home Calculators Description of deaths caused by chokeholds. Loss of consciousness due to heart disease - simple fainting or loss of life What is loss of consciousness

Description of deaths caused by chokeholds. Loss of consciousness due to heart disease - simple fainting or loss of life What is loss of consciousness

Fainting is a sudden, short-term loss of consciousness. This condition occurs as a result of insufficiency of blood vessels in the brain and is caused by poor blood flow to it. There are several varieties of it, which are distinguished by the severity of the victim’s condition and the reasons for its occurrence.

How to help with mild fainting (lipotomy)

A mild degree of loss of consciousness begins with sudden dizziness, ringing in the ears, and sometimes yawning. The skin becomes pale, the legs and arms become cold, and sweat appears on the face.

First aid for fainting looks like this:

Place the victim on his back. The head should be flush with the body. With a mild form of lipotomy, he can be seated with support on a hard surface. There is no need to put something on the head if his condition does not cause concern;
The head must be turned so that the tongue does not interfere with normal breathing;
To provide an influx of fresh air, it is enough to open a window or door for the victim to come to his senses. In addition, you need to get rid of tight clothes, unbutton the collar buttons of your shirt and jacket. If people have gathered around, you need to ask them to move away;
A frightened person needs to be reassured, since fear can cause spasm of the arteries and only worsen cerebral ischemia;
Spray your face with cold water, but this measure is effective only in the warm season.

An attack of lipothymia usually lasts a few seconds, but you still need to take all necessary measures to prevent its recurrence.

Emergency care for fainting: typical form of attack

A simple loss of consciousness also begins with dizziness, then a decrease in muscle tone occurs - the person slowly sag. At the same time, blood pressure decreases, breathing is shallow and barely perceptible. The attack can last from a few seconds to 5 minutes.

If a person has lost consciousness, he is placed in a horizontal position and his legs are slightly raised to increase the flow of blood to the head. You definitely need access to fresh air.

When the first signs appear, you can use a cotton swab soaked in ammonia, but under no circumstances should it be brought to the nose when the person is unconscious. When vomiting occurs, turn the head to the side so that the vomit does not enter the lungs, but flows out.

Convulsive fainting

Typical symptoms include seizures. Almost any brain hypoxia (lack of oxygen) lasting more than 30 seconds can trigger their appearance.

The victim is brought to life according to the rules of first aid for ordinary fainting. You need to pay attention to the head, body and limbs, as they can be damaged during a seizure due to chaotic movements.

In addition, you need to be able to distinguish convulsive fainting from similar phenomena - hysterical and epileptic seizures. In the case of the latter, the patient bites his tongue, may scream or moan, and the skin turns red or blue.

Bettolepsy

This phenomenon is a loss of consciousness that occurs against the background of chronic diseases of the respiratory system. It appears as a result of a prolonged coughing attack, when the pressure in the chest cavity increases and the outflow of blood becomes difficult. Such seizures require a thorough examination of the cardiovascular system to exclude pathologies.

There is no need to take special measures; carry out the same measures as in the above cases. The duration of bettolepsy is usually short.

Drop attacks

This term refers to sudden, unexpected falls of patients. The peculiarity of this condition is that loss of consciousness does not occur. Dizziness or attacks of severe weakness may occur.

Typically, drop attacks occur in people suffering from osteochondrosis of the cervical spine, complicated by vertebrobasilar insufficiency, as well as in pregnant women who do not have health problems.

Vasodepressor syncope

This condition most often occurs in children. The reasons for its appearance are hidden in overwork, lack of sleep, emotional stress, and lack of oxygen. First aid for fainting in a child requires the implementation of the generally accepted measures described above. Parents are advised to consult a specialist for examination to rule out disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system.

Orthostatic syncope

This form occurs as a result of a sharp change in body position from horizontal to vertical. Supply to the brain is disrupted due to the inability of the cardiovascular system to quickly adapt.

The tendency to such phenomena increases significantly when taking diuretics, nitrates, beta blockers and a number of other drugs. More often, patients suffer from presyncope, which is manifested by severe weakness, darkening of the eyes, and dizziness with a sudden change in body position.

Arrhythmic syncope

Loss of consciousness can be caused by some forms of arrhythmias. The danger is posed by complete transverse blockade and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia. Other types of disease very rarely provoke such conditions.

A sick person should be examined for possible complications and draw up a behavior plan with a doctor to minimize the risk of negative consequences.

Carotid sinus hypersensitivity syndrome

This form occurs as a convulsive or regular fainting. It occurs due to hyperactivity of the carotid reflex, causing arrhythmia, bradycardia, and short-term cardiac arrest. It can be provoked by a sharp turn of the head, as well as a tightly buttoned collar.

First aid is required for a person who faints in the event of:

Seizure without a diagnosis of epilepsy;
When he first appears;
If there is a head injury;
Consciousness worsens, lethargy occurs, the patient does not come to his senses;
The skin turns blue, the pulse becomes slow and irregular.

First aid when suffocation occurs due to fainting

Asphyxia (suffocation) during an attack of cardiac or bronchial asthma requires immediate action. First, the person is brought to life, seated with support and an influx of oxygen is provided.

Chokeholds

Choking (choking)- a reliable and effective combat weapon at capture range. If circumstances allow, and the performer was able to correctly carry out a choke hold, then it will be extremely difficult for the object to free himself. Even in cases where the performer failed to complete the strangulation, the object who managed to free himself loses his breath, which leads to a sharp limitation of combat capabilities.

Fedor Emelianenko's victory over Tim Sylvia chokehold

Choking techniques in many combat situations do not require preliminary relaxation or tugging of the object; they depend little on differences in physique, in particular, they are available to a performer who is significantly inferior to the object in weight and strength. Along with the listed strengths, deteriorations have a number of tactical limitations. The clothing worn by the subject - a raised collar, a scarf wrapped around the neck - may make these techniques difficult or even impossible to perform.
Thick, bulky clothing on the performer also makes it difficult, and in some situations eliminates, the use of strangulation. In general, choking techniques are not reliable enough and in some cases are impossible in the cold season, when both the performer and the subject are dressed appropriately for the weather. A number of techniques in this group, if successfully used, lead to severe injury to the object - retraction or fracture of the thyroid cartilage, colloquially known as the Adam's apple, which in the absence of timely specialized medical care usually ends in death.

The vast majority of choking techniques are intended for single combat; they cannot be used in group combat. The damaging effect of all choking techniques is to stop the access of oxygen to the brain, resulting in the development of oxygen starvation of the brain, which primarily leads to loss of consciousness.

If the chokehold is removed 10-15 seconds after loss of consciousness, the fainting will turn into sleep, which will last 10-20 minutes and end without consequences for the object. If, after loss of consciousness, the supply of oxygen to the brain is not restored for some time, then certain parts of the brain begin to die from oxygen starvation - the so-called irreversible consequences of oxygen starvation occur.

Even in cases where it is possible to restore the supply of oxygen to the brain at this stage of suffocation, the person remains disabled - he may lose speech, vision, may remain partially or completely paralyzed, and his psyche may suffer. In some cases, irreversible consequences of oxygen starvation are possible within 40-50 seconds of continuous suffocation after loss of consciousness, although this usually takes much longer.

If the oxygen supply to the brain is not restored, then death occurs. Oxygen starvation of the brain can be caused in two ways. You can deprive a person of the ability to breathe. This is called respiratory asphyxiation.
There are three ways to cause respiratory asphyxiation. The first of these, laryngeal strangulation, involves pinching the larynx. A variation of glottal strangulation is covering the subject's mouth with an object, pushing his face into the ground, or immersing him in water. The second method, pulmonary strangulation, involves squeezing the torso, usually around the lower part of the lungs and diaphragm. The third method is called respiratory impact strangulation.

As a result of blows to some of the nerves that control the respiratory muscles, in those areas where they pass near the surface of the body, a spasm of the respiratory muscles occurs, which, in turn, leads to suffocation. Everyone knows about the effect of a blow to the solar plexus. Almost the same result, albeit with other external manifestations, is caused by a blow to the side of the neck, which injures the cervical nerve plexus, in particular the phrenic and vagus nerves, and causes spasm of the diaphragm and neck muscles.

There are other attacks that have a similar effect. A strong blow to the front of the neck causes, as already noted, retraction or fracture of the thyroid cartilage. The techniques of this group have high combat effectiveness, since in the case of a successful hit they lead to an immediate loss of combat effectiveness for a period of several seconds to tens of seconds or even death.

This either completely removes the target from the fight, or creates favorable conditions for the performer to develop the attack and complete the fight. At the same time, the risk of unintentional death is minimal, since even if the object loses consciousness, the carbon dioxide accumulated in the blood as a result of suffocation forces the medulla oblongata to give the command to relieve the spasm, and breathing is restored without outside intervention.

The only serious danger is the retraction of the tongue if the object, having lost consciousness, falls on its back - in this case the larynx is blocked and breathing is not restored. With very strong and precise blows, the body’s natural resources may not be enough, and intervention is necessary for resuscitation. Consequently, the impact choke can be successfully used in any type of hand-to-hand combat, both as finishing techniques and as relaxing and distracting techniques.

What complicates the use of techniques from this group is that to achieve the desired effect, very high accuracy of the strike is required, which in real combat is not always possible to achieve. However, shock strangulations, although they are choking techniques in a physiological sense, from the point of view of execution technique and tactics of use, they are considered strikes.

Oxygen starvation of the brain also occurs as a result of cessation of blood access to it. This is achieved by squeezing the carotid artery and is called arterial strangulation. There is another mechanism of arterial strangulation. A strong blow to the side of the neck can lead to rupture of the branches arising from the carotid artery and (or) the veins passing next to it.

In these cases, a hematoma forms, which can compress the carotid artery. Impact arterial strangulation is especially insidious and dangerous, as it develops slowly, is difficult to diagnose and requires mandatory surgical intervention. The actual choking techniques, based on the nature of the grip, are divided into those that are performed: without grabbing the clothes, with grabbing the clothes, and strangulation with the legs.

The professional arsenal of choking techniques without grabbing clothing does not include finger strangulation, but a strong person can successfully use them. Professional strangulations without grabbing clothing in real hand-to-hand combat are carried out almost exclusively from the back using the elbow and forearm. They are convenient in that they do not require relaxation and tugging of the object, although if the performer managed to achieve a similar effect, it will not hurt.

In the front position, the choke is only effective when the subject is leaning forward. If you perform a technique from the front on an object standing upright, he has the opportunity to defend himself effectively; Success in this position can only be achieved by completely relaxing the opponent or with an overwhelming superiority in physical strength, but in such cases there is no need for strangulation.

Choking techniques without grabbing clothing are divided into 4 groups. The first includes arterial strangulation. Techniques that provide simultaneous compression of the carotid artery on both sides of the neck are especially effective, which gives an almost instantaneous effect. The consequences of oxygen starvation of the brain in this case affect almost immediately - after about 3-5 seconds. the object loses consciousness, and this happens instantly, without transition; the person just tried to free himself, and the next moment he suddenly went limp.

Therefore, when performing such choking techniques, it is necessary to carefully monitor the reaction of the object - as soon as he has stopped moving and goes limp, you can hold him for another 2-3 seconds to make sure that he is not feigning, and then you should loosen the grip.

The psychological trap in such cases is the short interval between the imposition of a chokehold and the loss of consciousness by the target. The performer should firmly understand that in any case, chokeholds of this group in a real fight should not be held for more than 30 seconds.

This time is quite enough to, on the one hand, deprive the object of the ability to resist even in the case of a not very successful capture, and on the other hand, it is guaranteed not to cause irreversible consequences of oxygen starvation of the brain. If during this time the object does not lose consciousness, it means that the strangulation was unsuccessful and you should move on to another technique.

Arterial strangulations are quite gentle, but at the same time they make it possible to quickly and reliably deprive the target of the ability to fight. They can be used in all types of double combat, but are especially effective in neutralization combat and hard detention.

The suffocating techniques of the second group include techniques that provide laryngeal suffocation. As a result of their use, loss of consciousness can occur after a relatively long time, since the blood contains enough oxygen to support the functioning of even an untrained body for one and a half to two minutes. A trained person holds his breath for three minutes, and in some cases - up to five minutes.

Techniques from the second group can be carried out in a hard or soft version. The harsh version of the technique allows you to purposefully instantly break the object's thyroid cartilage or cause it to retract, and then the outcome is usually fatal. Moreover, a fracture of the thyroid cartilage can be accompanied by a painful shock, which enhances the effect of suffocation. Such techniques are only suitable for combat of destruction and combat of hard neutralization.

If the technique is performed in a soft version, the thyroid cartilage does not break, although there is a possibility of its retraction. In these cases, it is impossible to completely stop breathing; oxygen continues to flow into the body, albeit in organic quantities, and a sufficient supply remains in the blood for quite a long time, ensuring the functioning of the brain. The onset of oxygen starvation is delayed by tens of seconds, sometimes you have to wait much more than a minute for the result.

Such gentle variants of techniques are difficult to carry out without reliable relaxation of the object, which has a reserve of time to free itself from the chokehold. Such techniques are not applicable in group combat. The psychological trap inherent in this group of techniques is that after a long struggle during the strangulation, the performer may not realize that the object has already lost consciousness and continue to forcefully squeeze his throat.

The sudden relaxation of muscles that accompanies loss of consciousness usually leads to the subject receiving a retraction or fracture of the thyroid cartilage, even if the performer did not strive for this, which can already be fatal. Techniques of the second group are used primarily during a battle of destruction, in a battle of hard neutralization, or in a battle of detention.

They can also be used in cases where it was not possible to make a grip that would ensure arterial strangulation. Choking techniques of the third group combine the damaging factors of the first and second groups. In these techniques, the strengths of the techniques of both groups are summed up, but at the same time the risk of unintended death increases. The fourth group includes techniques that combine the damaging factors of the first and second groups or only one of them, supplemented by a traumatic effect on the spine.

This is the most effective group of techniques, allowing you to deprive an object of the ability to fight in the shortest possible time. Moreover, if the performer has good technique and knows how to “feel” the object during the fight, when using arterial strangulation, the likelihood of serious injury is minimal. The psychological trap inherent in this group of techniques, in addition to what was said regarding the techniques of the first group, also lies in the fact that the performer can continue to influence the spine with full force after the subject has lost consciousness.

This will result in severe injury even in the case of arterial strangulation. Clothing chokes are generally well-developed in jujutsu, but there are much more effective variations of such techniques. According to their physiological effect on the body, they are classified as arterial and laryngeal strangulations and can be performed both when approached from the front and when approached from behind.

When performed by an approach from the front, these techniques are somewhat less effective than when approached from behind, since the object, subject to good preparation, in principle has the opportunity to provide successful resistance; when approaching from behind, this is more difficult to do. Choking by grabbing clothes, even when approached from the front, does not necessarily require relaxation of the object, although such actions will not hurt.

These chokes allow the performer to have good control over the intensity of the technique's impact, which makes it possible to avoid unnecessary harshness. They are applicable for any type of single hand-to-hand combat. The techniques of this group also have a serious limitation - dependence on the subject’s clothing. The widespread use of such chokes in judo, jiu jitsu and other applied sports systems should not be misleading.

Judoists and athletes of other disciplines are dressed in special, specially cut sportswear, made of material that is very tear-resistant and at the same time soft enough to ensure a reliable grip. In a real fight, the enemy may wear clothes that are stretchy, such as a sweater, made of weak material, worn out, or excessively stiff, say, a wet tarpaulin.

Clothes may be so tight that it is difficult to grab a handful of them. Or it can be very spacious, such that a person can turn almost around himself without taking it off. A full grip on clothing is impossible in such conditions. Finally, the opponent may be completely naked and at the same time, as a rule, slippery with sweat. In this case, there can be no talk of grabbing clothes at all.

Leg choke is used in prone combat. They can be applied to the throat, and then these techniques are similar to suffocation techniques without grabbing the clothing of the fourth group, since in the case of strangulation with legs it is very difficult to separate arterial strangulation from laryngeal, and when carried to the end, they are very often accompanied by injury to the cervical spine.

Everything that has been written about these chokes fully applies to similar choking techniques with legs, you just need to make an allowance for the fact that the legs are much stronger than the arms, so such techniques are even less dependent on the difference in strength and physique of the performer and the object. The traumatic effect of their use occurs earlier and is more pronounced.

If a leg choke is applied to the body, it is a pulmonary choke. Everything that has been said about foot strangulation by the throat can also be applied to pulmonary strangulation, with three serious exceptions. First, they require significantly more time to complete. Secondly, in the event of an injury, the object receives a fracture of the ribs in the area where the body is compressed, and this injury does not interfere with the restoration of breathing after the pressure is relieved.

Consequently, pulmonary strangulations are less dangerous than those applied to the throat, and are quite applicable in combat for neutralization and, in some cases, for detention. Third, in the case of pulmonary strangulation, success depends on the physique of the performer and the object much more than in the case of laryngeal strangulation.

Such techniques require long and very strong legs; in addition, it is very rare to perform them against a person who is a hypersthenic body type or approaching it. Winter clothing further reduces the likelihood of successful pulmonary asphyxiation. Choking techniques require special attention, both in training and in combat.

During training, at all stages of training, it is necessary to observe the three-second rule, which means that any chokehold can be held for no more than three seconds, regardless of whether the partner gives the signal of submission or not. In the case of successfully applied strangulation, three seconds is enough for the partner to feel the first signs of oxygen starvation in the form of slight weakness and dizziness in the case of arterial strangulation, or increasing pain in the area of the thyroid cartilage or lower ribs, accompanied by dizziness and slight weakness in the case of respiratory strangulation.

From the very first moments of learning choking techniques, the coach is obliged to accustom the trainees to observing the three-second rule under any circumstances, up to and including removal from training in case of non-compliance. In cases where a student systematically violates the three-second rule, the question arises about his mental suitability for practicing applied hand-to-hand combat. When starting training in choking techniques, the trainer should himself, using both arterial and respiratory suffocation, carefully bring each student to the brink of loss of consciousness so that they feel this brink.

It is necessary for the trainer to know first aid techniques for loss of consciousness from suffocation and to teach them to his students without fail. If you lose consciousness, the first thing you need to do is open the victim’s eyelids and look into both eyes. If the pupils dilate and contract, it means that the victim himself will soon regain consciousness.

To speed up recovery, you can take him under the armpits, lift him and shake him, or rub both his ears vigorously with your palms. You can also blow hard into his nose. Another way is to sit the victim down and hit him hard with your palm on the spine in the area of the middle of the shoulder blades, then pat the palm on the right and left side of the neck near the shoulders. If the pupils or one of them is persistently dilated, the person has lost consciousness for a long time, and it is necessary to bring him to his senses.

You should lay the victim on his back, placing something under his shoulders so that his head is thrown back - otherwise his tongue may retract, and let him sniff ammonia. If ammonia is not available, you can tickle the victim's nose with a feather, a blade of grass, twisted thread or a piece of paper to induce sneezing. If necessary, perform artificial respiration until spontaneous breathing is restored, but not using the mouth-to-mouth method.

Strong, sharp pressure on the eyeballs can also restore breathing. If, despite artificial respiration, spontaneous breathing does not recover for a long time, it is best, without stopping it, to repeat the techniques mentioned above.

Sometimes, in order to bring a victim of strangulation to his senses, they resort to pushes in the stomach, under the diaphragm. I absolutely do not recommend doing this. In principle, such actions restore breathing, but can also lead to squeezing out gastric juice, since as a result of suffocation, the sphincter that compresses the outlet from the stomach into the esophagus is relaxed. Therefore, gastric juice can enter through the esophagus not only into the larynx and vocal cords, but also into the trachea and even into the bronchi, which will cause a chemical burn of these organs, accompanied by swelling, which further complicates breathing.

After the victim has regained consciousness, it is necessary to check him for residual effects of strangulation. There are three tests for this. Press on the eyeballs, then on the tragus of the auricle. If the victim feels sharp pain, then he has not yet fully recovered. If there is no pain, you need to do the third test - smoothly move your finger left and right and back and forth in front of his eyes.

If there is twitching of the eyeballs when following the finger or if the gaze lags behind the moving finger, if when moving the finger back and forth the pupils contract and dilate not smoothly, but jerkily, this also means that the consequences of strangulation have not passed. If the incident occurs during training, the trainee must be removed from the activity until full recovery.

If this happened in battle, the victim should be ensured peace. As mentioned above, quite often, as a result of the use of chokeholds, a fracture or retraction of the thyroid cartilage occurs, a symptom of which is the inability to breathe after removing the chokehold or difficulty breathing with severe wheezing on inhalation and exhalation.

First of all, it is necessary to facilitate the passage of air through the larynx. If the victim remains conscious, he should be placed on his knees, in a bent position, his head should be thrown back as far as possible and his tongue should be forced to stick out, while if breathing through the mouth is still difficult, he should try to breathe without effort through the nose. If the victim has lost consciousness, it is necessary to sit him down and pull his head back as far as possible.

If the passage of air is still impossible, then the tongue should be strongly extended. These are absolutely necessary initial measures for such injuries, ensuring at least some access of air into the lungs. In this position, you should wait for qualified medical assistance. In desperate cases, for example, if it is impossible to provide at least partial breathing or if medical assistance is impossible, you can try to take more radical measures.

The simplest thing is to lay the victim on his back, placing something under his shoulders, stretch out his tongue and simultaneously perform artificial respiration from mouth to mouth and pressing on the chest, which can allow air to pass into the lungs. You can insert an endotracheal tube into your throat (it can be any elastic tube of suitable diameter). You can try to put the thyroid cartilage in place. It is easier to do this when it is retracted, but in absolutely hopeless cases - and in the event of a fracture.

There are two ways to do this. The first is to throw back the victim’s head, place your hands with your palm on his forehead and strike several light blows with your fist. The second way is to try to put the cartilage in place by pinching*, simultaneously on both sides with four fingers and the thumb (while making sure that the skin on the front of the neck does not stretch and put pressure on the thyroid cartilage) or by simultaneously pushing on both sides with the second knuckles behind the side of the sunken cartilage.

After eliminating the retraction or displacement as a result of a fracture of the thyroid cartilage, the victim should not lower his chin. If these measures do not help, continue the steps described above.

APPLICATION. Meaning of terms

Applied hand-to-hand combat does not mean a separate fact of physical force confrontation and not the name of a separate direction or school, but the very phenomenon of force confrontation in solving combat and service tasks, for the purposes of self-defense, as well as to achieve any other goals except sports practice, and has a general designation for systems of force confrontation designed exclusively for practical use.

Combat (synonyms: combat contact, combat, skirmish) is any forceful clash between opposing sides.

Type of hand-to-hand combat- according to tasks, therefore, and according to the tactical and technical arsenal, applied hand-to-hand combat is divided into the following types.

1.Destruction fight when both parties or one of the parties pursues the goal of physical destruction of the enemy; occurs during military operations, special operations and criminal attacks.

2. Fight to neutralize when both sides or one of the sides set as their goal to deprive the enemy of the opportunity to fight without his physical destruction. This type of combat takes place mainly in civil self-defense, in exceptional cases - when law enforcement officers perform official duties (single counteraction to a group attack).

Depending on the danger of the enemy and the circumstances of the combat contact, a neutralization battle may have the following character. A fight of soft neutralization, when physical pressure is exerted on the enemy, first of all, with the aim of his moral suppression. A fight for gentle neutralization, when an injury is caused to the enemy that deprives him of the opportunity to fight, but does not threaten his life or cause injury.

3. Fight for hard neutralization when physical pressure is exerted on the enemy with the aim of depriving him of the opportunity to fight at any cost, including causing injuries that can lead to injury and even threaten his life. In the latter case, a battle of neutralization differs from a battle of destruction in that the physical destruction of the enemy is not the goal of the battle.

4.Detention fight(synonym - forceful detention), when one of the parties aims to arrest the other party, take it into custody, and ensure forceful control over the actions of the other party. It is an element of the activities of law enforcement agencies and private security agencies, and is also found in civil self-defense.

A special case of detention combat is the capture of a captive “tongue” during military operations. Actions that are essentially forceful detention take place in the work of the staff of psychiatric treatment institutions - in relation to aggressive patients. A detention fight has some similarities with a neutralization fight, the main difference is that a forceful detention necessarily ends with actions that ensure complete control over the detainee - painful restraint, handcuffing, tying up, escorting.

Depending on the danger of the enemy and the circumstances of the combat contact, the detention battle may have the following character. Painless detention, when the detainee is controlled by force, but without causing him pain. Soft detention, when the detainee is controlled by pain without causing injury.

Gentle detention when a detainee is forced to inflict a minor injury in order to take him to a reception that ensures control. Hard detention, when the detainee is forced to inflict moderate or severe injury during the battle.

Hypersthenic - According to the nature of their physique, people are divided into hypersthenics, characterized by a barrel-shaped body, short thick limbs and neck, asthenics with a long thin body, long limbs and neck, and normosthenics, occupying an intermediate position between both. Naturally, pure types are rare in life; for the most part, people represent intermediate types between normasthenic and hypersthenic or between normasthenic and asthenic.

Group combat - Combat contact in which more than one fighter from each side or one of the sides participates.

Final action, technique - any technical action that completely deprives the object of the ability to fight.

The performer is the side in the fight from whose position the actions are described.

The object is the side in the fight opposing the performer.

Single combat is a combat contact in which one fighter participates on both sides.

Distractions, techniques - technical and tactical actions that ensure the pulling apart of an object.

Disengagement is a technical and tactical action that forces an object to distribute attention among several targets or threats.

Relaxation

Description of deaths caused by chokeholds.

This article was published by the Journal of Forensic Sciences in March 1987. However, there is too much medical terminology in it, and we risked omitting details that are of interest only to specialists. Now, with the permission of the author, we offer you a shortened version. In our opinion, the remaining text contains a fairly clear description of the causes of death ascertained during the autopsy. If you are interested in details, please contact the author: Dr. E. K Koiwai, M.D., 11 Forrester Rd. Horsham, PA 19044.

In sports judo, a correctly executed choke hold cannot cause death. His main goal is to stop aggression. If strangulation is performed correctly, then in 10-20 seconds you can deprive a person of consciousness, but not of life. There have never been any deaths due to strangulation in the sport of judo. The army is studying other strangulations that are similar in appearance to sports judo techniques. These techniques are very effective in self-defense. They leave no chance for the enemy to resist. The author, as a forensic scientist, studied fourteen cases of death caused by chokeholds.

Chokes, known as jime-waza, are studied in sports judo and are used by police for arrest and self-defense. However, recently there have been reports of deaths caused by strangulation. These messages caused controversy about the possibility of further use of these techniques by servants of the law. Until now, it was believed that strangulation is a fairly reliable and safe way to immobilize an overly active aggressor without resorting to weapons.

A little research showed that since the founding of sports judo by Professor Jigoro Kano (since 1882), not a single death has occurred during competition. In 1979, after contacting the International Judo Federation, the author of the article found out that of the 19 deaths that occurred during the existence of the federation, not one was caused by strangulation.

The International Judo Federation keeps statistics on the use of chokeholds at the Olympic Games (Munich, 1972; Montreal, 1976; Moscow, 1980; Los Angeles, 1984), at the World Championships (Mexico City, 1969; Ludwigshafen, 1971; Lausanne, 1973; Vienna 1975; Paris, 1979; Maastricht, 1981), at the World Junior Championships (Rio de Janeiro, 1981). Of the 2,198 techniques counted, 97 were choke (4.41%). No deaths were reported.

In 1985, 113 countries were members of the International Judo Federation. Each country held its own competitions (local, national, international). Strangulations were also used at these competitions.

In 1981, a lawsuit was filed against the city of Los Angeles. The court heard a case involving deaths caused by chokeholds. The techniques of these techniques are similar to strangulations in judo. Due to the fact that deaths from strangulation are unknown in sports judo, the court decided to study the causes of deaths in more detail.

Chokeholds used by police

Compression of the carotid artery

The officer moves behind the suspect, wraps his right hand around his neck, pressing with the back of his forearm between the larynx and the carotid artery. The suspect is then pulled back, pressing his back to his chest. The technique is the same as in judo. The suspect continues to be pulled back and is placed on the ground, tilted backwards. If he continues to resist, move on to a lock choke. The officer may do this by moving his right thumb toward his left armpit and then grabbing the left forearm from above with his right hand. The right arm bends and the left arm moves towards the right shoulder behind the suspect's back. This action will press the right hand closer to the neck.

Forearm lock choke

If the suspect is difficult to control and the officer is unable to apply carotid compression, a forearm lock choke should be used to bring the suspect to the ground. Perform the right forearm lock choke by grasping the left bicep with your right hand. At the same time, you should lower your center of gravity (sit down, kneel down, or even sit down) and move slightly back to the left so that the suspect finds himself in a reclining position in exactly the same way as in the previous case. In judo this technique is called hadakajime.

It is important to point out that police training manuals emphasize that pressure should cease as soon as the suspect stops resisting or becomes unconscious. When a situation develops such that strangulation becomes necessary, both the officer and the suspect are prone to inflict bodily harm. Therefore, persuasion and persuasion should be preferred first. If words don't work, professional use of a chokehold can help limit a suspect's aggression.

Discussion

In sports judo, since 1882, no deaths from choking techniques have been recorded. Judokas study the use of strangulations. using the principle of “maximum efficiency with minimal effort.” Pressure is applied to the carotid triangle. Other parts of the neck are not compressed or damaged.

If compression of the carotid artery is performed correctly, loss of consciousness occurs in approximately 10 seconds (usually it takes 8 to 14 seconds). After the compression stops, consciousness returns in about 10-20 seconds. A pressure of 250 mm is sufficient to compress the carotid artery. mercury column (effort 5 kg.). The force required to block the airway is approximately six times greater.

Figure 1 - Contents of the anterior cervical triangle. The structure deep in the neck shows the carotid artery (Carotid) and its branches (External Carotid, Internal Carotid), the vagus nerve (Vagus, runs along the carotid artery), and the internal jugular vein (Int. Jugular Vein). The pressure at this point has the greatest effect. Arteries are indicated in red, nerves in yellow, veins in blue (Henry Gray. Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918. FIG. 507).

Figure 2 -Anatomical triangles. (Figure added during translation)

Anatomically, the anterior cervical triangle contains the main carotid triangle. Pressure can be applied from any direction. The anterior cervical triangle is a triangle bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle (the large prominent muscle on the anterolateral surface of the neck), the mandible above, and a line drawn from the center of the chin to the interclavicular fossa. There are three smaller triangles in the anterior cervical triangle:

triangle under the lower jaw (it is separated by the digastric muscle of the jaw)

main carotid triangle

subordinate carotid (muscular) triangle.

In strangulation, the main carotid triangle plays an important role, containing important structures. This triangle is bounded by This triangle is bounded by the stylohyoid muscle, the posterior tendon of the digastric muscle, and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Inside the carotid triangle are the greater carotid artery and its branches, carotid bodies, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve with branches, main laginal nerve and occipital sympathetic trunk.

From above, the main carotid triangle is covered only by skin and superficial fascia. which is usually thin, although it may contain some fat. Inside the superficial fascia there is a very thin muscle layer (no thicker than a sheet of paper). It begins in the subcutaneous layer of the upper chest, passes through the collarbone and runs up and slightly inward along the neck, crossing the lower jaw to connect with the superficial facial muscles. These muscles do not perform any important actions. They only know how to gather the skin of the neck into longitudinal wrinkles and help open the mouth. These muscles are unable to protect the underlying structure from external pressure.

Therefore, for successful strangulation, it is enough to apply a pressure of about 300 mmHg to the carotid triangle. Even with such low pressure, loss of consciousness is guaranteed. By properly performing a choke, a relatively weak woman can immobilize a man twice her size.

According to researchers from the Society for Scientific Research at the Kodokan Judo Institute, unconsciousness is caused by temporary hypoxia of the cerebral cortex. In judo, the athlete squeezes the opponent's neck with his hands or the collar of his jacket, blood flow through the carotid artery decreases, but the vertebral arteries continue to supply the brain with oxygen. It is known that if you completely block the flow of blood to the brain or completely compress the trachea, then changes in the brain will become irreversible and can smoothly progress to death. However, this does not happen in sports judo. The suffocations that are used in it do not completely cut off oxygen; their implementation is completely safe.

Experiments with animals and humans show that strangulation causes the following effects:

Loss of consciousness due to lack of oxygen and substances produced by the brain as a result

acute lack of cerebral circulation caused by compression

carotid artery

occipital artery

jugular vein

shock, a reflex response of the body to compression of the carotid sinus receptors

A rush of blood to the head due to abnormal blood pressure in the carotid artery and jugular vein.

The reduction in blood flow to the head has been proven through a series of measurements using ultrasound and laser devices designed specifically to monitor blood circulation. The average value obtained in the measurements is 89.4% of the norm 6 seconds after the start of suffocation. After the pressure stops, normal blood supply is restored on average in 13.7 seconds.

A decrease in blood oxygen saturation was shown by measuring the color of the earlobes. After 2..4 seconds, the oxygen content in the blood drops to 95..86% of normal. After compression stops, normal oxygen levels are restored. To lose consciousness, it is enough to reduce the oxygen concentration to 60% of normal.

Tachycardia, hypertension and mydriasis (dilated pupils) are caused by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (vagus nerve). Somatic pressure decreases to 30-40 mm. mercury column. After the suffocation stops, the pressure returns to normal within 3-4 minutes.

Sometimes brachycardia and hypotension are observed, sometimes tachycardia and hypertension. It all depends on the sensitivity of the carotid sinus and the point of application of pressure.

The volume of blood flowing to the brain decreases, but after the suffocation stops, it is restored in an average of 5 seconds.

The peripheral circulatory system also reacts: dilation of blood vessels in the muscles and contraction of blood vessels in the skin. During shock and loss of consciousness, along with vasodilation, brachycardia and hypotension are also observed.

Strangulation causes stress by affecting fluid exchange systems, the pituitary gland, causing the release of adrenaline:

The volume of blood flowing to the brain decreases and the protein content in the plasma increases. This occurs due to an increase in the capacity of blood vessels. In this way, the result of suffocation is similar to the consequences of electric shock.

The albumin/globulin ratio remains unchanged.

The content of eosinophils temporarily increases. After the suffocation is stopped, their number decreases to normal in about 4 hours.

17-ketosteroids in the urine: within 2 hours after strangulation their amount increases, and then within 6-8 hours it decreases to normal levels.

Electroencephalography shows that seizures that occur in an unconscious state are very similar to epilepsy. However, no destructive phenomena were detected. Therefore, strangulation is considered safer than a boxing knockout.

The effects of carotid artery compression (choke hold) have been studied. In some cases, the use of chokeholds by police officers has caused death. At the same time, police department manuals state that choke control should be used to stop a suspect from resisting. In this case, it is not at all necessary to deprive him of consciousness.

Police officers, although trained, had difficulty controlling dangerous and violent suspects. Some of them were under the influence of medications: heroin (case 3), phencyclidine (case 4); alcohol and cocaine (case 9). These suspects had decreased pain sensitivity due to stimulants. Therefore, their resistance was very strong. It was difficult to distinguish the effect of the chemical from the result of asphyxiation. In other cases, the suspects put up strong resistance.

In judo, athletes are taught how to choke correctly, and are also helped to experience the full range of sensations during suffocation and loss of consciousness. Judges and instructors know how to recognize the moment of loss of consciousness. If police officers intend to use chokeholds in their work, they must be able to do the same and pass an exam from a certified instructor. Then, in a critical situation, they will act more confidently and correctly, without causing unnecessary damage or killing lawbreakers.

The number of deaths from strangulation will decrease if

Choke holds will only be taught under the guidance of certified instructors to ensure

study well the anatomical structure of the neck and know the points of application of forces (carotid triangle);

know the physiology of strangulation, because an average effort is enough to turn off consciousness;

determine the moment of loss of consciousness in time and stop exposure;

study methods of resuscitation and resuscitation;

prevent inhalation of vomit and see the “victim’s” face at all times.

Review the manuals and instructions regarding the training of police officers in order to comply with point 1. These are the principles developed by sports judo coaches. Their implementation guarantees the preservation of life for 100 years.

Strangulation can occur not only as a result of violent acts or as a fact of a suicide attempt. Sometimes symptoms of suffocation appear during an accident associated with compression of the trachea and resulting respiratory obstruction. Just remember the famous dancer Isadora Duncan, who died when the end of a scarf tied around her neck got hit by a car wheel.

Stages of strangulation and post-strangulation period

Strangulation- acute obstruction of the airway as a result of compression of the trachea, blood vessels and nerve trunks of the neck. When examined after suffering strangulation, the patient is unconscious, there is often motor agitation and convulsions; on the neck there is a strangulation groove. Also signs of strangulation are bluish facial skin, pinpoint hemorrhages on the whites of the eyes; breathing and heartbeat are rapid, irregular; increased. The most common causes of strangulation are suicide attempts, crime situations, and accidents.

There are four stages of strangulation, each of which occurs very quickly - from a few seconds or minutes.

Stage I - consciousness is preserved, breathing is deep, the intercostal spaces take part in it, the bluishness of the skin increases, the heartbeat is rapid, blood pressure is increased.
Stage II - loss of consciousness, involuntary urination and defecation, rare, arrhythmic breathing, high blood pressure.
Stage III - terminal pause (stopping breathing), lasting from a few seconds to 1-2 minutes.
IV stage- agonal breathing, its complete stop and death.

Death from suffocation occurs within 7-8 minutes. The prognosis for life depends on the location of the strangulation groove, the width of the compression band, the mechanical properties of the loop material, the degree of damage to the neck organs, and the position of the victim in the loop. It is believed that the post-strangulation period before death from strangulation is more difficult when the strangulation is located in the back than on the front and side surfaces of the neck. When the strangulation groove is located above the larynx, direct compression of the vessels of the neck comes to the fore, causing a reflex cessation of breathing; when the strangulation is located below the larynx, such rapid disturbances of vital functions do not occur; the victim’s ability to act consciously may remain for some time.

One of the most difficult sections of self-defense is protecting against strangulation using a noose. There are very few sane techniques that hand-to-hand specialists can offer us.

garrote(garrote) is a strong thin cord, usually equipped with ring-shaped or oblong handles at the ends. But if a noose (garrote) is a specially prepared suffocating weapon, then a string or fishing line is an improvised weapon.

Noose

Ordinary rope (cord) is also often used as a suffocating and flexible weapon. According to the hairdryer, the rope is called “karbole”, “kigma”, “selo”, “slings”, “hevel”, “vareya”; rope with a loop - “officer's harness”. Actually, strangulation is called as follows - “throw the strap”, “hold by the car”, “grant” (a specific strangulation technique when the victim is located in front of the attacker).

It is clear that a noose is a weapon used exclusively for deliberate killing.

When strangulated with a noose, you will only have a few seconds before losing consciousness if you slept through the attack phase.

There are plenty of ways to kill a person. Civilization has not bypassed something as non-trivial and very painful as strangulation with a noose. People have been strangling people, it seems, throughout the history of our species. True, most often they used purely natural weapons for this - fingers, the bend of the elbow. Later, soft and weighty objects were used - for example, pillows. But still, at some stage, people realized that a special device in the form of a cloth tape, rope, metal wire or strong leather cord was best suited for these purposes. And things will go faster if you equip this device with additional handles. This is how garrote was born.

Here, however, there was some confusion. The Spanish word "garrote" means "twisting, tightening." And it refers not so much to a device for silent murder, but to a special device for the official death penalty. Originally, the garrote was just a noose with a stick. This noose was placed around the condemned person’s neck, and a stick was used as a lever to tighten it. The strangulation was slow, painful and edifying. In general, everything you need for a demonstrative execution. Later the device was improved, and it began to consist of a special chair, a metal loop and a screw. Sometimes, for the sake of humanity, an additional point was added, which crushed the cervical vertebrae and accelerated the execution process. By the way, the last official use of such a garrote took place in Spain in 1974.

Nevertheless, this name was firmly attached to the murder weapon. Not just a piece of rope or a belt, picked up during the action, but behind a specially made device, which, due to the handles and the small cross-section of the loop material, made it possible not only to apply more force to the strangulation process, but also to cut the neck and crush the trachea.

Worshiping the dark goddess

As you know, in India, a polytheistic country, there are many gods. And not all of them are distinguished by creative inclinations and meek disposition. Among the galaxy of aggressive deities, Shiva’s wife, Kali, stands out. It was precisely this that was worshiped by members of the notorious sect of murderous stranglers - the Thagi. In our country, they became known thanks to the translation of Gilby’s book “Secret Martial Arts”. There, thagas were described as virtuoso masters of murder, a kind of Indian ninja. From this work I started to tell a story about their irresistible art. But the fact is that the author has more than once received serious criticism precisely regarding the veracity of the material presented. Let's try to figure it out.

The first Europeans to encounter Indian stranglers were, of course, the British. They left (before destroying the Thags) the most intelligible descriptions. So. The Stranglers existed and did commit their murders in honor of Kali. The method of killing was also chosen for a reason. After all, the goddess did not welcome the shedding of blood, which means there is only one way out - to strangle. For this, a special silk scarf “rumal” was used. Everything was thought out. The silk slid easily and quickly tightened around the victim's neck, and the scarf, unlike the cord, fit tightly around the neck, blocked the main blood vessels and did not allow the victim to easily slip out of the grip.

The tactics of the Thags were not based on a single attack. Everything was much more trivial and effective. The stranglers acted as a group. While some distracted the victim, a special militant - bhutot - threw his rumal around her neck. Then it's a matter of technology. If the unfortunate man began to kick, the whole crowd piled on him and pressed him to the ground. Of course, all members of the secret Thag community were trained to one degree or another in the techniques of strangulation with a silk scarf, but it can hardly be called a system or a martial art. Rather, these were the simplest tricks common in criminal circles around the world.

An excursion into anatomy

To understand how a noose works, it is necessary to consider the process of strangulation in anatomical detail. In fact, when squeezing the neck, there are two options for switching off a person. The first of them is ensured by blocking the airways. This is a costly and time-consuming method. The second (more common) is compression of blood vessels, namely the carotid artery. Blood stops flowing to the brain and - hello. By the way, this requires an effort of only 5 kg. For comparison, to block the airway, the force must be approximately six times greater.

The right to kill.

It is difficult to classify a noose as a legal weapon. This is understandable, because she is the murder weapon. Moreover, the murder was deliberate and calculated. Therefore, it is used only in two spheres of human life - in criminal circles and, of course, in the army. Everything is clear with bandits - most often they use a noose to attack taxi drivers. A person sits in the back seat and at a certain moment throws a pre-prepared cord around the driver’s neck. All. We've arrived.

In the army, the noose is used where it is necessary to quietly attack the enemy from behind. That is, in order to remove the sentry. But this method is long gone. Knife and silent weapons give the attacker a much better chance. After all, no one is insured that the object will be more massive and stronger than the attacker, that at the most unnecessary moment the noose will slip off the trachea, or that the sentry will manage to convulse and pull the trigger.

There is a popular myth associated with the military use of the noose. They say there is a special device - the Gigli saw. It is included in the equipment of special forces soldiers, and if used as a noose, it completely cuts off the enemy’s head. This story came from the book “Fighting Machine” authored by A. Taras. In fact, this instrument, of course, is part of military ammunition, but not for special forces, but... for doctors. The fact is that the Jigli saw is a medical instrument and is designed to saw through bones, not enemy necks.

Noose today.

The noose is still in service today. And not only among legal and illegal killers. On some American websites you can find advertisements for funny devices based on it. More often they are disguised as a watch strap and are supposedly used for self-defense. But the noose, of course, will not become a mass hobby: the scope of its application is very narrow. And its effectiveness in combat remains highly controversial.

Here, for example, are the words of the famous domestic expert in the field of hand-to-hand combat A. Kochergin, published on his forum thread dedicated to the noose: “Unlike many of you, I was looking for answers to these questions in a loop, the first time with two baboons at the ends of a cable wrapped around the neck. Well, not a damn thing, it just hurts a lot... In general, they strangle the one who is frozen. If you only strive to turn towards the enemy, strangulation will be impossible."

Methods to resist A. Medvedev’s stranglehold.

1 Don’t let anyone get behind you.

2 Try to react to throwing the noose with the following movement of your hands.

From under the jaw behind the ears...

If even one hand gets between the noose and the neck...

Pull the noose over your head, around your face...

If you overslept the cast, try to place your palm on the back of your head...

Movement...

The noose is often used in attacks on taxi drivers.

Quite often, people who are up to something bad when getting into your car prefer to be in the back seat, behind you. This will make it easier for them to attack you.

There are different types of garrotes, very thin ones that can cut your throat, short ones and long ones. As soon as a noose is thrown on you, under no circumstances should you panic; you need to open the door with one hand and immediately lower your pelvis to create leverage. The chair head works for you.

After this, we grab the nooses with our hands and begin to pull them away from the neck, trying to unscrew the lever that we have created. This will allow us to throw the noose off our heads and quickly jump out the already open door.

An experienced attacker will prevent you from creating leverage and will tilt his head as close to yours as possible.

Don't forget that our seat can lower its back. By lowering the seat back slightly, we create a lever.

Since the enemy will pull the noose on himself, it will be easier for us to throw it off our head.

If the attacker is not experienced, then after he throws a noose on you, he will try to pull the noose as hard as possible and tilt his body back. This will give us an advantage and we will be able to grab with our hands the part of the noose that is located behind our seat.

More examples.

1 You are a driver. The car is standing. The bully is behind. He throws a loop (rope, fishing line) around your intelligent neck.

If you managed to react - lower your chin, lean forward, put your hand up, then you are a BLOW! Well, if you didn’t have time, then, accordingly, no. God be with her - with a noose, then you will find out what it is made of. Turn your head to the side - to the right to remove your Adam's apple, while at the same time quickly turn as far as possible to the right to reach the enemy. And he will be nearby, since the peculiarity of such an attack in a car is the following fact. To effectively throw the rope, the attacker must rise from the seat, lean over it slightly to be closer to you. So that's it. With your (left) hand, grab the enemy by the hair, tear and drag him towards you. No hair, hit your eyes with your fingers, scratch. Hit your nose with your fist, break it. All means are good in the name of saving your neck and car. If you are agile, then you may be able to kneel on the chair and reach the villain with both hands. And as soon as the loop loosens, or the scoundrel lets go of the noose, get out of the cabin. Now warm up in hand-to-hand combat on the ground.

2 The car is running. A passenger in the back seat puts a noose on you and tries to strangle you.

If your hands did not manage to intercept the noose on the way to your throat, forget about it altogether. With your chin down, turn your head to the right (this will free up your larynx a little and give you, albeit a small, opportunity to breathe), at the same time unfasten the seat belt that is holding you back. Next, try to turn back as much as possible so that the enemy is within your reach. Now, depending on the situation, you can use all available means of attack. Grab the attacker by the hair or arm and pull him towards you. You should not just grab the attacker’s hand, but try to give it an unnatural position (twist it) or simply bite it. Regarding hair, it should be noted that some fashionistas may not have it. In this case, the best solution is to try to attack the attacker's eyes. This will not only cause pain to the opponent, but will also force him to loosen his grip.

If you still manage to seize the initiative and pull the enemy’s head between the front seats, great! Now you can experiment with the brake and gas pedals. Emergency braking will cause the attacker to lose his balance and therefore discourage him, but you should remember that if you are no longer strapped in, you may fly forward with him. Remember, in the event of an attack from behind with a noose, the main thing is to loosen the noose around your neck, then self-defense in the car will be successful. As soon as you succeed, you must immediately throw it off and quickly leave the car. Even if it continues to move.