home Calculators Overview of especially dangerous infections. Especially dangerous infections List of quarantine infections

Overview of especially dangerous infections. Especially dangerous infections List of quarantine infections

Infection with pathologies such as cholera, anthrax, yellow fever, tularemia, bird flu is dangerous not only for the patient himself, but also for the environment. These OOIs are highly contagious and highly lethal.

Among the many infectious diseases, a group is distinguished, which is called “especially dangerous infections”. They are of international importance, and laboratories in many countries are developing ways to prevent, as well as combat, AGI. What are these infections, and how are they characterized?

The concept of especially dangerous infections (quarantine) was developed by the World Health Organization. This list separately includes several infectious diseases that are characterized by high endemicity, severe course and high mortality.

Especially dangerous infections, the list of which, according to WHO, is somewhat different from the domestic classification, includes the following diseases:

The first four infections are international, tularemia and anthrax are dangerous infectious diseases for Russia.

Microbiological organizations and laboratories develop measures for the prevention and control of these diseases. Thus, control over the circulation of pathogens in nature, over the movement of sources of infections between countries is being carried out.

In every major city there is a laboratory of especially dangerous infections. When such a disease is detected, this organization begins work to prevent the circulation of pathology.

The problems of especially dangerous infections lie in the difficulties of diagnosing and treating them in third world countries. Until now, the highest mortality rate remains there due to the insufficient development of medicine and the lack of medicines. This situation requires intensive work to improve the medical service.

This pathology is a zoonotic infection with natural foci. Due to its severity, it is included in the group of quarantine infections.

The source of infection are rodents, patients with lung damage. There are several routes of infection. The disease begins acutely, with a high fever. The most common bubonic and pulmonary forms of the disease. They occur after contact with infected material.

As the plague develops, the lymph nodes enlarge, they become inflamed and suppurate. With the pulmonary form, respiratory failure quickly develops, and the person dies within a few hours. This form is considered incurable, and any means used are aimed only at alleviating the patient's condition.

Cholera

This infection belongs to the group of intestinal. It differs from other diseases in this category in that it causes a very severe diarrheal syndrome and severe dehydration. As a result, the patient develops hypovolemic shock.

The penetration of the microbe into the body occurs through contaminated water. The bacterium damages the intestinal wall. As a result, the reverse absorption of water stops, and it begins to leave the body. The patient develops frequent loose stools, resembling rice water.

Mortality depends on the timeliness of diagnosis and initiation of treatment.

Death can occur from cardiovascular failure. The disease requires immediate implementation of a set of measures to rehydrate the patient.

Black (natural) smallpox

This is a particularly dangerous infection of viral origin. It is characterized by a pronounced intoxication syndrome and typical skin rashes. To date, this infection is considered defeated, and the virus can only be detected in a microbiological laboratory.

The source of the black pox virus is a sick person. The route of transmission of this infection is airborne or airborne. In addition, penetration of the virus through damaged skin is possible, and in pregnant women, infection of the fetus through the placenta.

Susceptibility to the virus is extremely high. After the disease, stable immunity is formed, but 0.1% of those who have been ill can get sick again. The infection was registered earlier in the countries of Africa and Asia. In 1977, the last case of smallpox was noted. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared victory over smallpox.

The disease lasts about one and a half months with a change of four periods. The elements of the rash go through several stages of development. First, a spot is formed that transforms into a papule and a vesicle. Then a purulent vesicle is formed, which is soon covered with a crust. Erosions and ulcers form on the mucous membranes. Severe intoxication is characteristic. After two weeks, the recovery period begins. Mortality in different types of smallpox ranged from 28% to 100%.

Yellow fever

This is a disease of viral origin, natural focal, with an acute course. The infection causes liver damage and hemorrhagic syndrome. Laboratories distinguish two types of virus: endemic, causing disease in the wild; epidemic - provoking a disease in an urban area.

The source of the virus is monkeys, less often rodents. It is spread by mosquitoes. A person becomes infected by the bite of an infected insect. People can get sick regardless of gender and age. Susceptibility to infection is extremely high, and there is no innate immunity. After illness, a stable defense is formed.

Most often, pathology is recorded in the countries of South America and Africa. However, individual cases can occur in any area where mosquitoes live. The spread of the disease is facilitated by infected people and animals that move from country to country.

By itself, an infected person cannot excrete the pathogen and is not dangerous to other people. The circulation of the virus begins when the carrier, the mosquito, appears.

According to the nature of the flow, three degrees of severity and a lightning-fast form are distinguished. The disease begins acutely, with a sharp rise in temperature. The high fever lasts for about three days.

A characteristic symptom is redness of the skin of the face and upper neck. Injected sclera, edematous eyelids and lips are observed. The tongue is thickened, red. Photophobia and lacrimation are characteristic. Significantly enlarged and painful liver and spleen. After a few days, icteric staining of the skin and mucous membranes is formed. The patient's condition is deteriorating. Bleeding from the nose, gums and stomach develops.

Mild to moderate infections usually result in recovery. With a severe degree, death occurs on the sixth day, with a lightning-fast form, a person dies after three days. The cause of death is multiple organ failure.

anthrax

Particularly dangerous infections are anthrax. A disease of bacterial origin. Due to its danger, it is considered as a biological weapon of mass destruction.

The causative agent is the immobile bacillus Bacillus anthracis. It lives in the soil, from where domestic animals can become infected. They become a source of infection for a person - he becomes infected while working with them. The infection enters the human body through airborne and alimentary routes (with food).

Allocate skin and generalized forms of the disease. In the cutaneous form, a characteristic carbuncle is formed, which is covered with a black scab. The generalized form affects almost all internal organs. Mortality in the cutaneous form is almost zero, in the generalized form it is very high.

Tularemia

This is a bacterial zoonotic infection. It is characterized by natural focality. The source of the bacteria are all kinds of rodents, cattle and sheep.

The pathogen can enter the human body in the following ways: contact, when direct contact with infected rodents occurs; alimentary, when a person consumes infected foods and water; aerosol, when dust with bacteria is inhaled; transmissible - when bitten by infected insects.

Depending on how the infection occurred, clinical forms of infection develop. When the bacteria is inhaled, the pulmonary form of tularemia begins. If the infection occurred through food and water, a person becomes ill with anginal-bubonic and alimentary forms. After a bite, an ulcer-bubonic form develops.

Particularly dangerous infections caused by this bacterium are recorded mainly in our country.

The disease proceeds cyclically with a change of four periods. Characterized by an acute onset, high fever, malaise. A typical symptom is pain in the lower back and calf muscles. The feverish period can last up to a month.

The features of the appearance of the patient are noted: the face is puffy, hyperemia and cyanosis of the skin; sclera injected; the patient is in euphoria. After the third day of illness, a patchy or petechial rash develops in some patients.

A specific symptom is the defeat of the lymph nodes. This is most clearly seen in the bubonic form. The nodes increase several times, solder with the surrounding tissues. The skin over them is inflamed. The prognosis for tularemia is favorable, deaths are observed in 1% of cases.

Flu

This infection is also of viral origin. It is characterized by seasonality, damage to the respiratory tract and a high incidence of complications. The common human influenza caused by the H1N1 virus is not included in the group of quarantine infections.

The list of especially dangerous infections includes the avian influenza virus - H5N1. It causes severe intoxication, lung damage with the development of respiratory distress syndrome. The source of infection is migratory waterfowl.

A person becomes infected when caring for such birds, as well as when eating infected meat. In addition, the virus shows the ability to circulate among people.

The disease begins acutely, with a high fever. It can last up to two weeks. Three days after infection, a catarrhal syndrome develops. It is manifested by bronchitis and laryngitis. In the same period, most patients develop viral pneumonia. Lethality reaches 80%.

Prevention measures

Prevention of especially dangerous infections is carried out jointly by all countries belonging to the World Health Organization. In addition, each state individually implements a set of preventive measures.

The problems of particularly dangerous infections lie in the fact that due to the developed transport capabilities, the risk of importing pathogens of these diseases to different countries increases. For prevention, control is carried out at all borders of countries: land, air, sea.

Employees of international vehicles, airports, train stations undergo special training in recognizing quarantine infections and measures to take.

With any suspicion of a dangerous infection in a person, he is placed in an isolated room and medical assistance is called. Additionally, an emergency notification is sent to the SES. Employees who came into contact with the sick person are also isolated. Everyone is prescribed drugs for emergency prophylaxis.

Dangerous infections during pregnancy - most often this is an indication for its termination. All viruses are able to cross the placenta and infect the fetus. He usually dies in utero.

For the treatment of especially dangerous infections, a person is placed in a separate box of an infectious diseases hospital. Medical personnel should not leave the hospital for the entire duration of treatment. For medical manipulations and other work with the patient, it is mandatory to use special protective suits. They are used to protect personnel from infection.

Modern treatment consists in the use of appropriate antibacterial and antiviral drugs. Pathogenetic and symptomatic agents are also used for treatment.

These infections are dangerous with high mortality, so it is very important to observe preventive measures. To reduce the incidence, specialized laboratories are working on the creation of new highly effective drugs.

The government of Moscow

MOSCOW CITY HEALTH DEPARTMENT

I order:

1. Approve:

________________

1.5. Irreducible supply of personal protective equipment (type I anti-plague suit) and other regulated personal protective equipment in medical organizations of the state healthcare system of the city of Moscow (Appendix 5 *).

________________

1.6. Irreducible supply of saline solutions (Appendix 6 *).

________________

1.7. Plan for the evacuation of patients from the State Budgetary Institution of Healthcare "Infectious Clinical Hospital N 1 of the Department of Health of the City of Moscow" (hereinafter - GBUZ "ICB N 1 DZM") during the reprofiling period (Appendix 7 *).

________________

1.8. Plan for sending ambulances to the IKB N 1 DZM for the release of departments (Appendix 8 *).

________________

1.9. Plan for sending ambulances to branch N 3 of the State Autonomous Healthcare Institution of the City of Moscow "Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Restorative and Sports Medicine of the Department of Health of the City of Moscow" "Specialized Rehabilitation Clinic" N 3) (Appendix 9 *).

________________

1.10. Plan for conducting a training exercise with medical workers with the introduction of a conditional patient (Appendix 10 *).

________________

2.2. Availability:

Methodological folders with regulatory legal acts, organizational and administrative documents in accordance with paragraph 2.6 of Appendix 1 to this order in the admissions, pathoanatomical departments and at the leadership of a medical organization.

Dedicated separate ward (box, cabinet) for temporary isolation of contacts with a sick (suspicious) disease;

An irreducible supply of personal protective equipment and medicines, including antibiotics, for emergency prevention of medical workers (clause 1.10, clause 1, section II SanPiN 2.1.3.2630-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for organizations engaged in medical activities" - stock of disinfectants;

Packing for the collection of biological material, with means for personal prevention of medical workers; labeled containers for collecting and disinfecting natural secretions from the patient, diluting disinfectant solutions for disinfecting protective clothing, and conducting ongoing disinfection;

2.3. Immediate medical evacuation of patients with Diseases (upon confirmation of the diagnosis or suspicion of this diagnosis) after consultation by infectious disease doctors of the advisory specialized infectious disease team of the State Budgetary Institution of the City of Moscow "Station of emergency and emergency medical care named after A.S. Puchkov" of the Moscow Health Department (hereinafter - GBU "SSiNMP named after A.S. Puchkov" DZM)

2.4. Conducting training of medical workers in epidemiology, clinic, differential diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Diseases (Appendix 1 to the instructions), conducting training exercises with the introduction of a conditional patient to work out the organization and implementation of anti-epidemic (preventive) measures carried out by medical organizations in case of detection of a patient (suspicious ) Diseases at all stages of medical care and acceptance of offsets (Appendix 10 to this order).

2.5. Carrying out sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures when a deceased (suspicious) body is detected at an autopsy for quarantine infections, viral hemorrhagic fevers, other especially dangerous infections and infectious diseases of unclear etiology that pose a danger to the population of Moscow in accordance with.

2.6. The direction of infectious disease doctors from medical organizations of the state health care system of the city of Moscow, providing primary health care, to work in the observational department for the placement of contacts with sick (suspicious) Diseases, deployed on the basis of GAUZ "MNPTs MRVSM DZM" branch N 3 in compliance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (by additional order of the Department of Health of the city of Moscow).

3. To the chief physicians of the State Budgetary Institution of Healthcare "ICB N 1 DZM", the State Budgetary Institution of Healthcare of the City of Moscow "Infectious Clinical Hospital N 2 of the Department of Health of the City of Moscow (hereinafter referred to as the State Budgetary Institution of Healthcare" Clinical Hospital N 2 DZM "), the State Budgetary Institution of Healthcare of the City of Moscow City Clinical Hospital named after S.P. Botkin of the Department of Health of the City of Moscow (hereinafter referred to as GBUZ GKB named after S.P. Botkin DZM) to ensure:

3.1. The practical readiness of medical organizations to receive patients (suspicious) with diseases, with differential and laboratory diagnostics.

3.2. Hospitalization of adults and children in accordance with Appendix 11 to this order.

3.3. Compliance with sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures in accordance with SP 1.3.3118-13, SP 3.4.2318-08, SP 1.3.2322-08, SP 1.3.2518-09 and SP 3.4.2366-08.

3.4. Carrying out sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures when an autopsy of a deceased (suspicious) body is detected for viral hemorrhagic fevers, other especially dangerous infections and infectious diseases of unclear etiology that pose a danger to the population of the city of Moscow in accordance with SP 1.3.3118-13.

3.5. Delivery of biological (sectional) material to the Department of Especially Dangerous Infections of the Microbiological Laboratory of the FBUZ "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the City of Moscow" in case of detection of a patient (in the section) with signs of cholera, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) , human influenza caused by a new subtype.

4. To the chief physician of GBUZ "ICB N 1 DZM" to ensure:

4.1. Re-profiling of beds with the creation of an infectious diseases hospital for 558 beds, including: a department for patients with diseases - 18 beds, a provisional department - 60 beds (if necessary, additional deployment of 180 provisional beds) and an observational department for 300 beds upon admission of a patient (s) (suspicious ) Diseases.

4.2. Calling specialists of the Federal Public Health Institution "Anti-Plague Center" of Rospotrebnadzor (if necessary) to provide advisory and methodological assistance and monitoring compliance with biological safety rules when sampling biological material in case of suspected plague, viral fevers and delivering it to the laboratory of the Federal Public Health Institution "Anti-Plague Center" of Rospotrebnadzor in compliance with the requirements of applicable regulatory and methodological documents, SP 1.2.036-95 of the sanitary and epidemiological rules "Procedure for accounting, storage, transfer and transportation of microorganisms of pathogenicity groups I-IV" and MU 3.4.2552-09 "Organization and implementation of primary anti-epidemic measures in cases of detection of a patient ( corpse) suspected of contracting infectious diseases that cause emergency situations in the field of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population" (approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on September 17, 2009).

4.3. Sampling of biological material in case of suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), human influenza caused by a new subtype and delivery to the department of especially dangerous infections of the microbiological laboratory of the FBUZ "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the City of Moscow" by ambulance transport hospital accompanied by a medical professional.

5. To the chief physician of GBUZ "ICB N 2 DZM" to ensure:

5.1. Re-profiling of the box department for 60 beds for hospitalization of patients (suspicious) and the box department for 60 beds for the organization of a provisional/observation department for admission of patients (suspicious) with diseases.

5.2. Sampling of biological material from patients (suspicious) with cholera, conducting research before isolating a culture suspected of vibrio cholerae, and its delivery in compliance with the current sanitary and epidemiological rules SP 1.2.036-95 "Procedure for accounting, storage, transfer and transportation of microorganisms I-IV pathogenicity groups", guidelines MUK 4.2.2218-07 "Laboratory diagnosis of cholera", MUK 4.2.2870-11 "The procedure for organizing and conducting laboratory diagnosis of cholera for laboratories of the territorial, regional and federal levels" in the department of especially dangerous infections of the microbiological laboratory of the FBUZ " Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the City of Moscow" by ambulance transport of the hospital, accompanied by a medical worker.

6. To the director of GAUZ "MNPTs MRVSM DZM" to ensure:

6.1. The practical readiness of the observational department and compliance with sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures in accordance with the sanitary and epidemiological rules "Safety of working with microorganisms of pathogenicity (danger) groups I-II" SP 1.3.3118-13 and other regulatory legal acts.

6.2. Deployment on the basis of GAUZ "MNPTs MRVSM DZM" branch N 3 of a reserve observational department (550 beds) to accommodate contacts with sick (suspicious) Diseases (by additional order of the Moscow Department of Health).

6.3. Immediate informing in accordance with the established procedure about the identification of a patient (deceased) suspected of having the Disease in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Order).

7. To the chief physician of the State Budgetary Institution "SS and NML named after A.S. Puchkov" DZM to ensure:

7.1. Immediate submission of information to the Department of Health of the city of Moscow on the hospitalization of patients (suspicious) with Diseases and on cases of death of these patients in the prescribed manner.

7.2. Immediate hospitalization of patients (suspicious) with diseases of Russian and foreign citizens and contacts with them (except for contacts with patients with spongiform encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) in compliance with the anti-epidemic regimen in accordance with Appendix 11 to this order:

7.3. Evacuation of patients from GBUZ "ICB N 1 DZM" in case of reprofiling to receive patients with Diseases in accordance with appendices 7 and 8 to this order.

7.4. Transportation of contacts from the outbreak to the IKB N 1 DZM.

7.5. Transportation of contacts from the focus by special order of the Department of Health of the City of Moscow to GAUZ "MNPTs MRVSM DZM" branch No. 3 in accordance with Appendix 9 to this order.

7.6. Carrying out annual training of medical workers and their practical readiness to carry out primary anti-epidemic measures in case of detection of a patient (suspicious) with Diseases with the possible involvement of specialists from the Office of Rospotrebnadzor in Moscow and FKUZ "Anti-Plague Center" of Rospotrebnadzor.

8. To the head of the State Budgetary Institution of Health Care "Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination of the Department of Health of the City of Moscow" ensure the transportation of the bodies of the dead, in compliance with the rules of biological safety, in accordance with Appendix 11 to this order.

9. To the chief physicians of the State Budgetary Health Institution "Infectious Clinical Hospital N 2 of the Moscow City Health Department", S.P. Botkin City Clinical Hospital of the Moscow City Health Department, the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution "Children's City Clinical Hospital N 9 named after G. N. Speransky Department of Health of the City of Moscow", State Budgetary Institution of Health "Children's Infectious Clinical Hospital N 6 of the Department of Health of Moscow", State Budgetary Institution of Health "Children's City Clinical Hospital named after Z.A. Bashlyaeva of the Department of Health of Moscow", State Budgetary Institution health care "Children's City Clinical Hospital of St. Vladimir of the Department of Health of the City of Moscow" to ensure the readiness of medical organizations to receive patients in accordance with the approved Plan for the Evacuation of Patients from the State Budgetary Institution of Healthcare "Infectious Clinical Hospital N 1 of the Department of Health of the City of Moscow" during the reprofiling period (Appendix 7) .

10. Chief Physician of the State Budgetary Health Institution "Center for Medical Prevention of the Moscow City Health Department", Chief Physician of the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution "City Polyclinic N 5 of the Moscow City Health Department", Chief Physician of the State Budgetary Health Institution "Infectious Clinical Hospital N 1 of the City Health Department Moscow" to ensure the implementation of immunoprophylaxis for international travelers in the prescribed manner, with the issuance of an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prevention.

11. To the head of the Department for the organization of inpatient medical care A.V. Mikryukov, the head of the Department for the organization of primary health care E.V. Maksimenko, the chief freelance epidemiologist I.V. Nozdrevatykh, the chief freelance specialist in infectious diseases A.V. Devyatkin to provide control of the practical readiness of medical organizations of the state healthcare system of the city of Moscow to carry out anti-epidemic (preventive) measures when a patient (suspicious, deceased) is identified with diseases (section 5 of the Instruction).

Deadline: permanent

12. To the Deputy Head of the Moscow City Health Department A.V. Pogonin, the Deputy Head of the Moscow City Health Department E.Yu. Khavkina, ensure that medical organizations are promptly informed based on the materials of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights and Human Welfare and the Office of Rospotrebnadzor for the City of Moscow about changes in the epidemic situation for Diseases abroad, in the Russian Federation and in the city of Moscow, about countries with infected areas, about emergency situations of an epidemic nature abroad, in the Russian Federation and the city of Moscow, as well as about sanitary and hygienic events that pose a threat for the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population of Moscow, which are of international importance.

14. The control of the execution of this order shall be assigned to the Deputy Head of the Department of Health of the City of Moscow A.V. Pogonin, the Deputy Head of the Department of Health of the City of Moscow E.Yu. Khavkina.

Minister of the Government of Moscow,

head of department

health care of the city of Moscow

A.I. Khripun

Electronic text of the document

prepared by JSC "Kodeks" and checked against.

Dangerous pathogenic bacteria should be well known not only to doctors and health authorities, but also to the public - in order to fight diseases more effectively together. This was guided by the World Health Organization (WHO), which published a list of 12 groups of bacteria that have very strong resistance to antibiotics and pose a "particularly great threat to human health." As stated in the Geneva headquarters of WHO, the publication of this list is intended to promote research and development of new antibiotics.

"This is a new tool that provides a research and development response to urgent public health needs," said WHO Assistant Director-General for Health Systems and Innovation Marie-Paul Kini. "Antibiotic resistance is on the rise and we are rapidly moving away from possible treatment options," she warned. We can't wait for the market to respond to the need for new drugs, Keaney said, because "the most urgently needed antibiotics won't be developed in time," Keaney said.
The list defines three categories of bacteria according to their degree of danger and, accordingly, the urgency of the task of developing antibiotics against them - exceptionally high, high and medium priority. The WHO emphasizes that the most dangerous group is bacteria that are resistant to a range of drugs, which poses a threat of their spread in hospitals among patients who require various devices, such as blood catheters. These include bacteria - Acinetobater, Pseudomonas and Enterbacteriaceae species (including Klebsiella, E. coli, Serratia and Proteus). They can cause acute and often fatal infectious diseases such as pneumonia, experts point out, drawing attention to the resistance of these bacteria to "a broad group of antibiotics."
In the second and third categories - high and medium priority in the development of antibiotics - WHO includes bacteria whose resistance to drugs is growing. They cause, in particular, diseases such as gonorrhea and food poisoning caused by salmonella.
The causative agents of tuberculosis, whose resistance to drugs has also been growing over the years, are not included in the WHO list, since the fight against this disease is carried out within the framework of special programs of the organization. Steptococcus A and B bacteria and chlamydia are also not listed, as they "have little resistance to current treatments and do not presently pose a significant public health risk."

Particularly dangerous infections (SDI) or infectious diseases are diseases that are characterized by a high degree of contagiousness. They appear suddenly and spread rapidly, are characterized by a severe clinical picture and a high degree of mortality.

Especially dangerous infections include a conditional group of acute contagious human diseases that correspond to two characteristics:

may appear suddenly, quickly and massively spread;
are severe and have a high mortality rate.

The list of HROs was first presented at the 22nd session of the World Health Organization (WHO) on July 26, 1969. In addition to the list, the assembly also established the International Health Regulations (IHR). They were updated in 2005 at the 58th session of the WHO. According to the new amendments, the assembly has the right to draw conclusions about the state of certain diseases in the country, both according to official state reports and media reports.

WHO has been given considerable authority in the medical regulation of infectious diseases caused by AGI.

It is important to note that today in world medicine there is no concept of "OOI". This term is mainly used in the CIS countries, and in the world practice, AEs mean infectious diseases that are included in the list of events that may pose an excessive danger to the health care system on an international scale.

List of OOI

The World Health Organization has compiled a whole list of more than a hundred diseases that can quickly and massively spread among the population. Initially, according to 1969 data, this list included only 3 diseases:

plague;
cholera;
anthrax.

However, later the list was significantly expanded and all the pathologies that were included in it were conditionally divided into 2 groups:

1. Diseases that are unusual and may affect public health. These include:

smallpox;
human flu;
polio;
severe acute respiratory syndrome.

2. Diseases, any manifestation of which is assessed as a threat, since these infections can have a serious impact on public health and rapidly spread internationally. This also includes diseases that represent a regional or national problem. These include:

cholera
pneumonic plague;
yellow fever;
hemorrhagic fevers (Lassa, Marburg, Ebola, West Nile fever);
dengue fever;
Rift Valley fever;
meningococcal infection.

In Russia, two more infections have been added to these diseases - anthrax and tularemia.

All these pathologies are characterized by a severe course, a high risk of mortality, and, as a rule, form the basis for biological weapons of mass destruction.

Classification of especially dangerous infections

All OOIs are classified into three types:

Convention diseases. Such infections are subject to international sanitary regulations. This:

bacterial pathologies (plague and cholera);
viral diseases (monkeypox, hemorrhagic viral fevers).

Infections that require international surveillance, but are not subject to joint activities:

bacterial (typhus and relapsing fever, botulism, tetanus);
viral (HIV, polio, influenza, rabies, foot and mouth disease);
protozoan (malaria).

Not subject to WHO supervision, are under regional control:

anthrax;
tularemia;
brucellosis.

The most common OOI

The most common dangerous infections:

Plague

An acute, especially dangerous disease that belongs to zoonotic infections. The source and spreader of the infection are rodents (mainly rats and mice), and the causative agent is a plague bacillus that is resistant to environmental conditions. Plague is transmitted predominantly transmissibly through flea bites. Already from the beginning of the manifestation of the disease, it proceeds in an acute form and is accompanied by a general intoxication of the body.

Significant symptoms include:

high fever (temperature can rise to 40 ° C);
unbearable headache;
the tongue is covered with a white coating;
hyperemia of the face;
delirium (in advanced cases, when the disease is not treated correctly);
expression of suffering and horror on the face;
hemorrhagic eruptions.

Plague is treated with antibiotics (streptomycin, terramycin). The pulmonary form always ends in death, as acute respiratory failure occurs - the patient dies within 3-4 hours.

Cholera

Acute intestinal infection with a severe clinical picture, a high mortality rate and an increased degree of prevalence. The causative agent is Vibrio cholerae. Infection occurs mainly through contaminated water.

Symptoms:

sudden profuse diarrhea;
profuse vomiting;
decreased urination due to dehydration;
dryness of the tongue and oral mucosa;
decrease in body temperature.

The success of therapy largely depends on the timeliness of the diagnosis. Treatment involves taking antibiotics (tetracycline) and intravenous plentiful administration of special solutions to make up for the lack of water and salts in the patient's body.

black pox

One of the most highly contagious infections on the planet. Refers to anthroponotic infections, only people get sick with it. The transmission mechanism is airborne. The source of the variola virus is considered to be an infected person. The infection is also transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus.

Not a single case of smallpox has been reported since 1977! However, smallpox viruses are still stored in bacteriological laboratories in the United States and Russia.

Symptoms of infection:

sudden increase in body temperature;
sharp pains in the lumbar region and sacrum;
rash on inner thighs, lower abdomen.

Treatment of smallpox begins with the immediate isolation of the patient, the basis of therapy is gamma globulin.

Yellow fever

Acute hemorrhagic transmissible infection. Source - monkeys, rodents. The carriers are mosquitoes. Distributed in Africa and South America.

Symptoms of the course of the disease:

redness of the skin of the face and neck in the first stage of the disease;
swelling of the eyelids and lips;
thickening of the tongue;
lacrimation;
pain in the liver and spleen, an increase in the size of these organs;
redness is replaced by yellowness of the skin and mucous membranes.

If the diagnosis is not made in time, the patient's state of health worsens every day, bleeding from the nose, gums and stomach is noted. Possible death from multiple organ failure. The disease is easier to prevent than to treat, so the population is vaccinated in areas where cases of pathology are frequent.

anthrax

An infection of a zoonotic nature is considered as a weapon of mass destruction. The causative agent is a motionless bacillus bacillus that lives in the soil, from where animals become infected. The main carrier of the disease is considered to be cattle. The ways of human infection are airborne and alimentary. There are 3 types of the disease, which will depend on the symptoms:

Cutaneous. The patient develops a spot on the skin, which eventually turns into an ulcer. The disease is severe, possibly fatal.
Gastrointestinal. The following signs are noted: a sudden increase in body temperature, hematemesis, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea. As a rule, this form is fatal.
Pulmonary. Runs the hardest. There is a high temperature, bloody cough, disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system. A few days later the patient dies.

Treatment consists of taking antibiotics, but more importantly, the introduction of a vaccine that prevents infection.

Tularemia

Bacterial zoonotic infection. Source - rodents, cattle, sheep. The causative agent is a gram-negative rod. The mechanism of penetration into the human body is contact, alimentary, aerosol, transmissible.

Symptoms:

heat;
general malaise;
pain in the lower back and calf muscles;
skin hyperemia;
damage to the lymph nodes;
macular or petechial rash.

Compared to other OOIs, tularemia is 99% treatable.

Flu

The list of AEs includes avian influenza, a severe viral infection. The source of infection is migratory waterfowl. A person can get sick if the infected birds are not properly cared for or if the meat of an infected bird is eaten.

Symptoms:

high fever (may last up to several weeks);
catarrhal syndrome;
viral pneumonia, from which the patient dies in 80% of cases.

quarantine infections

This is a conditional group of infectious diseases, in which quarantine of one degree or another is imposed. It is not equivalent to AIO, but both groups include many infections that require the imposition of strict state quarantine with the involvement of military forces in order to restrict the movement of potentially infected people, protect lesions, etc. Such infections include, for example, smallpox and pulmonary plague.

It is worth noting that recently WHO has made several statements that it is inappropriate to impose strict quarantine when cholera occurs in a particular country.

Methods for diagnosing OOI

There are the following methods for diagnosing OOI:

Classic:

microscopy - the study of microscopic objects under a microscope;
polymerase chain reaction (PCR);
agglutination reaction (RA);
immunofluorescence reaction (RIF, Koons method);
bacteriophage test;
a bioassay on an experimental animal whose immunity is artificially reduced.

Accelerated:

exciter indication;
pathogen antigens (AG);
reverse passive hemagglutination reaction (RPHA);
coagglutination reaction (RCA);
enzyme immunoassay (ELISA).

Prevention

Prevention of OOI is carried out at the highest level in order to prevent the spread of diseases throughout the state. The complex of primary preventive measures includes:

temporary isolation of the infected with further hospitalization;
diagnosis, convening a council;
collection of anamnesis;
providing first aid to the patient;
sampling material for laboratory research;
identification of contact persons, their registration;
temporary isolation of contact persons until their infection is excluded;
carrying out current and final disinfection.

Depending on the type of infection, preventive measures may vary:

Plague. In natural foci of distribution, observations are made of the number of rodents, their examination and deratization. In adjacent areas, the population is vaccinated with a dry live vaccine subcutaneously or cutaneously.
Cholera. Prevention also includes work with foci of infection. Patients are being identified, isolated, and all persons in contact with the infected are being isolated. Hospitalization of all suspicious patients with intestinal infections is carried out, disinfection is carried out. In addition, it is required to control the quality of water and food in the area. If there is a real threat, quarantine is introduced. When there is a threat of spread, immunization of the population is carried out.
anthrax. Identification of sick animals with the appointment of quarantine, disinfection of fur clothes in case of suspicion of infection, immunization according to epidemic indicators is carried out.
smallpox. Prevention methods include vaccination of all children from the age of 2, followed by revaccination. This measure virtually eliminates the occurrence of smallpox.
Yellow fever. The population is also vaccinated. Children are shown the introduction of the vaccine from 9 months of age.

So, especially dangerous infections are fatal infections that have a high degree of contagiousness. In the shortest possible time, they are able to infect a large part of the population, so it is extremely important to observe all precautions when working with infected animals and birds, as well as to vaccinate in a timely manner.

Particularly dangerous infections (SDIs) or infectious diseases are diseases that are characterized by a high degree of contagiousness. They appear suddenly and spread rapidly, are characterized by a severe clinical picture and a high degree of mortality. What are these pathologies, and what preventive measures to take in order not to get infected, read on.

What is this list?

Especially dangerous infections include a conditional group of acute contagious human diseases that correspond to two characteristics:

may appear suddenly, quickly and massively spread;
are severe and have a high mortality rate.

According to the new amendments, the assembly has the right to draw conclusions about the state of certain diseases in the country, both according to official state reports and media reports.

WHO has been given considerable authority in the medical regulation of infectious diseases caused by AGI.

List of OOI

plague;
cholera;
anthrax.

However, later the list was significantly expanded and all the pathologies that were included in it were conditionally divided into 2 groups:

1. Diseases that are unusual and may affect public health. These include:

smallpox;
polio;
severe acute respiratory syndrome.

2. Diseases, any manifestation of which is assessed as a threat, since these infections can have a serious impact on public health and quickly spread internationally. This also includes diseases that represent a regional or national problem. These include:

cholera
pneumonic plague;
yellow fever;
hemorrhagic fevers (Lassa, Marburg, West Nile fever);
dengue fever;
Rift Valley fever;
meningococcal infection.

In Russia, two more infections have been added to these diseases - anthrax and tularemia.

All these pathologies are characterized by a severe course, a high risk of mortality, and, as a rule, form the basis for biological weapons of mass destruction.

Classification of especially dangerous infections

All OOIs are classified into three types:

1. Convention diseases. Such infections are subject to international sanitary regulations. This:

bacterial pathologies (plague and cholera);
viral diseases (monkeypox, hemorrhagic viral fevers).

2. Infections that require international surveillance, but are not subject to joint activities:

(typhus and relapsing fever, botulism, tetanus);
viral (, poliomyelitis, influenza, rabies, foot and mouth disease);
protozoan (malaria).

3. Not subject to WHO supervision, are under regional control:

anthrax;
tularemia;
brucellosis.

The most common OOI

The most common dangerous infections should be considered separately.

Plague

An acute especially dangerous disease that refers to. The source and spreader of the infection are rodents (mainly rats and mice), and the causative agent is a plague bacillus that is resistant to environmental conditions. Plague is transmitted primarily through transmissible flea bites. Already from the beginning of the manifestation of the disease, it proceeds in an acute form and is accompanied by a general intoxication of the body.

Significant symptoms include:

high fever (temperature can rise to 40 ° C);
unbearable headache;
the tongue is covered with a white coating;
hyperemia of the face;
delirium (in advanced cases, when the disease is not treated correctly);
expression of suffering and horror on the face;
hemorrhagic eruptions.

Plague is treated with antibiotics (streptomycin, terramycin). The pulmonary form always ends in death, as acute respiratory failure occurs - the patient dies within 3-4 hours.

Acute intestinal infection with a severe clinical picture, a high mortality rate and an increased prevalence. The causative agent is Vibrio cholerae. Infection occurs mainly through contaminated water.

Symptoms:

sudden profuse diarrhea;
profuse vomiting;
decreased urination due to dehydration;
dryness of the tongue and oral mucosa;
decrease in body temperature.

smallpox

Not a single case of smallpox has been reported since 1977! However, smallpox viruses are still stored in bacteriological laboratories in the United States and Russia.

Symptoms of infection:

sudden increase in body temperature;
sharp pains in the lumbar region and sacrum;
rash on inner thighs, lower abdomen.

Treatment of smallpox begins with the immediate isolation of the patient, the basis of therapy is gamma globulin.

Yellow fever

Acute hemorrhagic transmissible infection. Source - monkeys, rodents. The carriers are mosquitoes. Distributed in Africa and South America.

Symptoms of the course of the disease:

redness of the skin of the face and neck in the first stage of the disease;
swelling of the eyelids and lips;
thickening of the tongue;
lacrimation;
pain in the liver and spleen, an increase in the size of these organs;
redness is replaced by yellowness of the skin and mucous membranes.

Cutaneous. The patient develops a spot on the skin, which eventually turns into an ulcer. The disease is severe, possibly fatal.
Gastrointestinal. The following signs are noted: a sudden increase in body temperature, hematemesis, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea. As a rule, this form is fatal.
Pulmonary. Runs the hardest. There is a high temperature, bloody cough, disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system. A few days later the patient dies.

Treatment consists of taking antibiotics, but more importantly, the introduction of a vaccine that prevents infection.

Tularemia

Symptoms:

heat;
general malaise;
pain in the lower back and calf muscles;
skin hyperemia;
damage to the lymph nodes;
macular or petechial rash.

Compared to other OOIs, tularemia is 99% treatable.

Flu

Symptoms:

high fever (may last up to several weeks);
catarrhal syndrome;
viral pneumonia, from which the patient dies in 80% of cases.

quarantine infections

It is worth noting that recently WHO has made several statements that it is inappropriate to impose strict quarantine when cholera occurs in a particular country.

There are the following methods for diagnosing OOI:

1. Classic:

microscopy - the study of microscopic objects under a microscope;
polymerase chain reaction (PCR);
agglutination reaction (RA);
immunofluorescence reaction (RIF, Koons method);
bacteriophage test;
a bioassay on an experimental animal whose immunity is artificially reduced.

2. Accelerated:

exciter indication;
pathogen antigens (AG);
reverse passive hemagglutination reaction (RPHA);
coagglutination reaction (RCA);
enzyme immunoassay (ELISA).

Prevention

Prevention of OOI is carried out at the highest level in order to prevent the spread of diseases throughout the state. The complex of primary preventive measures includes:

temporary isolation of the infected with further hospitalization;
diagnosis, convening a council;
collection of anamnesis;
providing first aid to the patient;
sampling material for laboratory research;
identification of contact persons, their registration;
temporary isolation of contact persons until their infection is excluded;
carrying out current and final disinfection.

Depending on the type of infection, preventive measures may vary:

Plague. In natural foci of distribution, observations are made of the number of rodents, their examination and deratization. In adjacent areas, the population is vaccinated with a dry live vaccine subcutaneously or cutaneously.
. Prevention also includes work with foci of infection. Patients are being identified, isolated, and all persons in contact with the infected are being isolated. Hospitalization of all suspicious patients with intestinal infections is carried out, disinfection is carried out. In addition, it is required to control the quality of water and food in the area. If there is a real threat, quarantine is introduced. When there is a threat of spread, immunization of the population is carried out.
. Identification of sick animals with the appointment of quarantine, disinfection of fur clothes in case of suspicion of infection, immunization according to epidemic indicators is carried out.
smallpox. Prevention methods include vaccination of all children from the age of 2, followed by revaccination. This measure virtually eliminates the occurrence of smallpox.