List of voiceless and voiced consonants. Russian language. Voiceless consonants. Spelling rule for paired consonants
In the Russian language, voiceless and voiced consonants are distinguished. The rules for writing letters denoting them begin to be studied already in the first grade. But even after graduating from school, many still cannot write words containing voiceless and voiced consonants without errors. This is sad.
Why do you need to write voiceless and voiced consonants correctly in Russian?
Some people treat writing culture superficially. They justify their ignorance in this area with such a common phrase: “What difference does it make how it’s written, it’s still clear what it’s about!”
In fact, errors in spelling words indicate a low level of personal culture. You cannot consider yourself a developed person if you cannot write correctly in your native language.
There is one more fact that testifies in favor of the rule of error-free writing. After all, voiceless and voiced consonants are sometimes found in words that are homophones in oral speech. That is, they sound the same, but are written differently. Incorrect use of a letter in them is fraught with loss or change in the meaning of the context.
For example, the words “pond” - “rod”, “cat” - “code”, “horn” - “rock” are included in this list.
Shameful loss
During your Russian language lesson, you can tell schoolchildren a funny episode from your life. It should be based on the fact that several children did not know how to correctly write in words the letters denoting voiced and voiceless consonant sounds.
And this happened during the school team game “Treasure Hunters”. In its rules it was noted that it was necessary to move along the route indicated in the notes. Moreover, the place where the next letter was hidden was not indicated precisely. The note contained only a hint of him.
The teams received the first letters with the following text: “Road, meadow, stone.” One group of guys immediately ran towards the lawn and found a stone there, under which the letter was hidden. The second one, having mixed up the homophone words “meadow” and “onion”, ran to the garden bed. But, naturally, they did not find any stone among the bright green rows.
You can change history in such a way that the notes were written by an illiterate scribbler. It was he who, when giving instructions to his team members, used “bow” instead of the word “meadow”. Not knowing how to write paired voiced and voiceless consonants, the “letterer” misled the children. As a result, the competition was canceled.
The rule for writing dubious paired consonants according to deafness and voicedness
In fact, checking which letter should be written in a particular case is quite simple. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants raise doubts about the spelling only when they are at the end of a word or are followed by another consonant voiceless sound. If one of these cases occurs, you need to choose a cognate or change the form of the word so that the dubious consonant is followed by a vowel sound. You can also use the option where the letter being tested is followed by a voiced consonant.
Mug - mug, snow - snow, bread - bread; carving - carved, sweat - sweaty.
Didactic game “Connect the word being tested with the test word”
To get more done during class, you can play a game that reinforces skills without recording. Its condition will be a task in which children are asked only to connect test words with the trait being tested. It takes less time, and the work done will be extremely effective.
The game will become more interesting if it is played in the form of a competition. To do this, three variants of tasks are made, where two columns are used. One contains test words. In the other, you need to include those in which voiced and voiceless consonants are in a dubious position. Examples of words could be like this.
First column: bread, ponds, snow, onion, meadows, twig. Second column: onion, bread, meadow, twig, snow, pond.
To complicate the task, you can include in the column with test words those that are not suitable for verification, that is, they are not the same root as those whose spelling there are doubts: snacks, servant, octopus.
Table of consonants according to voicedness and voicelessness
All consonant sounds are divided according to several parameters. During the phonetic analysis of a word in school, characteristics such as softness-hardness, sonority or deafness are indicated. For example, the sound [n] is a consonant, hard, sonorous. And the sound [p] differs from it in only one characteristic: it is not voiced, but dull. The difference between the sounds [р] and [р’] lies only in softness and hardness.
Based on these characteristics, a table is compiled, thanks to which you can determine whether the sound has a softness-hardness pair. After all, some consonants are only soft or only hard.
They also separate voiced and voiceless consonants. The table presented here shows that some sounds do not have a pair on this basis. For example, these are
- y, l, m, n, r;
- x, c, h, sch.
Moreover, the sounds of the first row are voiced, and the sounds of the second are unvoiced. The remaining consonants are paired. It is they that make writing difficult, since a dull sound is often heard where the letter denoting a voiced consonant is written.
Only paired consonants - voiced and voiceless - require verification. The table reflects this point. For example, the sound “b”, falling into the final position or being in front of another voiceless consonant, is itself “deafened”, turning into “p”. That is, the word “hornbeam” (wood species) is pronounced and heard as [grap].
The table shows that these sounds are paired in terms of voicedness and deafness. The same can be called “v” - “f”, “g” - “k”, “d” - “t”, “g” - “w” and “z” - “s”. Although you can add the sound “x” to the “g”-“k” pair, which often sounds in a deafened position in place of “g”: soft - soft[m'ahk'ii], easy - light[l’ohk’ii].
Didactic lotto game “Doubtful consonants”
So that classes in which the spelling of voiced and voiceless consonants is studied do not turn into a tedious routine, they should be diversified. For a didactic game, teachers and parents can prepare special small cards with pictures and words that contain dubious consonant sounds. A dubious consonant can be replaced with dots or asterisks.
Additionally, larger cards should be made, which will contain only letters indicating paired consonants in terms of voicedness and deafness. Cards with pictures are laid out on the table.
At the leader’s signal, the players take them from the table and cover with them the letters on the large card that they think are missing. Whoever closes all the windows before others and without mistakes is considered the winner.
Extracurricular activities in Russian language
Advantageous options for developing interest in this area of science are evenings, competitions, and KVNs. They are held outside school hours for everyone.
It is very important to create an exciting scenario for such an event. Particular attention should be paid to designing activities that are both rewarding and fun. Such activities can be carried out with students of all ages.
Interesting tasks can also be those that contain an element of literary creativity. For example, it is useful to offer the guys:
Make up a story about how the sounds “t” and “d” quarreled;
Come up with as many words with the same root as possible for the word “horn” in one minute;
Write a short quatrain with rhymes: meadow-onion, twig-pond.
Consonant alternation in Russian
Sometimes, contrary to the laws of spelling, some letters in words are replaced by others. For example, “spirit” and “soul”. Historically (etymologically) they are the same root, but have different letters in the root - “x” and “w”. The same process of alternation of consonants is observed in the words “burden” and “to wear.” But in the latter case, the sound “sh” alternates with the consonant “s”.
However, it should be noted that this is not an alternation of voiced and voiceless consonants making up a pair. This is a special type of replacing one sound with another, which occurred in ancient times, at the dawn of the formation of the Russian language.
The following consonant sounds alternate:
- z - f - g (example: friends - to be friends - friend);
- t - h (example: fly - flying);
- ts - h - k (example: face - personal - face);
- s - w - x (examples: forester - goblin, arable land - to plow);
- w - d - railway (example: leader - driver - driving);
- z - st (example: fantasy - fantastic);
- shch - sk (example: polished - gloss);
- shch - st (example: paved - paved).
Alternation is often referred to as the appearance of the “l” sound in verbs, which in this case has the beautiful name “el epentheticum”. Examples could be pairs of words “love - love”, “feed - feed”, “buy - buy”, “graph - graph”, “catch - catch”, “ruin - ruin”.
The Russian language is so rich, the processes occurring in it are so diverse, that if a teacher tries to find exciting options for working in the classroom, both in the classroom and outside of class, then many teenagers will plunge into the world of knowledge and discovery, and will become truly interested in this school subject.
In the Russian language, not all speech sounds are designated, but only the main ones. The Russian language has 43 basic sounds - 6 vowels and 37 consonants, while the number of letters is 33. The number of basic vowels (10 letters, but 6 sounds) and consonants (21 letters, but 37 sounds) also does not match. The difference in the quantitative composition of basic sounds and letters is determined by the peculiarities of Russian writing. In Russian, a hard and soft sound is denoted by the same letter, but the sounds soft and hard are considered different, which is why there are more consonant sounds than the letters with which they are denoted.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonant sounds are divided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced ones consist of noise and voice, deaf ones consist only of noise.
Voiced consonant sounds: [b] [b"] [c] [v"] [d] [g"] [d] [d"] [z] [z"] [zh] [l] [l"] [ m] [m"] [n] [n"] [r] [r"] [th]
Voiceless consonants: [p] [p"] [f] [f"] [k] [k"] [t] [t"] [s] [s"] [w] [x] [x"] [ h"] [h"]
Paired and unpaired consonants
Many consonants form pairs of voiced and voiceless consonants:
Voiced [b] [b"] [c] [c"] [g] [g"] [d] [d"] [z] [z"] [g]
Voiceless [p] [p"] [f] [f"] [k] [k"] [t] [t"] [s] [s"] [w]
The following voiced and voiceless consonant sounds do not form pairs:
Voiced [l] [l"] [m] [m"] [n] [n"] [r] [r"] [th]
Voiceless [x] [x"] [ch"] [sch"]
Soft and hard consonants
Consonant sounds are also divided into hard and soft. They differ in the position of the tongue when pronounced. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate.
Most consonants form pairs of hard and soft consonants:
Solid [b] [c] [d] [d] [h] [j] [l] [m] [n] [p] [r] [s] [t] [f] [x]
Soft [b"] [c"] [d"] [d"] [z"] [k"] [l"] [m"] [n"] [p"] [p"] [s"] [ t"] [f"] [x"]
The following hard and soft consonant sounds do not form pairs:
Solid [f] [w] [c]
Soft [h"] [sch"] [th"]
Sibilant consonants
The sounds [zh], [sh], [ch’], [sh’] are called hissing.
[g] [w] [h"] [sch"]
Whistling consonants
[z] [z"] [s] [s"] [ts]
Whistling sounds s-s, z-z, anterior lingual, fricative. When articulating hard teeth, the teeth are exposed, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the back of the tongue is slightly curved, the lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars, causing a groove to form in the middle. Air passes through this groove creating frictional noise.
When pronouncing soft s, s, the articulation is the same, but in addition the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate. When pronouncing sounds z-z, the ligaments are closed and vibrate. The velum is raised.
Let's remember how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from his lungs. It runs down the windpipe into the narrow larynx, where special muscles are located - the vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonants, he closes his mouth (at least a little), which causes noise. But consonants make different noises.
Let's conduct an experiment: cover our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we pronounced the sound [b], the ligaments became tense and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a slight ringing in my ears.
You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on your neck on the right and left sides and pronouncing the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds sonorous, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.
Paired consonant sounds in terms of voicedness and deafness
Let's try to divide sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: dull sounds will live on the first floor, and voiced sounds will live on the second floor. Residents of the first house:
[b] | [d] | [z] | [G] | [V] | [and] |
[P] | [T] | [With] | [To] | [f] | [w] |
These consonant sounds are called paired by sonority - deafness.
They are very similar to each other - real “twins”, they are pronounced almost identically: the lips form the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they also have pairs of softness and hardness. Let's add them to the house.
[b] | [b’] | [d] | [d’] | [z] | [z’] | [G] | [G'] | [V] | [V'] | [and] |
[P] | [P'] | [T] | [T'] | [With] | [With'] | [To] | [To'] | [f] | [f’] | [w] |
The sounds [zh] and [sh] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called sizzling sounds.
All these sounds are indicated by letters:
[b] | [b’] | B | (bae) |
[P] | [P'] | P | (peh) |
[d] | [d’] | D | (de) |
[T] | [T'] | T | (te) |
[z] | [z’] | Z | (ze) |
[With] | [With'] | WITH | (es) |
[G] | [G'] | G | (ge) |
[To] | [To'] | TO | (ka) |
[V] | [V'] | IN | (ve) |
[f] | [f’] | F | (ef) |
[and] | AND | (zhe) |
|
[w] | Sh | (sha) |
Unpaired voiced consonants
But not all consonant sounds and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's put unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.
To the second house - unpaired voiced consonants sounds:
Let us remind you that the sound [th’] always just soft. Therefore, he will live alone in our house. These sounds are represented in writing by letters:
[l] | [l’] | L | (ale) |
[m] | [m’] | M | (Em) |
[n] | [n’] | N | (en) |
[R] | [R'] | R | (er) |
[th’] | Y | (and short) |
The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of the voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word “sonorant” is translated from the Latin “sonorus” meaning sonorous.
Unpaired voiceless consonants
We will put you in the third house unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:
[X] | [X'] | [ts] | [h’] | [sch'] |
Let us remember that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h’] and [sch’] - always soft. Unpaired voiceless consonants are indicated in writing by letters:
[X] | [X'] | X | (Ha) |
[ts] | C | (tse) |
|
[h’] | H | (che) |
|
[sch'] | SCH | (now) |
Sounds [h’], [h’] - sizzling sounds.
So we populated our city with consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonant letters and 36 sounds.
Let's secure it.
There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:
1. With a deaf consonant I pour myself into the field,
With the ringing one - I myself am ringing to the expanse . (Spike - voice)
2. With a deaf person - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced sound, it eats the leaves. (Scythe - goat)
3. With “em” - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter "el" it appears in winter, but disappears in spring . (Honey - ice)
In order to develop the ability to pronounce certain sounds, especially hissing ones, they learn tongue twisters. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then the pace is accelerated. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:
Six little mice rustle in the reeds.
The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a squeeze.
Two puppies were chewing a brush in the corner, cheek to cheek.
Sound is the smallest unit of language pronounced with the help of the organs of the speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, the human ear perceives all the sounds it hears. All this time, his brain sorts out unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds unique to his native language and all the nuances of pronunciation.
33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters must be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, and in writing it can be designated using transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load, connecting with each other to form words.
36 consonant sounds: [b], [z], [v], [d], [g], [zh], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [p ], [t], [s], [sch], [f], [c], [w], [x], [h], [b"], [z"], [v"], [ d"], [th"], [n"], [k"], [m"], [l"], [t"], [s"], [p"], [r"], [ f"], [g"], [x"].
Consonant sounds are divided into:
- soft and hard;
voiced and voiceless;
paired and unpaired.
Soft and hard consonants
The phonetics of the Russian language is significantly different from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.
When pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue is pressed harder against the palate than when pronouncing a hard consonant sound, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes a hard and soft consonant sound from each other. In order to determine in writing whether a consonant sound is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after the specific consonant.
Consonants are classified as hard sounds in the following cases:
- if letters a, o, u, e, s follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
- after them there is another consonant sound - [vors], [hail], [marriage];
- if the sound is at the end of the word - [darkness], [friend], [table].
The softness of sound is written as an apostrophe: mole - [mol’], chalk - [m’el], wicket - [kal’itka], pir - [p’ir].
It should be noted that the sounds [ш'], [й'], [ч'] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [ш], [тс], [ж].
A consonant sound will become soft if it is followed by “b” and vowels: i, e, yu, i, e. For example: gen - [g"en], flax - [l"on], disk - [d"ysk] , hatch - [l "uk", elm - [v "yaz", trill - [tr "el"].
Voiced and voiceless, paired and unpaired sounds
Based on their sonority, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of the voice: [v], [z], [zh], [b], [d], [y], [m], [d], [l], [r] , [n].
Examples: [bor], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [goal], [fishing], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].
Examples: [kol], [floor], [volume], [sleep], [noise], [shch"uka], [choir], [king"], [ch"an].
Paired voiced and voiceless consonants include: [b] - [p], [zh] - [w], [g] - [x], [z] - [s]. [d] - [t], [v] - [f]. Examples: reality - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itch - court, live - sew.
Sounds that do not form pairs: [h], [n], [ts], [x], [r], [m], [l].
Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p"], [p] - [p"], [m] - [m"], [v] - [v"], [d] - [ d"], [f] - [f"], [k] - [k"], [z] - [z"], [b] - [b"], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n"], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l"], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x"]. Examples: byl - bel, height - branch, city - cheetah, dacha - business, umbrella - zebra, skin - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - feather, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.
Table for memorizing consonants
To clearly see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.
Solid - before the letters A, O, U, Y, E Soft - before the letters I, E, E, Yu, I | Hard and soft consonants | |||
| b | ball | b" | battle | |
| V | howl | V" | eyelid | |
| G | garage | G" | hero | |
| d | hole | d" | tar | |
| h | ash | z" | yawn | |
| To | godfather | To" | sneakers | |
| l | vine | l" | foliage | |
| m | March | m" | month | |
| n | leg | n" | tenderness | |
| P | spider | P" | song | |
| R | height | R" | rhubarb | |
| With | salt | With" | hay | |
| T | cloud | T" | patience | |
| f | phosphorus | f" | firm | |
| X | thinness | X" | chemistry | |
| Unpaired | and | giraffe | h | miracle |
| w | screen | sch | hazel | |
| ts | target | th | felt | |
Another table will help you remember consonant sounds.
| Doubles | Voiced | Deaf |
| B | P | |
| IN | F | |
| G | TO | |
| D | T | |
| AND | Sh | |
| Z | WITH | |
| Unpaired | L, M, N, R, J | X, C, Ch, Shch |
Children's poems for better mastery of the material
There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian alphabet,
To find out how many consonants -
Subtract ten vowels
Signs - hard, soft -
It will immediately become clear:
The resulting number is exactly twenty-one.
Soft and hard consonants are very different,
But not dangerous at all.
If we pronounce it with noise, then they are deaf.
The consonant sounds proudly say:
They sound different.
Hard and soft
In fact, very light.
Remember one simple rule forever:
W, C, F - always hard,
But Ch, Shch, J are only soft,
Like a cat's paws.
And let’s soften others like this:
If we add a soft sign,
Then we get spruce, moth, salt,
What a cunning sign!
And if we add the vowels I, Ya, Yo, E, Yu,
We get a soft consonant.
Brother signs, soft, hard,
We don't pronounce
But to change the word,
Let's ask for their help.
The rider rides on a horse,
Con - we use it in the game.
Consonants are voiced and voiceless. Stunning and voicing of consonants
According to their sound and method of formation, consonant sounds are divided in Russian into voiced and voiceless.
Voiced consonants are formed with the participation of the vocal cords and consist of voice and noise. Voiceless consonants are formed without the participation of the vocal cords and consist only of noise.
Most consonants form voiceless/voiced pairs. Table:
| [b’] - [p’] |
|
| [v’] - [f’] |
|
| [g’] - [k’] |
|
| [d’] - [t’] |
|
| [z’] - [s’] |
|
Some consonants do not form voiced/voiceless pairs (they are, so to speak, “only voiced” or “only voiceless”).
Unpaired voiceless consonants: [x], [x’], [ts], [ch’], [sch’].
Unpaired voiced consonants: [й’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [р], [р’].
In the flow of speech, in certain positions, paired voiced consonants change to voiceless (voiced), and paired voiceless consonants change to voiced (voiced).
Voiced consonants are devoiced in two positions:
- At the end of the word:
Bread - [hl’ep].
(Many) flowers - [tsv’itof].
2. Before a voiceless consonant:
Claws - [kokt’i].
Spoon - [loshka].
Under the floor - [patpolam].
Voiceless consonants are voiced in position before paired voiced ones:
Request - [pros’ba].
Lights out - [adboy"].
With a friend - [to friends].
Consonants are soft and hard. Softening hard consonants
According to their sound and method of formation, consonant sounds in the Russian language are divided into hard and soft.
Soft consonants are formed with the participation of the middle part of the tongue and have a special, “soft” sound. Hard consonants are formed without the participation of the middle part of the tongue and have a “hard” sound.
Most consonants form hard/soft pairs.
Some consonants do not form hard/soft pairs (they are, so to speak, “only hard” or “only soft”).
Unpaired hard consonants: [zh], [sh], [ts].
Unpaired soft consonants: [th’], [h’], [sch’].
Hard consonants cannot be combined with the vowel sound [i] that follows them; soft consonants cannot be combined with the vowel sound [s] that follows them.
Man - [man] (here after the hard [zh] it sounds [s]).
Taught - [uch’il] (here after the soft [ch’] it sounds [i]).
In some cases, paired hard consonants are softened in the flow of speech.
Hard [n] can change to soft [n’] in combinations [n’ch’], [n’sch’].
Pancake - pancake [bl'in'ch'ik].
Change - changer [sm'en'sh'ik].
Hard [d], [t], [z], [s], [n] can soften before soft [d’], [t’], [z’], [s’], [n’].
Whistle - whistle [s’t’]net.
Forest - le[s"n"]ik.
The treasury is in the treasury.
Bow - ba[n"t"]ik.
India - I[n"d"]ia.
Similarity of consonants in sound and pronunciation, loss of consonants in difficult-to-pronounce combinations
In addition to softening, voicing and deafening in the stream of speech, consonant sounds undergo other changes in certain positions. Let's note some of them.
The sounds [z], [s], [d], [t] before the consonants [zh], [sh], [h"], [sch"] are similar to them in sound and pronunciation.
Sew - [shshyt’].
Kindle - [razzhech’].
Account - [sh’sh’ot].
He became generous - he became generous.
Clean up - [pach’ch’is’t’it’].
With a beetle - [buzz].
Made from wool - [ishshers "t"i].
In the verbs na -tsya and -tsya, the sounds [t’] and [s’], mutually similar in pronunciation, coincide in the double sound [ts].
To tear - [vazza].
Suitable - [gad’izza].
In the combination of TSC, the sounds [t] and [s], mutually similar in pronunciation, coincide in the sound [ts].
Arbatsky - [arbatskiy"].
Pirate - [p’iratsk’].
When a combination of consonant sounds is difficult to pronounce, one of them may be dropped.
Imperious - imperious.
Heart - s[rts]e.
Late - late.
The sun is so[nt]e.
Envious - envious.
Feeling - feeling.
Six hundred - she[ss]ot.
Dutch - goll[ns]ky.
Vowels are stressed and unstressed. Reduction of unstressed vowels
According to the characteristics of pronunciation, duration and strength of sound, vowel sounds are divided into stressed and unstressed.
Stressed vowels in Russian have a significantly longer duration and sound strength than unstressed vowels. Stressed vowels are characterized by clearer pronunciation than unstressed vowels.
Stressed vowels form stressed syllables in speech, unstressed vowels - unstressed syllables.
In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced less clearly and sound for less duration (i.e., they are reduced).
Vowels [и], [ы], [у] without stress generally retain their sound.
Saw - [p’ila].
Smoke - [smoke].
Hand - [hand].
Vowels [o], [e], [a] without stress change the quality of their sound.
After hard consonants, unstressed [o] and [a] coincide in a short vowel sound, close but not identical to [a] (in the school phonetics course there is no special symbol for this sound; the symbol [a] is used).
Chapter - [chapter].
Words - [glory].
After soft consonants, unstressed [e] and [a] coincide in a short vowel sound, close but not identical to [i] (in the school phonetics course there is no special icon for this sound; the symbol [i] is used).
Deeds - [d'ila].
Pyatak - [p’itak].
The dual role of the letters E, E, Yu, I in Russian graphics
Letters e, yo, yu, I play a double role in Russian graphics.
Letters e, yo, yu, I denote two sounds at once if they are at the beginning of a word, either after the separating b and b, or after a vowel sound: [y'e], [y'o], [y'u], [y'a].
There is - [y'es"t"] (letter e denotes two sounds at the beginning of a word).
Will shed - [pral "y"ot] (letter e denotes two sounds after b).
Comfort - [uy’ut] (letter Yu denotes two sounds after a vowel).
The letters e, e, yu, i, standing after soft consonants, denote only the vowel sounds [e], [o], [u], [a] and the softness of the previous consonant.
Forest - [l’es].
Honey - [m’ot].
Luke - [l’uk].
Row - [r’at].
