home Calculators Examples of descriptions of external injuries (from the point of view of a forensic expert). Injuries and wounds of soft tissues of the head, symptoms and treatment Carrying out the UHF procedure

Examples of descriptions of external injuries (from the point of view of a forensic expert). Injuries and wounds of soft tissues of the head, symptoms and treatment Carrying out the UHF procedure

A head injury is very dangerous as there is a high risk of brain damage. In this case, swelling of the brain tissue very quickly occurs, which leads to wedging of part of the brain into the foramen magnum. As a result, the activity of vital centers responsible for breathing and blood circulation is disrupted, and a person can quickly lose consciousness and even die.

Another reason for the high risk of head injuries is the good blood supply to this part of the body, so if blood vessels are damaged, there is a high probability of rapid blood loss.

If such an injury occurs, it is necessary to stop the bleeding as quickly as possible and seek medical attention. Let's talk about first aid for a head injury.

Head contusions and soft tissue damage

The soft tissues of the head include skin, muscles, and subcutaneous tissue. When they are bruised, pain occurs, later - swelling (“bump”), redness of the skin, and then the formation of a bruise.

In case of a bruise, it is necessary to apply cold to the affected area (a bottle of cold water, a heating pad with ice), apply a pressure bandage and take the patient to a medical facility. Additional examination is necessary in order to exclude damage to the cranial bones.

Damage to soft tissues is accompanied by intense bleeding. Detachment of skin flaps, so-called scalp wounds, is also possible.

If the blood flows slowly and is dark in color, it is necessary to apply a tight bandage with sterile material (for example, a well-ironed bandage).

If blood spurts out, it means the artery is damaged. A pressure bandage will not help in this case. If damaged, you can apply a rubber tourniquet horizontally above the forehead and above the ears. If there is minor blood loss, the victim is taken to the hospital in a sitting or lying position.

If the blood loss is extensive, the victim’s skin turns pale, becomes covered in cold sweat, excitement sets in, and then lethargy, urgent transportation is necessary.

The victim should be carefully placed on a flat surface, having first laid a blanket, clothes, etc. on it. It is recommended to place a bolster (pillow, jacket) under the shins. If the victim is unconscious, carefully place your palms on both sides under the lower jaw and, without significant effort, tilt your head back, pushing your chin forward. Clear the mouth of saliva or other contents with a clean handkerchief, then try to turn your head to the side to prevent vomit or other liquid from entering the respiratory tract.

Any foreign body located in the wound must not be moved, much less attempted to be removed. These actions can increase the extent of brain damage and increase bleeding.

To stop bleeding, you should first try to clean the skin around the lesion with a towel, and if possible, quickly treat the surface around the wound with a solution of brilliant green or. Then apply a pressure bandage to the wound: first, several layers of clean cloth or gauze; it is advisable to place a hard object on top (a remote control for equipment, a bar of dry soap, a comb, etc.) and bandage it well so that this object compresses the damaged vessel.

If the bleeding is severe and it is not possible to apply a bandage, you should press the skin near the edge of the wound with your fingers so that the blood stops flowing. Finger pressure on the vessel must be carried out before the ambulance arrives.

A foreign body protruding from the wound should be fixed. This requires a long strip of bandage, a torn sheet, scarves tied together, and so on. The tape is placed so that the foreign body is in the middle, and the ends are wrapped around several times and secured to form a tight knot.

After stopping the bleeding and immobilizing the foreign body, ice or a heating pad with cold water should be applied closer to the wound, the victim should be well covered and urgently transported in a prone position to a medical facility.

If there is a detached skin flap, it must be wrapped in a sterile cloth, preferably placed in a cold place (but not on ice) and sent along with the victim. A traumatologist will most likely be able to use it for soft tissue repair.

Closed head injuries

A victim with a head injury must be given first aid and taken to the hospital as soon as possible.

If the bones of the upper part of the skull are damaged, it is very difficult to determine whether there is a fracture without an X-ray examination. Therefore, if the blow fell on the scalp, do not think that this is a simple bruise. The victim must be put on a stretcher without a pillow, put ice on his head and transported to the hospital. If such an injury is accompanied by vomiting, impaired consciousness, breathing and blood circulation, assistance should be provided according to the symptoms, up to performing artificial respiration and chest compressions.

One of the most severe injuries is a fracture of the base of the skull. It occurs when falling from a height, and this fracture damages the brain. A characteristic symptom of this injury is the discharge of a colorless liquid (liquor) or blood from the ears or nostrils. In addition, when the facial nerve is injured, facial asymmetry appears. There may be a rare pulse. A day later, another characteristic symptom develops: hemorrhages in the eye sockets, resembling panda eyes or glasses.

Transportation of such a victim should be as careful as possible, without shaking the stretcher. The patient can be placed on them in two ways: lying on his stomach, but under strict control so that there is no vomiting. The second way is to carry the person in a supine position, but at the same time pin the tongue 2 cm from its edge with a sterilized (heated) safety pin to the collar. You can also open the victim’s mouth slightly and place a bandage over the tongue, attaching it to the lower jaw to prevent tongue retraction and suffocation.

When vomiting, the patient's head is carefully turned to one side.

Maxillofacial trauma

The bruise is accompanied by swelling and pain. The lips quickly swell and become inactive. First aid is a pressure bandage and cold applied to the injury site.

If the lower jaw is fractured, a person is unable to speak. There is copious flow of saliva from the half-open mouth. Even if consciousness is preserved, if the jaw is broken, there is a danger of tongue retraction and suffocation.

A fracture of the upper jaw is less common. It is accompanied by severe pain and very rapid accumulation of blood in the subcutaneous tissue, changing the shape of the face.

The first action in such a situation is to fix the tongue and prevent it from retracting. Then, with a finger wrapped in a clean cloth, you should clean the oral cavity.

Sometimes severe bleeding develops that does not stop after applying a bandage. In this case, you need to press one of two points with your finger:

in front of the tragus of the ear near the cheekbone;
on the lower jaw in front of the anterior edge of the masticatory muscle (approximately at the level at the angle of the mouth).

In case of ineffectiveness, the carotid artery on the injured side will have to be pressed before the doctors arrive.

It is necessary to secure the jaw fragments. To do this, wrap a stick or ruler in a clean cloth and pass it through the mouth, and the protruding ends are tightly fixed with a bandage around the head.

The victim is transported lying on his stomach to prevent him from choking on blood. If the patient has turned pale or dizzy, the lower end of the stretcher should be raised to improve blood supply to the brain. At the same time, care must be taken to ensure that the bleeding does not increase.

Dislocation of the lower jaw

It can develop as a result of strong yawning, laughter, or a blow. Elderly people experience habitual jaw dislocation.

Signs:

open mouth;
severe drooling;
difficulty moving the jaw;
speech is almost impossible.

Help with habitual dislocation consists in its reduction. The person providing assistance stands in front of the victim, who is sitting on a chair. The thumbs are inserted into the mouth along the lower molars. The jaw is forced back and down. If the procedure is successful, jaw movements and speech are restored.

Of the gunshot wounds to the head, the mildest are soft tissue wounds, since they damage only the integument of the skull. These injuries occur in cases where the wounding projectile was at its end (i.e., had a low impact force) or had a tangential flight direction.

During the Second World War, this type of injury was observed in more than half (54.6%) of wounded animals. Mostly they ended in complete recovery.

The abundant development of connective tissue layers, densely intertwining the muscles of the facial skull, the relatively small thickness of the muscle layers and the poverty of loose fiber determine the nature of the simplest soft tissue wounds. Here, as a rule, deep pockets, hematomas and niches are rarely found, but there are often wounds with detachment of skin flaps. In addition, low tissue mobility and a well-developed vascular system provide a fairly high regenerative ability of tissues. Soft tissue wounds in the head area heal relatively quickly and without serious complications without much loss of substance. Only with wounds penetrating into the oral cavity, with damage to bone tissue and the Stenon duct of the parotid gland, long-term non-healing fistulas remain.

Wounds of the soft tissues of the head are dangerous in that when they become infected, microbes can spread through the lymphatic and venous vessels to the meninges and brain and cause meningitis, meningoencephalitis and brain abscess. A peculiar complication of wounds of the soft tissues of the head is suppuration around a foreign body. It may cause the formation of a fistula with purulent discharge.

In rare cases, combat wounds of the soft tissues of the head are complicated by osteomyelitis. As a rule, osteomyelitis is limited, and the bones of the arch are affected. According to the pathological picture, superficial and deep osteomyelitis are distinguished. With superficial osteomyelitis, the outer plate of the skull bones is affected, in which many small sequestra are formed, separated from the rest of the bone by a zone of demarcation inflammation. In this zone the bone is gray-yellow in color and appears to be corroded. With deep osteomyelitis, necrotic-purulent inflammation spreads to the outer plate and spongy substance, or the entire area of the bone is affected with the formation of sequestration. The latter is an oval or oblong plate, yellowish in color, with jagged edges, a smooth outer and rough inner surface. Sutures of the skull do not prevent the spread of the process.

The most important causes of traumatic osteomyelitis are necrosis of the outer plate of the bone due to detachment of the periosteum during injury or surgery, as well as hemorrhage into the spongy substance and prolonged suppuration of the soft tissues. Osteomyelitis maintains suppuration of the wound or leads to the formation of a fistula with purulent discharge, in some cases to the spread of purulent inflammation to the dura mater. It can also cause the development of leptomeningitis, brain abscesses and septicopyemia. However, these complications are relatively rare.

First aid for injuries to the soft tissues of the head consists of stopping the bleeding, treating the circumference and the wound itself with an alcohol solution of iodine (be careful when wounding the eyelids!). Surgical treatment of small wounds is carried out by a veterinarian of the unit (part). Anatomical conditions in most cases make it possible to make a complete excision of the wound with the imposition of a deaf or partial suture; in the future, short-term hospitalization or outpatient treatment is required.

For gaping wounds in the eyelid area, wounds penetrating into the oral cavity and extensive defects, surgical treatment is carried out in VEO, since in these cases more complex intervention is required in order to prevent eyelid inversion, the development of a chronic fistula and reduce tissue defects using simple plastic techniques.

For large defects, to reduce tension and avoid eyelid deformation, it is necessary to make loosening incisions using the Celsus, Dieffenbach or Burov method (depending on the shape of the defect).

Through sutures should not be applied to the wound of the cheek, since communication between the suture channel and the oral cavity can cause suppuration. For wounds of the eyelids and lips, it is better to use a rolled suture and a Medvedev bandage.

Epithelized fistulas are operated on according to the Sapozhkov method. Using a circular incision to the submucosal layer of the cheek, separate the inner wall of the fistula canal; screw the freed flap into the oral cavity; From the side of the fresh wound surface, close the canal with several submersible sutures, and apply a suture with rollers to the skin wound.

Ministry of the Russian Federation for Science and Education

Municipal educational institution Klevantsovskaya secondary school of Ostrovsky district, Kostroma region

Related tests

"First Aid"

Completed by: Abronov Alexander Nikolaevich teacher of life safety, NVP

Kostroma-2010

Introduction.

The main function of the test is a supervisory function, which consists in monitoring the knowledge and skills of students, determining whether students have achieved a basic level of training, mastering the mandatory minimum content of the discipline.

There are current, thematic and final tests of students' knowledge. All types of verification are carried out using different forms, methods and techniques.

Testing has a number of advantages over traditional forms and methods; it naturally fits into modern pedagogical concepts, allows you to use class time more efficiently, cover a larger volume of content, quickly establish feedback with students and determine the results of mastering the material, focus on gaps in knowledge and make adjustments to them. Test control ensures simultaneous testing of the knowledge of the entire class and forms their motivation to prepare for each lesson, disciplines them.

Explanatory note to the tests

General provisions

The presented tests are grouped by sections and types of first aid. The tests are made according to the “select-check” type, which allows you to perform them quickly without any lengthy preparatory steps.

It is possible to use tests both directly for a specific section in the process of studying it (checking homework, reflection), and comprehensively for several sections as a final assessment. Also, the presented tests can be offered to students as a basic platform for creating their own tests.

The electronic version allows you to quickly and easily create test tasks of any volume and complexity with minimal time, while it is necessary to maintain continuous numbering of sections and tests in sections for consistency with the table of answers.

Test preparation.

The testing organizer prepares forms for testing in advance. The form includes questions with possible answers and a task card. It is possible to use a test form without a task card, but in this case the test taker must independently write down the question number and the selected answer on a separate sheet (extra time is spent, errors in writing), or the answers will be indicated directly on the test forms (one-time test forms). Test takers need to choose the correct answer option. In all tests there is only one correct answer. This allows you to avoid different interpretations when summing up. In individual tasks, you must indicate the order of answers. The form is created in such a way that when checking the correct answers, you can clearly see the selected answer options by the test participants.

Questions have 3 difficulty levels:

1. Least complexity.

2. Medium difficulty.

3.Increased complexity.

The numbering of questions of the least complexity is not accompanied by anything.

Numbering of questions of medium complexity - accompanied by a sign - *

Numbering of questions of increased complexity - accompanied by a sign - **

2.2 Test control conditions:

During the test, any outside help is prohibited.

Test participants have only writing materials with them. (There should not be any reference material).

Before testing, students get acquainted with the conditions of the test.

There is a specific amount of time to complete the test.

Tasks can be completed in any order.

The correct answer is marked with any sign (cross, tick, circle, etc.).

Testing begins simultaneously for all participants.

The final result.

Determined by the number of correct answers to all questions.

3. An approximate example of a task card

question number

Chosen Answer

Specify the order of answers

C, B, D, A, D

B, A, B, D, D

C, D, A, B

V, F, I

B, A, D, C, D

Tests

1. Bleeding

1.1 What is hypoxia?

A - oxygen starvation;

B- dehydration of the body;

B- overheating of the body;

G- cooling the body;

D - thermal irradiation.

1.2 Bleeding is

A- poisoning with hazardous substances;

B- respiratory function;

B - high blood pressure;

D- bleeding from blood vessels when the integrity of their walls is damaged;

D - bone fracture.

1.3 How to stop heavy venous bleeding?

A- apply a pressure bandage;

B- apply a tourniquet;

B- treat the wound with alcohol and cover with a sterile cloth;

D- disinfect with alcohol and treat with iodine;

D- sprinkle with salt.

1.4 If the carotid artery is injured, it is urgent to:

A- Apply a tight bandage.

B- apply a tourniquet.

B- pinch the artery below the wound with your finger.

1.5 When wounded, blood flows in a continuous stream. It's bleeding

A- Parenchymatous

B-Venous.

B- Capillary.

G- Arterial..

1.6 Characteristic signs of arterial bleeding:

A- The blood is dark in color and flows out in a steady stream.

B- Scarlet blood flows out in a pulsating stream.

B- The entire surface bleeds, flowing out in the form of small drops.

1.7 Arterial bleeding occurs when:

A- damage to any artery due to deep injury;

B- superficial wound;

B- shallow wound in case of damage to any of the vessels.

1.8 Reducing bleeding by giving an elevated position to the injured limb is mainly used for:

A - internal bleeding;

B- superficial wounds;

B- any wounds of the limb.

1.9 The most reliable way to stop bleeding in case of damage to large arterial vessels of the arms and legs is:

A - application of a pressure bandage;

B - finger pressure;

B - maximum flexion of the limb;

G - application of a tourniquet;

1.0 In case of an open fracture of the limb with severe bleeding of the wound, it is necessary first of all:

A - Treat the edge of the wound with iodine;

B - Immobilize the limb;

B - Wash the wound with hydrogen peroxide;

D - Stop the bleeding.

2. Application of a tourniquet

2.1 The tourniquet is applied:

A- With capillary bleeding.

B. For arterial and venous bleeding.

B. With parenchymal bleeding.

2.2 How to choose the right place for applying a hemostatic tourniquet in case of arterial bleeding?

B- 10-15 cm above the wound;

B - 15-20 cm below the wound;

G - 20-25 cm below the wound;

D - 30 cm below the wound.

2.3 How to choose the right place to apply a hemostatic tourniquet for venous bleeding?

A- apply a tourniquet to the treated wound;

B- 10-15 cm above the wound;

B- 30 cm below the wound;

G - 20-25 cm below the wound;

D - 10-15 cm below the wound;

2.4 How long should a tourniquet be applied in the summer?

A- For an hour

B- At 1 hour 30 minutes

B- For 2 hours

G- For 2 hours 30 minutes

D-For 3 hours

2.5 How long should a tourniquet be applied in winter?

A- For an hour

B- At 1 hour 30 minutes

B- For 2 hours

G- For 2 hours 30 minutes

D-For 3 hours

2.6 Instead of a tourniquet you can use:

A - Pressure bandage.

B- Spin.

B- Cold to the wound.

G-Compress

2.7* What information must be indicated in the note attached to the harness:

A - last name, first name, patronymic of the victim, time of injury;

B - date and exact time (hours and minutes) of application of the tourniquet;

B - date, exact time (hours and minutes) of applying the tourniquet, as well as the surname, first name, patronymic of the victim, surname, first name of the person who applied the tourniquet.

2.8 In the field, if there is a wound to the lower leg with severe pulsating bleeding, it is possible

A- apply a tight bandage made of clean cloth and cotton wool;

B- tighten the femoral artery;

B- apply a tight sterile bandage;

D- tighten the popliteal artery with a scarf.

2.9 How many minutes after applying the tourniquet should it be loosened for a few minutes?

A- 30-50 min;

B-30-40 min;

B- 20-30 min;

G- 20-25 min.

2.0 What can result from continuous prolonged exposure of a limb with a tourniquet applied (more than 2 hours)

A - increased temperature of the limb, tingling pain, redness of the skin;

B- to the entry into the blood of a significant amount of toxins from the tissues above the tourniquet and the development of traumatic toxicosis;

D - to the entry into the blood of a significant amount of toxins from the tissues below the tourniquet and the development of traumatic toxicosis.

3. Injuries

3.1 How to properly treat a wound?

A- disinfect the wound with alcohol and tie it tightly;

B- moisten gauze with iodine and apply to the wound;

B- treat the wound with hydrogen peroxide;

G- lubricate the wound itself with iodine;

D- sprinkle with salt

3.2 Closed injuries include:

A- dislocations, sprains, bruises;

B- abrasions and wounds;

B - scratches and cuts.

3.3 In case of frostbite on a skin area, you must:

A- Grind with snow.

B- Warm up and give a warm drink.

B- Rub with a mitten.

3.4** What is the sequence of first aid for tick bites:

A - wash your hands with soap, put a drop of oil, kerosene or Vaseline on the place where the tick was attached, remove the tick with tweezers by shaking from side to side, treat the bite site with alcohol and iodine, send the victim to a medical facility;

B- place a drop of iodine on the place where the tick has attached itself, remove the tick with tweezers by gently shaking it from side to side, treat the bite site with alcohol and iodine;

B- wash your hands with soap, put a drop of oil, kerosene or Vaseline on the place where the tick was attached, and then treat with alcohol and iodine, send the victim to a medical facility

3.5 Pneumothorax is:

A- Open abdominal wound

B- Difficulty breathing

B- Type of lung disease

G- Open wound of the chest.

3.6** Determine the correctness and sequence of providing first aid to a victim with a closed pneumothorax:

A- if possible, give the victim oxygen, call an ambulance, keep the spine motionless, give the victim a sedative;

B- give the victim a sedative, maintain the required body temperature of the victim, put cold on the sternum, call an ambulance;

B- give the victim an anesthetic, give him an elevated position with a raised head, if possible, give oxygen, urgently call an ambulance.

3.7* The victim has severe abdominal pain, dry tongue, nausea, vomiting, the stomach is swollen, “the stomach is like a board. The patient lies on his back or side with his legs bent at the knees and hips. Our actions

A- warmth on the stomach and rapid transportation to the surgical department of the hospital

B- cold on the stomach and rapid transportation to the surgical department of the hospital

B - cold on the stomach, give fluids and quickly transport to the surgical department of the hospital

3.8* In case of open injury to the abdomen, it is necessary

A- An aseptic bandage is applied to the wound. If intestinal loops or omentum prolapse into the wound, the organs should be set and bandaged.

B- Give the patient something to drink. An aseptic bandage is applied to the wound.

B- An aseptic dressing is applied to the wound. If intestinal loops or omentum prolapse into the wound, the organs are not reduced; it is necessary to cover them with a sterile gauze pad or ironed cotton cloth and bandage them loosely.

3.9** The victim fell from a height, paralysis of the legs, it is necessary

A - Complete rest. The victim is placed with his back on a shield placed on a stretcher. A small cushion is placed under the lumbar region. If there is no shield, the victim can be transported on a stretcher in a prone position, with clothing or a folded blanket placed under the chest and hips. Urgent hospitalization

B- The victim is seated sitting. A small cushion is placed under the lumbar region. Urgent hospitalization

B- The victim is placed on a soft stretcher with his back. A small cushion is placed under the lumbar region. If there is no stretcher, the victim can be transported by hand. Urgent hospitalization

3.0 In case of a laceration of the soft tissues of the head, it is necessary

A- apply a bandage, numb the pain and deliver the victim to a medical facility;

B- apply a bandage, anesthetize;

B- Apply an aseptic bandage, anesthetize and transport the victim to a medical facility.

4. Fractures

4.1 This is a turning point

A - destruction of soft tissue of bones;

B- cracks, chips, fractures of keratinized parts of the body;

B - cracks, chips, crushing of bones.

4.2* How to provide first aid for a broken pelvic bone?

A- treat the fracture site with a disinfectant and apply a splint;

B- place the victim on a flat, hard surface, place a bolster under the bent and spread knee joints (frog pose);

B- place on a hard surface, apply two splints on the inner and outer sides of the thigh;

S-straighten your legs, lay still and call a doctor;

D - do not touch the victim.

4.3 In case of an open fracture with bone displacement, it is necessary:

B- Correct the displacement and bandage it

G- Bandage the wound without disturbing the fracture, and apply a splint.

4.4 In case of a closed fracture with bone displacement, it is necessary:

A- Correct the displacement and apply a splint

B- Apply a splint

B- Apply a splint to return the bones to their original position

G- Bandage the wound without disturbing the fracture, and apply a splint

4.5 When the spine and pelvic bones are fractured, paralysis occurs...

A - parts of the body below the fracture site;

B- Lower extremities.

B- Upper limbs.

4.6* Determine the sequence of first aid for open fractures:

A- give the victim a comfortable position, carefully set the bone to its original position, apply a bandage and immobilize, deliver the victim to a medical facility;

B- give an anesthetic, immobilize the limb, refer the victim to a medical facility;

B-stop the bleeding, apply a sterile bandage, give an anesthetic, immobilize, deliver the victim to a medical facility.

4.7 In case of an open fracture, first of all it is necessary:

B- immobilize the limb in the position in which it was at the time of injury;

B- Apply a sterile bandage to the wound in the area of the fracture;

G- stop the bleeding.

4.8 When providing first aid in case of a fracture, the following is prohibited:

A- carry out immobilization of injured limbs;

B- insert bone fragments into place and set the protruded bone back into place;

B- stop bleeding.

4.9 Name the signs of a closed fracture

A - pain, swelling;

B- bleeding, pain, itching;

B - pain, swelling, bleeding;

4.0 Name the signs of an open fracture

A - pain, swelling;

B- open wound, visible bone tissue, pain, impaired motor function of the damaged organ

C- pain, swelling, bleeding

D- violation of the motor function of the damaged organ, pain, swelling, deformity at the site of injury.

5. Sprains, dislocations

5.1 Dislocation is

A - displacement of the limb during a sharp movement;

B- displacement of bones relative to each other;

B - persistent displacement of the articular ends of the bones;

D - persistent displacement of the joint.

5.2 The main signs of traumatic dislocation

A - sharp pain;

B- sharp pain, fever;

B - sharp pain, swelling;

D- sharp pain, change in the shape of the joint, impossibility of movement in it or their limitation.

5.3** First aid for ruptured ligaments and muscles is:

A - apply cold and a tight bandage to the damaged area, ensure the victim is calm, give him an anesthetic and take the victim to a medical facility;

B - apply a tight bandage to the damaged area, ensure the victim is calm, give him an anesthetic and take the victim to a medical facility;

B- urgently steam out the damaged area, and then apply a tight bandage, provide rest to the victim, give him an anesthetic, give the injured limb an elevated position and deliver the victim to a medical facility.

5.4* What is the sequence of first aid for a sprain:

A - apply a tight bandage on the injured area, ensure the rest of the injured limb, lowering it as low as possible to the ground, and deliver the victim to a medical facility;

B - apply cold and apply a tight bandage to the damaged area, ensure rest of the injured limb, give it an elevated position and deliver the victim to a medical facility;

B- ensure rest of the injured limb, give it an elevated position and deliver the victim to a medical facility

5.5* While playing football, one of the team players fell on his hand. He developed severe pain, deformity, and abnormal mobility in his forearm. What first aid should you provide:

A- give an anesthetic, apply a pressure bandage and deliver to a medical facility;

B- give an anesthetic, bend the arm at a right angle at the elbow joint and immobilize it with a splint or improvised means and take it to a medical facility;

B- lubricate the injury site with iodine, give an anesthetic and take it to a medical facility.

5.6 Immobilization is

A - gathering of military personnel;

B- bringing parts of the body into a free state;

B- bringing a part of the body (limb, spine) to a stationary state.

5.7 A splint made of hard material is applied

A - on a naked body

B- on a twisted scarf

B - on cotton wool, a towel or other soft fabric without folds

5.8 During immobilization, fix

A - damaged joint

B - damaged and adjacent joint

B - all joints

5.9 Can be used as a tire

A - ski pole, board, towel;

B- a piece of board, a suitable tree branch, a ski;

B - ski pole, board, towel, flexible cable, piece of board, suitable tree branch, ski.

5.0 In the absence of a suitable splint for a fracture of the tibia, it is possible

A- immobilize the limb with tape;

B- immobilize the limb using glue and tarpaulin;

B - bandage the sore leg to the healthy one.

6. ERP

6.1 When to perform resuscitation

A - with a fracture;

B- for bleeding;

B - when there is no breathing and cardiac activity;

G - with a dislocated leg;

D - no correct answer

6.2 When should chest compressions be used?

A- after the victim is released from the dangerous factor;

B- with increased blood pressure;

B- when there is no pulse;

G- when using artificial respiration;

D - for bleeding

6.3 In what sequence is it necessary to provide first aid to a victim when his cardiac activity and breathing cease?

A- clear the airways, perform artificial respiration and external cardiac massage;

B- perform a heart massage, clear the airways, and then perform artificial respiration;

IN- open the airways, perform artificial respiration and cardiac massage.

**Choose from the given answer options the correct actions to determine signs of clinical death:

A - Determine the presence of swelling of the extremities;

B - Ensure full breathing activity;

IN - Make sure there is no breathing;

G - Make sure there is no consciousness;

D - Make sure the victim is speechless;

E - Make sure that the pupils react to light;

AND - Make sure that the pupils do not react to light;

Z - Make sure the victim has bruises, head or spinal injuries;

AND - Make sure there is no pulse in the carotid artery;

TO - Determine whether the victim has hearing.

Determine the sequence of resuscitation for the victim:

A- produce a precordial blow in the sternum;

B- place the victim on his back on a hard surface;

B - carry out artificial ventilation of the lungs;

D - start chest compressions;

D - call an ambulance or urgently take the victim to the hospital.

6.6** When providing resuscitation care, it is necessary:

A- put the victim on his back on a soft surface, perform a precordial blow to the neck, begin chest compressions and artificial ventilation of the lungs, urgently take the victim to the hospital;

B- put the victim on his back on a hard surface, perform a precordial blow in the sternum, begin chest compressions and artificial ventilation, call an ambulance or urgently take the victim to the hospital;

B- strike in the area of the xiphoid process, begin chest compressions and artificial ventilation of the lungs, call an ambulance or urgently take the victim to the hospital.

6.7** The victim needs to have an indirect cardiac massage. What is the sequence of your actions:

A- put the victim on a flat, hard surface, kneel on the left side of the victim parallel to his longitudinal axis, place two palms at once on the heart area, while the fingers should be unclenched, alternately press on the sternum, first with the right, then with the left palm;

B- put the victim on the bed or sofa and stand on his left side, place your palms at the projection point of the heart on the sternum, press on the sternum with your hands with bent fingers alternately rhythmically every 2-3 seconds;

B- put the victim on a flat hard surface, kneel on the left side of the victim parallel to his longitudinal axis, place the palm of one hand on the lower third of the sternum (2-2.5 cm above the xiphoid process), cover the first with the palm of the other hand for strengthening pressure. The fingers of both hands should not touch the chest, the thumbs should look in different directions, press on the chest only with straight arms, using body weight, do not lift the palms from the victim’s sternum, make each next movement after the chest returns to its original position.

6.8** What are the correct actions to apply a precordial blow to the sternum:

A - a precordial blow, short and quite sharp, is applied to a point located on the sternum 2-3 cm above the xiphoid process, the elbow of the hand delivering the blow should be directed along the victim’s body, immediately after the blow, find out whether the heart has resumed its work

B - a precordial blow is applied with a palm to a point located on the sternum above the xiphoid process by 2-3 cm and 2 cm to the left of the center of the sternum, the elbow of the arm striking should be directed across the body of the victim, the blow should be sliding;

a precordial blow is applied with the edge of a palm clenched into a fist to a point located on the sternum 2-3 cm above the xiphoid process, immediately after the blow, check the pulse.

6.9* In the text below, determine the correct actions for gastric lavage:

A - give the victim to drink at least 2 glasses of boiled water or a weak solution of baking soda and, irritating the root of the tongue with your fingers, induce vomiting;

B- give the victim at least 2 glasses of cold tap water to drink, pressing on the abdomen, induce vomiting;

B- give the victim 2 cups of acetic essence to drink and, pressing on the neck, induce vomiting.

6.0 "Cat's eye" sign

A - clinical death;

B- agony;

B- fainting, traumatic shock;

G-biological death.

7. Burns

7.1* Determine the sequence of first aid for chemical burns with acid:

A-give an anesthetic;

B- rinse the skin with running water;

B- remove clothing soaked with acid from a person;

D- wash the damaged area with a weak solution of baking soda;

D - deliver the victim to a medical facility.

7.2 Determine the sequence of first aid for a chemical burn with alkali:

A- rinse the skin with running water;

B- rinse the damaged area with a weak solution (1-2%) of acetic acid;

B - remove clothes soaked in alkali;

D- deliver the victim to a medical facility;

D-give a painkiller.

7.3* In case of a burn, you must:

A - remove a hot object from the surface of the body, cut off clothing with scissors, apply cold to the damaged surface for 5-10 minutes, disinfect the healthy skin around the burn, apply a sterile bandage to the burned surface and send the victim to a medical facility;

B - remove a hot object from the surface of the body, cut off clothes with scissors, lubricate the damaged surface with iodine and then with oil, apply a sterile bandage and send the victim to a medical facility;

B- remove a hot object from the surface of the body without cutting off clothes with scissors, pour oil on the burnt surface, apply a sterile bandage and send the victim to a medical facility.

7.4In case of a third degree burn, immediately call an ambulance and:

A - Pour water over the bubbles;

B - Give the victim plenty of fluid;

B - Treat the skin with fat or brilliant green;

7.5* The fire victim has deep tissue damage (subcutaneous tissue, muscles, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, bones), his feet are partially charred, what is the degree of burn?

A-I

B-II

B-IIIa

G-IIIb

D-IV

7.6* Signs of heat stroke

A - increased body temperature, chills, fatigue, headache, dizziness, redness of the facial skin, a sharp increase in heart rate and breathing, noticeable loss of appetite, nausea, profuse sweating;

B - decrease in body temperature, chills, weakness, headache, dizziness, redness of the facial skin, sharp increase in pulse and breathing, noticeable loss of appetite, nausea;

B- increased body temperature, headache, redness of the facial skin, profuse sweating.

7.7* Causes contributing to frostbite

A - low air humidity, hard physical work, warm clothes, forced prolonged exposure to the cold (skiers, climbers);

B- high air humidity, strong wind, tight damp shoes, forced prolonged immobile position, prolonged exposure to the cold (skiers, climbers), alcohol intoxication;

B - low ambient temperature, hard physical work, warm clothes, forced prolonged exposure to the cold (skiers, climbers).

7.8* In case of shallow frostbite of the auricles, nose, cheeks

And they are rubbed with snow until reddened. Then wipe with 70% ethyl alcohol and lubricate with Vaseline oil or some kind of fat.

B- they are rubbed with a warm hand or a soft cloth until redness. Then wipe with cold water and lubricate with Vaseline oil or some kind of fat.

B- they are rubbed with a warm hand or a soft cloth until redness. Then wipe with 70% ethyl alcohol and lubricate with Vaseline oil or some kind of fat.

7.9* In case of thermal shock,

A - undress the victim, lay him on his back with his limbs raised and his head bowed, put cold compresses on the head, neck, chest, give plenty of cold drinks;

B- put the victim to bed, give tea, coffee; in severe cases, the victim should be placed on his back with his limbs lowered and his head raised;

B- put the victim to bed, give cold drinks; in severe cases, the victim should be placed on his back with his limbs lowered and his head raised.

7.0 During heavy physical work in a room with high air temperature and humidity, it is possible

A - sunstroke;

B- traumatic shock;

B - traumatic toxicosis;

G-heatstroke.

8. Head bruises, concussions, traumatic shock, heart failure

8.1 Determine the sequence of first aid for fainting:

A- spray your face with cold water;

B- give the legs an elevated position;

B- place the victim on his back with his head slightly tilted back;

D - unfasten the collar and allow fresh air to enter.

8.2* Determine the sequence of first aid for a concussion:

A - urgently call a doctor, ensure absolute rest for the victim, apply cold to his head;

B- put cold on the victim’s head, give him strong tea or coffee, escort him to a medical facility;

B- Give the victim painkillers and sedatives, take him to a medical facility.

8.3* As a result of the fall, the teenager developed nausea and vomiting, and coordination of movements was impaired. What is the sequence of actions to provide first aid:

A- give painkillers and take the teenager to the nearest clinic or hospital;

B- do a gastric lavage, give an enema, give a sedative;

B- ensure rest, apply a cold compress to the head, call an ambulance.

8.4 In case of traumatic shock, first of all it is necessary:

A- create a calm environment for the victim (exclude irritating noises), give an anesthetic;

B- carry out temporary immobilization, ensure complete rest for the victim, refer the victim to a medical institution;

B- eliminate the effect of the traumatic factor, stop the bleeding, give pain relief, treat the wound, apply a pressure bandage.

8.5 Sudden loss of consciousness is:

A - Shock;

B - Fainting;

B - Migraine;

G - Collapse.

8.6** Causes of heart failure can be:

A- rheumatic lesions of the heart muscle, heart defects, myocardial infarction, physical overexertion, metabolic disorders and vitamin deficiencies;

B - internal and external bleeding, damage to the musculoskeletal system, fatigue, heat and sunstroke;

B - severe injuries accompanied by blood loss, crushing of soft tissues, crushing of bones, extensive thermal burns.

8.7** Signs of concussion

A - short-term loss of consciousness, vomiting, loss of memory for events preceding the injury (retrograde amnesia), headache, dizziness, tinnitus, unsteady gait, dilated pupils;

B- short-term loss of consciousness, headache, dizziness, sleep disturbance;

B- headache, vomiting, dizziness, sleep disturbance;

8.8* Main causes of traumatic shock

A- overwork, overload, blood loss;

B- pain, large blood loss, intoxication due to the absorption of decay products of dead and crushed tissue, damage to vital organs with disruption of their functions

B- pain, blood loss, intoxication due to the absorption of alcohol breakdown products, damage to vital organs.

8.9 Normal blood pressure is

A - 120/60 mm. rt. Art.;

B - 140/80 mm. rt. Art.;

B - 130-120/80 mm. rt. Art.

If the blood pressure is 160/110, the patient is prohibited

A - drink tea, coffee;

B- lie on a soft bed;

B- drink cranberry juice.

9. Bandages

9.1 For injuries to the back of the head, a bandage is applied:

A - Kosynochnaya

B - Spiral;

B - Cruciform.

9.2 Any bandage begins with fixing moves. It means:

A- fixation of the second round of the bandage to the third;

B- the second round of the bandage must be secured to the first with a pin or hairpin;

B - the first round must be secured by bending the tip of the bandage and secured with the second round.

9.3* Find the mistake made when listing the purpose of the bandage:

A- bandage protects the wound from exposure to air:

B- bandage protects the wound from contamination

B - the bandage covers the wound;

G-bandage reduces pain.

9.4 When applying a bandage, it is prohibited

A- touch the sterile part of the bandage in contact with the wound with your hands;

B- touch with your hands the sterile part of the bandage that is not in contact with the wound;

B- twist the bandage

9.5 Bandaging is usually carried out

A - from left to right, from the periphery to the center;

B - from right to left, from the periphery to the center;

B - from left to right, from center to periphery.

9.6 For injuries to the cheeks and chin area, apply

A - “bonnet” bandage

B - frenulum bandage

B- bandage - "Hippocrates' cap"

9.7 For damage to the scalp, apply

A- bandage - "Hippocrates' cap"

B - frenulum bandage

B - “bonnet” bandage

9.8* When applying a bandage with an open pneumotrux, it is necessary

A- Apply a rubberized PPM sheath (medical dressing bag) to the wound with the inner side without prior lining with a gauze napkin;

B- apply any airtight material directly to the wound

B - bandage the wound with a sterile bandage.

9.9* To provide first aid for open injuries (wounds, burns), it is most convenient to use as an aseptic dressing

A - sterile bandage;

B- medical dressing package (PPM)

B - sterile bandage, cotton wool.

9.0 In case of a bullet wound to the soft tissues of the leg, it is necessary

A - strengthening bandage;

B - pressure bandage;

B - immobilizing bandage;

G - thick bandage.

Bibliography

1. Zavyalov V.N., Gogolev M.I., Mordvinov V.S., ed. Kurtseva P.A. Medical and sanitary training of students: Proc. for medium textbook Establishments. M.: Education 1988.

2. M.P. Frolov, E.N. Litvinov, A.T. Smirnov and others; Ed. Yu.L. Vorobyova OBZH: 9, 10, 11th grade: Textbook for general education institutions..-M.: LLC “AST Publishing House”. 2003.

The vast majority of people at least once in their lives have encountered bruises or penetrating head wounds, blows or concussions, as well as neck injuries received as a result of an accident, sports, or at home. Applying a bandage is one of the first aid techniques for neck and head injuries. In this case, bandages can be varied, and their application can have different effects - from reducing swelling to stopping bleeding. Thus, bandages can be therapeutic, pressure and protective, and each type requires certain skills and abilities to apply, as well as basic knowledge of providing medical care for neck and head injuries.

Types of dressings used for head and neck injuries

Applying a bandage to the neck or head may be necessary in various cases - to stop bleeding, for immobilization, for cuts, bruises or scratches. At the same time, the type of bandage, as well as the material used for it, may be different. Particular attention must be paid to wounds and injuries associated with violation of the integrity of the skin, as well as bleeding and bleeding wounds, since in these cases there is a possibility of infection in the wound.

Therapeutic dressings are specially impregnated with various ointments and medicinal agents that help accelerate tissue healing. Protective, in turn, protect the site of injury or damage from infection and suppuration. Applying a pressure bandage is one way to stop bleeding.

What can be used to make a bandage? The most commonly used dressing material is medical gauze. Its advantage is its availability in any pharmacy, sterility and low price, as well as the naturalness of the material itself. If gauze is not at hand, and assistance to the victim must be provided urgently, any clean and natural fabric, preferably white, will do. In order to ensure at least minimal disinfection, the fabric should be ironed on both sides.

In order for the fabric or gauze to have an effect on blood clotting and promote wound healing, it can be soaked in a special ointment, for example, Levomekol or Baneocin. A layer of sterile cotton wool or gauze must be placed between the wound surface and the bandage.

First aid and dressing for neck injuries

Injuries and injuries to the neck can occur in various cases - during a fall, while diving in shallow water, during various accidents, natural disasters and catastrophes. Injury to the cervical spine is easy to identify - the affected person feels pain in the neck, as well as a significant limitation of its mobility. Open wounds are easily identified by the presence of a violation of the integrity of the skin.

Such injuries and wounds are dangerous for humans, since the neck, firstly, contains the respiratory tract, and secondly, it contains the spine, spinal cord and important arteries. Compression of blood vessels or the spinal cord in the cervical region can cause death.

When providing first aid to a victim with an injured neck, one should not make sudden movements, pushes, bend too much or move the neck intensively. To open the airways, you can not tilt the person's head back - you need to gently grab the chin with your fingers and pull it up.

The most dangerous condition for the victim is bleeding from the cervical artery. Without immediate medical attention, a person will die in a matter of minutes. Therefore, even if the victim has no pulse and breathing, and cervical bleeding is observed, the first resuscitation measure will be to stop it, the second is to restore respiratory and cardiac activity.

The carotid artery is a paired vessel that is located on the neck and has two branches: left and right. If it is the carotid artery that is damaged, it is necessary to pinch one of its branches with a finger. Next, you need to clamp the wound itself, for example, with a skein of gauze or a bandage, after which a pressure bandage is applied to the victim.

To apply such a bandage to the neck, a bandage, gauze or cloth must be wrapped in a circular motion across the side of the neck where the injury is localized, and through the opposite arm, lifting it up and passing the bandage under it. Another option for a pressure bandage on the neck is to apply a splint to the healthy side of the neck.

Fractures of the cervical spine are a condition no less dangerous than bleeding, as it can provoke displacement of the cervical vertebrae, poor circulation, and even suffocation. First of all, the victim should be laid face up on a hard surface, and the head and neck should be completely immobilized. If a person has no breathing or pulse, it is necessary to first take resuscitation measures to restore them, that is, perform artificial respiration. In such cases, an Elansky, Bashmakov or Shants splint, as well as a cotton-gauze collar, can be applied; in addition, a special soft circle or improvised materials, for example, clothing, a towel, bags, can be used to immobilize the patient.

The Elansky tire is a collapsible structure that cannot be constructed from available materials. To apply it, you need to have a dismountable kit on hand, and you also need to have some medical skills. It consists of a wooden base to which special belts are attached.

The Bashmakov splint also requires two stair splints, as well as cotton wool and bandages.

A simpler option is a Shants splint, or a cardboard-gauze collar. It requires:

cardboard;
cotton wool;
gauze;
bandage 14-16 centimeters wide.

The blank, which can be quickly made from cardboard, measures 430 by 140 millimeters. The cardboard is wrapped in a layer of cotton wool and a double layer of gauze. The victim’s head is carefully raised, a cardboard collar is placed under it, which is secured with gauze ties or bandages.

In order to secure the neck with a cotton-gauze collar, it is first wrapped in a thick layer of cotton wool, and then bandaged in a circle with a bandage. The bandage should not compress organs in the cervical region or interfere with breathing. The width of the layer of cotton wool should be such that it supports the head from above, and rests tightly against the clothing from below.

Applying immobilization structures to the neck is a complex process that can only be performed by someone who has a basic level of medical training. Attaching the splint to the head is difficult, and applying rigid compressive grips to the neck is impossible, since it blocks the airways and large cervical vessels.

It is more convenient to carry out all measures for applying immobilizing bandages to the neck together with an assistant who will carefully hold the victim’s head, preventing additional injury.

Bandages for head injuries: the basics of first aid

Head injuries are considered one of the most serious injuries, as they are especially life-threatening. In addition to a concussion, a person may be at risk of skull fractures and various types of traumatic brain injuries. If the victim notices the discharge of a light or yellow clear fluid from the ears or nose, as well as the appearance of bruises under the eyes, this may indicate mechanical damage to the brain.

The main rule of first aid for a head injury is to avoid sudden movements, pressure, and infection in the wound. It should be understood that only a qualified physician can provide medical assistance in such complex cases. It is necessary to check the victim’s pulse and breathing; if they are absent, you need to carefully carry out resuscitation measures - artificial respiration, cardiac massage. If there is a pulse and breathing, the victim simply needs to be laid on his side to prevent blockage of the airways, for example, by vomiting, and monitor him until doctors arrive. You cannot sit down or try to stand up a person with a head injury, even if he is conscious.

Applying a head bandage may be important if a person has bleeding that needs to be stopped, or if there is an open wound. If there are foreign bodies in the wound - pieces of metal, bones, glass - trying to remove them is strictly prohibited. The victim needs to apply a bandage using a “donut” - a rolled up roller made from scrap materials or cotton wool. To do this, cotton wool or fabric is rolled into a “sausage”, wrapped in a layer of gauze or bandage, and then placed around the protruding object. Next, the wound is covered with a sterile napkin and bandaged.

The most common types of dressings for head injuries are:

Cross bandage on the back of the head. Relevant for wounds and injuries of the occipital part of the head. To apply it, you need a long bandage 10-12 centimeters wide. If the victim is conscious, he is seated on a chair, facing the bandager. A coil of bandage is taken in the right hand, a strip of bandage is taken in the left. The end of the bandage is applied to the back of the head, after which it is wrapped around the head twice clockwise. Having brought the bandage to the back of the head, it is lowered to the neck, passed under the ear and wrapped around the head again. Several turns are performed around the head, overlapping the back of the head, followed by two-thirds rotations. The bandage is completed with a circular movement of the bandage, after which it is tied in the forehead area.

Cap. It is applied if the back of the head or forehead is damaged, and is carried out along the scalp. A piece of bandage 80-90 centimeters long is located on the parietal part of the head, the ends are held by the patient. The coil of the bandage is in the right hand, the beginning of the bandage is in the left. Around the forehead and back of the head, the bandage is drawn in a circle, then it is drawn along the frontal part to the tie, the tie is looped around, then the bandage is passed through the back of the head to the opposite side to another tie. The bandage is again wrapped around the tie and brought to the opposite edge, and so on until the entire scalp is covered. After this, the bandage is wrapped around one end of the tie and secured with a knot. Under the chin, the ends of the bandage are tied, which the patient held.

Eye bandaging. Head injuries may also result in eye injuries. In such cases, it is necessary to apply a monocular bandage or a fixing circle. Monocular headband on the back of the head, under the ear and across the cheek, and so on in a circle.

The fixation circle is applied by placing a bandage in the shape of the letter “X” above and below the ears through both eyes, with a cross on the bridge of the nose.

Bridle. This bandage covers the head almost completely, leaving only the face uncovered. A bandage is wrapped around the forehead and the back of the head, then it is brought to the chin and wrapped around the left and right temples. After this, the bandage is passed through the neck, the head is wrapped, and the end of the bandage is secured to the chin. The material of the bandage is fixed at the temple on the uninjured side.

Ear bandaging. A simple type of dressing, also called Neapolitan. In order to bandage the ears, you first need to make several fixing circles with a bandage around the head above the ears, after which you need to go down with the bandage to the affected part of the ear.

Hippocrates' cap. A more complex type of bandage that is applied simultaneously with two gauze or bandages. The first bandage is passed in a circle several times, the second is passed through the vault of the skull. In the forehead area, two bandages meet. After overlapping them on each other, the second bandage is passed through the first and directed to the back of the head. Behind the second bandage is passed under the first. Usually 3-4 circles are performed with each bandage at the same time.

Simple circular ligation. It is applied if the victim has minor damage to the forehead, occipital or temporal part of the head. A strip of bandage is placed on the crown, the ends hang down. The bandaging is done in a circle, after which the material is fixed in the forehead area.

Under any type of dressing directly on the wound, it is necessary to place sterile gauze pads or cotton pads, which will cover the wound surface and protect it from further damage. The edges of the wound should be treated with antiseptic drugs - chlorhexidine, peroxide solution, iodine or brilliant green. It is not recommended to pour cauterizing drugs into the wound itself, so as not to cause painful shock. If there is dirt in the wound, it can be washed with a peroxide solution or purified boiled water.

The first aid that can be provided to a wounded person with injuries to the neck and head is to assess his condition and the factors that threaten him. If the victim has no pulse or breathing, first of all it is necessary to carry out possible resuscitation measures. If there is extensive bleeding, it must be stopped before resuscitation can be performed. Cervical bleeding is especially dangerous, since, firstly, they can cause heavy blood loss and death of the affected person, and secondly, they are extremely difficult to stop in the absence of medical care. In case of head and neck injuries, if possible, it is necessary to immobilize the patient as much as possible, eliminate or mitigate the most acutely dangerous conditions (bleeding, lack of breathing), and then wait for help from the medical team.

A head injury is an injury that often occurs in everyday life. At first glance, it seems quite simple, but everything can turn out to be much more serious. The main danger lies in the fact that a bruise of the soft tissues of the head is a closed type injury, in which the skin is not affected. Sometimes there is damage to the integrity of the skin. In any case, such damage is often combined with other injuries - a skull fracture, a concussion, which can have dangerous consequences.

The danger also lies in the possibility of the formation of an extensive hematoma. It will put severe pressure on the brain, which may result in unforeseen consequences, including severe brain damage. Therefore, consultation with a specialist and proper treatment are extremely important.

Classification

The head has different lobes, which allows the injury to be classified:

Bruised forehead.
Contusion of the back of the head.
Bruised temple.
Damage to the parietal lobe, vault, or base of the skull.

In most cases, damage occurs to the occipital or frontal lobe. Injury to the parietal region is less common. Damage to the temporal part occurs least often. The most rare and at the same time difficult cases are when extensive damage is observed, which covers several head lobes.

Depending on the severity of the injury, the bruise is classified as follows:

Minor injury.
Damage involving loss of skin integrity.
Jaw injuries.
Lesions of the skull and brain.

ICD 10 injury code

According to the international classification of diseases ICD 10, the classifier code is included in S00-S09. The specific classifier depends on the severity of the damage. Code S00 - superficial, which does not include contusions of the brain, injuries to the orbits and to the face.

An open head wound belongs to S01, – S02. Other unspecified wounds of the scalp correspond to classification S09.

Causes

A head injury in a child or an adult can occur for various reasons. The most common injury to the head is a fall. But there are also other causes of bruised wounds in adults:

Impact with a blunt object.
Domestic fight.
During sports competitions and training.
During wrestling or martial arts.
In the process of work.
Due to a traffic accident.

A bruise to the forehead or back of the head in a child usually occurs during a fall, a sharp collision with other objects, or during active games. In a newborn baby, a bruise occurs due to insufficient adult supervision. Often, the baby can be hit on the back of the head when placed on the changing table. An active baby may accidentally fall and hit his forehead, for example, by rolling off a sofa or falling out of a stroller. Children should not be left unattended, as there is a high probability of a bruise in the occipital region, a bump on the forehead, and other types of injuries.

Symptoms

A bruise of the soft tissues of the head necessarily requires examination and comprehensive treatment by a specialist. The latter directly depends on the symptoms, and they, in turn, are determined by the type of injury and the degree of damage.

The main features include:

Painful sensations. Their cause is vasospasm.
The appearance or bruising of a hematoma on the head after a bruise.
Bleeding from the nose.
Increase in temperature for a short period of time.
Feeling of weakness in the arms.
As a result of a head injury, adolescents and adults may experience nausea and vomiting.
Dizziness.
Cloudiness in the head without loss of consciousness.
Complete loss of consciousness, fainting.
Movement violation.
Bruising caused by a lump.
Decreased pressure.

Many people believe that a bump from a bruise will go away on its own, ignoring a visit to a specialist. This leads to serious consequences, including hallucinations and memory loss. A person may begin to hear voices, and there is also a high likelihood of other symptoms appearing. Common symptoms of a soft tissue injury include pain, bumps, and bruising. If they appear, you should promptly seek the advice of a specialist.

First aid

head in adults and children is an opportunity to exclude further complications. However, everything must be done correctly so as not to harm the person. So, help with a head injury involves doing the following:

A tight bandage is applied to the head. It helps prevent the occurrence of hematoma.
They impose. Many people have a question about how long to keep the cold - no more than 10-15 minutes. Then, during the first day, you should systematically repeat the procedure to relieve pain and prevent the growth of the hematoma.
If there are open wounds, they are treated with antiseptic treatment using hydrogen peroxide or chlorhexidine to stop the bleeding. You don't have to use brilliant green or iodine.

Remember that if children have bruises on their heads, you should get help as quickly as possible. You should not scold your child, it is better to calm him down and subsequently have a conversation regarding accuracy in the gameplay.

What to do if you have a head injury

It is important for people to learn what to do if they have a head injury. Simple rules will help reduce pain and speed up recovery. Initially, first aid is provided after a head injury in an adult or child. After this, the victim should get to a medical facility for diagnosis, diagnosis and competent treatment. The following actions are further recommended:

The ice compress should be repeated during the first 24 hours. It is held for up to 10 minutes every 2-3 hours. This allows you to reduce pain and avoid the appearance of extensive bruises. A cold compress is applied directly to the injured area without strong pressure.
When you have a severe head injury, you may experience a headache that does not go away. Then you can have a drink. It is important to understand that in the presence of subcutaneous hemorrhage, the use of aspirin is not allowed. It tends to impair blood clotting, resulting in hematoma growth.
After 2-3 days, you can warm up using warm lotions, heating pads or compresses. This will help the swelling resolve more quickly. On the first day, warming up is not permissible, as there is a possibility of developing an inflammatory process.
If a crust appears at the site of the abrasion, do not rip it off. There is a possibility that a scar will remain.
To make the injury stop bothering you faster, you can use gels, creams and ointments. It is best to discuss this with your doctor. The use of such medications also eliminates the formation of a crust.

Diagnosis and treatment

A severe head injury suggests that you definitely need to make an appointment with a specialist to undergo an examination. It is important for damage to the temporal, parietal, frontal and occipital lobes. The result is confirmation or refutation of serious diagnoses, for example, concussion. Many people are concerned about which doctor to contact with such injuries. Diagnosis and treatment are carried out by a traumatologist; a consultation with a neurologist may also be necessary.

The main diagnostic methods include:

Radiography. It allows you to see if there is a violation of the integrity of the cranial bones
Magnetic resonance imaging, which allows us to evaluate changes in brain structure and the depth of the hematoma.
X-ray of the cervical spine. It is necessary in cases where there is a risk of vertebral displacement.

Treatment is usually carried out by two methods - conservative and surgical. The doctor selects the specific one. Surgical treatment is indicated in cases where the internal diameter of the hematoma exceeds 4 cm, as well as in cases of pronounced intracranial hypertension, if the displacement of brain structures exceeds 5 mm. Conservative treatment is based on the specialist's prescription of diuretics, anticonvulsant pills, infusion and oxygen therapy, as well as taking antihypoxants.

The following medications may be prescribed:

Drugs that normalize the functioning of the autonomic nervous system.
Analgesics.
Sleeping pills.
Nootropic drugs that normalize brain function. They are usually prescribed as prophylactics.

To increase the rate of hematoma resorption, doctors recommend using gels, creams, and ointments for bruises. At the same time, if you are interested in how to remove a hematoma on the forehead, you should proceed as follows: on the first day, apply cold for up to 10 minutes every few hours, on the second day, warm it up, and also begin to lubricate the damaged area with special ointments.

How to treat a head injury

When wondering how to treat a head injury, it is important to understand that the process depends on the severity of the injury. It is quite possible if it is a minor injury. Often it comes down to the following:

For the first few days, the victim is recommended to rest in bed. You should only get out of bed when necessary.
If the injury is localized to the right, you should rest on your left side and vice versa.
It is important to completely avoid physical activity for the next few weeks. If this is not possible, you should limit them.
During the recovery period, you should minimize watching TV and working on the computer.
It is necessary to spend more time in the fresh air 2-3 days after the injury.
You should strictly follow your doctor's recommendations.

Additionally, you can use folk remedies, which usually help speed up the healing process. Among the recipes are the following:

Saline 3% solution. Natural fabric is soaked in the liquid and placed in the freezer for 4-5 hours. Before applying the compress, the fabric is soaked in water to soften it. The procedure lasts up to 10 minutes.
Composition with iodine and alcohol. Alcohol can be replaced with vodka. The ingredients are mixed in equal proportions. The fabric is dipped into the resulting composition and applied to the damaged area.
Crystal camphor and water. The composition includes 10 grams of camphor and half a liter of water. The solution is infused at room temperature, and it is recommended to shake the product periodically. Application is possible only after complete dissolution. The mixture is moistened with a cloth and applied to the bruise site for up to 60 minutes.
Potato starch. It is mixed with water until it becomes a paste. After this, it is applied to the injured area.

Some also use more unconventional methods of treatment, for example, leeches. Before starting to use folk remedies, it is best to consult with a specialist so as not to cause harm.

Complications and consequences

A bruise to the back of the head or any other part of the head can have serious consequences. They are observed with strong impacts, incorrect or untimely assistance from specialists. The most common ones include:

Depressive states.
Deterioration in working capacity. The main reason for this is traumatic asthenia.
Inability to concentrate.
Frequent insomnia.
Problems remembering information.
An acute reaction of the body to changing weather.
Increased irritability.
Frequent migraines and headaches.

It is important to understand that the consequences after a bruise may not appear immediately, but after a couple of weeks or months. This is where the main danger lies from a blow to the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal parts.

It is very easy to get a head injury. In many cases the injury is minor. However, if there is at least one warning symptom, you should seek the help of a specialist.

Dear readers of the 1MedHelp website, if you still have questions on this topic, we will be happy to answer them. Leave your reviews, comments, share stories of how you experienced a similar trauma and successfully dealt with the consequences! Your life experience may be useful to other readers.