What does the Aksakov coat of arms mean? The past of Russia: Aksakovs, noble family - history of the family, main representatives, genealogies. Aksakovsky coat of arms
- Nikolai Ivanovich Aksakov(1730-1802), served under Catherine II as a major general, governor in Smolensk and Yaroslavl. Under Emperor Paul he was a lieutenant general; On October 28, 1800, he was promoted to active privy councilor, but, wanting to preserve the military uniform that he had worn for more than half a century, at his own request, he was renamed lieutenant general and appointed a member of the Military Collegium.
- Mikhail Nikolaevich Aksakov, son of Nikolai Ivanovich Aksakov, was a lieutenant general, member of the Military Collegium and senator under Emperor Alexander I.
Alexander Nikolaevich Aksakov (1832-1881/)
Alexander Nikolaevich Aksakov(May 27, 1832, the village of Repyevka, Penza province - after 1881) - a prominent Russian writer, actual state councilor, son of Nikolai Timofeevich and nephew of Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov, author of the "Family Chronicle". After completing the course at the Alexander Lyceum in 1852, Alexander Nikolaevich entered the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and in 1852 was sent with the Melnikov-Pechersky expedition to the Nizhny Novgorod province to study the schism. In 1858, at the invitation of the Nizhny Novgorod governor A.N. Muravyov (former Decembrist) entered the Chamber of State Property as an adviser to the economic department; in 1860 he retired to organize his estates in accordance with the regulations on peasants. From 1868 to 1878 he served in the state chancellery and left service with the rank of actual state councilor. While still at the Lyceum, Alexander Nikolaevich became thoroughly acquainted with the teachings of Swedenborg, and in 1863 he published in Leipzig a translation from the Latin “On Heaven, About the World and About Hell, as E. Swedenborg Saw and Heard.” In Leipzig, in 1864, “The Gospel According to Swedenborg” was published, and in 1870, “Swedenborg’s Rationalism. A Critical Study of His Doctrine of Holy Scripture.” From the second half of the 1860s. Aksakov is interested in mediumism and spiritualism and finds expression of his new mood in the writings of the American spiritualist Davis. He published his translations from English and German, as well as articles on animal magnetism and spiritualism, in Leipzig and, where possible, in St. Petersburg. In order to promote spiritualism in Germany, Aksakov published several translations of Davis in German; and from 1874 he began publishing in Leipzig the monthly magazine “Psychische Studien”, dedicated to the study of little-known phenomena of mental life. In addition to articles on Swedenborgianism and mediumism, Alexander Nikolaevich also wrote on general issues in “Day” Iv. S. Aksakov - about the Talmud, in the "Russian Bulletin" - "On National Drunkenness", the brochure "Maintenance of drinking establishments", etc. In 1881 he took part in meetings of "Informed People". His personal view on spiritualism was expressed by him in the preface to the publication “Spiritism and Science” (St. Petersburg, 1872).
Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov (1791-1859)
Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov (September 20, 1791, Ufa - April 30, 1859) - a prominent Russian writer. His mother is the daughter of an important Orenburg official Zubov. In the “Family Chronicle” and “Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson,” where the Bagrovs must be understood as the Aksakovs, everything relating to the first years of Sergei Aksakov’s life is described in detail. In the fourth year of his life he already knew how to read and write and in early childhood he re-read everything that was possible to get, and in the tenth he was taken to the Kazan gymnasium; but due to poor health they had to take him home, and only in 1801 Sergei Timofeevich finally became a high school student. In Kazan, Aksakov lived, by the way, as a boarder with his teacher G.I. Kartashevsky, who later married his sister Natalya Timofeevna, professor at Kazan University, director of the department of foreign confessions, trustee of the Belarusian district, who died as a senator in 1840. Sergei Timofeevich studied well at the gymnasium, and in his fourteenth year, with the opening of Kazan University in 1804, became his student, “produced” under the patronage of Kartashevsky and as one of the best students in the senior classes of the gymnasium. However, while listening to university lectures, he at the same time continued his studies at the gymnasium. Sergei Timofeevich began writing very early, almost from the age of 15; but everything that glorified the name of the first of the Aksakovs - “Family Chronicle”, “Notes of a Gun Hunter”, etc. - was written much later, starting only in the 1840s. Before this, Sergei Timofeevich was fond of theater and recitation. In 1808, he arrived in St. Petersburg, where amateur theatergoers and writers, as well as artists, became his acquaintances and friends. Through his colleague Kaznacheev (Sergei Timofeevich was a translator in the Law Drafting Commission), he met Shishkov, in whose house he began to organize literary evenings and performances, captivating everyone with his recitation. The same ability between 1814-1815. brought him closer to old Derzhavin. 1812 Aksakov left his service and, after visiting the village, returned to Moscow, where he became close to the writers Shatrov, Nikolaev, Kokoshkin and others and began translating the tragedy “Philoctetes,” intended for a benefit performance by Shusherin, a celebrity of that time. After getting married, Sergei Timofeevich went to the village, where he spent about ten years (1816-1826); He came only in 1820 to print a translation of the 10th satire by Heukle, which made him a member of the “Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.” In 1826, the entire Aksakov family moved to Moscow, and from 1827, Sergei Timofeevich, with the assistance of Shishkov, then the Minister of Public Education, became the censor of the newly established branch of the Moscow Censorship Committee, in which position he remained for 6 years. All this time he lived in a circle of his former friends, which also included Zagoskin, the playwright Prince Shakhovskoy, the vaudeville artist Pisarev, and others. This circle was at enmity with Polevoy’s circle and his “Moscow Telegraph”. In the mid-1830s. Aksakov met Gogol, and this acquaintance gave a completely different direction to the literary activity of the former reciter and censor. In 1834, he wrote (without, however, indicating his name) for the almanac Maksimovich, Gogol’s friend, “Dennitsa”, a short essay “Burak”, which earned general approval. “Notes on Fishing” appeared in 1847, “Notes of a Gun Hunter” in 1852, and “Stories and Memoirs” in 1855. In 1856, Aksakov’s “Family Chronicle”, which made Aksakov famous, was published, followed by its continuation, “The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson.” Since 1834, Sergei Timofeevich served as an inspector of the Land Surveying School, and with its transformation into the Konstantinovsky Land Surveying Institute - its director. In 1839, tired, with poor health, Aksakov finally retired and lived as a private person, writing or dictating his incomparable works. “Collecting Butterflies”, “Winter Morning”, “Natasha” and others were written in the last year of Sergei Timofeevich’s life and were first published in “Russian Conversation” for 1859. Back in 1856, Aksakov’s illness took on a dangerous character and right up to his death did not leave him, causing severe suffering, with which he patiently fought, without stopping his activities. On April 30, 1859, Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov passed away.
Konstantin Sergeevich Aksakov (1817-1860)
Konstantin Sergeevich Aksakov (March 29, 1817, Aksakovo village, Buguruslan district, Orenburg province - December 7, 1860, Zante island, Greece) - the head of the Russian Slavophiles, the eldest son of Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov and his wife Olga Semyonovna Zaplatina, the daughter of Suvorov’s general and a captured Turkish woman Igel-Syum, was born on March 29, 1817 in the village of Aksakov, Buguruslan district, Orenburg province, where he spent the first ten years of his life. In 1832, fifteen-year-old Aksakov was already a student at Moscow University at the Faculty of Literature. His professors were Pavlov, Belinsky's predecessor, Nadezhdin, Shevyrev, then still a young enthusiast who had just returned from abroad; and the circle of comrades consisted of Stankevich, Satin, Ketcher, Klyushnikov, Ev. Korsh, V. Passek, Belinsky. In the mid-1830s. directly or indirectly Gromovsky, Botkin, Turgenev, Katkov joined them. But already from the end of the 30s, this circle disintegrated - its head Stankevich died, and Belinsky turned sharply to the demands of active resistance to the severity of social conditions and moved to St. Petersburg. Aksakov, devoted to Russian life since childhood, remained faithful to it and joined a different, modest in appearance, circle of Slavophiles - Khomyakov, Kireevsky, Samarin. 1838 Konstantin Sergeevich went abroad, but his complete inability to live independently after five months forced him to return home, under the roof of his parents’ house, where everything everyday and prosaic did not concern him. This trip was marked, by the way, by the fact that in Berlin Konstantin Sergeevich tried to get closer to a woman for the first and last time in his life; but the practical demands of the pretty flower seller disappointed the idealist, and he ran away from her. Konstantin Sergeevich remained single all his life. In 1841, Aksakov defended his master's thesis on Lomonosov. This dissertation was ready much earlier, but censorship forced me to change some expressions about Peter and the Petrine period and reprint the book. Konstantin Sergeevich had a lot of misfortunes from censorship. The first volume of the Slavophile "Moscow Collection", published in 1846, caused many misunderstandings, the second, with Aksakov's article on "The Heroes of Prince Vladimir", was completely destroyed, and its author, like other participants in the "Collection" - Khomyakov, Kireevsky, Prince of Cherkassy, - it was ordered to publish only after passing through the Main Directorate of Censorship in St. Petersburg. Konstantin Sergeevich’s drama “Liberated Moscow” was also removed from the stage. In 1857, Konstantin Sergeevich edited the newspaper "Molva". Aksakov's literary activity is extensive and varied - his historical and philological research and critical articles were published as separate books and published in many newspapers, magazines and collections. In addition, he wrote dramas and poems, both original and translated (dramas “Liberated Moscow”, “Prince Lupovitsky”, “Oleg near Constantinople”). The complete collected works, published in Moscow by Ivan Aksakov between 1861 and 1880, remained unfinished; Only three volumes were published, of which the third is devoted to “The Experience of Russian Grammar.” The death of his father had a disastrous effect on his tenderly loving son, and he could not bear the loss: pulmonary consumption ended his life on the island of Zante in the Greek Archipelago on December 7, 1860. The most detailed monograph about Konstantin Aksakov belongs to S.A. Vengerov ("Critical-Biographical Dictionary", vol. I).
Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov (1823-1886)
Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov (September 26, 1823, village Nadezhino (Kuroedovo), Belebeevsky district, Ufa province - January 27, 1886) - a prominent Russian writer, publicist, editor and publisher; youngest son of Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov. In 1842, Ivan Sergeevich graduated from the School of Law and, not without hesitation, entered the service of the Senate that still existed in Moscow. The clerical service, however, could not satisfy him, and he, neglecting his father’s connections, which promised the young lawyer a brilliant career, soon moved to the provinces, first as a participant in the senatorial audit of Prince P.P. Gagarin, and then as a member of the Kaluga Criminal Chamber. But Ivan Sergeevich soon left his refereeing; he longed for activity that was more lively and practically useful, which, under the conditions of that life, was simply impossible to find in the field of provincial judging. In 1848, he became an official of special assignments at the Ministry of Internal Affairs and immediately procured a business trip to Bessarabia on schismatic matters, and then to Yaroslavl to audit the city government, introduce unity of faith and study the sect of “runners.” Aksakov took orders seriously, and his reports to his superiors were distinguished as much by their truthfulness as by their elegance of presentation. In 1852, Ivan Sergeevich retired and devoted himself to journalism - from then on, his journalistic activity began, which in the end brought so much fame, and next to it, until his death, and the struggle, both with literary enemies and with conditions censorship. The second volume of his "Moscow Collection", this first step of his editorship, was destroyed and caused so much trouble, besides everything else, and brought Ivan Sergeevich a ban on ever being a publisher or editor of the magazine. At this sad time for him, the Geographical Society offered him a business trip to the south, to Little Russia. The result of the trip was a “Research on Trade at Ukrainian Fairs,” published with funds from the Society, which brought the researcher a large Konstantinov medal and half the Demidov Prize from the Academy of Sciences. 1855 and 1856 Ivan Sergeevich stayed in Bessarabia, commanding a detachment of the Moscow militia. This command ended in controversy with Count Stroganov, the commander of the militia, and the “Aksakov influence” on the militia, which the count observed during the dissolution of the squad. Aksakov was, by the way, the treasurer of the squad, and his report presented to the commander was an indictment of all the others - the commander did not dare to sign it. In March 1856 Ivan Sergeevich participated in the commission equipped by Prince Vasilchikov to investigate the quartermaster affairs of Zatler and Co., and in December he finally returned to Moscow. In 1857, Aksakov secretly edited the Russian Conversation, and in 1859 he secured the right to publish the weekly newspaper Parus, which was discontinued after its second issue. The "Steamboat" that replaced "Sail", with the permission of which Chizhov, one of those close to Aksakov, wanted to end the general bewilderment, under the conditions set, could not satisfy Ivan Sergeevich, and he returned to the "Russian Conversation". The death of his father, illness and death of his brother stopped Aksakov’s activities for a long time, and only in mid-1861 did he return to literature. At the end of this year, “The Day” began to be published, which at first was a huge success; but already in July 1862, Yuri began to subscribe to the newspaper. Samarin. "Day" existed until the end of 1865. From the beginning of 1857 until October 1868, Aksakov's "Moscow" was published. “Moskva” was replaced by “Moskvich” by the same Ivan Sergeevich, but under a different signature. At the end of the 1860s, Aksakov married maid of honor A.F. Tyutcheva and with the closure of the newspaper devoted himself to the affairs of the Moscow Slavic Committee, and also (from 1874) took the place of chairman of the council of the Moscow Mutual Credit Society. The years of the Serbian war, volunteers and, finally, our war with Turkey brought Aksakov oratorical glory and worldwide fame, culminating in his candidacy for the Bulgarian throne, put forward by some Bulgarian election committees. For a speech made in the Slavic Committee during the Berdyansk Congress, which condemned our diplomats, Aksakov was expelled from Moscow and spent several months in the village of Varvarin, Yuryevsky district, Vladimir province. In November 1880, Rus began publishing. In the spring of 1885, tired mentally and physically, Ivan Sergeevich suspended his publication and spent several months in Crimea. He rested there, but was not cured - he had a heart disease, from which he died on January 27, 1886. The news of Ivan Sergeevich’s death spread throughout the world and made a deep impression everywhere. The works of Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov were published by his wife in 7 volumes. In addition, 2 volumes of his correspondence and a collection of poems were published.
My people. Gray-eyed king. The leaf is withered. N. Altman. World recognition. Portrait of Anna Akhmatova. Washington Literary and Music Museum. Courage. Anna Akhmatova. Tsarskoye Selo. A. Akhmatova in the senior classes of the gymnasium. Born June 11, 1889. Love of life. Picturesque portraits. Gumilev. Yu.Annenkov. Hopeless pain. What was Anna Akhmatova like?
“Aitmatov “Buranny Stop Station””- The problem of humanity and mercy. Poetry of the native hearth. Edigei Buranny. Boranly. Chingiz Torekulovich Aitmatov. Space history. The problem of caring. The leitmotif of the novel. Aitmatov's creativity. Introduction to literature. Titles and awards. Coming to literature. Legend. Buranny stop. Communication problem. Problems of the novel. Memory problem. Socio-historical problem.
"Writer Aksakov"- Valery Ganichev. Memorial Aksakov sign. Marya Nikolaevna Aksakova (Zubova). Coat of arms of the Aksakov family. The parents' house in Golubina Slobodka has not survived. Valentin Rasputin. Memorial house - museum of S. T. Aksakov. Mikhail Chvanov. Street named after Aksakov. Aksakovsky People's House. Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov was born on September 20. Governor's House. Autobiographical trilogy "Family Chronicle". Stanislav Kunyaev.
"Alighieri"- Dante Alighieri Biography. Selfishness is artificial poverty. Dante's family belonged to the urban nobility of Florence. Alighieri Dante. The first years of Dante's exile are among the leaders of the White Guelphs, taking part in the armed and diplomatic struggle with the victorious party. There is no greater torment than remembering a happy time in misfortune. He took an active part in the political life of Florence; from June 15 to August 15, 1300 he was a member of the government (he was elected to the position of prior), trying, while fulfilling the position, to prevent the aggravation of the struggle between the parties of the White and Black Guelphs (see Guelphs and Ghibellines).
"Averchenko"- Moves to St. Petersburg. Emigration. The beginning of literary activity. Analysis of the story. Humor. Rich. About birth. Last name of the main character. Mixing. Averchenko as a teenager. Perky "red-cheeked" humor. Books by Averchenko. King of laughter. About the writer's childhood. Getting to know your life and creative path. Panteley. Political regime. The story “Characters from the life of Pantelei Grymzin.” Writer's humor. Reminder.
“Biography and creativity of Anna Akhmatova”- Personality. This is interesting. The name is Anna Akhmatova. Statements about Anna Akhmatova. Tsvetaeva. Poets of the Silver Age. Funeral of A. Blok. “The Royal Word” by Anna Akhmatova. God. Portrait of Akhmatova. Gold rusts. Statements of outstanding people. The dark-skinned youth wandered along the alleys. The main features of the lyrics. The Queen is a tramp. Mercy is deadly. Family. Friends. O. Mandelstam. The mystery of the popularity of love lyrics.
In 1750, Ivan Yuryevich Trubetskoy died. And with his death, the era of the Russian boyars, the history of clans that had served in the public service for centuries, ended. It’s interesting to remember their history today...
Trubetskoys
The Trubetskoy princes belong to the Gediminovich dynasty, descendants of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. Representatives of this family entered the service of the Moscow Grand Dukes at the beginning of the 15th century. By the end of the 17th century, the ninth generation of this family was already serving Russia, whose representatives occupied the highest positions in the state: they were appointed governors, heads of orders, and embassies to foreign sovereigns.
Ivan Yuryevich Trubetskoy
In the “History of the Family of the Russian Nobility” Ivan Yuryevich is called the last Russian boyar, in this capacity he was still surrounded by the young Peter I. Ivan Yuryevich was a long-liver, he died at the age of 83. Ivan Yuryevich spent 18 years of his long life in Swedish captivity. He got there at the very beginning of the Northern War. The father of two daughters, his sons-in-law were the Moldavian ruler Dmitry Cantemir and Prince Ludwig Wilhelm of Hesse-Homburg, Field Marshal General. In captivity, Ivan Yuryevich gave birth to a son from Baroness Wrede, who was named Ivan. Ivan Ivanovich Betskoy became a famous educator and teacher of the times of Catherine II, the founder and first president of the Academy of Arts.
Velyaminovs
The family traces its origins to Shimon (Simon), the son of the Varangian prince African. In 1027 he arrived in the army of Yaroslav the Great and converted to Orthodoxy. Shimon Afrikanovich is famous for the fact that he participated in the battle with the Polovtsians on Alta and made the largest donation for the construction of the Pechersk temple in honor of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary: a precious belt and the legacy of his father - a golden crown. But the Velyaminovs were known not only for their courage and generosity: a descendant of the family, Ivan Velyaminov, fled to the Horde in 1375, but was later captured and executed on Kuchkovo Field.
Velyaminov coat of arms
Despite the betrayal of Ivan Velyaminov, the family did not lose its significance: the last son of Dimitri Donskoy was baptized by Maria, the widow of Vasily Velyaminov, the Moscow thousand. The following clans emerged from the Velyaminov family: Aksakovs, Vorontsovs, Vorontsov-Velyaminovs. Detail: The name of the street “Vorontsovo Field” still reminds Muscovites of the most distinguished Moscow family of the Vorontsov-Velyaminovs.
Morozovs
The Morozov family of boyars is an example of a feudal family from among the Old Moscow untitled nobility. The founder of the family is considered to be a certain Mikhail, who came from Prussia to serve in Novgorod. He was among the “six brave men” who showed special heroism during the Battle of the Neva in 1240. The Morozovs faithfully served Moscow even under Ivan Kalita and Dmitry Donskoy, occupying prominent positions at the grand ducal court. However, their family suffered greatly from the historical storms that overtook Russia in the 16th century. Many representatives of the noble family disappeared without a trace during the bloody oprichnina terror of Ivan the Terrible.
Fragment of a painting by V.I. Surikov “Boyarina Morozova”
The 17th century was the last page in the centuries-old history of the family. Boris Morozov had no children, and the only heir of his brother, Gleb Morozov, was his son Ivan. By the way, he was born in marriage with Feodosia Prokofievna Urusova, the heroine of the film by V.I. Surikov “Boyarina Morozova”. Ivan Morozov did not leave any male offspring and turned out to be the last representative of a noble boyar family, which ceased to exist in the early 80s of the 17th century. Detail: The heraldry of Russian dynasties took shape under Peter I, which is perhaps why the coat of arms of the Morozov boyars has not been preserved.
Buturlins
According to genealogical books, the Buturlin family descends from an “honest husband” under the name Radsha who left the Semigrad land (Hungary) at the end of the 12th century to join Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky.
Coat of arms of the Buturlin family
“My great-grandfather Racha served Saint Nevsky as a fighting muscle,” wrote A.S. Pushkin in the poem “My Genealogy”. Radsha became the founder of fifty Russian noble families in Tsarist Moscow, among them were the Pushkins, the Buturlins, and the Myatlevs... But let’s return to the Buturlin family: its representatives faithfully served first the great princes, then the sovereigns of Moscow and Russia. Their family gave Russia many prominent, honest, noble people, whose names are still known today.
Let's name just a few of them. Ivan Mikhailovich Buturlin served as a guard under Boris Godunov, fought in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, and conquered almost all of Dagestan. He died in battle in 1605 as a result of betrayal and deception of the Turks and mountain foreigners. His son Vasily Ivanovich Buturlin was the Novgorod governor, an active associate of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky in his fight against the Polish invaders.
Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin
For military and peaceful deeds, Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin was awarded the title of Knight of St. Andrew, General-in-Chief, Ruler of Little Russia. In 1721, he actively participated in the signing of the Peace of Nystadt, which put an end to the long war with the Swedes, for which Peter I awarded him the rank of general. Vasily Vasilyevich Buturlin was a butler under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, having done a lot for the reunification of Ukraine and Russia.
Sheremetevs
The Sheremetev family traces its origins to Andrei Kobyla. The fifth generation (great-great-grandson) of Andrei Kobyla was Andrei Konstantinovich Bezzubtsev, nicknamed Sheremet, from whom the Sheremetevs descended. According to some versions, the surname is based on the Turkic-Bulgar “sheremet” (“poor fellow”) and the Turkic-Persian “shir-Muhammad” (“pious, brave Muhammad”).
Coat of arms of the Sheremetevs. Fragment of the lattice gate of the Sheremetev Palace.
Many boyars, governors, and governors came from the Sheremetev family, not only due to personal merit, but also due to their relationship with the reigning dynasty. Thus, the great-granddaughter of Andrei Sheremet was married to the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Ivan, who was killed by his father in a fit of anger. And five grandchildren of A. Sheremet became members of the Boyar Duma. The Sheremetevs took part in the wars with Lithuania and the Crimean Khan, in the Livonian War and the Kazan campaigns. Estates in the Moscow, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, and Nizhny Novgorod districts complained to them for their service.
Lopukhins
According to legend, they descend from the Kasozh (Circassian) Prince Rededi, the ruler of Tmutarakan, who was killed in 1022 in single combat with Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich (son of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, the baptist of Rus'). However, this fact did not prevent the son of Prince Rededi, Roman, from marrying the daughter of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich.
Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina, Tsarina. First wife of Tsar Peter I until 1698
It is reliably known that by the beginning of the 15th century. the descendants of the Kasozh prince Rededi already bear the surname Lopukhin, serve in various ranks in the Novgorod principality and in the Moscow state and own lands. And from the end of the 15th century. they become Moscow nobles and tenants at the Sovereign's Court, retaining Novgorod and Tver estates and estates. The outstanding Lopukhin family gave the Fatherland 11 governors, 9 governors-general and governors who ruled 15 provinces, 13 generals, 2 admirals. The Lopukhins served as ministers and senators, headed the Cabinet of Ministers and the State Council.
Aksakovs
They descend from the noble Varangian Shimon (baptized Simon) Afrikanovich or Ofrikovich - the nephew of the Norwegian king Gakon the Blind. Simon Afrikanovich arrived in Kyiv in 1027 with a squad of three thousand and built at his own expense the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, where he was buried.
The Aksakov coat of arms was included in the fourth part of the “General Armorial Book”49, approved by Emperor Paul on December 7, 1799.
The surname Oksakov (in the old days), and now Aksakov, came from one of his descendants, Ivan the Lame. The word "oksak" means "lame" in Turkic languages. Members of this family in pre-Petrine times served as governors, solicitors, and stewards and were rewarded with estates from the Moscow sovereigns for their good service.
AKSAKOVS
Patriotic writers
The Aksakov writers came from an ancient noble family and became famous for their love for the Motherland, which manifested itself both in everyday life and in literary works, be it poems or stories, serious scientific research or a newspaper editorial.
Timofey Stepanovich Aksakov served as the prosecutor of the Upper Zemstvo Court in Ufa, and his father, along with his family and peasants, moved to the Orenburg province from Simbirsk and settled on the Novoe Aksakov estate.
Timofey Stepanovich had two children - a daughter and a son, Sergei. Seryozha entered the Kazan gymnasium in 1801, and in 1805 he was admitted to the newly opened Kazan University.
At the university, Sergei Timofeevich discovered an interest in literature and he tried to compose himself. His first poetic works were published in a student magazine. In 1807, S. Aksakov was accepted into the “Society of Free Exercises in Russian Literature” at the university. He was also interested in theater, took part in student performances, and when he saw the performances of P.A., who was touring in Kazan. Plavilytsikov, he simply “fell ill” with the theater.
Arriving in St. Petersburg in 1808, Sergei Timofeevich joined the commission for drafting laws. But his interests focused on literature and theater - and in this circle, young Aksakov quickly made extensive acquaintances. At the same time, his literary debut took place in the capital: the magazine “Russian Messenger” published S. Aksakov’s fable “The Three Canaries”. He was also involved in translations: “The School of Husbands” by J.-B. Moliere, Philoctetes by Sophocles based on the French translation by La Harpe.
In 1816, Sergei Timofeevich married Olga Semenovna Zaplatina, the daughter of Suvorov’s general, and his family began to grow quickly: son Konstantin, daughter Vera, and more sons Grigory and Ivan. In total, the Aksakovs had ten children. Their parents paid great attention to their upbringing, relationships in the family were very warm, and the atmosphere was imbued with spirituality and curiosity.
In the spring of 1821 S.T. Aksakov was elected a full member of the “Society of Lovers of Russian Literature” at Moscow University. Since 1826, the Aksakovs began to live permanently in Moscow.
Sergei Timofeevich got a job as a censor at the Moscow Censorship Committee. During the times of reaction, the demands on his work were very high, and it was impossible to avoid mistakes. So, in 1832, a scandal broke out because Sergei Timofeevich missed the book by I. V. Protashinsky “Twelve Sleeping Watchmen.” The matter reached the tsar, and Nicholas I removed Aksakov from his censorship post.
Since 1833, the former censor became an inspector of the Konstantinovsky Land Surveying School, when it was transformed into the Land Survey Institute, he became its first director (1835–1838).
But Aksakov’s interests still included literature and theater. A day of friendly meetings between friends was established in the house, the so-called “Aksakov Saturdays”, which were attended by M.N. Zagoskin and A.I. Pisarev, M.P. Pogodin and N.I. Nadezhdin, M.S. Shchepkin and P.S. Mochalov, M.G. Pavlov. Visited the Aksakovs and N.V. Gogol.
The pinnacle of S.T.’s early creativity. Aksakov's short story "Buran", which outlined the writer's characteristic manner of describing a person's experiences through his perception of nature, conveyed in a biographical aspect.
The books that appeared subsequently developed the writer's skill. “Notes on Fishing” (1847) was a huge success, prompting the author to write “Notes of a Gun Hunter of the Orenburg Region” (1849).
The fifties became a difficult test for Sergei Timofeevich. He painfully experienced Gogol's death. The defeat of the Russian troops in the Eastern War of 1853–1855 also resonated with pain in his heart. But despite all the griefs and losses, Sergei Timofeevich works hard, and in the period from 1856 to 1858 books were published with which he, in fact, entered the history of literature: “Family Chronicle”, “Childhood of Bagrov the Grandson” and “Literary and Theatrical Memoirs.” In addition to artistic and literary merits, they also have value as historical documents.
In the last year of S.T.’s life. Aksakov saw the release of “Collecting Butterflies” and “Meetings with the Martinists”. Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov died in Moscow on the night of April 30, 1859. The death of his father was especially hard on the eldest son, Konstantin Sergeevich, who even fell ill with consumption due to nervousness.
Konstantin Sergeevich, like his father, early felt the urge to create. He wrote his first poems at the age of 10–12, and at 15 he already made his debut in print.
In 1832–1835 he studied at Moscow University in the literature department and was part of a circle of students and youth united around N.V. Stankevich. Even then he was preparing to participate in public activities. Member of V.G. Stankevich’s circle. Belinsky attracted K.S. Aksakov to collaborate in the newspaper “Molva” and the magazines “Telescope”, “Moscow Observer” and “Otechestvennye Zapiski”.
This was the time of Konstantin Sergeevich’s passion for German romanticism, the poetics of visions, dreams and secrets. He paid tribute to the Romantic tradition by visiting Germany and Switzerland in 1838, and upon returning, he enthusiastically translated German poets.
Konstantin Sergeevich’s life was turned upside down by two articles he read - “On the Old and the New” by A.S. Khomyakov and “In response to A.S. Khomyakov" by I.V. Kireevsky. Aksakov abandoned his translations and joined the debate, becoming one of the ideologists of Slavophilism. Promoting his ideas, he even refused to wear everything brought from the West - frock coats, hats, tailcoats... He sewed himself a long-skirted "Svyatoslavka" coat and a "murmolka" headdress and grew a beard, believing that it "is part of Russian clothing" . Dressing in this way, he began to appear in society, and sometimes he also put on boots and a red shirt. The public outcry was enormous. Young people began to dress up in “murmurs” and grew beards. However, the “murmurs” did not reign for long: in 1849, the government, frightened by the revolutionary movement in Europe and seeing a certain way of thinking in external manifestations, with a special circular prohibited nobles from wearing beards, and special receipts were taken from the Aksakov brothers, in which they pledged not to appear in public places “in Russian clothes.”
The Slavophiles had great difficulty in publishing their works, and many of them were circulated in lists. Konstantin Sergeevich saw a way out in teaching, believing that from the department he would be able to convey his ideas to the public. To fulfill his plan, he defended his dissertation “Lomonosov in the history of Russian literature and the Russian language” for a master’s degree in Russian literature. But at Moscow University there was no place in the department, and he resolutely refused a place at Kiev University, because the very thought of the possibility of separation from his parents was unbearable to him.
In order to be able to somehow express my thoughts, I turned to Russian history and its most ancient period: “Was a tribal or social phenomenon an “outcast”?”, “On the ancient life of the Slavs in general and among the Russians in particular,” “On the state of peasants in Ancient Rus'"; engaged in philological research (“About Russian verbs”).
After the death of Nicholas I, censorship weakened somewhat, and Slavophiles received permission to publish the magazine “Russian Conversation” and the newspaper “Molva”, of which Konstantin Sergeevich - Aksakov became an active employee. His journalistic activity was bright, but short-lived. “Russian Conversation” quietly “died”, and “Rumor” was closed after a caustic article by K.S. Aksakov “The experience of synonyms. The public is the people."
Konstantin Sergeevich again took up philology, enthusiastically working on the “Experience of Russian Grammar” and considered this work the main work of his life. Unfortunately, the “main work” was not completed, because soon after the death of his father, Konstantin Sergeevich, who had been full of strength and had a heroic physique, began to melt before our eyes and after only a year and a half he died on the island of Zante. Ivan Sergeevich transported his body to Moscow, and the ashes of Konstantin Sergeevich were buried in Moscow next to his father.
Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov was the third son of Sergei Timofeevich. He graduated from the St. Petersburg Imperial School of Law, where they trained personnel for the Ministry of Justice, and entered service in the Criminal Department of the Moscow Senate. He took his responsibilities very seriously, working 16–17 hours a day. But even with such hard labor, he found time for writing (writing poetry) and fulfilling his filial duties. Ivan Sergeevich was a devoted son and never forgot about his parents. Even while he was away, he wrote them letters every three days, telling them in detail about where he had been, who he had met, and what had attracted his attention. Letters and poems were like a kind of outlet for him in the routine of official affairs.
In the summer of 1846, Ivan Sergeevich tried to publish a collection of his works, but when he saw what the censor did with his creations, he realized how naive he was. Subsequently, he published individual poems in the Slavophile “Moscow Literary and Scientific Collection” and in “Sovremennik”. His poetry had a pronounced civic character and was a forerunner of the poetry of N.A. Nekrasova.
In 1849, Ivan Sergeevich was arrested on suspicion of participation in a secret society, but no society was found and, after keeping Aksakov in custody for four days, he was released under secret police surveillance. So that Ivan Sergeevich would not have the time and opportunity to Slavophilize and condemn the capital's society, they found him a boring and difficult job: to conduct an audit of the entire municipal economy of the Yaroslavl province, to give a complete statistical and topographical description of real estate and land ownership, the state of services, the budget, industry, crafts , office work, etc. It took two years to complete this task.
In January 1851, Aksakov was forced to explain himself to the Minister of Internal Affairs about his poem “The Tramp,” which resulted in the resignation of Ivan Sergeevich, who parted ways with public service forever.
In 1852, he published the first volume of the Moscow Collection and excerpts from The Tramp. Both publications aroused dissatisfaction with the censorship, the second volume of the collection was banned, and the manuscript was confiscated. Aksakov was personally ordered by the sovereign to submit his works to the Main Directorate of Censorship in St. Petersburg, which was tantamount to a ban on publishing.
In 1853, at the request of the Geographical Society to describe Ukrainian fairs, Ivan Sergeevich left for Ukraine, where he spent almost a year.
“Research on trade at Ukrainian fairs” was awarded a large medal from the Society and a “half” prize from the Academy of Sciences. During the Crimean War, on February 18, 1855, Aksakov enlisted in the Serpukhov squad of the Moscow militia, with which he reached Bessarabia, but he did not have the chance to take part in hostilities.
In 1857, Ivan Sergeevich went abroad and was in Munich, Paris, Naples, Bern, and Zurich. Secretly, he visited London, where he met with Herzen, and in subsequent years, articles by Ivan Sergeevich signed “Kasyanov” appeared in Herzen’s publications.
Returning to his homeland, Ivan Sergeevich published the magazine “Russian Conversation” and the newspaper “Parus”. But the magazine was published irregularly, and Parus was closed after the release of the second issue. In January 1860, Ivan Sergeevich went on a trip to the Slavic countries.
Upon returning, he actively became involved in the public life of Russia: he publishes the newspapers “Den” and “Moscow”, writes editorials for them, covering the entire range of problems of the government’s foreign and domestic policy. The publication of these newspapers was irregular and eventually ceased.
In 1872–1874 I.S. Aksakov was the chairman of the “Society of Lovers of Russian Literature” at Moscow University. He headed the Moscow Slavic Charitable Society and was directly involved in providing assistance to Serbia and Montenegro, which fought against Turkey. With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878. he helped the Bulgarian squads, collected funds for the purchase and transportation of weapons to them.
At a meeting of the Moscow Slavic Charitable Society, Ivan Sergeevich allowed himself to sharply criticize the decisions of the Berlin Congress and the position of the Russian delegation at it, for which Aksakov himself was immediately expelled from Moscow, and the Slavic charitable societies were dissolved.
The Slavic peoples highly appreciated the activities of I.S. Aksakov: streets in Sofia and Belgrade are named after him.
