva of the eye and other diseases.

Gatifloxacin

The drug of the latest, IV generation of fluoroquinolones is prescribed for severe, including hospital-acquired respiratory tract diseases, ophthalmological pathologies, infections of the ENT organs, and urogenital tract. The antibacterial effect of Gatifloxacin also applies to pathogens that are sexually transmitted.

Gatifloxacin is prescribed 200 or 400 mg per day once.

Most drugs containing gatifloxacin are produced by Indian companies. Most often in pharmacies you can find Tabris, Gaflox, Gatispan.

Aminoglycosides: essential antibiotics

Aminoglycosides comprise a group of antibacterial drugs that have similar properties in structure and, of course, spectrum of action. Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis in microbes, exerting a pronounced bactericidal effect against sensitive microorganisms.

The first aminoglycoside is a natural antibiotic isolated during World War II. Surprisingly, modern phthisiology still cannot do without the same Streptomycin, which was discovered back in 1943 - the antibiotic is now widely used in phthisiology to treat tuberculosis.

All four generations of aminoglycosides, which were gradually isolated and synthesized over more than half a century, have an equally wide spectrum of antibacterial action. Antibiotics of this group act on:

gram-positive cocci: streptococci and staphylococci;
gram-negative microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, Moraxella, Pseudomonas and others.

Aminoglycosides of different generations have some individual characteristics, which we will try to trace using examples of specific drugs.

The oldest broad-acting aminoglycoside of the first generation in injections, which is distinguished by its high antibacterial activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indications for the use of Streptomycin are primary tuberculosis of any localization, plague, brucellosis and tularemia. The antibiotic is administered intramuscularly, intratracheally, and also intracavernosally.

A very controversial antibiotic of the second generation, which is gradually falling into oblivion, is Gentamicin. Like other aminoglycosides of the second and older generations, Gentamicin is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibiotic exists in three forms: injection, external in the form of ointments and local (eye drops).

Interestingly, unlike the vast majority of antibiotics, Gentamicin perfectly retains its properties in dissolved form. Therefore, the injection form of the drug is a ready-made solution in ampoules.

Gentamicin is used for infectious and inflammatory diseases of the biliary tract - cholecystitis, cholangitis, urinary tract - cystitis, pyelonephritis, as well as for infections of the skin and soft tissues. In ophthalmological practice, eye drops with Gentamicin are prescribed for blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis and other infectious eye lesions.

The reason for a wary attitude towards Gentamicin is data on the side effects of the antibiotic, in particular ototoxicity. In recent years, sufficient evidence has been obtained of hearing impairment due to Gentamicin therapy. There are even cases of complete deafness that developed due to the administration of an antibiotic. The danger is that, as a rule, the ototoxic effect of Gentamicin is irreversible, that is, hearing is not restored after discontinuation of the antibiotic.

Based on this sad trend, most doctors prefer to opt for other, safer aminoglycosides.

Amikacin

An excellent alternative to Gentamicin is the third-generation broad-spectrum antibiotic Amikacin, which is produced in powder form for the preparation of an injection solution. Indications for the use of Amikacin include peritonitis, meningitis, endocarditis, sepsis, pneumonia and other severe infectious diseases.

Amphenicols: let's talk about good old Levomycetin

The main representative of the amphenicol group is the natural broad-spectrum antibiotic chloramphenicol, which is known to almost every one of our compatriots under the name Levomycetin. The drug is a structural levorotatory isomer of chloramphenicol (hence the prefix “left”).

The spectrum of action of Levomycetin covers:

gram-positive cocci: staphylococci and streptococci;
gram-negative bacteria: gonorrhea pathogens, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Proteus, Rickettsia.

In addition, Levomycetin is active against spirochetes and even some large viruses.

Indications for the use of Levomycetin include typhoid and paratyphoid fever, dysentery, brucellosis, whooping cough, typhus, and various intestinal infections.

External forms of Levomycetin (ointments) are prescribed for purulent skin diseases and trophic ulcers. Thus, in Russia, an ointment containing Levomycetin, which is produced under the name Levomekol, is very popular.

In addition, Levomycetin is used in ophthalmology for inflammatory eye diseases.

A course of treatment with Levomycetin or How to harm your body?

Levomycetin is an affordable, effective, and therefore a broad-spectrum intestinal antibiotic loved by many. So beloved that you can often meet a patient in a pharmacy buying those same anti-diarrhea pills and praising their effectiveness. Of course: I took two or three tablets - and the problems went away. It is in this approach to treatment with Levomycetin that the danger lurks.

We must not forget that Levomycetin is an antibiotic that must be taken in a course. We know that, for example, the antibiotic Amoxicillin should not be taken for less than five days, but by drinking two tablets of Levomycetin, we manage to completely forget about the antibacterial origin of the drug. What happens to the bacteria in this case?

It's simple: the weakest enterobacteria, of course, die after two or three doses of Levomycetin. The diarrhea stops, and we, giving glory to the power of bitter pills, forget about the troubles. Meanwhile, strong and persistent microorganisms survive and continue their vital functions. Often as opportunistic pathogens, which become more active at the slightest decrease in immunity and show us where the crayfish hibernate. Then Levomycetin may no longer cope with selected microbes.

To prevent this from happening, you should follow the recommended course of antibiotic therapy. For the treatment of acute intestinal infections, the drug is taken at a dosage of 500 mg three to four times a day for at least a week. If you are not ready to follow a fairly intensive course, it is better to give preference to other antimicrobial drugs, for example, nitrofuran derivatives.

Carbapenems: reserve antibiotics

As a rule, we encounter carbapenems extremely rarely or not at all. And this is wonderful - after all, these antibiotics are indicated for the treatment of severe hospital infections that threaten life. The spectrum of action of carabapenems includes most existing pathological strains, including resistant ones.

Antibiotics in this group include:

Meropenem. The most common carbapenem, which is produced under the trade names Meronem, Meropenem, Cyronem, Jenem, etc.;
Ertapenem, trade name Invanz;
Imipenem.

Carbapenems are administered only intravenously, intravenously infusion and bolus, that is, using a special dispenser.

Antibiotic therapy: the golden rule of safety

At the end of our excursion into the world of broad-spectrum antibiotics, we cannot ignore the most important aspect on which the safety of drugs and, ultimately, our health is based. Every patient - current or potential - should know and remember that the right to prescribe antibiotics belongs exclusively to the doctor.

No matter how much knowledge you think you have in the field of medicine, you should not give in to the temptation to “treat yourself.” Moreover, you should not rely on the hypothetical pharmaceutical abilities of neighbors, friends and colleagues.

Only a good doctor can assess the risks and benefits of using a broad-spectrum antibiotic, select a drug that can cover the spectrum of “your” microorganisms and prevent possible side effects. Trust the knowledge and experience of a great specialist, and this will help you maintain your health for many years.

Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs are a universal group of drugs whose action is aimed at comprehensively combating many types of bacteria.

In the ophthalmological field of medicine, such medications are used quite often and in a wide variety of forms. Compared to narrowly targeted antibiotic drugs, extended-release agents make it possible to treat non-serious pathologies of bacterial pathogenesis in a fairly short time and without significant difficulties in organizing therapy.

Today we’ll talk about the rules and principles of taking such medications in ophthalmology, paying attention to the best antibiotics. Interesting? Then be sure to read the article below until the end.

Antibacterial eye drops, like other types of similar broad-spectrum drugs, can be effectively used in the treatment of many eye pathologies of bacterial pathogenesis.

The high effectiveness of these drugs is due to the fact that their effect on unfavorable microorganisms is always complex.

At the moment, broad-spectrum antibiotics can combat:

gram-positive cocci;
streptococci of various forms;
gram-negative microorganisms;
anaerobic and intracellular bacteria.

The effect of this group of drugs is based on two main points:

Firstly, they inhibit protein synthesis in an unfavorable microorganism, which contributes to its weakening and subsequent death.
Secondly, antibiotics significantly suppress the proliferation of bacterial microflora.

In the ophthalmological field of medicine, the most common antibacterial drops with a broad spectrum of action. Their basic purpose is any eye pathology of bacterial pathogenesis with mild to moderate severity.

Antibacterial drops are often used to treat:

blepharitis;
meibomites;
iridocyclitis;
purulent processes of bacterial origin.

Among broad-spectrum antibiotics in the form of drops, two groups can be distinguished:

The first drugs have a limited vector of action, although they are capable of destroying many different types of bacteria. These include Tobrex and Tsipromed, which are often prescribed for the previously noted ailments, but require a preliminary examination and specialized testimony from an ophthalmologist.
The second means have a truly broad effect on unfavorable microflora and are prescribed for any suspicion of bacterial eye damage. The most effective and popular among them are Levomycetin and, in principle, any florquinolone eye drops.

Some highly targeted drugs clearly do not belong to the class being considered today, so we will not pay attention to them.

Let us only note that it is better not to self-medicate with narrow antibiotics, since to use them it is important to carry out a whole list of laboratory tests and consultations with a professional doctor.

At the same time, it is quite acceptable to use broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs for symptomatic manifestations of eye disease.

Drops for children

Bacterial eye infections are noticeably more common in children under 10 years of age, so ophthalmic pharmacology is actively producing specialized antibiotics specifically for sick children.

As a rule, lesions in children are general in nature and streptococci, staphylococci, and various bacilli are almost always present in the smear of the affected eyes. Due to this specificity of childhood eye pathologies, broad-spectrum antibiotics are often used for their treatment.

The safest and most effective antibacterial drops for children are:

Tobrex;
Ciprofloxacin;
Phloxal.

Despite the good practice of using the indicated products, even before using them, it is advisable to consult with an ophthalmologist.

Do not forget that the body of children, especially those suffering from some damage, requires high-quality and thoughtful therapy, so it is better to exclude self-medication.

Otherwise, an incorrectly selected drug or its incorrect dosage can not only reduce the effect of treatment to zero, but also completely worsen the condition of the affected eyes. Naturally, there is no need to take risks like this.

Tablet antibiotics

Drops are most often prescribed

For serious bacterial lesions of the body that have caused complications and visual organs, broad-spectrum tablet antibiotics are used.

For the most part, their appointment is made by the attending physician, basing the final decision on the degree of damage to the patient and the individual characteristics of his case.

The specificity of “tablet” antibiotic therapy is quite high, so it is not advisable to engage in it without consulting a professional doctor.

The following broad-spectrum antibacterial tablets are popular in modern ophthalmology:

Each of the marked products has individual characteristics, therefore, before using any drug, it is extremely important to study in detail the instructions attached to it.

Based on its provisions and the doctor’s recommendations, antibacterial therapy should be organized using tablets. A different approach to such treatment is not desirable, especially when it comes to getting rid of rather specific eye lesions.

Antibiotic ointments for eyes

Tears mixed with pus are a symptom of conjunctivitis of bacterial origin.

As for antibiotic ointments for the eyes, almost all of them have a wide spectrum of action. A typical representative of this class of products is usually effective in combating a whole list of bacteria, represented by:

The main purposes for the use of antibiotic ointments in ophthalmology are as follows:

development in a person of conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, barley or ulcers of bacterial origin and of a rather serious nature;
severe manifestations of the disease;
ineffectiveness of treatment with eye drops.

As practice shows, the following types of antibacterial ointments are most effective:

Phloxal;
Tobrex;
Tetracycline and Erythromycin ointments;
Tetracycline;
Colbiocin.

Before using any ophthalmic ointment, you should consult with an ophthalmologist, since the specificity of their therapy is quite high.

Incorrect use of eye ointments is very common, so do not forget to carefully study the instructions included with it before using this or that product. Otherwise, the organized treatment may not only be implemented in vain, but also actually worsen the patient’s condition.

List of the best ophthalmic broad-spectrum antibiotics

Eye drops must be used correctly!

To conclude today’s article, let’s look at the best broad-spectrum ophthalmic antibiotics.

After analyzing hundreds of reviews from ophthalmologists, our resource has identified the best antibacterial agent from each category. These included the following drugs:

Levomycetin () is a drug that is one of the most effective among ophthalmic antibiotics. In modern ophthalmology, it is used for the treatment of almost all bacterial eye pathologies of mild and moderate formation. In addition to the significant effect, Levomycetin eye drops have a small number of contraindications and rarely cause side effects, as a result of which they have proven themselves exclusively on the positive side.
Amoxicillin (tablets) is also a very high-quality and effective antibacterial agent. This broad-spectrum antibiotic in tablet form is most often used to treat bacterial eye diseases. Unlike Levomycetin, Amoxicillin has a greater number of contraindications, but is still a leader in its field of application.
Tobrex (ointment) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that has a quick and mild effect in the treatment of bacterial eye lesions. In principle, the effectiveness of this eye ointment, proven over the years, low cost and almost complete absence of contraindications, speaks for itself. Definitely, among its class of drugs, Tobrex is one of the best, if not the best representative.

Perhaps, on a note of consideration of the best antibiotics for the eyes, we will conclude the story on the topic of today’s article. We hope that the material presented was useful to you and provided answers to your questions. I wish you health and successful treatment of all diseases!

The video will tell you how to properly instill eye drops, incl. Albucid:

Despite the undoubted successes and achievements of modern medicine in the fight against infections caused by pathogenic fungi, the number of people suffering from such diseases is not decreasing.

In addition to superficial and urogenital mycoses, deep lesions associated with HIV, organ donation, hemato-oncology, and nursing newborns are quite often recorded today.

Antimycotic drugs, used in various regimens for the treatment and prevention of fungal infections, must exhibit high activity against the pathogen, have a prolonged effect, have a minimal frequency of formation of resistance of the pathogenic organism, have good compatibility with pharmaceuticals of other groups, be effective, safe, and easy to use.

These requirements are met, in particular, by an antimycotic from the azole group - fluconazole, which acts as the active substance of broad-spectrum antifungal drugs. One of them is a drug Diflucan.

Inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system most often occur due to pathogenic microorganisms.

The most common pathogens are chlamydia, trichomonas, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, and fungi.

A person can be a carrier of pathogenic bacteria and not know it. Often a person becomes infected with several types of microorganisms at once.

Treatment of such conditions requires a comprehensive approach. The drug Safotsid includes three drugs with different spectrum of action.

For most infections, a single dose of the drug complex is sufficient. But only a doctor can determine the advisability of using Safocid.

Mikosist It is considered one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of fungal diseases.

The main active ingredient of the medicine is

The mechanism of resistance may be as follows:

Microorganisms can mutate if not properly treated, and the reactions that the antibiotic blocks become indifferent to the pathogen.
The pathogen can surround itself with a protective capsule and become impenetrable to the antibiotic.
The bacterium does not have a structure vulnerable to antibiotics.
A bacterium may have an antibiotic-degrading enzyme at the chemical formula level, which converts the drug into a latent form (staphylococci, for example, contain a lactamase that destroys penicillins).

Classification of drugs and their effects on the individual

This section of the site contains information about drugs from the group - G01 Antiseptics and antimicrobials for the treatment of gynecological diseases. Each drug is described in detail by specialists of the EUROLAB portal.

Anatomical-therapeutic-chemical classification is an international system for classifying drugs. Latin name - Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical.

Based on this system, all drugs are divided into groups according to their main therapeutic use. The ATC classification has a clear, hierarchical structure, which makes it easier to find the right drugs.

Each medicine has its own pharmacological action. Correctly identifying the right medications is a fundamental step for successfully treating diseases.

In order to avoid undesirable consequences, before using certain medications, consult your doctor and read the instructions for use. Pay special attention to interactions with other medications, as well as conditions of use during pregnancy.

Medicines group: Antiseptics and antimicrobials for the treatment of gynecological diseases

Medicines used in gynecology have a wide range of forces. There are many of them.

The main and most common:

Today, a lot of antibiotics have been created and their classifications are based on the principle of action and chemical structure.

Based on their effects, all antibiotic agents are divided into bacteriostatic and bactericidal. Bacteriostatics – stop the proliferation of bacteria, but do not destroy them.

In the second group, bacteria die and are excreted through the kidneys and feces. Bactericidal activity manifests itself in the suppression of all types of synthesis: proteins, DNA, bacterial cell membranes.

Can be prescribed during pregnancy

In recent years, a number of pathogens have acquired resistance to popular tetracycline antibacterial drugs. It is also worth considering that medications in this group have a large number of side effects.

In most cases, specialists treat inflammation of the appendages with doxycycline (which has minimal side effects and is eliminated by the body in a short time).

Another group of effective drugs for the problem under consideration are macrolides. They are not destroyed in the stomach, have a long half-life, and therefore accumulate in the body and thus speed up recovery.

The effectiveness of sumamed and klacid has now been proven in practice. Antibacterial drugs from the macrolide group destroy, among other things, organisms that settle inside cells, leading to inflammation.

For the treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system, two or more drugs are used; monotherapy is not indicated. The reason is that pathogens are often two or more microorganisms, both anaerobes and aerobes. To destroy the latter, drugs such as metronidazole and tinidazole are relevant.

Pregnancy is a contraindication for the use of tetracycline drugs, because these drugs enter the fetus through the placenta and can accumulate in its organs and tissues. Because of this, the unborn child’s skeleton will develop incorrectly.

Some macrolides are also not used during pregnancy. Clarithromycin has been proven to be harmful to the fetus.

But the effects of roxithromycin and midecamycin have not been sufficiently studied today.

If no other treatment is possible, and inflammation of the appendages in a pregnant woman is severe, doctors may resort to prescribing azithromycin. Drugs from the fluoroquinolone group are prohibited from being used during pregnancy.

Medicines classified as tetracyclines should be taken after meals or with food. For adult patients, the doctor prescribes 100 mg of the drug, the dose is divided into three or four doses.

If the child is over 8 years old, the dose for him is calculated according to the formula of a maximum of 25 mg/kg. The course of treatment with drugs of this group is 5-7 days, no more.

But this should be indicated directly by your attending physician; self-medication with antibiotics is life-threatening.

Treatment with tetracycline antibacterial drugs is canceled if a person develops symptoms of allergies such as burning, itching, and redness of the skin. It is better not to take these drugs together with milk or milk-based products (kefir, fermented baked milk), otherwise the drug will be absorbed much worse.

A number of macrolide antibiotics should be taken 2 hours after or 60 minutes before meals. Erythromycin is prescribed with water in an amount of more than two hundred milligrams.

Suspensions for internal use must be diluted; before use, read the instructions, which indicate the specifics of administration and dosage. The doctor prescribes a specific treatment regimen that must be followed strictly.

The medicine is taken at certain time intervals, and one cannot deviate from this plan; this is the only way to achieve the desired concentration of the medicine in the blood and tissues.

Macrolides are not taken together with antacids. The latter are prescribed in the presence of acid-dependent diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Fluoroquinolones are also washed down with large quantities of water, taken 2 hours before meals. When treated with antibiotics, you need to drink one and a half liters of water or more per day.

Treatment of pregnant women with antibiotics is always difficult, since the teratogenicity of the prescribed drug is taken into account. In the 1st trimester, their use is completely excluded; in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters they can be prescribed, but with caution and in exceptional cases.

During these weeks, the baby’s main organs are already formed, but there is always a risk of adverse effects.

It is impossible for the expectant mother not to use antibiotics if she is diagnosed with: tonsillitis, pyelonephritis, infected wound, sepsis, pneumonia, STIs; specific infections: borelliosis, brucellosis, TB, etc.

Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection

The main goal of therapy for nonspecific vaginitis, based on the definition, is to suppress the growth of facultative flora that has become pathogenic and restore the normal composition of the vaginal biocenosis.

Over time, the infectious landscape of this disease has changed. If about 40 years ago, streptococci were of primary importance in the etiology of nonspecific vaginitis, now this place has been taken by more antibiotic-resistant staphylococci.

The selection of a drug is always individual and depends on factors such as:

1 General reactivity of the body;
2 The course of the infectious process;
3 Presence or absence of complications;
4 For chronic infection - the frequency of relapses per year and the characteristics of the inflammatory process;
5 The presence of pregnancy and its course against the background of vaginitis of nonspecific etiology.
6 Presence of concomitant chronic infections;
7 State of local and general immunity;
8 Presence of concomitant pathology.

When prescribing antibacterial agents, their effectiveness is assessed 72 hours after the start of use. In this case, local symptoms (such as itching, burning, swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membrane) should subside; the woman may notice an improvement in her general condition.

This rule is appropriate when treating any infection, not just the urogenital tract.

If no improvement is noted, the woman presents the same complaints as at the beginning of treatment, then the prescribed treatment regimen is revised. The lack of effect within 72 hours after the start of therapy indicates its ineffectiveness against the pathogen!

Every day our body is attacked by thousands and millions of different bacteria, viruses and microorganisms. He has learned to cope with the main part, but some still manage to penetrate the body, causing significant damage to health.

To destroy them, pharmacists have developed antimicrobial, antibacterial and antifungal drugs. Unfortunately, viruses mutate over time, and previous medications become ineffective. Today, you can purchase broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs at the pharmacy that can destroy several viruses at once. In this article we will look at which of them are most effective, for which diseases their use is indicated and their price category.

Among all medications, I would like to pay special attention to antibiotics. Many patients simply do not like them, claiming negative consequences after their use. But one cannot ignore the fact that it is thanks to them that dangerous epidemics can be stopped and millions of human lives saved.

They have a large radius of action, thanks to which they destroy many bacteria. New generation medications turn out to be the most effective due to the fact that microorganisms have not had time to adapt to the new active substance.

Advantages of new generation antibacterial agents over conventional antibiotics:

compared to antibiotics marketed more than ten years ago, there is a comparatively smaller list of adverse reactions;
no need to use three or four times a day, one or two applications are enough;
different forms of release: tablets, injection solutions, suspensions, ointments, patches.

Antibacterial and microbial agents are divided into three classes:

Sulfonamides.
Antibiotics.
Nitrofurans.

Some of them have such a pronounced effect that they destroy not only harmful microorganisms but also all beneficial microflora in the intestines. That is why it is recommended to take probiotics with them. They also have a negative effect on the liver and kidneys.

To prevent viruses and bacteria from adapting and mutating, antibiotics are taken in the maximum dosage prescribed by the doctor. The duration of therapy is determined by the severity of the disease and the type of pathogen.

Important! It is prohibited to reduce or exceed the dosage on your own, or to shorten the duration of taking medications!

There are a number of medications that are effective against protozoal infections. For example, nitroimidazole derivatives: ornidazole, metronidazole, tinidazole. Metronidazole is in particular demand among them, mainly due to its low pricing policy. But tinidazole, although it is a complete analogue, cannot be administered intravenously or intramuscularly.

Antibacterial agents of a wide range of action are divided into:

III and IV generation cephalosporins;
natural penicillins;
dioxidins;
inhibitor-protected and antipseudomonas penicillins;
aminoglycosides;
fosfomycin;
rifampicin;
aminopenicillins inhibitor-protected;
tetracycline;
chloramphenicol;
macrolide;
sulfonamides;
nitroimidazole series agents;
a number of carbapenems;
means of a number of nitrofurans;
fluoroquinolones and quinolones.

Narrow range products are not included in this list. They are prescribed to the patient when the type of causative agent of the disease is precisely determined. Not used empirically or in the treatment of superinfections.

In tablets

This section will provide a list of antibacterial medications that have a wide range of new and old generations. They are effective against gram-negative and gram-positive microbes.

List of drugs:

Third and fourth generation cephalosporins: Cefantral, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Tax-o-bid, Cefpirom, Loraxim.
Aminopenicillins: Amosin, Amoxicillin, Sulbactam, Ecobol, Amoxisar, Clavulanate.
Third generation aminoglycosides: Netromycin, Netilmicin, Nettacin.
Semi-synthetic 16-membered macrolides: Macropen.
Semi-synthetic 14 and 15 macrolides: Rulicin, Brilide, Roxibid, Azithromycin.
Carbapenems: Invanz, Ertapenem, Meropenem.
Fluoroquinolones 3 and 4 generations: Sparflo, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin.
Nitrofurans: Furagin, Nifuroxazide, Nitrofurantoin.

For children

The child's body is extremely susceptible to all kinds of medications, especially antibacterial ones. Therefore, the list of acceptable drugs is significantly reduced.

New generation drugs for children:

cephalosporins: Cephalexin, Torocef-Cefazolin;
aminopenicillins: Femoxin, Summed, Amosin, Amoxiclav;
macrolides: Zithrocin, Midecamycin, Rovamycin.

For your information! Treatment with nitrofurans, fluoroquinols, and carbapenams is unacceptable. They inhibit bone growth and have a toxic effect on the liver and kidneys. Only the use of Furacillin for treating wounds is not prohibited.

Ointments

At the moment there is a huge list of ointments, the main active ingredient of which is an antibiotic. Sold in every pharmacy, available without a prescription. They do not cause as much concern among patients as the use of tablets, suspensions or injections.

When choosing, it is necessary to take into account the stage of the wound process. For minor inflammations and superficial wounds, you can get by with antiseptics and antimicrobial ointments, but for deep tissue damage, you will need an antibacterial one that relieves pain.

Antibiotics are also available in the form of aerosols and powders.

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial ointments:

Tetracycline (tetracycline) used to treat eye and skin diseases.
Levomycetin, Levosin, Levomikol (levomycetin). Due to frequent cases of the development of aplastic anemia after internal use, chloramphenicol is used only for external treatment of wounds.
Zenerit, Erythromycin (erythromycin). Both medicines act gently and carefully, therefore they are approved for treating wounds, superficial rashes, and eye diseases for children and adults.
Clindovit, Dalatsin, Klenzit S (clindamycin). The duration of treatment can be about six months. Used for skin diseases and cosmetic problems.
Gentaxan, Gentamicin (gentamicin). Helps cope with streptoderma. Prohibited for use by children under three years of age, pregnant and lactating women. The ointment is practically not absorbed and does not enter the bloodstream. Only local application is necessary, directly to the affected area.

Using the ointment will bring results, provided that the bacteria are on the surface and have not affected the internal organs. If the infection begins to spread, a combination of tablets and ointments is necessary.

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents are an excellent help for both the doctor and the patient when it is necessary to start treatment urgently, and there is no time to wait for test results. They are effective against many viruses and bacteria.

The most popular drugs are:

Despite the large list of names, it is impossible to say which of them will be the safest and will not cause adverse reactions. Each of them is intended to treat a specific type of disease.

Some effectively cope with intestinal pathogens, while others work only in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Therefore, self-medicating and taking them for prevention is not only useless, but also dangerous to health. The appointment should only be made by a doctor who will make a diagnosis and study the individual characteristics of the patient’s body.

Antibacterial medicines are of artificial and natural origin, they are united by the main task of suppressing the growth of bacteria and fungi. In order for their use to bring positive results and not have a negative impact on health, you must follow some rules:

At the first signs of illness, you should visit a doctor. He will make a diagnosis, prescribe a medicine, the duration of its use and the optimal dosage.
It is forbidden to replace the medicine without first consulting with your doctor.
Treatment should not be prolonged or interrupted.
Self-medication is dangerous to health; it is not recommended to buy pills on the advice of friends who have similar symptoms of the disease as you.
It is strictly forbidden to give antibiotics to children without a pediatrician's prescription.

Unfortunately, dangerous viruses, bacteria and fungi gradually mutate. Their sensitivity to the active ingredients changes. Accordingly, their effectiveness decreases, which at some point will cause the lack of results of the treatment. Therefore, pharmacists work every day to create a new generation of medicines.

Conclusion

Over the entire period of production of antimicrobial drugs, more than seven thousand items have been produced. The bulk is not currently produced due to decreased efficiency, strong adverse reactions, and bacteria becoming accustomed to the main components. Today, about 150 drugs are used, 25 of which are the latest antibiotics, which are mainly prescribed to patients. Do not forget that for successful treatment, any drug should be prescribed only by a specialist.