Types of countries in the modern world message. The diversity of countries in the modern world, their main types. It can be attributed to
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The diversity of countries in the modern world, their main types.
On the modern political map of the world there are about 240 countries, approximately 200 of which are independent countries, i.e. states.
Examples of dependent countries are Gibraltar, Saint Helena, Bermuda and Falkland Islands (UK), Greenland and Faroe Islands (Denmark), Guiana, New Caledonia and French Polynesia (France), Puerto Rico and American Samoa (USA).
Based on the size of the territory, the 10 largest countries in the world are distinguished, the area of which exceeds 2.5 million km 2 - Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India, Argentina, Kazakhstan and Sudan. Their opposite is dwarf states. The smallest state in the world is called the Vatican, occupying one quarter of Rome.
The largest countries in terms of population are China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia, Nigeria and Japan.
The largest countries in the world by area and population in 2007
Countries are distinguished based on their geographic location:
1) coastal (i.e. having access to the sea) - Russia? Ukraine, Finland, France, Iran, Algeria, Egypt, Nigeria, Tanzania, South Africa, USA, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, etc.;
2) inland (i.e. landlocked) - Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Switzerland, Afghanistan, Nepal, Mongolia, Laos, Chad, Niger, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Bolivia , Paraguay, etc.;
3) island (i.e. countries located on islands) - Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Cyprus, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti; Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Fiji, etc.;
4) archipelagic countries (i.e. countries located on a group of islands) - Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, Maldives, Comoros, Bahamas, Kiribati, etc.;
5) peninsular (i.e. countries located on peninsulas) - Spain, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, India, Vietnam, Thailand, North Korea, South Korea, Somalia, etc.
According to the level of socio-economic development, there are 3 groups of countries: economically developed countries, countries with a transitional type of economy and developing countries.
Economically developed countries include about 30 countries of the world, including the USA, Canada, Sun
The group of countries with a transition type of economy includes all CIS countries (including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, etc.), all countries of Eastern Europe (for example, Poland, Estonia, Czech Republic, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, etc.) and Mongolia.
The largest group (about 150 countries) consists of developing countries located in Asia (India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, etc.), Africa (all countries except South Africa), Central and South America (Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, etc. ) and Oceania (Fiji, Samoa, etc.).
Based on the form of government, countries are divided primarily into monarchies and republics.
Monarchy is a form of government in which power is inherited. Examples of monarchies are Great Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Japan, Morocco, etc.
Most of the world's independent states are republics. A republic is a form of government in which power is elected for a certain period of time. Examples of republics include Russia and other CIS countries, Germany, France, Italy, Turkey, Iran, India, Algeria, Nigeria, Sudan, South Africa, Egypt, USA, Mexico, Brazil, etc.
Ticket 19 question 2
Eastern Siberia and the Far East are rich in a variety of natural resources, but they are still little used. What natural, economic and social factors make it difficult to develop the resources of these territories?
The main reasons for the poor use of the gigantic natural resource potential of Eastern Siberia and the Far East are:
1) extreme climatic conditions in most of the territory of these two regions;
2) the remoteness of Eastern Siberia and the Far East from the main economically developed regions of the country, high transport costs for the import and export of goods;
3) poorly developed transport network, difficult conditions for the construction of new roads;
4) poor development of the territory and low population density (in most of the territory it is less than 1 person per 1 km2);
5) a sharp shortage of labor resources, aggravated by negative natural growth and migration outflow of the population from these regions;
6) lack of financial investment funds for the development of the economy of these regions;
7) the great dependence of Eastern Siberia and the Far East on the import of many types of fuel, machinery, equipment, consumer goods and food.
Ticket 19 question 3
Identify river basins and watersheds on the map.
Before showing the basins and river watersheds that the teacher suggests, you should define these terms.
A river basin is the area from which a river collects its waters.
A river's watershed is the boundary of river basins.
Carefully draw the boundary of the river basin. Please note that watersheds pass through the highest places (mountain ranges and hills) and cannot cross rivers and lakes (but they can cross canals!).
Ticket 20 question 1
Comprehensive geographical characteristics of your area.
Create a description of your area according to plan:
1) Geographical location.
2) Tectonic structure, relief and minerals.
3) Climatic zone and brief climate characteristics: average temperature in January and July, prevailing winds, annual precipitation, its seasonality, moisture coefficient.
4) Inland waters, largest rivers and lakes.
5) Natural area.
6) Soils, vegetation and fauna.
7) Features of the population: size, distribution, reproduction, gender, age, national and religious composition, level of urbanization, largest cities, characteristics of migration and labor resources.
8) Prerequisites for the development of the economy.
9) Sectors of specialization in industry and agriculture.
10) Features of the development of transport and non-production
11) Problems and development prospects.
12) Conclusion about economic development.
Ticket 20 question 2
Eurasia is the largest continent on Earth by area. Using atlas maps, prove that the law of latitudinal zoning is manifested in the location of natural complexes of Eurasia.
All the main natural zones in Eurasia have a pronounced latitudinal distribution, i.e. stretch from west to east, replacing each other from north to south, which is the law of latitudinal zoning.
The law of latitudinal zonality governs such components of the natural complex as soils, vegetation, and fauna. Let us consider how each of these components is located on the Eurasian continent.
According to the soil map, we see that stretching from west to east, the following soil types successively replace each other in the direction from north to south: arctic, tundra-gley, podzolic, soddy-podzolic, brown forest and gray forest, chernozem, chestnut, brown semi-desert etc.
The map of vegetation and fauna also shows that the zones extend sublatitudinally and successively replace each other from north to south.
One of the large natural complexes is a geographical natural zone. Its composition includes components that obey the law of latitudinal zonality; this determines the subordination of the law of latitudinal zonation of the natural zones themselves. Let's look at a map of the natural zones of the Eurasian continent. It can be seen that they stretch in a latitudinal direction (from west to east), successively replacing each other from north to south: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, etc. Thus, it is clear that the natural complexes of Eurasia (namely natural zones) obey the law of latitudinal zonation.
Ticket 20 question 3
Identify Russia's main foreign economic partners based on statistical materials.
According to statistical data, it can be established that in recent years the importance of foreign trade for the Russian economy has increased significantly. The share of exports in GDP has increased.
More than 80% of Russia's foreign trade now falls on Western European countries. The main trading partners of Russia in January-August 2010 among non-CIS countries were: the Netherlands, trade turnover with which amounted to 37.2 billion US dollars, China – 35.9 billion US dollars, Germany – 31.7 billion US dollars. USA, Italy – 23.6 billion US dollars, Turkey – 16.1 billion US dollars, USA – 14.1 billion US dollars, France – 13.9 billion US dollars, Japan – 13, 6 billion US dollars, Poland – 13.3 billion US dollars, Republic of Korea – 11.1 billion US dollars.
Geographical structure of Russian exports by country in 2010, %
Geographical structure of Russian imports by country in 2010, %
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International organizations, economists, and geographers are involved in compiling typologies and classifications of countries.
Each study, depending on its goals and set of indicators, identifies different types of countries. Therefore, there are no “right” or “wrong” typologies; each of them is created to complete a given task.
Political map of the world is a thematic map that shows the state borders of all countries of the world.
It is called the mirror of the era, since all the processes occurring in the world at different stages of the development of human society are reflected on it.
Currently there are 230 countries on the political map. Every country in the world is different:
geographical location;
size of the territory;
the size and national composition of the population;
by form of government;
according to government structure;
by level of socio-economic development.
Of the 230 countries in the world, 190 are sovereign - politically independent states with independence in internal and external affairs.
The rest are non-self-governing territories - colonies, protectorates, so-called overseas departments.
Over the course of the 20th century, their number declined sharply and are now small island possessions in the Caribbean Sea and Oceania.
By geographical location there are:
island (Indonesia, Japan, Cuba);
mainland (Union of Australia, Canada, China);
having access to the sea (Norway, Republic of Korea, Venezuela);
landlocked (Mongolia, Chad, Kazakhstan);
By territory size:
very large (Russia, Canada, China);
large;
average;
small;
“microstate” (Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Marino).
By number:
from the largest with a population of more than 100 million.
people, to small ones, with a population of less than 1 million.
By national composition of the population:
mononational (Japan),
multinational (Russia, USA, China).
By form of government:
monarchy
constitutional - Norway, Sweden, Great Britain;
absolute - Japan, Saudi Arabia
theocratic - Vatican.
republics
presidential - Egypt, Türkiye, France;
parliamentary - most countries of Western Europe.
According to government structure:
federal - India, Russia;
unitary - Hungary, France.
By level of socio-economic development:
economically developed countries - Japan, Germany;
developing - India, Mexico;
countries with economies in transition - most post-socialist countries.
The place of any country in the typology is not constant and may change over time.
Countries of the world are usually divided into two main types:
1) economically highly developed countries,
2) developing countries.
This typology is usually based on the gross domestic product (GDP), that is, the per capita value of all final products produced in a given country in one year (although to get a complete picture it is advisable to take into account the level of education, average life expectancy and some other indicators).
The economically highly developed countries of the world include over 40 countries in Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, Australia and Oceania, which are distinguished by the highest level of socio-economic development.
This is evidenced by their GDP per capita indicators.
However, the group of economically highly developed countries is characterized by rather large internal heterogeneity, so that three subgroups are usually distinguished within its composition.
Firstly, this is the “Big Seven” Western countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and Canada), which accounts for about Y2 of the total world GDP. Secondly, these are highly developed small countries, mainly in Western Europe, which also have very high per capita GDP and take an active part in world trade. In fact, they are also adjacent to the so-called “countries of migrant capitalism” - former possessions of Great Britain (Australia, New Zealand, South Africa).
Thirdly, these are some new highly developed countries, for example Singapore, the Republic of Korea.
Singapore. Photo: jjcb
A special subtype of countries includes China, Vietnam, North Korea and Cuba, which, according to their constitutions and programs of leading parties, continue to follow the socialist path of development.
All countries of the modern world are represented on the political map, which has come a long way in its formation. At different stages of historical development, new lands were discovered, the territorial redistribution of the world, the formation, collapse or unification of states took place, and the borders of countries changed.
Today there are more than 230 countries in the world, of which 193 are sovereign states. Sovereign states have autonomy and independence in both domestic and foreign policy.
About half of all countries are located on the Eurasian continent.
Each country has its own specific characteristics. These may be features of the territory, geographical location, population composition, political system; level of economic development, economic potential, the country’s share in world production, economic structure, the degree of its involvement in the international geographical division of labor, etc.
With such a variety of countries, there is a need to group them, identifying their similarities and differences. The typology of countries depends on what characteristics and quantitative criteria are used as its basis.
This typology systematizes information about countries and helps in developing various forecasts and recommendations.
A grouping of countries is often used, dividing them into economically developed, developing and countries with economies in transition.
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is used to classify countries into these groups. Countries with economies in transition include states that, from the late 80s to early 90s.
carry out the transition from an administrative-command (socialist) economy to a market economy.
GDP- an indicator characterizing the cost of all final products produced in a given country in one year ($USA).
There is a gigantic gap in per capita GDP between developed and developing countries.
Switzerland exceeds this figure from Mozambique by more than 500 times. Almost 3 billion people have a daily income of less than $2 US. The problem of economic inequality is one of the global problems of humanity.
The diversity of countries in the world, their main types - Wikipedia
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Standard classification of countries in the world economy
According to the UN methodology, all countries are divided into 3 groups:
1. Developed countries with market economies (24 countries). This includes the G7 - Great Britain, Germany, France, Japan, Italy, USA, Canada.
Developing countries (more than 100 countries). These include OPEC countries (oil exporters).
3. Countries with economies in transition (post-socialist).
International organizations divide all countries of the world into three groups:
1. developed countries with market economies.
Developed countries include almost all countries of Western Europe, the USA, Canada, Japan, Israel, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. All these countries have a high level of economic and social development.
Post-industrial society, i.e.
Most of the GDP from 60 to 75 and >% is produced in the service sector. Characteristic features: a developed democratic state with three independent branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial). Most of industrial production is finished products, knowledge-intensive and high-tech.
countries with economies in transition or with emerging markets
Countries with a transition economy include states of Eastern Europe, Russia, Albania, China, Vietnam, former subjects of the USSR, Vietnam, Mongolia.
Carry out structural restructuring of the economic mechanism, i.e. transition from a socialist system to a capitalist economic system.
3. developing countries.
Developing countries include most countries in Asia, Africa, Oceania, Latin America, Malta and the former Yugoslavia.
The overall GDP level of developing countries is less than a quarter of that of developed countries.
Characteristic features: most of the GDP of these countries is produced in agriculture and industry (mining). The share of service sectors ranges from 20-40% depending on the state.
A clear focus on raw materials in the economy. They are suppliers of agricultural raw materials and food, and more mineral resources. Traditional type of population reproduction, i.e. traditional solutions encourage large families, and medicine is poorly developed, therefore there is a high birth rate and high mortality. Weak social orientation of the economy. There are 5 main groups among developing countries:
a) developing countries with a relatively high level of economic development and high GDP growth rates are newly industrialized countries.
b) developing countries with an average level of development;
c) OPEC oil exporting countries.
GDP per capita exceeds the NIS indicators, but a very traditional society therefore cannot be classified as a developed democratic society;
d) countries with large territories and large populations (India, China).
e) underdeveloped countries - African states, tribal-type economies.
To date, several approaches have emerged:
1) Formational concept (started by Karl Marx): its supporters divide all countries into a system of capitalism and a system of socialism.
2) The concept of “three worlds”: the world of capitalist economy, the world of socialist economy and the “third world” - developing countries.
3) The concept of “Center and periphery” has become widespread recently: the center is the most developed industrial countries, the periphery is all other countries.
Close to it is an approach that divides the world into industrialized countries (about 30 countries), developing countries (almost all the rest) and countries with economies in transition (some former socialist countries).
In this case, the principle of systematization of countries is socio-economic, i.e. not only economics are taken into account. development indicators of countries, but also social ones.
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) has defined the following criteria for this classification:
GNP per capita:
Low income countries
Lower Middle Income Countries
Upper Middle Income Countries
High income countries
Population literacy:
Developing countries
Newly industrialized countries
Countries with economies in transition
Average life expectancy:
Industrialized countries
Developing countries
The IMF divides all countries of the world into 2 groups:
1)developed countries
2) countries with emerging markets and developing countries
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Number and grouping of countries in the world
Outstanding Russian geographer N.
N. Baransky in one of his works wrote that the country in all its originality - natural, economic, cultural, political - is main object studying in geography, therefore the question of the number and grouping (classification) of countries is of very great interest.
During the 20th century.
the total number of countries in the world has constantly increased. This was caused primarily by the redivision of the world after the First and Second World Wars. In the early 90s, following the collapse of the USSR, SFRY, and Czechoslovakia, there were 20 more of them.
As of 2008, various sources estimate the total number of countries and territories at 225–230.
At the same time in the 20th century. the number of independent sovereign states constantly increased (Table 1) and the number of countries at various stages of political dependence and, therefore, without complete self-government, decreased accordingly.
Table 1 clearly reflects not only the post-war redistribution of the world, but also the collapse of the colonial system of imperialism.
It led to the fact that after 1945, 102 countries in Asia, Africa, America, Oceania and even Europe (Malta) achieved political independence. And the number of non-self-governing territories (colonies, protectorates, so-called overseas departments, etc.) decreased from 130 in 1900 to 16 in 2005. Most of them are now small island possessions in the Caribbean Sea and Oceania.
Table 1
NUMBER OF SOVEREIGN STATES
An important guideline in determining the number of sovereign states can be a country's membership in the United Nations (Table
table 2
NUMBER OF UN MEMBER COUNTRIES
Growth in the number of UN member countries in 1950–1989. occurred mainly due to the entry into this organization of states freed from colonial dependence. That's what they are called liberated countries. In 1990–2007 Several more liberated countries (Namibia, Eritrea, etc.) joined the UN, but the main increase was associated with the admission of post-socialist states formed on the site of the former USSR, SFRY, Czechoslovakia.
Nowadays the UN includes all CIS countries, six former republics. Yugoslavia, Czech Republic and Slovakia. In 2002, after a special referendum, Switzerland joined the UN, having previously believed that its policy of permanent neutrality was an obstacle to this.
So now, of the sovereign states outside the UN, only the Vatican remains, which has observer status.
With such a large and, moreover, ever-increasing number of countries, there is an urgent need for their grouping, which is usually carried out according to several different characteristics and criteria.
Table 3
TEN COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, THE LARGEST BY TERRITORY
Based on the size of the territory, the countries of the world are usually divided into very large, large, medium, small and very small.
The top ten largest countries in the world, or giant countries, include the states listed in Table 3. Together they occupy 55% of all inhabited land.
The concepts of “large”, “medium”, and “small” country are different for different regions of the world. For example, the largest country in foreign Europe - France - turns out to be relatively small by the standards of Asia, Africa or America. But the concept of a “very small country” (or microstate) is approximately the same for different regions of the world.
Most often it is used in relation to the dwarf countries of foreign Europe - Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Marino, etc. But in fact, many island countries of Africa, America and Oceania also belong to the microstates. For example, the Seychelles in Africa, Barbados, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in Central America have an area of 350–450 km2 (this is less than 1/2 the area of Moscow), and the island states of Tuvalu and Nauru in Oceania occupy only 20–25 km2.
And the Vatican, occupying an area of 44 hectares, can be called a mini-state.
In this case, the top ten countries also stand out sharply (Table 4), which together concentrate approximately 3/5 of all inhabitants of the Earth.
Only 13 countries have a population of 50 to 100 million people: Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and Ukraine in Europe, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, Iran and Turkey in Asia, Egypt and Ethiopia in Africa and Mexico in Latin America. In 53 countries, the population ranges from 10 to 50 million people.
There are even more countries in the world with a population of 1 to 10 million (60), and in more than 40 countries the population does not reach 1 million people.
Table 4
TEN COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD WITH THE LARGEST POPULATIONS
As for the smallest states in terms of population, on the political map of the world they need to be looked for in the same place where the smallest territories of the country are located.
In Central America, these are, for example, Barbados and Belize with a population of 200–300 thousand people, Grenada, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, each with approximately 100 thousand inhabitants. In Africa, the same category of countries includes the island states of Sao Tome and Principe and the Seychelles, in Asia - Brunei, in Oceania - the island states of Tuvalu and Nauru, where only 10-12 thousand people live. However, the last place in terms of population is occupied by the Vatican, whose permanent population does not exceed 1000 people.
Based on the characteristics of their geographical location, countries of the world are most often divided into those with and without access to the World Ocean.
Among the coastal countries, in turn, one can distinguish island ones (for example, Ireland and Iceland in Europe, Sri Lanka in Asia, Madagascar in Africa, Cuba in America, New Zealand in Oceania).
A type of island country is an archipelagic country. Thus, Indonesia is located on 13 thousand islands, the Philippines occupies 7,000, and Japan – almost 4,000 islands. It is not surprising that archipelagic countries are among the top ten countries in terms of coastline length (Table 5). And Canada ranks uncompetitively first in this indicator thanks to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
Table 5
TOP TEN COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD BY LENGTH OF COASTLINE
43 countries do not have access to the World Ocean.
Among them are 9 CIS countries, 12 - foreign Europe, 5 - Asia, 15 - Africa and 2 Latin American countries (Table 6).
As a rule, the lack of direct access to the World Ocean is one of the unfavorable features of the country’s geographical location.
Table 6
LANDLESS COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
There are many classifications of countries.
Countries can be classified by area and population, as well as by other indicators.
By territory size highlight:
- very large countries (territory more than 3 million km2): Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India;
- large countries (have an area of more than 1 million km2), for example Argentina, Kazakhstan, Sudan;
- medium and small countries are the majority of countries in the world: Italy, Vietnam, Germany, etc.;
- microstates.
The smallest countries in the world by area are the Vatican City, Monaco, Nauru, Tuvalu, San Marino, Liechtenstein, the Marshall Islands, Saint Kitts and Nevis, the Maldives, and Grenada.
By population stand out:
- largest countries in the world (named in the “Population” section);
- large countries;
- medium (less than 100 million people) - these are, for example, Iran, Ethiopia, Germany, Canada;
- microstates.
By geographical location Countries can also be grouped into:
- island countries, such as Ireland, Cuba, Great Britain, New Zealand, etc.;
- peninsular, for example India, Laos, Norway, Italy, Portugal, etc.;
- archipelagic countries, for example Japan, Kiribati, Indonesia, etc.;
- inland, for example Andorra, Czech Republic, Mongolia, Nepal, Bolivia, Central African Republic, Uganda, etc.
Geographical location has a significant impact on the level of economic development of a country. For example, lack of access to the sea makes foreign economic activity difficult.
The classification of countries by level of economic development is based on the size of GDP, calculated in US dollars, including per capita.
Other important indicators of the country’s level of development are the annual electricity production per capita, the share of high-tech products in industrial production and exports, the competitiveness of goods and services on the world market, the state of the economy (GDP growth rate), as well as the structure of GDP and employment, etc.
Recently, the UN and other international organizations have begun to use a new synthetic indicator of the level of socio-economic development, the so-called Human Development Index (HDI) - an integral indicator that combines three main components: longevity, education and standard of living. Canada, the USA, and Japan have the highest HDI scores, while the African countries of Somalia, Sierra Leone and Niger have the lowest.
In contrast to the classification (grouping) of countries, which is based primarily on quantitative indicators, the typology can also be based on more important qualitative characteristics.
Typology of countries— identifying groups of countries with a similar type and level of socio-economic development.
Country type- this is a relatively stable set of development features inherent in it, characterizing its role and place in the world community at a given historical stage.
To determine the type of state means to assign it to one or another socio-economic category.
Until the early 1990s. All countries in the world were usually divided into three types:
- socialist;
- developed capitalist;
- developing.
After the actual collapse of the world socialist system, this typology was replaced by others. One of them, also three-membered, divides all countries of the world into economically developed, developing and countries with economies in transition, i.e. making the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy (these are primarily the so-called post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS, as well as China).
The main criterion for this typology is the level of socio-economic development of a particular state, expressed primarily through the indicator of gross domestic product per capita. Other indicators are also taken into account: political orientation, degree of democratization of power, involvement in the world economy, etc.
Economically developed countries(there are about 60 of them). This group of countries is also heterogeneous. Inside it you can highlight:
1) the main countries are the G7 countries, which provide more than 50% of all industrial production and more than 25% of the world’s agricultural products, form three main centers of the world economy - Western European, centered in Germany, American, centered in the USA, and Asian , centered in Japan;
2) economically highly developed countries of Western Europe - Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, Scandinavian countries, etc., which are characterized by political stability, a high standard of living of the population, high GDP and the highest rates of export and import per capita. Unlike the main countries, they have a much narrower specialization in the international division of labor. Their economy is largely dependent on income received from banking, tourism, intermediary trade, etc.;
3) countries of “settler capitalism” - Australia, New Zealand, South Africa - former colonies of Great Britain - and the State of Israel, formed in 1948 by decision of the UN General Assembly. Characteristic features (except for Israel): focus on the economy of the former metropolis or other more developed countries and maintaining international specialization in the export of raw materials and agricultural products; unlike developing countries, this agricultural and raw material specialization is based on high national labor productivity and is combined with a developed domestic economy;
4) moderately developed countries of Western Europe: Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland. In terms of the level of development of productive forces, they lag somewhat behind the main countries. Spain and Portugal were the largest colonial empires in the past and played a large role in world history, but the loss of their colonies led to the loss of political influence and the weakening of their economies, which until then had been developed with the help of rich colonies.
Countries with economies in transition— CIS countries, Eastern Europe, Mongolia, China; carry out reforms aimed at developing market relations instead of centralized planning. This subgroup of countries emerged in the 1990s. in connection with the collapse of the world socialist system. It includes countries that differ significantly in their level of economic development.
Developing countries- more than 3/4 of the world's population lives in them. They occupy more than 1/2 of the land area, but they account for less than 20% of the world's manufacturing output and only 30% of agricultural output. These countries are characterized by a predominantly export-oriented economy, which makes their national economy dependent on the world market, as well as a multi-structured economy, a special territorial structure of the economy, scientific and technological backwardness, and sharp social contrasts. This group of countries is also heterogeneous. It can highlight:
1) key countries - India, Brazil, Mexico (some authors include China in this group). Each of these countries has rich and diverse natural resources, cheap labor, and a capacious and promising domestic market. Each country in its region is of key importance. These countries produce almost as much industrial output as all other developing countries combined. The sectoral structure of their farms is similar to the structure of developed countries (for example, the share of mechanical engineering exceeds 20%);
2) developing countries with per capita GDP above 1 thousand dollars: Argentina, Chile, etc.;
3) newly industrialized countries: Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia. In these countries, the economy has developed at an exceptionally high pace over the past 25 years due to foreign investment, the introduction of new technologies and the availability of cheap and skilled labor;
4) oil-exporting countries - Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Bahrain, Oman, Libya, Brunei and some others. These countries have very high GDP per capita due to oil sales. Rapid development of countries - the emergence of powerful banks, companies, modern cities, water and energy supply systems; improving the standard of living of the population - often combined with unresolved social problems;
5) “classical” developing countries with a GDP per capita of less than 1 thousand dollars per year. The characteristic features of these countries are a backward, multi-structured economy;
6) least developed countries (there are approximately 40 of them). These, according to the UN classification, include countries in which per capita income is estimated at 100-300 dollars per year; The country's literate population makes up 20% of the total; the share of manufacturing products in GDP is less than 10%; consumer agriculture predominates. These countries are characterized by a low level and pace of socio-economic development, high birth and death rates, and economic dependence on agriculture. These countries receive special attention from the world community; the consequences of humanity's global problems are most clearly manifested in them.
Lesson 2 10th grade Krasulina N.V.
Topic: The diversity of countries in the modern world.
Practical work No. 1 “Compiling a classification of countries according to various criteria”
The purpose of the lesson: formation of ideas about modern political
world map
Lesson objectives:
To form an idea of the diversity of countries in the modern world;
Find out the main criteria for classifying countries of the world;
Give the concept of “sovereign state”, “gross domestic product”, “human development index”;
Continue developing skills in working with various sources of geographic information and contour maps;
Find out the significance of the political and geographical location for the country
Equipment: political map of the world, atlases, contour maps, test tasks, interactive whiteboard
Lesson type: learning new material
DURING THE CLASSES
Repetition of learned material.
What does general geography study?
What does social and economic geography study?
Name the scientists who conducted economic and geographical research in pre-revolutionary Russia.
Name the method of geographical research and give a brief description.
Learning new material.
Teacher : Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the stages of formation of the political map of the world, find out the criteria for classifying countries of the world and determine the position of these countries on the political map.
Teacher : What information can you find out using a political map of the world?
Students : Using a political map you can find out the position of countries, their capitals and state borders.
Teacher : The political map changes over time. Highlightfive stages formation of a political map of the world , which reflect the course of development of human society:
Stage 1 – ancient (before the 5th century AD) – the emergence and collapse of such states as Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt;
Stage 2 – medieval (5th-16th centuries) – the emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia;
Stage 3 – new (16-19 centuries) – the era of the emergence and establishment of capitalist relations in the world;
Stage 4 – the newest – the formation of the political map is associated with the First and Second World Wars
Stage 5 – modern – the emergence of socialist states in Eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America; collapse of the socialist system; collapse of the USSR, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia; unification of the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany; termination of the Warsaw Pact Organization; gaining independence of a number of states.
If in 1900 there were 57 sovereign states in the world, by 2002 there were already 192 out of 230 states. The remaining states are non-self-governing territories - mainly “fragments” of the former colonial empires of Great Britain and France. Netherlands, USA.
QUESTION: Which state is called “sovereign”?
EXERCISE . Open the textbook on page 10. Find the definition and write it down in your notebook.
A sovereign state is a politically independent state that has independence in external and internal affairs.
Teacher : Since there are a lot of countries in the world, there is a need to group them, which is carried out on the basis of different quantitative criteria and qualitative indicators. Based on quantitative criteria, the most common grouping of countries is by size (area) of territory (7 countries withSterritory > 3 million km² each). Together they make up ½ of the entire landmass.
EXERCISE. The seven largest countries bySterritories - sign their capitals.
Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India.
Teacher : Based on population, there are 11 largest countries, with a population of more than 100 million people in each - sign the capitals.
China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia, Japan, Nigeria, Mexico.
Teacher:
There is a grouping of countries according to the national composition of the population: single-national and multinational. Give examples.
Teacher : Often countries are grouped according to the characteristics of their SOEs. They are distinguished: coastal (have access to the sea or ocean), peninsular (located on peninsulas), island (located on islands), archipelagic countries (located on an archipelago), landlocked (do not have access to the sea).
EXERCISE. Give examples of countries in this group. (Students go to the map and show examples of countries in this group)
Teacher : Based on qualitative indicators, countries are divided into:
Economically developed
Developing
Countries with economies in transition
The main criterion for this typology is the level of socio-economic development, which is determinedgross domestic product indicator (GDP) is an indicator characterizing the cost of all final products produced in a given country in one year, in US dollars. Recently, a new indicator of socio-economic development of countries around the world has begun to be used -human development index (HDI) - takes into account not only GDP, but also average life expectancy and level of education.
Vatican
3 form of government – states within the Commonwealth.
There are 15 of them. The formal head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, who is represented by the Governor General. This applies to the former dominions of Great Britain - Canada, Australia, New Zealand.
4 form of government - represented by oneLibya (or officially the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamaheria).
Division of countries according to the characteristics of the territorial-state structure.
Exercise: Using the textbook text on pages 16-17, fill out the table by entering the states.
Unitary state (unified legislative and executive powers)
Federal State (along with uniform laws there are separate self-governing units)
Confederation ( form of federal state)
Teacher : Let's remember the definition of political-geographical location (PGL) and determine its role for the country.
Students : GWP – the position of an object in relation to other objects of political significance: state borders, friendly or hostile countries, military alliances of countries, hotbeds of conflict, etc.
Political-geographical location is one of the fundamental concepts in geography, which has a direct impact on the socio-economic development of any country.
Teacher : Summarize. Name the main groups of countries in the world that you wrote down in your notebook when studying a new topic.
Students : Main groups of countries:
By area
By population
According to the features of the GP
By level of socio-economic development
Consolidation .
Getting ready for the Unified State Exam .
TEST (1 option)
1.Currently the total number of countries in the world is:
1)about 150
2) about 230
3)about 50
4) about 100
2.The world top ten in terms of territory area includes:
1)Brazil and India
2) South Africa and Saudi Arabia
3) China and Mexico
4) USA and Iran
3.The world's top ten in terms of population include:
1) Pakistan and Indonesia
2) Argentina and USA
3) Canada and India
4) Japan and Australia
4. In Asia there are:
1)India and China
2) Mexico and Brazil
3) Niger and Algeria
4) France and Italy
5. Economically developed countries include:
1)India and China
2) Mexico and Brazil
3) Niger and Algeria
4) France and Italy
TEST (2nd option)
1. Key countries in the developing world include:
1)India and China
2) Mexico and Bolivia
3) Niger and Algeria
4) France and Italy
2. Peninsular countries are:
1) Israel and Paraguay
2) Iran and Philippines
3)Indonesia and Peru
4) Italy and Türkiye
3. Island countries are:
1) Great Britain and Sri Lanka
2) India and Madagascar
3) Argentina and Peru
4)Iceland and India
4. Does not have access to the sea:
1)Australia
2) Egypt
3) USA
4) Mongolia
5. The Big Seven includes:
1) Mexico and India
2) Italy and Germany
3)Mexico and Brazil
4) Austria and Denmark
III . Homework.
Etc. 2, pp. 10 - 17
Write down the ten smallest states by area in your notebook.
world (microstates)
This video lesson is dedicated to the topic “The diversity of countries in the modern world.” It examines the main different typologies of countries in the world and their groupings. The lesson introduces students to the division of countries according to various criteria based on qualitative (gaining sovereignty, maintaining a new state system), quantitative (population size and density, area of territory) criteria, taking into account the level of socio-economic development of the countries of the world. In addition, types of groupings of countries are given based on their geographical location and political system.
Topic: Modern political map of the world
Lesson: The diversity of countries in the modern world
The main object of the political map of the world is the state.
There are many states in the world, including little-known ones. During the 20th century, the number of countries increased significantly. Currently, there are more than 230 territories, of which more than 200 are sovereign states.
One of the most common examples of grouping countries is to divide them by the size of their territory:
1. Giant countries (Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil)
2. Middle countries (Belarus, Republic of Korea)
3. Dwarf countries (Vatican City, Mauritius, Barbados)
Grouping of countries by population:
1. Countries are giants (population more than 100 million people). These countries include: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Russia, Japan, Mexico and the Philippines.
2. Middle countries. For example, Tunisia, Poland, Latvia, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Australia, New Zealand.
3. Small countries and microstates. For example, the Vatican.
Grouping countries by geographic location:
1. Coastal countries
2. Peninsular
3. Island
4. Archipelagos
5. Inland
More than 40 countries in the world have no access to the sea, this complicates their economic relations with other territories and their economic development.
For a more detailed study of the countries of the world, it is better to take a certain typology, which is based on qualitative characteristics that make it possible to more fully determine the role and place of a particular state in economic and political life.
The most common two-term typology of dividing countries into two groups:
1. Developed
2. Developing
The main criterion in this division is the GDP indicator (measured in US dollars).
GDP- the market value of all final goods and services produced during the year in all sectors of the economy on the territory of the state.
Economically developed countries(the UN includes approximately 40 countries among them) are divided into 4 subgroups:
1. G7 countries(USA, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, UK, Italy).
These countries account for approximately 50% of global GDP. The US GDP, for example, exceeds 15 trillion dollars.
2. Smaller countries of Foreign Europe(Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Finland, Sweden)
The political and economic role of the countries in this group is less than that of the G7 countries, but they still play a significant role in the global economy.
3. Non-European countries(South Africa, Israel, Australia, New Zealand)
These are countries of settler capitalism and their economies were formed when they were colonies of Great Britain.
4. The fourth group continues to form(Republic of Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong (Hong Kong), Taiwan, Cyprus).
Developing countries(including more than 160 countries ) are divided into 6 subgroups:
1. Key countries(India, China, Mexico, Brazil).
These countries have enormous diversified potential and are playing an increasingly important role in the global economy.
2. Countries of Latin America, North Africa, Asia with a per capita GDP per person of more than 10-15 thousand dollars(Venezuela, Algeria, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina).
3. Newly industrialized countries(Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand).
These countries made a significant economic breakthrough in the 1970-1980s. The second name of this group of countries is “Asian Tigers”.
4. Oil exporting countries(Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Iran, Libya, Brunei).
These countries have a high per capita GDP due to the production and sale of oil.
5. Typical developing countries(lagging behind in their development).
The per capita GDP in these countries often does not exceed 5 thousand dollars.
6. Least developed countries or fourth world countries(Mali, Haiti, Chad, Honduras, Guatemala).
These countries are characterized by a lack of manufacturing industry, poverty and illiteracy of the population. The per capita GDP indicator usually does not exceed $1,500 per year.
There are also countries with transition economy: countries of the former USSR, Mongolia, as well as countries of Eastern Europe. These countries have undergone or are undergoing a transition to a market economy.
Despite the fact that many countries have left socialism, four socialist states still remain on the political map of the world: China, North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam.
In general, developing countries are much larger in number than developed countries, accounting for the majority of the world's population and territory.
The principle of income (GDP) underlying the classification of countries is not perfect. It is also important to take into account per capita income and many other indicators.
To more fully assess the world's countries and populations, the UN has recently used the Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI takes into account GDP per capita, life expectancy and literacy rate.
Human Development Index (HDI)- an integral indicator calculated annually for cross-country comparison and measurement of living standards, literacy, education and longevity as the main characteristics human potential of the study area.
According to this indicator, for several years in a row the first place belongs to Norway, and the second to Australia.
2. Federal portal Russian Education ().
4. Official information portal of the Unified State Exam ().
Ticket No. 1
For your information:
1) by size of territory:
2) by population:
5) according to the political system:
Republics (USA, Germany).
Scientific and technological revolution: characteristic features and components.
The scientific and technological revolution (STR) is a period of time during which there is a qualitative leap in the development of science and technology, radically transforming the productive forces of society.
Characteristic features of NTR:
1) universality, all-inclusiveness (transforms all sectors and spheres, the nature of work, life, culture, psychology of people);
2) extraordinary acceleration of scientific and technological transformations (a sharp reduction in the time between a scientific discovery and its implementation in production, faster product renewal);
3) increasing requirements for the level of qualifications of labor resources (increasing the share of mental labor, general intellectualization);
4) orientation towards the use of scientific and technological achievements for military purposes (the emergence of a military-technical revolution).
The characteristic features of scientific and technological revolution are manifested in all its components:
1) in science: increased spending on R&D (research and development), qualitative improvement of the education system, increased connections between science and production, and increased knowledge intensity;
2) in engineering and technology:
Introduction of new, mainly physical and chemical technological processes;
Introduction of computers (USA - 1st place in production), robots (Japan - 1st place in production), GPS (flexible production systems): connecting computers, robot systems, modern machines, transport and loading devices - the so-called " deserted factories;
Development of quantum technology (lasers, masers);
Production of new communications equipment (satellites, etc.);
Intensification of old technology methods.
3) in production:
A sharp complication of the structure of the economy (the emergence of new, high-tech industries - aerospace, etc.);
Growth of knowledge-intensive industries (electrical engineering, instrument making, etc.);
Production of new materials (semiconductor, ceramic; optical fiber; use of 20th century metals - beryllium, lithium, titanium);
Development of nuclear energy;
Intensification of agriculture and transport (increasing yields, speed of transport, etc.).
4) in management:
The emergence of cybernetics (the science of control and information);
- “information explosion”;
Creation of automated control systems, computer centers;
Training of managers (heads of modern production facilities).
Ticket number 2
1. Basic forms of government and state-territorial structure of countries.
2. The composition and structure of the world economy, their changes in the era of scientific and technological revolution.
3. Characteristics of the age and sex composition of the population of one of the countries of the world.
Ticket number 3
1. Geographical environment and its role in the life of mankind.
2. Factors influencing the location of productive forces and their changes in the era of scientific and technological revolution.
3. Determination of the type of reproduction of the country's population using the age-sex pyramid.
Ticket number 4
1. Environmental management. Examples of rational and irrational environmental management.
2. Forestry and woodworking industry; composition, placement. Geographical differences.
3. Determine and compare the average population density of two countries (as chosen by the teacher) and explain the reasons for the differences.
Nature management. Examples of rational and irrational environmental management.
The entire history of human society is the history of its interaction with nature. Man has been using it for his economic purposes for a long time: hunting, gathering, fishing, as natural resources.
Over the course of several millennia, the nature of humanity's relationship with the environment has undergone great changes.
Stages of society's influence on the natural environment:
1) about 30 thousand years ago - gathering, hunting and fishing. Man adapted to nature, and did not change it.
2) 6-8 thousand years ago - the agricultural revolution: the transition of the main part of humanity from hunting and fishing to cultivating the land; There was a slight transformation of natural landscapes.
3) the Middle Ages - an increase in the load on the land, the development of crafts; a wider involvement of natural resources in the economic cycle was required.
4) 300 years ago - industrial revolution: rapid transformation of natural landscapes; growing human impact on the environment.
5) from the middle of the 20th century - the modern stage of the scientific and technological revolution: fundamental shifts in the technical basis of production; There are sharp shifts in the “society - natural environment” system.
Currently, the active role of man in the use of nature is reflected in environmental management as a special area of economic activity.
Environmental management is a set of measures taken by society to study, protect, develop and transform the environment.
Types of environmental management:
1) rational;
2) irrational.
Rational environmental management is an attitude towards nature, which means, first of all, concern for maintaining ecological balance in the environment and completely excludes the perception of nature as an inexhaustible storehouse.
This concept presupposes intensive development of the economy - “in depth”, due to more complete processing of raw materials, reuse of production and consumption waste, the use of low-waste technologies, the creation of cultural landscapes, the protection of animal and plant species, the creation of nature reserves, etc.
For your information:
· There are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks in the world, which together occupy an area of 2.7% of the earth's land. The largest national parks by area are in Greenland, Botswana, Canada, and Alaska.
· In the most developed countries, the use of recycled materials in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass, paper, and plastics already reaches 70% or more.
Irrational environmental management is an attitude towards nature that does not take into account the requirements of environmental protection and its improvement (consumer attitude towards nature).
This approach assumes an extensive path of economic development, i.e. “in breadth”, thanks to the involvement of more and more new geographical areas and natural resources in economic turnover.
Examples of this attitude:
Deforestation;
The process of desertification due to excessive grazing;
Extermination of certain species of plants and animals;
Pollution of water, soil, atmosphere, etc.
For your information:
· It is estimated that one person “harasss” about 200 trees in his life: for housing, furniture, toys, notebooks, matches, etc. In the form of matches alone, the inhabitants of our planet burn 1.5 million cubic meters of wood annually.
· On average, each Moscow resident produces 300-320 kg of garbage per year, in Western European countries - 150-300 kg, in the USA - 500-600 kg. Each city dweller in the United States throws away 80 kg of paper, 250 metal cans, and 390 bottles per year.
Currently, most countries have environmental management policies; special environmental protection bodies have been created; environmental programs and laws and various international projects are being developed.
And the most important thing that a person must learn in his interaction with the natural environment is that all the continents of the planet are interconnected, and if the balance on one of them is disrupted, the other also changes. The slogan “Nature is a workshop, and man is a worker in it” has lost its meaning today.
2. Forestry and woodworking industry, composition placement. Geographical differences...(pp. 125-126)
Ticket number 5
1. Types of natural resources. Resource availability. Assessment of the country's resource availability.
2. The importance of transport in the world economy of the country, types of transport and their features. Transport and environment.
3. Determination and comparison of population growth rates in different countries (teacher's choice).
Ticket number 6
1. Patterns of distribution of mineral resources and countries distinguished by their reserves. Problems of rational use of resources.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Western Europe (at the student’s choice).
3. Comparative characteristics of the transport systems of the two countries (at the teacher’s choice).
Ticket number 7
1. Land resources. Geographical differences in land availability. Problems of their rational use.
2. Fuel and energy industry. Composition, importance in the economy, placement features. The energy problem of humanity and ways to solve it. Problems of environmental protection.
3. Characteristics based on maps of the EGP (economic-geographical location) of the country (at the choice of the teacher).
Ticket number 8
1. Land water resources and their distribution on the planet. The problem of water supply and possible ways to solve it.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the countries of Eastern Europe.
3. Determination, based on statistical materials, of trends in changes in the country’s sectoral structure (at the teacher’s choice).
1. Land water resources and their distribution on the planet. The problem of water supply and possible ways to solve it.
Water resources - water suitable for economic use: rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs, soil moisture, glacier water.
Most of the water is found in the World Ocean, but it is highly mineralized and is of little use not only for drinking, but also for farming.
The population, industry and agriculture are in need of fresh water, which amounts to 3% of the total volume of the hydrosphere, and if we subtract the waters of polar and mountain glaciers from this, then it will be even less.
Fresh water reserves are distributed unevenly around the planet:
a) the largest reserves are found in: Russia, the USA, Canada, Brazil, and the countries of equatorial Africa;
b) the least affluent: countries of tropical Africa (Algeria, Chad), central and southwestern Asia (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Australia);
c) but if we take the availability of fresh water resources per capita, then the situation changes somewhat, in descending order: Canada, Russia, Norway, Brazil, Australia, etc.
Water is also used as a source of hydro resources for generating electrical energy; their largest reserves are concentrated in Russia, Canada, Norway, USA, China, Congo, etc.
Problems related to the use of water resources:
1) increase in consumption of fresh water reserves;
For your information: in ancient times, a person consumed 12-18 liters of water per day, in the 19th century - 40-60 liters, currently in developed countries - 200-300 liters, in large cities - 400-500 liters. and more. A New Yorker consumes 1045 liters per day. water, Paris - 500 l., Moscow and St. Petersburg - 600 l., including industrial and municipal expenses.
2) increasing pollution (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, mineral salts) of the hydrosphere.
For your information: Only 1/3 of the world's population uses good quality water. Approximately 1/3 is provided with insufficient water, and another 1/3 uses poor quality water.
Ways to solve water problems:
1) saving water for industrial and domestic needs;
2) stopping the discharge of industrial, agricultural and municipal wastewater (without proper treatment) into inland waters and seas;
3) construction of treatment facilities;
4) replenishment of missing water resources from other sources:
a) desalination of sea water;
b) greater use of groundwater;
c) use of closed circulating water supply;
d) redistribution of river flow.
Ticket number 9
1. Forest resources of the world and their importance for the life and activities of mankind. Problems of rational use.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Eastern Europe (at the student’s choice).
3. Determination and comparison of the ratio of urban and rural populations in different regions of the world (at the choice of the teacher).
Ticket number 10
1. Resources of the World Ocean: water, mineral, energy and biological. Problems of rational use of the resources of the World Ocean.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the USA.
3. Explanation on the map of the directions of the main cargo flows of iron ore.
Ticket number 11
1. Recreational resources and their distribution on the planet. Problems of rational use.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Japan.
3. Explanation of the directions of the main oil flows using maps.
1. Recreational resources and their distribution on the planet. Problems of rational use.
Recreational resources are: firstly, objects and natural phenomena that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment; secondly - cultural and historical attractions.
The first group includes: sea coasts, banks of rivers and lakes, mountains, forests, outlets of mineral springs and healing mud.
In these places, vacationers and tourists find the greatest diversity and picturesque natural landscapes, rich vegetation, healing climate, good opportunities for recreation, sports, hunting, fishing, etc.
The main forms of natural and recreational areas: green areas around large cities, nature reserves, national parks.
For your information: in the world there are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks, which together occupy an area of over 4 million square meters. km or 2.7% of the earth's land.
In Africa:
· largest national parks: Serengeti, Kruger;
· reserves: Selous, Central Kalahari.
In North America:
· largest national parks: Yellowstone, Wood Buffalo, Kluane, Cumbres de Monterey;
· reserves: Death Valley, Noatak.
In South America:
· largest national parks: Manu, Iguazu;
· nature reserves: Islas Guitecas.
In Eurasia:
· largest national parks: Gauja, Low Tatras, Taman Negara, Meshchersky;
· nature reserves: Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Kostomuksha, Astrakhan.
The second group includes monuments of history, archaeology, architecture and art.
For your information: The Moscow Kremlin, Petrodvorets near St. Petersburg, Westminster in London, the Versailles palace and park complex near Paris, the Roman Colosseum, the Athenian Acropolis, the Egyptian pyramids, the Taj Mahal tomb in Agra (India), the largest museums in the world are visited by millions of people every year.
The richest recreational resources are found in countries where favorable natural conditions are combined with cultural and historical attractions. These are countries such as Italy, Spain, Greece, Egypt, Turkey, Israel, Tunisia, France, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, India, Mexico, Bulgaria, Thailand, etc.
Ticket number 12
1. Environmental pollution and environmental problems of humanity. Types of pollution and their distribution. Ways to solve environmental problems of humanity.
2. Agriculture. Composition, features of development in developed and developing countries. Agriculture and the environment.
3. Drawing up a comparative description of two industrial regions (at the teacher’s choice).
Ticket number 13
1. World population and its changes. Natural population growth and factors influencing its change. Two types of population reproduction and their distribution in different countries.
2. Crop production: boundaries of location, main crops and areas of their cultivation, exporting countries.
3. Comparison of international specialization of one of the developed and one of the developing countries, explanation of the differences.
Ticket number 14
1. “Population explosion.” The problem of population size and its characteristics in different countries. Demographic policy.
2. Chemical industry: composition, significance, placement features. Chemical industry and environmental problems.
3. Assessment using maps and statistical materials of the resource availability of one of the countries (at the teacher’s choice).
Ticket number 15
1. Age and sex composition of the world population. Geographical differences. Sex and age pyramids.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Latin American countries.
3. Comparative characteristics based on the map of the provision of individual regions and countries with arable land.
Ticket number 16
1. National composition of the world population. Its changes and geographical differences. The largest nations of the world.
2. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of modern industry. Composition, placement features. Countries that stand out in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering.
3. Determination of the main export and import items of one of the countries of the world (at the choice of the teacher).
Ticket number 17
1. Distribution of the population across the Earth's territory. Factors influencing population distribution. The most densely populated areas of the world.
2. Electric power industry: significance, countries that stand out in terms of absolute and per capita indicators of electricity production.
3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main grain exporters.
Ticket number 18
1. Population migrations and their causes. The influence of migration on population changes, examples of internal and external migrations.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of the PRC.
3. Explanation on the map of the directions of the main coal cargo flows.
1. Population migrations and their causes. The influence of migration on population changes, examples of internal and external migrations.
Population migration is the movement of people from one place of residence to another.
The main reason is economic, but relocation is also influenced by political, national, environmental and other reasons.
Migrations are divided into internal and external.
External migrations:
a) emigration: leaving one country for permanent residence in another;
b) immigration: entry into the country for permanent residence.
External migrations arose in ancient times and continued in the Middle Ages - primarily in connection with geographical discoveries, but resettlement received its greatest development in the era of capitalism.
Western Europe became the hotbed of mass emigration, where small producers (peasants, artisans) were being ruined and unemployment was growing.
For the period 1815 - 1915. 35-40 million people moved from Europe to other parts of the world, mainly to the USA and Canada, and some to South America, Australia, New Zealand, and certain African countries.
After the Second World War and the collapse of the colonial system, the geography of external migration changed noticeably.
The United States continues to be an important immigration center, attracting labor mainly from Latin America and Asia.
Western Europe has become the main area of attraction for labor - both from Mediterranean countries (Spain, Portugal, Italy, Yugoslavia) and from Asian countries (Turkey, India, Pakistan).
Thus, labor migration has become widespread.
A new large area of labor migration has emerged in the countries of the Middle East, where oil-producing states - Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Libya - act as the main “migration pump”; and the suppliers of labor resources are both other (other than those listed above) Arab countries (Egypt, Yemen, etc.) and many non-Arab Asian states (India, Pakistan, etc.).
Due to the collapse of the USSR and the formation of new sovereign states, there was an increase in migration to Russia and beyond its borders.
In the second half of the 20th century, a new form of external migration appeared, which was called “brain drain”, which is the luring of foreign scientists, engineers, doctors and other highly qualified specialists from developed and developing European countries (in particular from Russia and the CIS countries) to USA.
Internal migrations (intrastate), their types:
a) from village to city: developed in all countries of the planet, but they have acquired a special scope in the developing world.
Streams of rural residents are flocking to cities in search of a better life. This leads to the “explosive” growth of the largest cities.
b) from city to village: prevail mainly in developed countries of the world; from crowded, smoky cities to the suburbs, and partly to the countryside.
c) from one region of the country to another region: this type of migration is associated with the development of new territories (in the USA, Canada, Australia, Russia, Brazil, China), with the emergence of areas of interethnic conflicts, military operations, etc.
d) nomadism (in developing countries of Africa, Asia).
e) “pendulum migration”: the daily movement of people from the suburbs to work in the city and back.
Ticket number 19
1. Urban and rural populations of the world. Urbanization. Largest cities and urban agglomerations. Problems and consequences of urbanization in the modern world.
2. Livestock: distribution, main industries, location features, exporting countries.
3. Explanation on the map of the directions of the main gas flows.
Ticket number 20
1. World economy: essence and main stages of formation. International geographical division of labor and its examples.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the Latin American countries (at the student’s choice).
3. Comparative characteristics of the provision of individual regions and countries with water resources.
1. World economy: essence and main stages of formation. International geographical division of labor and its examples.
The world economy (WE) is a system of interconnected national economies, which is based on the international geographical division of labor and various economic and political relations.
The formation of MX actually covers the entire history of mankind.
The process of its creation began at the manufacturing stage of the development of capitalism (XVI - XVIII centuries). As a result of the Great Geographical Discoveries, international trade covered areas not only of the Old World, but also of the New World, the exchange of products between which led to the formation of a world market.
The further expansion of this market was facilitated by the development of transport. Sea transport connected all continents. The length of railways has increased.
In the XVIII - XIX centuries. The industrial revolution took place, and a large machine industry was formed in a number of countries in Western Europe and the USA.
The final formation of the MX can be attributed to the period - from the end of the 19th century. to the beginning of the 20th century
Currently, the world is dominated by 3 main MH centers: Europe (28% of GDP - gross domestic product), USA (26% of GDP), Japan (10% of GDP).
For your information: GDP is the total value of goods and services consumed by the population, created in the country, government purchases and capital investments.
The international geographical division of labor (IGLD) is expressed in the specialization of individual countries in the production of certain types of products and services and in the subsequent exchange of them.
The result of the international geographical division of labor is an industry of international specialization for a given country.
For your information: an industry of international specialization is an industry that is more focused on the export of products and primarily determines the “face” of the state in the MGRT.
In order for such specialization to arise, certain conditions must be met:
1) a country participating in the MGRT must have some advantages (for example, a wealth of natural resources), at least over some states, in the production of relevant products;
2) there must be countries that have a need for these products;
3) the costs of delivering products to the point of sale should be beneficial to the manufacturing country;
4) the state must produce more of this product than it itself needs.
Examples of industries with international specialization:
· Japan - export of cars, ships, radio electronics and robotics products.
· Bulgaria - production of agricultural products and handling equipment.
· Canada - grain production, forest products.
· Zambia - export of copper ore and refined copper, etc.
The degree of involvement of any state in MGRT depends primarily on the level of development of its productive forces. Therefore, industrially developed countries occupy leading positions in the production of “ennobled”, expensive products - machinery and equipment, durable goods, etc.
As for developing countries, the main sectors of their international specialization are related to the export of natural resources and agricultural products.
Ticket number 21
1. International economic integration. Economic groupings of countries of the modern world.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of African countries.
3. Identification based on statistical materials of the main cotton exporters.
Ticket number 22
1. Fuel industry: composition, location of the main fuel production areas. The most important producing and exporting countries. Main international fuel flows.
2. International economic relations: forms and geographical features.
3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main exporters of sugar.
Ticket number 23
1. Metallurgical industry: composition, placement features. Main producing and exporting countries. Metallurgy and the problem of environmental protection.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the African countries (at the student’s choice).
3. Drawing up a comparative description of two agricultural regions (at the teacher’s choice).
Ticket number 24
1. Forestry and woodworking industry: composition, placement. Geographical differences.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Asian countries.
3. Determination based on statistical materials of the main coffee exporters.
Ticket number 25
1. Light industry: composition, placement features. Problems and prospects for development.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the Asian countries (at the student’s choice).
3. Designation on the contour map of geographical objects, the knowledge of which is provided by the program (at the choice of the teacher).
Answers to tickets for geography grades 10-11
Ticket No. 1
1. Modern political map of the world: the diversity of countries in the modern world, their main types.
2. Scientific and technological revolution: characteristic features and components.
3. Characteristics of the location of the economy of one of the countries of the world (at the choice of the teacher).
Modern political map of the world: the diversity of countries in the modern world, their main types.
Political map of the world is a geographical map that shows the state borders of countries around the world. Currently, there are more than 200 countries and territories in the world, more than 180 of which are sovereign states.
For your information: sovereign state - a politically independent state with independence in internal and external affairs (the name comes from the French word souverain - highest, supreme).
It is difficult to indicate the exact number of countries, because The political map is constantly changing.
Since the beginning of the 90s, states such as the USSR and the SFRY ceased to exist, the republics that were part of them acquired the status of independent states; two countries - the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany - united into one state; Czechoslovakia split into two states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia, etc.
There are countries that have declared themselves independent, but are not recognized as such by the world community (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus)
There are countries that are occupied by other states: Palestine - Israel, East Timor - Indonesia, Western Sahara - Morocco.
But recently there are several more officially recognized colonies: under US control - Eastern Samoa, Guam, etc.; under British control - Gibraltar, St. Helena, etc.
Many territories are not included in the official list of countries for decolonization, because... according to the states that govern them, they are their “overseas” departments.
The countries of the world are diverse in their characteristics, so there is a need to group them:
1) by size of territory:
There are 7 largest countries: Russia, Canada, USA, China, Australia, Brazil, Argentina - each of them has an area of over 3 million square kilometers, these countries together occupy half of the entire landmass;
And very tiny states - Andorra, Liechtenstein, Singapore, etc.
2) by population:
The most numerous: China, India, USA, Russia, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan - with a population of more than 100 million each;
And small in number - the Vatican and many others.
3) according to the characteristics of the geographical location:
A) coastal: Great Britain, Australia, Norway, etc.
B) peninsular: India, Greece, Italy.
C) island: Sri Lanka, Iceland.
D) archipelagic countries: Philippines, Japan.
D) landlocked: Mongolia, Chad.
4) according to the national composition of the population:
Single-national: Japan, Sweden;
Multinational: Russia, India, etc.
5) according to the political system:
Constitutional monarchies (Great Britain, Japan);
Absolute monarchies (Brunei, UAE);
Republics (USA, Germany).
6) according to the state structure:
Unitary (France, Hungary);
Federative (India, Russia).
7) based on socio-economic characteristics:
Until recently, the following countries stood out: socialist (USSR, China, etc.); capitalist (USA, Germany, etc.);
Developing (India, Argentina, etc.). This typology is now considered outdated.
8) according to the level of socio-economic development:
a) developed (the high level of economic development, economic potential, the country’s share in the world economy, economic structure, etc. are taken into account):
G7 countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Canada);
Smaller countries (Sweden, Spain, etc.);
Countries of “settler capitalism” (Canada, Australia);
CIS (Russia, Ukraine, etc.);
Newly industrialized countries (Korea, Singapore, etc.).
b) developing (transitional states in which socio-economic relations are at the stage of change):
Countries of moderately developed capitalism (Brazil, Mexico, etc.);
Oil exporting countries (UAE, Kuwait);
Countries lagging behind in their development and least developed (Afghanistan, Kenya).
The place of any country in the typology is not constant and can change over time, which is usually associated with the internal and external economic relations of states.
