The concept of profession, specialty, qualification, qualification category. Professional and qualification requirements for the training of qualified workers. Difference between specialty and qualification

We often hear the words “profession”, “specialty”, “education”, but it can be so difficult to grasp the difference between them! These concepts seem to have roughly the same meaning. Or are they still somehow different? Let's figure it out.

Profession

So, let's start with the profession. What it is?

1. A system of knowledge, skills and abilities that are inherent to a specific individual. Examples of the use of the term in this context: “He received the profession of an engineer,” “She has a profession.”
2. Professional community. People engaged in a certain type of work are united by nothing more than a profession. They have similar interests, knowledge and skills.
3. Kind of activity. In this context, profession is identified with work.
4. Necessary for society and quite limited (due to the division of labor) is the area of ​​application of a person’s physical and spiritual efforts, which allows him to live and develop.

Speciality

The next term is similar to the previous one and corresponds to different types of areas of work within professions. Let's say it is impossible to be a teacher in the general sense. This will definitely be a teacher in a certain discipline: chemistry, physics, literature, history, English, etc. In other professions, in general, the situation is the same: doctor - endocrinologist, anesthesiologist, orthopedist, ophthalmologist, obstetrician-gynecologist; fitter - plumber, mechanic, toolmaker. Specialties and professions are approved by the Russian Ministry of Labor.

When you choose a college or higher education institution, you will certainly come across such concepts as “direction of education” and “specialty of education.” We invite you to consider each of them.

The specialty of education is the totality of knowledge, skills and abilities of a graduate acquired during training in professional higher education programs and providing the opportunity to engage in a certain type of professional activity in accordance with the qualifications obtained.

Is there a fundamental difference between the direction and specialty of education? It is worth noting that the direction of education provides a broader scope of professional activity. There are also such concepts as “group of specialties” and “field of knowledge” - this is the division of sciences into certain types (humanitarian, technical, natural, educational, etc.). However, such differentiation is typical only for higher professional education.

What is meant by the concept of “qualification in the direction or specialty of education”? The level of preparation to perform a specific type of professional activity in a specific area or specialty. Qualifications are established by the State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education. The minimum wage also depends on your qualifications (if you work in a government agency in your specialty).

Specialization

This term should be understood as a specific set of knowledge, skills and abilities used in a narrow area of ​​professional activity within a certain specialty.

As you know, professions do not stand still - they are constantly changing due to the needs of the market, and they do it very quickly. New ones are created, merged, divided, or old ones are completely eliminated. The specialty classifier reacts to changes, but with a certain delay. For example, such specialties as “management” and “marketing” can be found in the classifier, but there is no place yet for “web design”, “banking” and “logistics”. Although educational institutions have the right to create specializations, using not only the classifier as a guide. There are specializations such as “industrial psychology” and “international journalism”. They are indicated in the diploma and allow employers to judge in which area the applicant for a position can boast of the broadest knowledge. But in the diploma this narrow specialization is not indicated in its entirety - it is simply written “psychology”, “journalism”. If we talk about professions, you can often find outdated formulations (“sales agent” instead of “distributor”). It also happens that a profession has appeared quite recently, and there is still no term to indicate it (“editor of an online publication”). However, a strict tariff schedule is typical mainly for government agencies. Commercial organizations, as a rule, turn a blind eye to such inconsistencies between education, profession and position. So all this is usually nothing more than formalities.

Let’s also expand on the concept of “position”. These are labor tasks (functions and responsibilities) assigned to the employee. A labor post implies a goal, means, working conditions, and in general everything that is characteristic of a certain position in a certain organization.

Second degree

To successfully manage a company, you need to understand many mechanisms. Every manager must have knowledge in the field of civil, labor, business and administrative law, marketing, economics and even PR. Accordingly, it is advisable for any top manager to supplement his basic education with a second higher education.

Recently, the lack of special and highly specialized knowledge has been especially acutely felt by the heads of Russian medical institutions. Unlike the West, where hospitals and related departments are run by managers, our chief doctors, department heads and health officials are trained exclusively in the medical field. Unfortunately, our universities, as a rule, do not provide the opportunity to study the nuances of applying legal norms in the medical field. For this reason, the most popular modern trend has become the requirement of a second diploma, economic or legal, in the field of medical care. There is no other way!

To build a career in banking, it is not enough to be a good financier. Competent management of financial flows, wisely avoiding pitfalls in the current economic situation - all this is extremely difficult. This requires in-depth knowledge of the legislative framework, in particular financial law. And if you prefer to work in the lending department for individuals and legal entities, you will have to draw up contracts and proofread documents. In some cases, it will be necessary to check whether they comply with accepted legal standards, and also to monitor the emergence of new laws. And here we will have to compare the newly adopted laws with the existing ones and conduct a comparative analysis. Of course, a person who does not have the appropriate knowledge will not be able to understand such issues.

Most reputable publications like to involve not only writers, but also experts - experts in their field - in writing information articles. Agree, material presented by a professional lawyer, economist or psychologist will turn out to be much more interesting and useful than an article written by a person who is not particularly versed in a particular field of knowledge. In any case, there is no need to doubt the reliability of what is stated. Specialists who have several higher educations, one of which is a basic one, such as journalism or philosophy, are especially valued. And another diploma will allow you to competently cover issues raised on newspaper and magazine pages.

As you can see, additional second education is the most effective way to improve the professional level for any specialist. Today, legal education is the most popular second higher education. Next comes “accounting and auditing”. Next came “management” and “personnel management”. Moreover, they are often chosen by business leaders and top managers with a technical or humanitarian background.

Profession

Speciality

Comparison

Conclusions TheDifference.ru

1. Preparation. To obtain a specialty, you must undergo training and pass exams.

   Profession, specialty and specialization: what is the difference?

   You can also master a profession in practice (journalist, writer, builder), if it requires either talent or physical skills.

It is not without reason that they say that work ennobles a person, especially if the work brings pleasure and prosperity. The material side of a profession is determined by such concepts as specialty and qualifications. How are they different from each other and how can you tell the difference? Let's try to understand this issue using reliable information.

Definition

Speciality– a set of knowledge obtained as a result of targeted training and confirmed by the relevant document. Skills and abilities are necessary in order to successfully cope with the range of responsibilities performed by him.

Qualification– level of training assigned based on the results of an assessment of a specialist’s skills by an independent commission and confirmed by documents. The mastery scale is represented by levels (categories), movement along which occurs in the vertical direction.

Comparison

Thus, a specialty is a set of knowledge, skills and abilities, and a qualification is a level of skill. The scope of concepts varies significantly. Specialty is an extremely broad term, which also includes qualifications. A person can have several professions, and each of them has its own level of skill.

The process for assigning them is slightly different. So, to obtain a specialty, you need to undergo training, and then pass an exam in practice. After professional activity begins, we can talk about having qualifications. At first this is the lowest level (rank), and then, as your skills improve, it begins to grow.

To summarize, we note: a specialty is a profession, and a qualification is a level of skill.

What is the difference between a profession and a specialty?

How to prove that the applicant is really able to cope with the assigned tasks? A specialty can be confirmed by a diploma, qualifications can only be confirmed by practice.

Conclusions TheDifference.ru

1. Scope of concepts. Specialty is a broader concept, which also includes the level of qualifications.
2. Receipt. A specialty is assigned to a person after he has successfully completed training and passed exams. Qualifications are assigned upon receipt of a profession.
3. Dynamics. The specialty obtained after training remains forever. The level of qualifications may change: for the better or for the worse.

To be or not to be, to work or not to work - this question has occupied man for many centuries in a row. We can obtain a promising specialty, but subsequently master a completely different profession. How do these categories differ and why is it so important to understand the difference?

Definition

Profession- this is an occupation or work activity that requires certain training, qualifications, and knowledge. Skills can be acquired either through education or through practice.

How does a profession differ from a specialty?

The range of professions is extremely wide and is grouped into categories: economic, technical, pedagogical, etc.

Speciality– a set of skills, abilities and knowledge acquired in the learning process and confirmed in the appropriate manner. They are necessary to perform a specific job and relate to one or more professions. So, a law student can become a lawyer, a prosecutor, a police officer or a legal adviser, or he can turn into a catering salesman.

Comparison

So, the main difference is in the scope of the concept. Specialty is a general term that unites a group of professions. They may require some additional skills or be completely within the scope of what was acquired during training. At the same time, the specialty requires special preparation. The profession can be mastered without it - in practice (singer, actor).

Conclusions TheDifference.ru

1. Scope of the concept. A profession is a private category that denotes a specific area of ​​activity, while a specialty is a general one.
2. Need for confirmation. A profession can correspond to a person's occupation and in most cases does not require any certification or exams. But the specialty needs to be confirmed. This could be the defense of a thesis project, state exams, testing.
3. Formal expression. A profession brings real income to a person, and its main expression is the person’s demand. Specialization is confirmed by a state-issued document, which is valid in a certain territory.

To be or not to be, to work or not to work - this question has occupied man for many centuries in a row. We can obtain a promising specialty, but subsequently master a completely different profession. How do these categories differ and why is it so important to understand the difference?

Definition

Profession- this is an occupation or work activity that requires certain training, qualifications, and knowledge. Skills can be acquired either through education or through practice. The range of professions is extremely wide and is grouped into categories: economic, technical, pedagogical, etc.

Speciality– a set of skills, abilities and knowledge acquired in the learning process and confirmed in the appropriate manner.

Difference between profession and specialty

They are necessary to perform a specific job and relate to one or more professions. So, a law student can become a lawyer, a prosecutor, a police officer or a legal adviser, or he can turn into a catering salesman.

Comparison

So, the main difference is in the scope of the concept. Specialty is a general term that unites a group of professions. They may require some additional skills or be completely within the scope of what was acquired during training. At the same time, the specialty requires special preparation. The profession can be mastered without it - in practice (singer, actor).

Conclusions TheDifference.ru

1. Scope of the concept. A profession is a private category that denotes a specific area of ​​activity, while a specialty is a general one.
2. Preparation. To obtain a specialty, you must undergo training and pass exams. You can also master a profession in practice (journalist, writer, builder), if it requires either talent or physical skills.
3. Need for confirmation. A profession can correspond to a person's occupation and in most cases does not require any certification or exams. But the specialty needs to be confirmed. This could be the defense of a thesis project, state exams, testing.
4. Formal expression. A profession brings real income to a person, and its main expression is the person’s demand. Specialization is confirmed by a state-issued document, which is valid in a certain territory.

Socially oriented professions overview

Social work professions have many benefits. Specialties of this kind, as a rule, allow you to engage in interesting and varied activities, provide personal self-realization and constant expansion of your horizons.

Unfortunately, not all of them offer a decent salary level and convenient work schedule.

When connecting your destiny with the humanities or economics, consider as many options as possible, and sensibly assess the real pros and cons of each. This article will help you with this.

Social and humanitarian professions

Here is a list of examples:

• social teacher;
• Social worker;
• sociologist;
• psychologist, psychoanalyst;
• coach (coacher);
• media employee (proofreader, television journalist, newspaper correspondent, editor, press attaché, etc.);
• copywriter, rewriter;
• blogger;
• archaeologist;
• ethnographer;
• head hunter, recruiter;
• teacher (subject teacher, primary school teacher, university or technical school teacher);
• educator;
• speechwriter;
• political scientist;
• translator, literary translator;
• legal linguist;
• PR specialist, political strategist;
• illustrator, graphic designer;
• guide;
• librarian;
• museum worker;
• cultural scientist;
• speech therapist.

Humanities workers who are employed in the near-political sphere (for example, PR specialists, press attachés and speechwriters) earn the best money.

However, such work is not always safe and stable, but it is certainly associated with stress.

Teachers, psychologists, social pedagogues and speech therapists can claim a substantial salary only if they are hired as a staff member of a large company, say, in some large early development center. They receive little in pre-school educational institutions and schools.

Professions related to writing texts bring good income to workaholics; in most cases, payment is directly proportional to the volume of material submitted; the salary is not always assigned. Often such work involves a heavy workload and irregular hours.

Ethnographers, archaeologists and other heroes of science often work for mere pennies, in the name of their favorite cause. Social work is also the destiny of people who are capable of daily self-sacrifice for the sake of a high goal.

Socio-economic and legal specialties

Graduates of economic departments of universities receive positions:

• economist;
• manager (sales, personnel, purchasing, public relations);
• marketer;
• accountant.

There are many specializations in the legal field. A law graduate can become:

• notary;
• civil servants;
• diplomat;
• lawyer;
• prosecutor;
• investigator;
• a specialist in resolving legal disputes of a certain type (for example, a car lawyer or family lawyer), etc.

The listed professions are quite attractive in terms of average earnings, but the demand for them is now low. Acceptable vacancies in this field usually go not to young people, but to specialists with solid experience and experience.

Profession or profession? How to spell the word profession?

Spelling is a delicate matter. You need to remember dozens of rules to write correctly. And Word will not always come to the rescue and highlight errors in red. It is better to memorize the spelling of many controversial words. This applies, in particular, to the word “profession”. Even excellent students often write it with errors. There are two most common ways of writing this word: "profession" or "profession".

The emergence of the concept of "profession"

Before any word appears, the very concept that this word will denote must arise. For example, at the end of the 19th century, the word “telephone” was used to describe a new invention - a device capable of transmitting sound over a distance. Before the appearance of the apparatus itself, there was no need for words.

How and when did the concept of “profession” arise? The fact is that in the society of the first people there was always a division of responsibilities, which was determined partly by the skills of the person himself, and partly by customs. Men were involved in hunting, fishing and farming, and women were involved in housework and children. As the population increased, it became possible to employ individuals to produce specific goods. This is how professions in the modern sense of the word began to emerge. Cattle breeders, weavers, potters, and musicians appeared.

One of the first common professions is a blacksmith. He was involved in everything related to iron processing, making everything from nails to swords. A carpenter, for example, produced any wooden products, from doors to cabinets. At first, the whole family helped the master and was involved in the production of material goods. At the next stage of the division of labor, each master was assigned a specific profile within one profession. This was due to the fact that there was greater demand for certain goods. For example, some carpenters dealt exclusively with barrels, others with wheels, others with sleighs, etc. This is how the concept of a person’s profession appeared.

How did the word "profession" come about?

It comes from the Latin word profiteor, which literally translates to “declare.” It, in turn, is derived from the Latin prefix pro (for, instead) and the root fateri (to acknowledge). If we get to the Proto-Indo-European roots, we come to the ancient *bha (to speak). The meanings of the word profiteor are as follows:

• announce loudly and publicly, speak openly;
• openly declare, acknowledge oneself;
• declare something the subject of one's studies;
• promise;
• judge, give hope for something;
• openly, officially announce, show;
• report for duty, enroll in military service.

Each meaning of the word "profession" has one thing in common: a public statement about something.

The cognate professus (explicit, recognized) gave birth to the Russian word “professor”. In ancient Rome, professae was the name given to public women because they openly declared their occupation (the second meaning is profiteor). Another Latin word with the same root is confessia (religion), but in our language “profession” and “confession”, naturally, are not such.

The word in question migrated to the Russian language from Latin through French (French profession) in the 18th century. But having crossed the linguistic border, it acquired a slightly different meaning: “type of activity.” In the century before last, derivatives arose. Before the word “profession” appeared, the word “craft” was used to denote the type of human activity.

Semantics of the word

A profession is a stable and relatively broad type of work activity, which provides a certain set of theoretical knowledge, practical experience, skills and work habits and is a source of income. The range of professions is quite wide; they are divided into main categories: economic, technical, creative, pedagogical, etc.
Examples of individual professions: economist, manager, actor, accountant, builder, installer, teacher, translator. Options for using the word: programmer by profession, choose a profession, change profession, get a profession, women of the oldest profession. Related lexemes in other languages ​​are Czech - profese, Polish - profesja.

Spelling variations

Not everyone knows exactly how to spell the word “profession”.

Some write it like this: profession, others - profession, others - profession, and still others - profession. The first two options are most often used. Those who have developed spelling intuition understand that doubling of some consonants should still take place, but should not be excessive, so they eliminate the third and fourth options. There are, obviously, those who write “a” instead of the unstressed “o”: prafessiya, but for this case there is a test word with the same root - pro-fi, which brings clarity.

In this case, one question remains open. Profession or profession? And why is this and not otherwise?

Which is correct?

The main dilemma is this: profession or profession. We need to figure this out once and for all. So how do you spell the word profession?

With one "f" and two "s": profession.

Why do errors occur?

The sound of the word is probably misleading. Someone hears a double "f". This sound in this word is soft and dull, and some people tend to pronounce it drawn out, which is why it seems that there should be more than one letter. This is the reason for doubts about how the word “profession” is spelled. But you don’t always have to rely on your own pronunciation.

As for the double “s” when writing, it is really due to the long pronunciation of this consonant sound. In general, long consonants of the etymon can retain longitude when articulated in Russian to varying degrees. It depends on their placement in the word. There are weak and strong positions for doubled consonants. If the sound is in an intervocalic position after a stressed vowel, then this position is considered strong, and the longitude is preserved in writing.

If we compare the English word profession and the Russian “profession”, then the consonant with is in a strong position, and therefore you need to write two letters “s”.

Etymology to help

Since the word is borrowed, it is logical to assume that it must correspond to its etymon. But it is not always the case. Firstly, many words have lost their double letter over time in the Russian language. Secondly, the question of which language should be considered the source is controversial. After all, very often the same word, even in related languages, is written differently. Here are examples: the Russian “group” is written gruppe in German, groupe in French, group in English. If you are guided only by this rule, then how do you know which language you should focus on?

True, everything is smooth with the word “profession”: in all languages ​​it is written with one “f” and a double “s”: profession (English), profession" (French), professio (Latin). In this particular case, you can boldly take source languages ​​as a basis.Now the question of how to write - profession or profession, has been finally resolved.

Root of the word

Unlike its Latin counterpart, the word in question consists of two morphemes: the root "professi" and the ending "i". The initial letters "pro" are not a prefix. The ending can be determined by changing the word by cases and numbers: profession, profession, profession, professions, professions. The root word profession is part of the root of several other words: professional, professional, professionalism, professor, pro. The first three are formed by suffixation, the last by truncation of the stem. True, whether the words “professor” and “profession” have the same root is a controversial issue. Some linguists believe that they have long lost their common meaning.

Lexemes with similar meanings

It is not difficult to find a synonym for the word profession. A number of words similar in meaning are not poor: specialty, craft, activity, title, occupation, vocation, work, labor, qualification, business, profile. Not all are 100% synonymous. For example, the word specialty implies a set of skills and knowledge acquired in the learning process and confirmed accordingly. That is, in other words, the specialty must be documented, and the profession can be acquired in practice, without special training. To put it simply, the specialty says what a person studied to be, and the profession says what he is currently working for, and these can be different areas of activity. But basically, each of the above lexemes can be used as a synonym for the word profession.

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Profession (from Latin professio - officially specified occupation) is a type of work activity of a person who has a complex of theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired as a result of special training and work experience. The name of the profession is determined by the content and nature of the work or official functions, the tools or means of labor used. Many professions are divided into specialties. A profession as a group of related specialties (profession - doctor, specialty - general practitioner, surgeon, ophthalmologist; profession - teacher, specialty - teacher of geography, history, mathematics) can be represented in six main aspects of social relations, its six main components: 1) area of ​​application of human forces as a subject of labor, limited type of labor activity; 2) a community of people performing certain labor functions that are of a socially useful nature; 3) preparedness (knowledge, abilities, skills, qualifications) of a person, thanks to which he is able to perform relevant labor functions; 4) the activity of a professional as a process of implementing labor functions performed professionally; 5) activities performed for a certain remuneration; 6) activities that give a person a certain social and public status.

Specialty (from the Latin species - genus, kind) - a type of occupation within one profession, based on a related type of discipline (for example, profession - doctor, specialty - therapist, pediatrician; profession - teacher, specialty - mathematics, physics); an area of ​​application of a person’s strength that is necessary for society and limited due to the division of labor, allowing him, on the one hand, to realize his professional potential, and on the other, to receive the necessary means of subsistence and development opportunities.

Qualification is the level of development of special abilities of a subject (employee), allowing him to perform labor functions of a certain degree of complexity in a certain professional work. Qualification is determined by the amount of theoretical knowledge, practical knowledge, skills and abilities that an employee possesses and which are his most important socio-economic characteristics. Qualification is a reflection of the subject’s level of professional skill. There is a distinction between formal qualifications, expressed in officially fixed ranks, classes, titles, categories, etc., and real qualifications - the level of skill that a person can actually demonstrate.

Position is the least objectively and documented manifestation of the profession. The position can be identified with a qualification (“junior researcher”), with temporary duties (acting manager, project manager), with the profession as a whole (psychologist in an organization).

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1. The concept of profession, specialty, qualification, qualification category.

Man is the main element of the productive forces. He performs productive work to create material wealth or products of intellectual activity. In the life support of modern society, professionals of different levels play an important role - workers and specialists.

Worker- a person hired for production (state, private) who carries out production work and lives off the payment of his labor.

Worker– a manual worker requiring primary or secondary education.

Employee- an employee of service work based on intellectual activity.

A worker, a worker, an employee are subjects of labor and represent productive forces. Their preparation is entrusted to vocational education institutions. Vocational education, an integral part of the lifelong education system, performs a special function: preparing a person for a specific professional activity. There students receive a profession.

Profession- a stable type of labor activity, formed as a result of the division of labor, requiring special training and serving as a means of human existence. In real practice, we can encounter classes that are based only on a person’s experience, and not on special training. The concepts of “trade” or “craft” are more applicable to such types of work; they are usually associated with manual labor.

Concept speciality in the field of education can be considered as a category that characterizes the focus and content of education during training in higher and secondary specialized educational institutions; in the sphere of labor - as a category that characterizes the special focus and specificity of the content of work within the profession, which can apply to both blue-collar professions and specialist professions. Based on the specialty, we determine what types of activities a person is ready to engage in and in what industry he can work. Thus, speciality– a set of knowledge, skills and abilities acquired as a result of education and ensuring the formulation and solution of certain classes of professional tasks.

In practice, the term “general specialist” is sometimes used, suggesting that such a specialist can find wide application of his knowledge and skills in the world of work. A generalist is mobile, which is important both in the context of accelerating scientific and technological progress and in conditions of uncertainty in the demand for specialists. The concept of “general specialist” means a variety of possibilities for using the work of a specialist.

Within the specialty, specializations can be identified.

Specialization - This is a specific set of knowledge, abilities and skills, focused on their application in the local area of ​​professional activity, the direction of training within the specialty of secondary or higher vocational education. Specializations are created when the profile of a specialist is too broad, and at a particular stage of production there is a need for specialists of a narrower profile. As a rule, specialization begins at the final stages of training. Thus, specialization can represent a division of functions, or it can mean a division of objects of labor.

The level of division of labor today is so wide that further division into specialties and professions can lead to more narrow training and reduce a person’s opportunities in the labor market. This determines the need for integrated specialties, in which a narrow profile is determined by specialization. The presence of a wide profile of training and the fundamentalization of education increase the professional mobility of a graduate of an educational institution, allowing a specialist to quickly readjust, receive additional education that meets the requirements of a specific workplace, through either self-education or retraining in a secondary specialized or higher educational institution, or in a vocational center.

Professional mobility- this is a person’s ability and readiness to change work activities due to changes in life circumstances. It presupposes the possibility of a specialist moving along the job vertical, horizontally (from one industry to another, from one enterprise to another, from one site to another), the ability to quickly master new technologies or equipment.

The problem of ensuring professional mobility is especially relevant in the context of the formation of market relations and unemployment in the country. Professional mobility can be achieved by strengthening fundamental training in both general professional and special disciplines. Using examples of a specific specialty, one can study the general patterns and principles of professional activity, the general principles of the design of machines and mechanisms, other means of production, and general requirements for the organization of labor. A teaching methodology should be constructed accordingly, aimed at mastering generalized methods of action (analysis of a situation, device, mechanism; choosing a solution from a set of ready-made ones proposed by instructions, prescriptions; designing an activity - setting tasks, choosing forms, methods and means of solving a problem; identifying possible difficulties in future activities, etc.).

The name of professions and specialties is determined by the nature and content of labor, job functions, and the tools or objects of labor used. Therefore, the lists of professions and specialties are open and are updated as necessary.

The list of professions and specialties is developed in accordance with the Unified Tariff Directory, which is compiled by industry and is focused on ensuring the implementation of specific work (production operations).

The formation of lists of specialties at primary, secondary and higher levels of professional education is based on different approaches.

In primary and secondary vocational education– operational and activity-based, providing for certain methods of performing actions in accordance with the characteristics of the object and means of labor.

Specialties of higher education are determined on the basis of an object-activity approach, when the object to which the specialist’s attention is directed comes to the fore

Depending on the levels of development of professional skills, professional qualifications are distinguished.

Professional qualifications- these are the stages of a worker’s professional preparedness to perform a particular type of work of a certain quality and a certain complexity.

In the modern system of continuous professional education it is determined five main qualification levels:

The level of qualifications that characterizes the professional skills of a particular employee within a given level depends on knowledge, skills and abilities, on their quantity and quality.

Qualifications obtained on the basis of primary vocational education allow one to occupy positions as workers, on the basis of secondary vocational education – as technicians, and on the basis of higher vocational education – as specialists.

In working specialties, qualifications are determined in categories. There are over 6 of them, but, as a rule, a 6-bit grid works. Mostly workers of the 3rd and 4th category graduate from the schools. For employees, an 18-bit grid is used. Professionalism is not only mastery of a profession, but also high civic maturity, responsibility and a sense of professional duty.

2. Educational institutions for training specialists in various industries.

The structure of vocational training consists of the following pedagogical subsystem levels: primary vocational, secondary vocational, higher vocational, postgraduate and additional vocational education.

Types of primary vocational education institutions: vocational school, vocational lyceum, training center, training and production center, technical school and other institutions of this level.

A vocational lyceum is a type of primary vocational education institution in which a specific profession of an advanced level of qualification is acquired and there is the opportunity to obtain secondary vocational education.

Vocational school is the main type of primary vocational education institution, which provides mass training of qualified workers and employees.

Training and course center - training of specialists in an accelerated form of education.

Types of secondary vocational education institutions: technical school (school), college.

A college is an independent educational institution of an advanced type (a structural subdivision of a university, academy, institute), which implements in-depth programs of secondary vocational education according to individual curricula and which provides future specialists with an increased level of qualifications.

Technical school is the main type of secondary specialized educational institution, which implements secondary vocational education programs.

Types of institutions of higher professional education: university, academy, institute.

The university is a university that implements educational programs of higher and postgraduate professional education in a wide range of areas of training, and is a center of science and education in the region.

Academy is a university that implements educational programs of higher and postgraduate professional education, carries out training and retraining of highly qualified workers for a certain branch of science, knowledge-intensive production; is a methodological center in its field of activity.

Institute is a university implementing educational programs of higher and postgraduate professional education; conducts scientific research; carries out training, retraining and advanced training of highly qualified workers, and may be a structural unit of a university or academy.

Types of institutions of additional professional education: educational organizations, associations, unions, societies, scientific and methodological councils; academies, institutes, centers for advanced training, structural units of further professional education organized in universities: faculties, regional centers for advanced training and professional retraining.

3. Professionogram. Analysis of professional programs and methods of their preparation.

Professionogram is a characteristic of a profession, a description of the essential aspects of professional activity. It establishes professional contraindications, especially in the fields of medicine and psychology. The professiogram includes requirements for the theoretical and practical knowledge and skills of the employee, for the mental, physiological and intellectual properties of the individual, the path and time frame for mastering the profession, the possibility of using a graduate of an educational institution at work, and the possibility of further professional growth.

Professionogram is a model for designing personal potential. It is created to carry out career guidance and vocational consulting work, professional selection, organization of special vocational education, training and development of youth. It reflects the development trends expected in this professional field.

A professional profile is compiled by scientists based on searches, observations, surveys, etc.

The professional profile consists of three sections: characteristics of the activity, psychological characteristics of the specialist, sanitary and hygienic requirements for the activity and personality.

The characteristics of the activity highlight functions, types of activities, typical professional tasks and professional skills. This is a list of what a specialist should have professional knowledge of.

The psychological characteristics of a specialist include a list of socially significant and professionally important personality qualities and dynamic characteristics of the psyche that should be developed in a specialist.

Sanitary and hygienic requirements for activity and personality determine the work regime, permissible neuropsychic tension, sensorimotor and perceptual spheres of the specialist and medical contraindications.

Based on professiograms, professiographic information retrieval systems are created in methodological classrooms of schools, career guidance centers, and employment services. They include background information about professions and requirements for an individual, diagnostic techniques for studying the capabilities of an individual choosing a profession.

In relation to the specialty “Vocational training (by industry)”, a professiogram is considered as a document that provides a complete qualification description of a vocational training teacher, taking into account the requirements for his knowledge, abilities, skills, personality, abilities, psychophysiological capabilities and level of training.

4. Professional requirements for a modern specialist can be combined into the following groups of requirements :

General requirements for the education of a specialist (awareness of the personal and social significance of his profession, possession of a scientific and humanistic worldview, knowledge of the fundamentals of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, ethical and legal norms governing human-to-human relations, etc.);

Requirements for the disciplines of general cultural training (possession of modern ideas about social phenomena and processes, mechanisms of self-regulation and self-development of society, problems of interaction between society and nature, society and culture, society and personality, etc.);

Requirements for the disciplines of psychological and pedagogical training (respect for the rights and freedoms of students, possession of a system of knowledge about the laws of the holistic pedagogical process, about modern psychological and pedagogical technologies, etc.);

Requirements for subject training disciplines.

In the English-speaking environment, the concepts of “profession” and “occupation” are distinguished. The term profession applies only to a small range of high-status professional activities. All other types of professional activities relate to specialties or types of work or occupations.

In domestic professional studies, the concepts of “profession” and “specialty” are distinguished. A profession is a broader concept than a specialty; its distinctive features, in addition to professional competence, are also socio-professional competence, professional autonomy, self-control, group norms and values. A profession, as a rule, unites a group of related specialties.

A specialty is a set of acquired special knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to perform a certain type of activity within a particular profession, through vocational education, training and in the process of work. Thus, a specialty is one of the types of professional activity within a profession, aimed at achieving more specific or intermediate results or at achieving general results by specific means.

For example: profession - doctor, specialties - therapist, pediatrician, ophthalmologist, urologist, etc.; profession – engineer, specialties – designer, technologist, metallurgist, etc.; profession – mechanic, specialties – plumber, electrician, toolmaker, etc.

Specialization is an even greater detail of the specialty.

For example: profession – psychologist; specialty – developmental psychologist; Specialization: developmental psychologist working with older people.

Qualification is a level of professional skill. There are two main types:

Formal (reflected in titles, salary categories, etc.)

Real (how a person actually works)

There is often a discrepancy between formal and actual qualifications, which gives rise to industrial conflicts.

In recent years, the concept of “qualification” has been significantly enriched. In addition to knowledge, abilities and skills in a specific specialty, an employee’s qualifications include professionally important personality qualities necessary for a wide range of professions.

Professionally important qualities include: responsibility, reliability, communication, ability to cooperate, creativity, ability to make independent decisions, etc. Productive performance of a specific professional activity requires, as a rule, the implementation of 5-7 professionally important qualities.

Position – usually used in 2 senses:

Position as a type of leadership work

Position – any officially recorded work.

For example: school director - both position and profession (manager in the education system); Chemistry teacher – both a position (there is a job description), and a specialty, and a profession.

A labor post is not a specific place. There are components of a job position (the structure of a good job description):

Fixed goal of work;

Fixed result of labor;

Fixed working conditions;

Fixed subject of labor;

Fixed means of labor;

Fixed responsibilities (area of ​​responsibility);

Fixed employee rights.

This is all psychological understanding. And there is a bureaucratic understanding. Which is essentially illiterate, but no one wants to fight the bureaucracy.

For example: Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University, when issuing diplomas they write: specialty - psychology; qualification – psychology teacher.

Question 3 Dynamics of the world of professions.

The division of labor into professional activities has been observed since before our era in Egypt, Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire and other ancient states. Significant differentiation of labor occurred during the era of the industrial revolution and subsequent technological progress led to a significant increase in the range of professions. In 1965, the official US directory listed the characteristics of 21,741 professions and about 40,000 specialties. In 1988, the International Standard for the Classification of Occupations included 9,333 professions. The unified tariff and qualification directory in our country unites about 7,000 professions and specialties. These special documents reflect the situation that existed at the time of their preparation, but at the time of publication they already need to be adjusted, because The world of professions is very dynamic.

There is a need to revise the established names of professions, the content of which has expanded significantly (cleaner - “cleaning machine operator” or “interior technician”; passenger car conductor; clerk)

There is a group of “dying” professions that will exist for a long time in small handicraft enterprises; the names of these professions reflect the craft forms of labor, its guild division - prospector, furrier, saddler. These professions can be combined into groups of craft types of labor and folk craft professions.

In recent decades, production equipment and technology have been radically updated:

Intellectualization of labor and production in general through the integration of science, technology and production;

Increasing complexity of equipment and technology through high-tech technical systems: electronics, pneumatic engineering, chromotronics, etc.;

The development of the technical and technological basis of modern production and a change in labor, which leads to the blurring of the boundaries of professions and the formation of integrative modes of activity that go beyond the boundaries of one profession;

Universalization of technical devices based on the latest technologies that increase the versatility and multi-purpose compatibility of working tools.

New professions are constantly emerging, the labor content of existing professions is being updated, low-skilled professions are dying off, combined and integrated professions and specialties are appearing, there is a need to introduce the names of new professions and determine their characteristics, labor content, skill levels, contraindications, etc. The range of new professions is emerging spontaneously; they are included in official directories with great delay - manager, promoter, supervisor, merchandiser, etc.

Overcoming the listed shortcomings in the world of professions is possible if there are specialists - profession designers - they could solve the problems of designing new professions, determining the purpose and content of work, educational requirements, skill level, working conditions and contraindications, designing professionograms, qualification characteristics, job responsibilities .

Control questions

1. Define the concepts of “profession”, “specialty”, “qualification”, “job position”?

2. Describe the relationship between the concepts: “profession”, “specialty”, “qualification”.

Related information.