home Calculators Beginning of joining siberia activity fair. Accession of Siberia to the Russian state. Russia and Siberia. historical assessment and significance

Beginning of joining siberia activity fair. Accession of Siberia to the Russian state. Russia and Siberia. historical assessment and significance

The composition of the first settlers was therefore rather motley. In addition to fishermen (“industrial people”, in the language of that time), voluntarily, “by their own hunt” set off “for the Stone”, service people went to Siberia according to the royal decree - Cossacks, archers, gunners. For a long time they made up the majority of the permanent Russian population in the "Siberian Ukraine", as well as in many other "Ukrainian" (i.e., outlying) lands of Russia in the 16th - 17th centuries.

But the Moscow government sent beyond the Urals not only soldiers; it apparently understood that Siberia could be of great importance for the future of Russia. At that time, persistent rumors circulated in Europe about the proximity to the eastern borders of "Muscovy" of the borders of India and China, and Russian statesmen could not remain indifferent to them: direct trade with these countries would bring huge income to the treasury. "Behind the Stone" hoped to find deposits of precious metals (gold, silver) that had not yet been found in Russia, but they needed more and more, like other minerals. The Moscow government, therefore, sought not only to appropriate the fur wealth of Siberia, but also to firmly establish itself in its expanses. Rulers and even royal dynasties changed in Moscow, but the development of Siberian lands was invariably considered in the Russian capital as a task of paramount national importance.

According to the "sovereign decree" in the Siberian cities already from the end of the 16th century. together with service people, "arable peasants" were translated. With their work, they were supposed to help provide the "new sovereign patrimony" with food. State-owned artisans also went beyond the Urals - primarily blacksmiths, who were often at the same time miners.

In parallel with the task of developing Siberia, the tsarist government tried to solve another - to get rid of all kinds of restless, politically unreliable people, at least to remove them from the center of the state. Criminals (often instead of the death penalty), participants in popular uprisings, and “foreigners” from among prisoners of war began to be willingly exiled to Siberian cities (“in service”, “in the settlement” and “in arable land”). The exiles made up a significant part of the settlers who found themselves beyond the Urals, especially in the least favorable for life (and therefore the least populated) areas. In the documents of those years, there are frequent references to "Germans" (as almost all immigrants from Western European countries were called in the 16th-17th centuries), "Lithuania" (immigrants from the Commonwealth - first of all Belarusians, then Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, etc. .), "Cherkasy" (they usually called the Ukrainian Cossacks-Cossacks). Almost all of them became Russified in Siberia, merging with the bulk of the newcomer population.

But "foreigners" were also found among the free settlers. From the very beginning, the Russian state was formed as a multinational one, and it is natural that the wave of migration carried away the non-Russian peoples who inhabited it. Of these, in the XVII century. Komi (Zyryans and Permyaks) fell most of all beyond the Urals: many of them got acquainted with Siberia long before it was annexed to Russia, visiting there for trade and crafts. Over time, many Volga (Kazan) Tatars, other peoples of the Middle Volga and Kama regions turned out to be in Siberia.

The non-Russian peoples of European Russia were attracted “for the Stone” by the same thing that forced the Russian settlers to leave their places. The masses of the "black" people were constantly striving for better economic conditions, but these conditions in Russia at that time gave too many grounds for discontent.

The beginning of the development of Siberia fell on the time of the "great ruin" of the country due to the Livonian War and the oprichnina, famine, "distemper" and the Polish-Swedish intervention. But even later, during the entire “rebellious” 17th century, the position of the masses was difficult: taxes increased, feudal oppression intensified, and serfdom was firmly established. People hoped to get rid of all kinds of oppression in the new lands.

The main flow of free settlers consisted of those seeking a better life. Over time, it grew all white and gradually exceeded the number of those. who were heading to Siberia against their will. It was he who ultimately led to its lasting entry into the Russian state.

Conclusion

So, the first century of the development of Siberia by the Russian people was not only the brightest, but also a turning point in its history. During the time allotted to one human life, the vast and richest region has radically changed both its external appearance and the nature of internal processes.

By the end of the XVII century. beyond the Urals, there were already about 200 thousand migrants - about the same number as the natives. The northern part of Asia became part of a country more developed in political, social, cultural and economic terms, united in a centralized and powerful state. Siberia was as if stitched with a rare but strong network of cities and prisons, became an arena of unprecedented liveliness for the once remote places of trade, a field of vigorous activity for hundreds of artisans, thousands of industrial people and tens of thousands of farmers.

In the 17th century The peoples of North Asia emerged from centuries of isolation, which doomed them to backwardness and vegetation, and found themselves drawn into the general flow of world history. Siberia and crossed new lines of communication, linking together scattered at a great distance, previously disconnected and inaccessible areas. The development of almost unused XVII century began. natural resources of the region.

“Everything that the Russian people could do in Siberia, he did with extraordinary energy, and the result of his labors is worthy of surprise in its enormity”, - wrote the famous Siberian scientist and public figure N. M. Yadrintsev at the end of the last century.

What, however, were the consequences of the unfolding in the 17th century. events for the fate of the indigenous Siberian peoples?

The regime of feudal exploitation fell with all its weight on the Siberian natives, who were mostly ill-prepared for it. In addition to the tax oppression and arbitrariness of the feudal rulers, the indigenous inhabitants of Siberia in the 17th century. experienced the impact of other negative factors, more pernicious, although, in general, inevitable in those conditions. They were everywhere identified when European peoples came into contact with tribes that had lived in isolation for a long time and were far behind them in social and cultural development: the natives suffered from previously unknown diseases, bad habits of alcohol and tobacco, and the impoverishment of fishing grounds.

Having introduced the settlers to certain types of edible plants and a number of economic skills useful in the new conditions, the indigenous inhabitants of Siberia greatly changed both their way of life and their work activities under the influence of the Russians. The aborigines began to develop more advanced methods of crafts, agriculture and cattle breeding, and “trading and subsistence people” increasingly began to emerge from their midst. The consequence of this mutual enrichment of cultures was not only the destruction of subsistence forms of economy and the acceleration of the socio-economic development of local peoples, but also the establishment of common class interests of the newcomer and indigenous population. It is also indicative that, despite the continued movement and migration of peoples in the territory of North Asia, accompanied by the absorption of some tribes by others, despite the devastating epidemics and feudal oppression, the settlement of the Siberian peoples did not change for centuries, and the total number of the indigenous population of Siberia increased in the 17th century. and in subsequent centuries. So, if by the beginning of the XVII century. 200-220 thousand people lived in Siberia, then in the 20-30s. 20th century local peoples numbered 800 thousand people. This numerical growth was possible only under the conditions of the preservation and viability of the aboriginal economy and the decisive predominance of the positive in their contacts with the Russian settlers over the negative.

The grandiose expansion of the borders of the Russian state further reduced the population density in the country, and until the 17th century. small, and it is known that sparsely populated areas usually develop more slowly than densely populated ones. The rapid increase in the size of the country gave new opportunities for the development of the "in breadth" of the dominant feudal relations, thereby delaying the establishment in Russia of a more progressive mode of production. The development of a huge array of new lands required additional expenditures for military, administrative and other unproductive needs. Finally, and such, unfortunately, a well-known phenomenon for all of us, as too “light”, more precisely, unacceptably frivolous attitude to the natural resources of the region, goes back to the 17th century .. in those days when land, forests, fish, animals and there were so many “other things” in Siberia that it seemed that there would always be enough for everyone ...

If we consider in aggregate all the consequences of Russia's advance into the Siberian expanses, then we will have to bring to the fore factors of a different kind: those that had a profoundly progressive significance for the fate of our country. So, in the course of what happened at the end of the XVI-XVII centuries. events, the main territory of the Russian state was determined, its international position was strengthened, its authority increased, and its influence on political life increased not only in Europe, but also in Asia. The richest lands were assigned to Russia, which gave a colossal influx of funds to the country's indigenous regions, making it possible to better equip and then rebuild its army and strengthen its defenses. Russian merchants received great opportunities to expand trade. There has been a general increase in agricultural productivity. The strengthening of trade ties throughout the country contributed to the deepening of the social division of labor, gave an additional impetus to the growth of commodity production and the formation of an all-Russian market, which, in turn, was drawn into the world market. Russia has become the owner of innumerable and, in the future, extremely important natural resources.

Accession of Siberia to Russia

“And when a completely ready, populated and enlightened land, once dark, unknown, appears before the astonished humanity, demanding a name and rights for itself, then let the story of those who erected this building be interrogated, and they will also not try, just as they did not try, who set up pyramids in the desert... And creating Siberia is not as easy as creating something under the blessed sky...» Goncharov I.A.

History assigned the role of a pioneer to the Russian people. For many hundreds of years, the Russians discovered new lands, settled them and transformed them with their labor, defended with weapons in their hands in the fight against numerous enemies. As a result, vast areas were settled and developed by Russian people, and the once empty and wild lands became not only an integral part of our country, but also its most important industrial and agricultural regions.

Adygea, Crimea. Mountains, waterfalls, herbs of alpine meadows, healing mountain air, absolute silence, snowfields in the middle of summer, the murmur of mountain streams and rivers, stunning landscapes, songs around the fires, the spirit of romance and adventure, the wind of freedom are waiting for you! And at the end of the route, the gentle waves of the Black Sea.

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….3
2. Acquaintance of Russians with Siberia……………………………………………...4
3. Acquaintance with Ugra…………………………………………………………….5
4. Relations of the Moscow state with the Siberian peoples…………..7
5. “Master” of Siberia Kuchum………………………………………………………..8
10
7. Accession of Siberia to the Russian state……………….………...16
8. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..23
9. References………………………………………………………….25

The work contains 1 file

ABSTRACT

On the topic « Siberian take ". The beginning of the annexation of Siberia to the Russian

state

By discipline History of Siberia

Introduction……………………………………………………………………….3
Acquaintance of Russians with Siberia………………………………………………...4
Acquaintance with Ugra…………………………………………………………….5
Relations of the Moscow state with the Siberian peoples…………..7
“Master” of Siberia Kuchum………………………………………………………..8
Campaign of the Ermak detachment to Siberia………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Accession of Siberia to the Russian state……………….………...16
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..23
References…………………………………………………………….25

Introduction

The advance of the Russians into Siberia was caused
along with getting to know her and talking about
its incalculable riches. One of the most important incentives
penetration into Siberia was furs. Furs at all times
in Rus' was in great demand both in the domestic and
European markets. Taking her abroad gave a big
profit and enriched the sovereign's treasury. In 1636 in Mangazeya
county was presented at the customs of trade furs on
115802 rubles. In 1652, 14018
sables, 1226 beavers. For the best sable in the Ob region in the 17th century.
paid no more than 3 rubles (the average purchase price of sable
was 1 ruble), while on international markets
the price of the best Narym black sables reached 200-300
rubles apiece.

Acquaintance of Russians with Siberia

The acquaintance of Russians with Siberia took place long before
campaign of the Cossack army Yermak. First went to the Trans-Urals
Novgorodians. In Russian chronicles it is mentioned that in the 9th century.
northwestern part of Siberia, known as Yugra,
was the "volost" of Novgorod. Novgorodians came here
merchants and industrial people traded with the Voguls and Ostyaks, exchanging their goods for furs. In "Tale
of temporary years" it is said: "whoever gives them a knife or an ax,
in return they give furs.

Novgorod squads came to the Yugra land
to collect tribute. However, the local population sometimes refused
from paying tribute and rebelled against the aliens. IN
The Novgorod Chronicle reports that in 1187 the rebels
killed a hundred eminent Novgorodians, and in 1194 was exterminated
almost their entire squad. But despite popular opposition
Yugra, the Russians continued to move deep into Siberia. For
further successful promotion they began to create in these
lands of small towns that became their fortresses. One of
such fortresses became Lyapin-town, which played a big role in
conquest and annexation of Yugra land. In 1364 the governors
A. Abakumovich and S. Lyapa made a successful trip to the Ob.

Penetrated into Siberia and Suzdal. They founded the Great
Ustyug and made several trips to the Trans-Ural lands. From
Ustyug and its environs came out famous explorers,
played an important role in the development of the Siberian region.
Thanks to the historical merits of the Ustyuzians in the great
geographical discoveries in the East of the country, the city and in our
days is known as the place where Santa Claus comes from every year under the New
year marches across all Russian expanses.

Acquaintance with Yugra

From the second half of the XV century. a decisive role in the campaigns in
Siberia, in its Yugra lands passes to Moscow
state and its Grand Duke Ivan III. Major scientist
18th century historian G.F. Miller wrote in his study
"History of Siberia" about Ivan III: "This sovereign, who has
great services to the Russian state, in recent
years of his life, he cared especially much about the spread
Russian power on the peoples living along the shores of the Arctic Ocean
and known as Samoyeds, as well as their neighbors
Vogulov".

The first trip to Yugra under Ivan III was organized already in
beginning of his reign, in 1465. The detachment was formed from
Ustyug volunteers led by Vasily Skryaba. During
campaign, the Ugric princes Kalik and Techik were captured. They
were taken to Moscow, recognized themselves as Russian subjects and pledged to pay tribute, after which they were
returned to their homeland.

The greatest activity in the promotion of Russians to Siberia
Ivan III showed after the liberation of Rus' from the Tatar-Mongols,
annexation of Novgorod with its numerous possessions,
Vyatka lands and Perm region. With the expansion of Russian
borders to the East, the Moscow principality approached
directly to the northwest of Siberia, where they were
Yugra lands. Detachments of Russians rushed here with the aim of
conquest and their accession to the Russian state.
The most successful was the campaign of the detachment of Fyodor Kurbsky and Ivan
Saltyk Travnin. In 1483 they defeated the Pelym prince
Asyks, passed through the border of his principality and reached the Irtysh
and Obi. Yugra recognized its vassal dependence on Moscow
and pledged to pay yasak. In 1484 "the great sovereign of all
Rus' "Ivan III began to call himself the" Grand Duke of Yugorsky.

A big trip to the Yugra lands was made in 1499
Semyon Fedorovich Kurbsky and Pyotr Fedorovich Ushaty with
a detachment of 4024 people gathered from different cities
Moscow principality. The detachment consisted of Volozhans, movers,
pinezhans (i.e. from Vologda, Dvina and Pinega); walked along the river
Pechora to the town of Ustasha, which belonged to the Samoyeds, and
further to the "great Yugorsky stone". On Yugra land
the first battle of the detachment with the Samoyeds took place. Having won
victory, the Russian troops reached the mouth of the Ob. As a result of the trip it was
1009 "best people" and 50 princes were taken prisoner. under power
The Moscow prince included 33 Ostyak and Vogul cities. IN
chronicles about this campaign says: “In the summer of 7007 (i.e. 1499) Ivan
Vasilievich sent his army to the Yugra land and to
gogulichi (vogulichi). And they took their cities, and made war on their land, and
catching princes brought to Moscow, but coalesce the rest and
beat the goguli".

Russian-Ugra relations were not limited to military
fur hunting trips. At this time, trade and
exchange ties between Rus' and the indigenous population of the forest Trans-Urals and
Lower Ob-Irtysh basin. Here the fur was
the main wealth and main commodity of the Ostyak and Samoyed
princes, elders and servants. In exchange for furs on the Ob
north from Rus' came industrial goods: fabrics, metal and metal products.

Relations of the Moscow state with the Siberian peoples

Moscow encouraged trade relations between Russian cities and Siberia. The royal charter suggested that “Permians and Vyatchans and Pustozers and Ustyuzhans and Usoltsy and Vazhans and Kargopols and Vologdas and all Moscow
cities trading people traded throughout the Siberian land,
driving through cities and townships and through yurts and forests with Tatars
and Ostyaks and Vogulichs and Samoyeds.

The Muscovite State paid even more attention
to Siberia at the end of the 15th-16th centuries. That was the time of great geographical discoveries. Along with the search for new lands in America, Africa and Southeast Asia, the European powers showed an increased interest in the north of Western Siberia. Under Ivan III, in 1492, a German envoy arrived in Moscow.
Emperor Maximilian M. Snoops to explore the Siberian North
with its open spaces. Ivan III unraveled the plans of foreigners and
did not allow them into the Yugra land, which by this time
became the possession of Muscovy, and Ivan III himself was already its great
prince. Ivan III answered the request of the German emperor
very diplomatically, referring to the "great distance" and
great inconvenience on the way.

Ivan IV took the same position. In his reign
sought to go to the north of Siberia to visit the great
Siberian rivers by the British. They expected to receive
privileges of the Moscow Tsar, referring to the fact that in recent
years of the Livonian War English trading company in Moscow
supplied Russia with weapons. Her representative D. Bowes
turned to Ivan IV with a request to grant their merchants the right to
trade in all northern Russian ports. English
they hoped that, having mastered the piers of the northern rivers of Russia, they would reach the Ob and establish trade with the population of Siberia. Bowes' initiative was rejected.

"Master" of Siberia Kuchum

In the second half of the XVI century. Russian threat arose
side of the Siberian Khanate. There was a difficult situation in connection with internecine wars. Kuchum's detachment from Bukhara came out against the Siberian Khan Yediger. Being a descendant of Genghis Khan and a representative of the Sheibanid dynasty, which was previously overthrown by the local Siberian Khan Taybuga, Kuchum sought to restore "historical justice", overthrow the Taibugins and take the Siberian throne. Khan Yediger, ruling at that time in Siberia, in order to maintain power, in 1555 sent his ambassadors to Moscow to ask Ivan IV to take possession "under the high sovereign's hand." The proposal was accepted, and the Siberian Khanate became a vassal of Moscow, with the obligation to pay yasak annually. However, the Livonian War, which began soon, did not allow the Muscovite state to provide assistance to the Siberian Khanate. In addition, in 1563 Yediger was defeated by Kuchum's troops. He and his brother Bekbulat were captured and executed. A new dynasty was established in Siberia - the Sheibanid dynasty. The peaceful advance of the Russians to the East became impossible.

The new “master” of Siberia, Kuchum, was the son of the Uzbek Khan Murtaza and the nephew of the ruler of the Tyumen Khanate, Ibak, the Khan who killed Akhmat after his defeat in 1480 on the Ugra River and, according to some reports, cut off his head and presented it to the “sovereign of all Rus'” Ivan III as a sign of exceptional respect. Kuchum and his entourage constantly maintained friendly and family relations with the Nogai Horde. He married the daughter of the Nogai ruler Tin Akhmet, his eldest son, the heir Aley. Thanks to family ties, with the support of the Bukhara Khan Abdullah, a large army of Kuchum was created from Uzbek and Nogai detachments to conquer the Siberian Khanate, which at that time was under the rule of the Taibugins.

Arriving in Siberia, Kuchum set about conquering it. He made predatory raids, created settlements on the occupied lands and planted Islam among the indigenous population. At his request, the ruler of Bukhara, Abdullah, sent Muslim preachers to Kashlyk three times, accompanied by Bukhara warriors. Under Kuchum, the Voguls living along the Irtysh, below the mouth of the Tobol and the Demyanka River, the Ostyak lands in the north-west of Siberia and in the Ob region were subordinated. As a result of the aggressive actions of Kuchum and his army at the end of the 16th century. a new khanate appeared in Siberia, the territory of which stretched from the Ural forest-steppe in the west to the Baraba steppe in the east.

At first, Kuchum maintained peaceful relations with Moscow and even sent an embassy of 1,000 sables. In response to this action, Ivan IV sent his representative Tretyak Chebukov to the Khan's capital. But the king was gravely mistaken. In 1572, Kuchum renounced vassalage, killed
royal envoy with his retinue and stopped paying yasak. Ambitious, cunning and cunning, Kuchum took advantage of the difficult domestic and foreign political situation of Russia, which was waging the unsuccessful Livonian War at that time. At that time, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, created on the basis of the unification of Lithuania and Poland, conducted active military operations against Russia. The situation in Russia was further complicated by the fact that in 1572 the southern part of Russia was plundered by the Crimean Tatars. At the same time, the Tatar troops, led by a relative of Kuchum Mametkul, invaded the Kama region and the Perm Territory, destroyed many settlements, took
many local residents.

Kuchum's aggressive policy towards Russia intensified in the late 70s and early 80s. He used not only the Tatar army, but also the local population. In the autumn of 1581, the Pelym prince with a large detachment of Voguls crossed the Yugra (Ural) mountains, ravaged the settlements on the Kama River, and took many inhabitants into captivity.

ACCESSION OF SIBERIA

By the end of the Livonian War, the economic disruption in the country increased dramatically. In some areas of the Novgorod land, 80-90% of villages and villages were deserted. The hardships of increased requisitions, pestilence and famine led to the extinction of the population and to the flight of peasants to the eastern and southern outskirts. The government of Grozny tried to take care, first of all, of the well-being of the "military rank", that is, the military service people. Since 1581, a census of the population began in order to restore order in the imposition of state taxes on it. In the areas where the census was conducted, the peasants were temporarily forbidden to leave their masters during the “reserved years”. This was how the abolition of the peasant exit and the final approval of serfdom were prepared. The flight of peasants and serfs continued. On the southern borders of the country, that combustible element accumulated, which at the beginning of the 17th century. lead to a grandiose conflagration of the peasant war.

The introduction of reserved years, these harbingers of the final triumph of serfdom, coincided with the annexation of Siberia. Its vast uninhabited or poorly developed expanses attracted refugees from the feudal center of Russia. The ebb of the population weakened the sharpness of class contradictions in the center, but created their centers on the outskirts.

The Siberian Khanate was the same multinational political entity as Kazan. The Ostyak and Vogul populations, the Yugras and Samoyeds, apparently were exploited by the princes, like the Bashkir and Chuvash in the Kazan Khanate. Only a part of the feudalizing elite of the Ostyaks and Voguls (Mansi) became part of the "princes". Internal contradictions in the Siberian Khanate facilitated the establishment of vassal relations with Russia. This happened in 1555 under the Siberian Khan Yediger. Vassal relations continued for some time under his successor Kuchum. After 1572, Kuchum refused to pay tribute and severed diplomatic relations with Russia. Russia's attempt to settle relations on the same basis ran into resistance. The Russian ambassador was killed. The flow of precious Siberian furs as a tribute stopped. In the 70s, Grozny and his entourage thought about a plan for the final annexation of Siberia. The Stroganovs, who owned vast lands along the Kama and Chusovaya, rendered great assistance in this. Along with the extraction of salt, they organized the production of iron, cut wood, and conducted a large fur trade. Having received in 1558 the first letter of commendation for "Kama abundant places", by 1579 the Stroganovs became the owners of 39 villages with 203 courtyards, a town and a monastery. The population, mostly people from the center and Novgorod, increased at an incredible rate. It has doubled every decade. To protect their possessions, the Stroganovs received the right to "clean up eager people" - the Cossacks. The forces of the Stroganov peasants and Cossacks erected "fortresses" on the borders of possessions. By the end of the XVI century. a line of prisons separated the Stroganov lands from the possessions of the recalcitrant Kuchum.

The Stroganovs did not stop dreaming about expanding their possessions. During the 70s, "slaves and servants" of the Stroganovs were sent to the Ob to buy furs. In advancing beyond the Urals, the Stroganovs used two routes: the old, “through-stone” one, along the Pechora and its eastern tributaries, and then through the pass and along the western tributaries of the Ob, and a new one along the coast of the Arctic Ocean. For sailing to the east, two ships were built on the banks of the Northern Dvina. In 1574 and 1575 The Stroganovs received land along the Tura and Tobol. They were charged with the duty "on the Irtysh and on the Ob and on other rivers, where it is useful ... to make fortresses and keep watchmen with a fiery outfit." 1

The campaign organized by the Stroganovs of Yermak's squad took place in 1581. The Cossack detachments were supported by local tribes dissatisfied with Kuchum's rule. At the very time when the devastating Livonian War ended in the west, here, in the east, a solid foundation was laid for the expansion of the Russian kingdom. Having passed along the Chusovaya, Yermak's army crossed the Ural Range and went down the Tagil to the Tura - "tu be and the Siberian country." Moving along the Tura, Tobol and Irtysh, Yermak approached the capital of Kuchum - Kashlyk. On the notch of the Chuvashev Cape there was a "slaughter of evil." Kuchum's army could not withstand the pressure of the Russians and fled. Kuchum left the capital and migrated to the steppe. The surrounding population recognized the power of Yermak, bringing him tribute. Initial success was not lasting. Yermak's army thinned out and could not long maintain power over the outwardly obedient princelings, who maintained relations with Kuchum, who roamed the steppes. The situation was complicated by the rebellion of the princes, headed by the adviser - "Karachi" Kuchum. Did not help Yermak and the arrival at the end of 1584.

detachment of Prince Semyon Volkhovsky and the head of Ivan Glukhov with 500 Cossacks. In August 1585, Yermak was ambushed and killed. Ermak's campaign began the development of a vast and fertile land, where not only trade and military service people rushed, but also fugitive peasants, serfs and artisans.

Free Cossacks did not bring either themselves or the local peoples the freedom they aspired to. Settlers, like local tribes, were only required to pay tribute. From behind the Ural ridge, the golden wolf of furs mined by the Russians, Buryats, Khakasses and other peoples flowed into the royal treasury. In search of "sovereign profit" after the peasantry, who fled from oppression from the center of Russia, the tsarist troops moved.

Peaceful peasant settlement was accompanied by the forcible subjugation of the local Siberian peoples. The military garrisons of the new cities became the true support of the tsarist power in Siberia. While some peoples (such as the Buryats, Yakuts, Khakass, and Altaians) were able to preserve their national identity, others failed to do so. Kotts, Asans, Arins, Smoks and other nationalities merged with the newcomer population. Russian colonization contributed to the economic growth of the region. The skills of agricultural labor brought by the settlers were adopted by the local population. The joint struggle of the peoples of Siberia did not allow tsarism to approve those rigid forms of serfdom that were in the center of the country.

From the book History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century author Bokhanov Alexander Nikolaevich

§ 8. Accession of Siberia The Siberian lands stretched from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean for 8500 km, a little more than 200 thousand people lived here (one person per 75 sq. km). According to the language, the population was divided into several groups. The Urals included Finno-Ugric-speaking Khanty and Mansi; Nenets,

From the book The Greatness and Fall of Rome. Volume 2. Julius Caesar author Ferrero Guglielmo

II Annexation of Gaul Expedition against the Belgae. - Retreat of the Belgians. - Their conquest. - Disorganization of the Democratic Party. - Annexation of Gaul. - Caesar as a "fatal man". - Ptolemy and the Roman bankers - The Egyptian question. - Lukskaya meeting. hunger in

author

ACCESSION OF SIBERIA By the end of the Livonian War, the economic ruin in the country increased dramatically. In some areas of the Novgorod land, 80-90% of villages and villages were deserted. The hardships of increased requisitions, pestilence and famine led to the extinction of the population and to the flight of peasants to the eastern and

From the book Russia of the time of Ivan the Terrible author Zimin Alexander Alexandrovich

Accession of Siberia 1 Miller GF History of Siberia. M.; L., 1937, vol. I, p.

From the book The Conquest of America by Ermak-Cortes and the rebellion of the Reformation through the eyes of the "ancient" Greeks author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

16.4. Why can't they still find traces of the Ostyak capital of Isker-Siberia in Asian Siberia? Answer: because it was in America - this is the Aztec city of Mexico City = Mexico City. A significant part of the narrative of the Kungur Chronicle revolves around the Ostyak capital

author Strizhova Irina Mikhailovna

Accession of Armenia

From the book Russia and its "colonies". How Georgia, Ukraine, Moldova, the Baltic states and Central Asia became part of Russia author Strizhova Irina Mikhailovna

ACCESSION OF SIBERIA

From the book Russia and its "colonies". How Georgia, Ukraine, Moldova, the Baltic states and Central Asia became part of Russia author Strizhova Irina Mikhailovna

The accession of Siberia to Russia “The second new world for Europe, deserted and cold, but free for human life ... is waiting for hardworking inhabitants to present new successes in civil activity over the centuries ...” This is how he wrote about Siberia in the second half of the 18th century.

From the book History of Finland. Lines, structures, turning points author Meinander Henrik

Accession to Russia The Diet of Borgo in 1809 fulfilled the hopes of both the new rulers of Finland and its four estates. At the Diet, Alexander I for the first time spoke under the highest title of the country he conquered - the title of Grand Duke - solemnly taking honors and oath

From the book Russian History: Myths and Facts [From the birth of the Slavs to the conquest of Siberia] author Reznikov Kirill Yurievich

8. ACCESSION OF SIBERIA: HISTORICAL MYTHOLOGY From there, the sun of the Evangelical land of Siberian Osiya, the Psalm thunder sounded, and most of all, cities were erected in many places and God's holy churches and monasteries were created. Savva Esipov "On the capture of Siberian lands", 1636

From the book Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. T. 2. Great geographical discoveries (the end of the 15th - the middle of the 17th century) author Magidovich Joseph Petrovich

Chapter 24. FINAL ACCESSION OF WESTERN SIBERIA Foundation of the first Russian cities in Siberia After the return of I. Glukhov to Moscow, in early 1586, 300 people were sent to Siberia under the command of the voivode Vasily Sukin with the "writer" Danil Chulkov.

From the book Ivan the Terrible author Dukhopelnikov Vladimir Mikhailovich

The conquest of Kazan, the annexation of Astrakhan, the beginning of the colonization of Siberia, Ivan IV, engaged in transformations within the country, did not forget about Kazan. After the last trip of the sovereign to Kazan, there were constant negotiations between the government and the people of Kazan. But they didn't give what they wanted

From the book Historical Fates of the Crimean Tatars. author Vozgrin Valery Evgenievich

ACCESSION The decision to annex Crimea was taken by St. Petersburg, of course, not immediately. To do this, some rearrangements in the capital's office had to take place. In the early 1780s. Russia has greatly improved its international position, and Catherine II allowed herself

From the book History of Ukraine author Team of authors

Annexation of the Right Bank At the beginning of 1704, Samus and Iskra crossed to the Left Bank and gave their hetman's lands to Mazepa. The split in the Commonwealth between the supporters of August and Leshchinsky created a convenient pretext for military intervention. In early May 1704, by decree

From the book History of Siberia: Reader author Volozhanin K. Yu.

Topic 1 Joining of Siberia to Russia The word about the Siberian Khanate The Siberian Tatar Khanate (Siberian Yurt) appeared as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde. In 1563, Kuchum, the son of the Uzbek ruler Murtaza, seized power in it. Kuchum overthrew the former rulers from the local

From the book Russian History. Part II the author Vorobyov M N

9. Annexation of Crimea Everything went to the war, and it had to start, but this is a special conversation, because it is impossible to fit all the wars with Turkey and all the partitions of Poland in one lecture. Crimea was annexed between the wars under the following circumstances. Potemkin all the time

This testifies to the high level and scale of financial transactions, the great entrepreneurial spirit of the cooperators, which allowed them not only to overcome the financial catastrophe in the country, but also to saturate the Siberian market with goods to a large extent.

NOTES

1 State Archive of the Novosibirsk Region (GANO). F.d. 51, op. 1, d. 1163, l. 3, 4.

2 State archive of the Irkutsk region. F.r. 322, op.1, d.37, l. 168.

3 State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. F.r. 127, op. 1, d. 132, l. 3, 4.

4 GANO. F. 31, op. 1, d. 92, l. 37, 38.

5 Ibid. F.d. 51, op. 1, d. 1481, l. 136.

6 Minutes of the All-Siberian Congress of Workers of Non-Commercial Departments of the Siberian Cooperative Unions of December 29, 1918, January 6, 1919. Krasnoyarsk, 1919. P. 25.

7 GANO. F.d. 51, op. 1, d. 1184, l. 119, 120.

9 Zakupsbyt: Chronicle and documentary chronicle of the first all-Siberian consumer union (1916-1923) / Ed.-comp. A.A. Nikolaev. Novosibirsk, 1999. S. 231.

10 GANO. F.d. 51, op. 1, d. 1184, l. 293, 294.

11 Ibid. L. 105.

12 Ibid. D. 1329, l. 4, 5.

V.P. SHAKHEROV

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Irkutsk State University

CITY FAIRS AND THE FORMATION OF INTERREGIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN SIBERIA 18th-19th centuries

With the annexation of Siberia, the formation of economic ties and the Siberian economy proper, on the one hand, and the involvement of new territories in the all-Russian economic space, on the other, began. The expansion of market relations to one degree or another contributed to the openness of the economy. In practice, this meant the establishment of voluntary and mutually beneficial exchange processes both within local territories and between them. The formation of stable interregional ties contributed to the formation of a regional market. In Soviet literature, they wrote cautiously about the gradual inclusion of Siberia into the emerging all-Russian market already from the 17th century.1 It should be said, however, that in modern historiography the concept of an “all-Russian (national) market” is generally very poorly developed. B.N. Mironov, who devoted a special study to the problem of the domestic market of Russia, noted that the national market is not a simple set of local markets, but “a system of mutual

interconnected local markets, united into a whole by a common function - the exchange of goods between producers and consumers throughout the country - based on commodity production and the geographical division of labor "2. It is precisely because of this that individual regions are included in the national reproduction and the economic community of the country is formed. According to B.N. Mironov, only by the middle of the XIX century. internal unity has become inherent in the Russian market, and the economy has acquired the features of a single economic organism operating on the basis of the territorial division of labor3.

The general economic dependence of Siberia on Russia, primarily in industrial terms, along with regional peculiarities, slowed down the formation of regional markets. Until the beginning of the 19th century. one can only speak of the development of local markets based on a simple exchange of urban and rural products or on a certain specialization of individual territories. Interregional ties were

less developed. For example, the trade turnover between Western and Eastern Siberia was reduced to only limited items of agricultural products and peasant crafts. Noting the absence of its own manufacturing industry in the region, official sources back in the second half of the 19th century. they pointed out that Eastern Siberia “is supplied not only with all manufactory products from European Russia and from abroad, but even some essential items and raw products are brought from afar, for example, cow butter, leather, matting, mats, etc. obtained from Western Siberia"4.

In the XVII-first half of the XVIII century. the role of a transshipment center between Western and Eastern Siberia was assigned to Yeniseisk, which, moreover, was one of the main centers of the fur trade. But with the laying of the Moscow tract, Yeniseisk, which lies to the north, lost its significance and its functions were transferred to Tomsk. The main road stretched from Irkutsk to Tomsk, and from the Tomsk pier, goods were sent further by water. On this route, Chinese goods from Kyakhta and Siberian furs were mainly transferred to the west, towards which Russian and European goods, mainly industrial products, went for exchange to China and sale on the domestic markets of Siberia. Thus, the main part of the trade between European Russia and Siberia fell on transit trade, which ensured the interests of Russian-Chinese trade. Only a few Siberian entrepreneurs were involved in the exchange of goods between the metropolis and the Siberian outskirts, although, of course, transit trade contributed to the development of communications and Siberian transport, stimulated the growth of small businesses and the simplest types of manufacturing industry5. According to the apt remark of N.S. Schukin, Kyakhta scattered “millions of rubles on the way to Nizhny”6.

It should also be added that the eastern part of Siberia specialized in fishing, while in the west the main export was agricultural raw materials. The products of Western Siberia were more focused on the Irbit Fair. So, in 1808, out of almost 350 merchants who operated at the fair, there were only 27 merchants from the cities of Eastern Siberia, while

Trans-Siberian - 93, and with trading Bukharans living in the southern settlements of the region, their number reached 1167. Large entrepreneurs from Irkutsk and Transbaikalia preferred to exchange their products for Russian goods at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair. This feature in the direction of commodity flows from the main regions of Siberia was noted by G.N. Potanin. “Merchants of the western half of Siberia,” he wrote, “with their heavy and bulky, but cheap goods, went to sell them at the Irbit Fair, where they bought products of Moscow manufactory for their half of Siberia; the merchants of the eastern half of Siberia, with their easy-to-carry, but expensive furs and teas, traveled to the Nizhny Novgorod fair and bought manufactured goods here”8.

The farther to the east, the greater was the economic dependence of the territories on Russian capital. If entrepreneurs in Western Siberia, especially in the Tobolsk province, using the traditional economic orientation to the Ural region, could still export part of Siberian products to border fairs and to Irbit, which was the main place for the exchange of Siberian market products for Russian goods, then the East Siberian merchants, with the exception of fur traders and tea, had no access not only to European Russia, but also to Western Siberia. In general, Siberia was cut off by the Urals from the markets of European Russia. In the exchange of Siberia with the Russian center, two flows of goods met: from Siberia - furs and a small part of agricultural raw materials, which created its purchasing power, and from Russia - industrial goods of a consumer nature: manufactory, clothing, metal products, etc. Due to the lack of efficient transport and the high cost of transportation, Siberian agriculture and forestry developed out of touch with the Russian market. Thus, the Siberian grain market was determined only by domestic demand and fluctuations in yields. Already at the end of the XVIII century. the supply of bread on the local market significantly exceeded demand, which markedly reduced its prices and did not stimulate the process of intensifying agriculture and agriculture in general. This price restraint lasted until the construction of the railway, which allowed Siberia to export its cheap bread to the Russian and world markets.

The weak development of the Siberian industry led to the growth of the monopoly of Russian merchants. In the XVII-beginning of the XVIII century. the share of merchants from Russia was at least 70%. And later they dominated the domestic market of Siberia. The interest of the richest Russian merchants in the eastern outskirts was due to the great demand and high price for industrial and handicraft products imported there, which were exchanged for the only commodity in constant demand on the Russian and world markets - Siberian furs. It was through the fur market, which had already formed by the end of the 17th century, that Siberia had the opportunity to integrate into the all-Russian economic space.

In terms of value, Siberian products were several times inferior to more expensive factory goods. The export of free money deprived Siberia of the capital necessary for the industrial development of the region, which further increased its dependence on Russia, turning it into an agricultural and raw material appendage. “Needs,” wrote N.M. Yadrintsev about Siberia, - she has developed strongly, but she is not able to recoup them with her products: no matter how much she gives products, she is indebted to manufactory tourists. Among the reasons for the weakness of the Siberian industry were the lack of capital and skilled labor, the dominance of the products of Russian factories and plants. The low motivation of Siberians to invest in the local industry was also explained by the rather high incomes provided by trade and business operations, especially in the fur market. According to M. Konstantinov's calculations, an average of 4 times more money returned to the pocket of a merchant trading in the north of Yakutia than came out of it10. Therefore, the income received from intermediary and trading operations was not an incentive to search for new markets and other forms of entrepreneurial activity. “With such profits,” V.M. Zenzinov, capitalists, of course, have nothing to worry about new enterprises, new flights, new routes - the old, tried and true completely satisfied their appetite, and nothing induces them to look for something new, maybe wrong, unreliable.

At the time under review, all the main forms of trade were represented in Siberia: delivery (traveling), fair and stationary. Until the middle of the XVIII century. dominating-

la caravan-delivery trade. Trading life in settlements revived with the advent of merchant transports. Congresses of merchants took place almost every month, but they reached their largest size in autumn, when merchant carts went in transit through Siberian cities to Kyakhta. Answering the questionnaire of the Commission on Commerce, the leadership of the Irkutsk Zemstvo hut noted: “Fairs in Irkutsk throughout the year from visitors from different cities and on different dates take place from the beginning of October, and start from the arrival both by water and by land in summer and winter usually" 12. With the advent of fairs, traveling trade became the lot of small merchants and clerks. Traveling trading mainly performed the function of exchanging industrial goods for the products of rural crafts. Its main task was to unite small local markets and to establish links between them and the centers of periodic trade.

For the time being, the existing system of internal trade suited the Siberian merchant class. However, with the growth of its numbers and the strengthening of its financial position, it began to fight more resolutely for its monopoly position in the local market. Even in the middle of the XVIII century. Irkutsk merchants, for example, refused to open a fair in the city, where merchants from Russia could bring their goods and sell them at retail. But still, Siberians could not resist the pressure of non-resident competitors, primarily Russian businessmen. The administration of the region was also interested in the establishment of fairs. Until the middle of the XVIII century. trade at fairs was irregular, sporadic, poorly controlled by the central and local administrations. During this period, they arose largely spontaneously as centers for buying furs from Siberian foreigners for subsequent formation into large wholesale lots sent to the Russian and Asian markets. In the second half of the century fair trade became the predominant form of trade. It performed accumulative, re-distribution and transit functions in the movement of goods, and also formed local needs and demand.

At the end of the XVIII century. fair trade spread throughout Russia. The City Regulations of 1785 prescribed in all cities “to establish annually one yar-

brand or more. But not every city could become a center of inter-regional exchange, closing all economic operations. Therefore, there were not so many key, interregional fairs in Siberia. First of all, the state sought to take control of the main centers of fur trade and trade, which during this period shifted to the eastern regions of Siberia. In August 1768, the Senate issued a decree establishing trade fairs in the largest trading centers of Eastern Siberia - Irkutsk, Verkhneudinsk and Yakutsk, operating according to certain rules and at strictly fixed times. In Irkutsk, it was prescribed to establish two fairs: autumn and spring, in other cities one fair was established each lasting at least two months. The creation of real fair institutions took place only in 1775, when the first official fair opened in Irkutsk. Its turnover was very significant. At the end of the XVIII century. its trade turnover reached 3.7 million rubles, which accounted for almost 6% of the all-Russian fair turnover13.

In Western Siberia, the establishment of regular fair trade dates back to a later period. The first such interregional fair - Ishim - was established in 1797. Unlike the East Siberian ones, it was mainly agrarian and raw materials and coordinated the movement of goods towards the Urals and North Kazakhstan territories. Over time, Ishim became a serious competitor for the Irbit Fair. Vasilievskaya Fair in Tyumen, opened in 1845, was intended for this role to an even greater extent. Its advantage was its location on the main Siberian tract and at the beginning of an extensive river system, while Irbit was 180 miles away from the Moscow tract. But the traditional character of the established since the XVII century. trade chains oriented to the Urals, did not make it possible to transfer the center of Siberian trade to Tyumen, which did not have deep roots in trade. “The strength of the capital of the Ural and other Russian merchants, according to

V.P. Shpaltakov, - turned out to be still significantly superior to the strength of West Siberian capital, and therefore the former did not allow the loss of their control over the all-Russian trade center, which brings them consistently high incomes.

Along with fairs, which had the significance of interregional centers of trade, there were many fairs and rural-type fairs in Siberia that served the local market. Most of them appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. through the efforts of the local government. In 1818, in Eastern Siberia, for example, there were 57 different fairs and bazaars with an annual turnover of almost 5 million rubles. Their duration varied from one day to two months. The busiest trade took place in winter. This period accounted for up to 70% of the total import of goods. The Lena fairs were an exception. They were numerous and specialized in the fur trade. In addition to county centers, trade took place in six volosts and four foreign clans. There were no specific fair places here, and trade was carried on along the entire length of the river from merchants' stalls and barges. The time of its holding was set from May 10 to July 1 and coincided with the beginning of navigation on the Lena.

Almost all the fairs of Western Siberia were located in the Tobolsk province, which was explained by its greater population and more developed agriculture. In 1834, there were 46 fairs in the Tobolsk province, and only 4 in the Tomsk province. It should be noted, however, that some fairs existed only on paper. Often, orders to open them, especially among foreigners, were made hastily, without taking into account local conditions and traditional trade relations. In 1859, for example, there were 133 fairs in Eastern Siberia, but 57 of them were not auctioned15.

A characteristic feature of fair trade was the predominance of imports compared to the quantity of goods sold. As a rule, no more than 50-60% of the goods brought to the fairs were sold. Unsold goods partly remained in the city for stationary trade, but for the most part they moved to other fairs. As a rule, merchants, having received consignments of goods from the Nizhny Novgorod or Irbit fairs, sold them in Irkutsk in December, and in January they moved to the Verkhneudinsk fair and further to Kyakhta. By March, they returned to Irkutsk for the second fair with Chinese goods, and in May they went to the Lena and Yakutsk fairs. In September, merchants again gathered in the provincial center with large consignments of furs and waited for new convoys from the Russian

mi and European goods. Thus, a kind of commodity exchange was established in the form of a circulation with the movement of goods in one direction or another. Several fairs formed a chain, replacing each other in a certain sequence throughout the year. As a rule, such chains were built around the nodal interregional fair centers (Irkutsk, Tobolsk, Ishim, Tyumen), in turn connected with the places of all-Russian fairs (Nizhny Novgorod, Irbit) and border trade (Kyakhta, Semipalatinsk).

As rightly noted by T.K. Shcheglov, the development of the Siberian trade turnover was carried out "through the mechanism of fair circles and fair chains, which blew up the administrative-territorial boundaries and established their boundaries according to the diameter of the influence of the most important fairs (fair circles) or the chain of movement of goods"16. Moreover, if the Western Siberian chains were oriented in a southwestern direction (the Urals, the Kazakh steppes, Central Asia), then the fairs of Eastern Siberia included in their scheme the northeastern and border trade with Mongolia and China. With the annexation of the Amur and Primorye, their supply with everything they needed also came from Irkutsk. But as the Far East region grew, the logic of economic development made it necessary to look for more convenient sources of supply, mainly through trade from northern China and the Pacific. Delivery of goods by sea from Odessa turned out to be more profitable. It took about 65 days, while their transit through Siberia took up to 10 months. The success of economic development on the Amur contributed to the fact that since the 1880s. even Transbaikalia began to be supplied to a greater extent with industrial goods through the Amur Territory. As a result, the Trans-Baikal market moved to the shopping area with the center in Blagoveshchensk.

By the middle of the XIX century. in Siberia, a kind of hierarchy of fairs has developed, covering all of its economic space, from a group of wholesale hub fairs to small rural fairs and bazaars. At the same time, interregional fair chains were channels through which Siberia's connections with the Urals and Russia, the Amur Region, Central Asia and China were realized. In the second half of the 19th century, despite the growth in the number of fairs, the volume of turnover and their role in local markets were falling. Yes, and the expansion of the sphere of the yoke-

At that time, roaming trade was observed in areas of agricultural production, which testified first of all

about the growth of the agricultural market in Siberia, especially after the construction of the railway. Reducing the same trade at the largest fairs in Siberia, according to. T.K. Shcheglova, testified to the beginning of the transition from the level of "market economy" to the level of "capitalism"17. In the largest shopping centers, such as Irkutsk and Verkhneudinsk, the merchants advocated a reduction in the number of fair days and the fairs themselves. Two fairs were held in Irkutsk, autumn and spring, with a total duration of up to three months. They appeared at a time when the local merchant class was weak and trade was entirely dependent on imported goods from Russia. By the beginning of the XIX century. Irkutsk entrepreneurs got stronger, entered the Siberian and even the all-Russian market and “began to deliver Chinese goods to Russia for thousands of dollars and bring Russian goods from there in exchange”18. The quantity of goods they brought fully satisfied the needs for them not only of the city, but of the entire county. In 1830, Irkutsk merchants delivered goods worth almost 6 million rubles, which was 8 times more than the total supply to the Irkutsk Fair19. Under these conditions, the existence of two long fairs in Irkutsk did not meet the interests of local entrepreneurs. According to their requirements, fair trade here was limited to one monthly fair, which took place in December. Even earlier, in January 1817, instead of two fairs, one was established in Verkhneudinsk - from January 15 to March 120.

Fair trade was seasonal, had a temporal and spatial framework, and was a form of wholesale trade. It excluded large sections of the urban population from direct trading operations. The main bargaining took place between large nonresident and local entrepreneurs. Under these conditions, stationary trade became necessary, which had longer contacts between the seller and the buyer. The degree of distribution of such trade was evidenced by a large number of shops and shops in the leading cities of Siberia. So, in Irkutsk in the middle of the XIX century. their number increased to 723, which exceeded the figures for Tobolsk, Tomsk and Tyumen combined21. On average, there was one outlet

for 20 citizens. There was no higher degree of commercial service in any other Siberian city. In total, there were a little more than 3 thousand shops and other points of trade in Siberian cities. They were mainly located in the largest cities of the region.

Stationary trade, like periodical trade, was of a semi-specialized nature. One shop sold a wide variety of goods. Naturally, the main part of the trade infrastructure was concentrated in the city center. “Now walk along the far-stretching Bolshaya Street,” wrote the correspondent of Sibirskaya Gazeta about Irkutsk in the 1880s, “along Pesterevskaya, Arsenalskaya, Preobrazhenskaya and some others - you will be amazed by the mass of shops, shops stretched out into a vast The shops of Vtorov and Dmitriev, the shops of Telnykh, Kalmeer, Shchelkunov, Perelomov, photographs of Milevsky, Khodkevich's confectionery and others could, without any damage to their reputation, show off on Deribasovskaya or even on Nevsky...”22 A noticeable expansion of specialized trade through shops, shops, passages became possible after the commissioning of the railway, which contributed to the growth of the urban population and the development of the trade infrastructure of Siberian cities.

NOTES

1 History of Siberia from ancient times to the present day. L., 1968. T. 2. S. 93.

2 Mironov B.N. The domestic market of Russia in the second half of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century. L., 1981. S. 5.

3 Ibid. S. 243.

4 Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). F. 1290, op. 2, d. 975, l. 20.

5 For more details, see: Shakherov V.P. The role of Russian-Chinese trade in the development of Siberian entrepreneurship (late 18th-first half of the 19th centuries) // Mutual relations of peoples

Russia, Siberia and the countries of the East: history and modernity. Irkutsk, 1996. S. 49-64.

6 Shchukin N.S. Life of a peasant in Eastern Siberia // Journal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 1859. No. 2. S. 42.

7 RGIA. F. 13, op. 1, d. 376, l. eleven.

8 Potanin G.N. Cities of Siberia // Siberia, its current state and its needs. SPb., 1908. S. 238-239.

9 Yadrintsev N.M. Siberia as a colony in geographical, ethnographic and historical terms. SPb., 1892. S. 362.

10 Startsev A.V. Trade in Siberian furs at fairs in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. // Problems of the genesis and development of capitalist relations in Siberia. Barnaul, 1990. S. 64.

11 Zenzinov V.M. Essays on trade in the north of the Yakutsk region. M., 1916. S. 95.

12 Koreysha Ya. Materials on the history of the city of Irkutsk in the 18th century. // Proceedings of the Irkutsk Scientific Archival Commission. Irkutsk, 1914. Issue. 2.

13 Shakherov V.P. Cities of Eastern Siberia in the 18th-first half of the 19th centuries: Essays on socio-economic and cultural life. Irkutsk, 2001.S. 50.

14 Shpaltakov V.P. Formation and development of the market economy in Western Siberia in the first half of the 19th century. Omsk, 1997, p. 208.

15 Russian State Military Historical Archive. F. 414, op. 1, d. 418, l. 38 vol.

16 Shcheglova T.K. Fairs of Siberia in the second half of the 18th - early 20th centuries. in the light of new approaches // Questions of archeology and history of Southern Siberia. Barnaul, 1999. S. 272-273.

17 Ibid. S. 276.

18 State archive of the Irkutsk region. F. 70, op. 1, d. 2793, l. 29 vol.

19 RGIA. F. 1281, op. 11, d. 47, l. 421 rev.

20 National Archives of the Republic of Buryatia. F. 20, op. 1, d. 5771, l. 88.

21 Gagemeister Yu.A. Statistical review of Siberia. M., 1854. Part 2. S. 570.

22 Siberian newspaper. 1888. No. 2. S. 8-10.