home Calculators Fluid in the ovaries in women - what is it and how to treat the pathology? What is an anechoic inclusion (formation) in the ovary, uterus? Fluid formation in the projection of the left ovary

Fluid in the ovaries in women - what is it and how to treat the pathology? What is an anechoic inclusion (formation) in the ovary, uterus? Fluid formation in the projection of the left ovary

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Follicular and corpus luteum cysts

Follicular cysts, which can be found in almost every ovary, are often multiple, located in the cortex and rarely exceed 10-15 mm. Their inner surface is smooth, the contents are transparent and watery. Occasionally, a larger cyst may bulge above the surface and even have a stalk.

Diagnosis of follicular cysts

In the presence of a follicular cyst in the ovarian region, a single-chamber liquid formation of a round shape is often detected, next to which unchanged organ tissue is usually detected, and with ultrasonography behind the cyst a characteristic effect of dorsal amplification of ultrasound is determined.

In some cases, several follicular cysts, or a two-chamber follicular cyst, may be detected in the ovary.

The sizes of follicular cysts vary between 30-100 mm. Their walls are thin, the outer and inner contours are smooth.

During laparoscopy, a follicular ovarian cyst is determined in the form of a tumor-like liquid formation of the ovary up to 10 cm in size, round or oval in shape, tight-elastic consistency, with a smooth surface and a thin wall.

Cysts of the corpus luteum are similar in echostructure to the corpus luteum itself, usually do not exceed 7-8 cm in diameter, have thick walls and hypoechoic contents.

In general, corpus luteum cysts, in contrast to follicular cysts, can have an extremely polymorphic echostructure from a fine-mesh formation of medium echogenicity to a cyst with homogeneous and anechoic contents in combination with multiple or single irregularly shaped septa.

Often, in the cavity of the corpus luteum cyst, parietal inclusions of high echogenicity and irregular shape are detected.

The reverse development of the corpus luteum cyst until complete disappearance lasts 2-3 months.

Endometriosis and endometrioid cysts

Ovarian endometriosis (endometrioid heterotopia) refers to genital endometriosis, its external form. Macroscopically, ovarian endometriosis has the appearance of isolated or merging with the surrounding tissue lesions (nodes, nests) of a round, elongated or irregular shape, the cavities of which contain dark, thick or glassy fluid.

Ovarian endometriosis may look like:

small, pinpoint foci of endometriosis on the surface of the ovaries and on the peritoneum of the uterorectal cavity;
unilateral endometrioid cyst with a diameter of no more than 5-6 cm;
small foci of endometriosis on the peritoneum of the pelvis and adhesions around the appendages;
endometrioid cysts of both ovaries (diameter more than 5-6 cm) and/or foci of endometriosis on the serous surface of the uterus, fallopian tubes, pelvic peritoneum, pronounced adhesions;
bilateral cysts of large sizes with the transition of the process to neighboring organs.

Endometrioid cysts are characterized by adhesions with surrounding tissues, a dense capsule, and hemorrhagic contents the color of tar or chocolate.

In the process of accumulation of contents, perforations of the cyst wall may occur. Microscopically, all the details and structural features of heterotopias are determined, the main ones being the presence of a single-layer columnar epithelium (with cilia on the surface of some cells) and cytogenic stroma of varying degrees of severity, identical to the endometrium. The tubular glands of endometrioid heterotopias in the premenstrual period, although they become convoluted, their secretory activity is insignificant, and the amount of glycogen in the glandular epithelium is very limited.

Diagnosis of endometrioid cysts

When tomography is performed, an endometrioid cyst is defined as a single-chamber formation with liquid contents.

The shape of such cysts is round, the wall thickness is not the same in different areas.

The thickness of the wall depends on the duration of the cyst’s existence and is determined by the volume of wall blood clots.

Ultrasonographically, a heterogeneous fluid with multiple hyperechoic inclusions is determined in the cyst cavity.

Merging with each other, these inclusions form a fine-mesh structure of a liquid formation, which is due to the organization of thrombotic masses and the accumulation of epithelium rejected during menstruation.

Endometriotic cysts are often encountered, and ultrasound examination of them reveals uneven contours and internal septa, as well as hypoechoic contents. In a third of all cases, in girls and young women with a newly formed pathological cavity, echo-positive elements are not found in the lumen of the endometrioid cyst.

During laparoscopy, an endometrioid ovarian cyst looks like a tumor-like formation, with a dense whitish or bluish capsule, with blue-purple areas visible through it.

Adhesions of the endometrioid cyst to the posterior surface of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and pelvic peritoneum are often detected. When the cyst is punctured, chocolate or tar-colored contents pour out. On the surface of the endometrioid cyst, as a rule, endometrioid heterotopias (up to 3-5 mm in size) are detected.

Polycystic

Polycystic (sclerocystic) ovaries - pathology of the structure and function of the ovaries against the background of neurometabolic disorders. There are primary (“true”, polycystic ovary disease) and secondary polycystic ovaries, or polycystic ovary syndrome. Polycystic ovary disease: primary polycystic ovaries, sclerocystic ovaries, Stein-Leventhal syndrome. The main macroscopic sign is bilateral enlargement of the ovaries, 2-6 times their normal size, with the presence of multiple, cystic atretic follicles. The surface of the ovary is smoothed, without traces of ovulation, the capsule is dense, sharply thickened (follicular tassels sometimes cannot be seen through it), whitish with a pearlescent tint.

The capsule contains small, tree-like branching vessels. The section reveals a dense grayish stroma, in which numerous small follicular brushes are located in a row closer to the periphery. The histological picture is characterized by: sclerosis of the tunica albuginea (capsule) of the ovaries with thickening; stromal hyperplasia; cystic atresia of follicles; hyperplasia (sometimes with luteinization) of theca cells of cystic atretic follicles.

Polycystic ovary syndrome with secondary polycystic ovaries (against the background of adrenal hyperandrogenism): their size, as a rule, does not reach the same size as with primary ones, and the increase itself is asymmetrical. The capsule is not so sharply thickened (as evidenced by the follicular brushes visible through it) and, as can be seen under microscopic examination, unevenly. Mild stromal hyperplasia, atretic follicles, white and sometimes yellow bodies are also noted.

The possibility of ovulation and pregnancy against the background of adrenal hyperandrogenism and the extreme rarity of hyperplastic processes in the endometrium, which is characterized by proliferation or features of mild atrophy, are the main difference between primary polycystic ovaries and secondary ones.

Diagnosis of polycystic disease

At the first stage of ovarian sclerocystosis, only bilateral thickening of their capsule is determined in the form of a hyperechoic rim along the periphery of the ovarian tissue.

In the second phase of sclerocystic ovaries, the main ultrasonographic data are signs of polycystic changes against the background of an increase in the medulla of the organ.

Cystadenoma

Serous cystadenoma is a benign ovarian tumor, usually unilateral. It is a translucent cystic formation, reaching a size of 20 cm, smooth on the surface.

It has a whitish appearance when cut and consists of one or more cysts containing serous fluid.

The cysts are lined with heterogeneous epithelium, probably of germinal origin, in some places resembling tubal and cervical epithelium.

In the presence of papillary epithelial growths, they speak of papillary cystadenoma. Mucinous cystadenoma (pseudomucinous cystoma) is a benign epithelial tumor, usually unilateral. It can reach very large sizes and weight up to 30 kg and can be either single-chamber or multi-chamber, with smoothed outer and inner surfaces.

Microscopically, the cysts are lined with high prismatic epithelium with mucous differentiation, reminiscent of intestinal epithelium and secerating mucus (mucoid). Sometimes papillary outgrowths of the epithelium are formed that protrude into the lumen of the cyst - papillary mucinous cystadenoma.

In some cases, the cyst wall ruptures, its contents spill into the abdominal cavity and pseudomyxoma peritonei develops. In this case, implantation of cyst cells along the peritoneum is possible, and a large amount of mucus-like mass secreted by them accumulates in the abdominal cavity.

Approximately 80% of mucinous tumors are benign and only 5-10% are malignant.

Diagnosis of cystadenoma

Cystadenoma during laparoscopy is determined as a unilateral rounded single-chamber formation of the ovary located behind and to the side of the uterus.

The formation has a tight-elastic consistency and is mobile. The wall can be translucent, with a bluish tint, with a translucent vascular network.

The most common type of serous cystadenoma is a unilocular cyst.

The fluid formation can be located quite high from the level of the uterine fundus, separate from other anatomical structures of the pelvis. In more than half of the cases, simple serous cysts are displaced by local compression or a change in body position. The shape of such a cyst is usually round, the walls are thickened from 1 to 4-5 mm, their thickness is the same throughout, the outer and inner contours are clear and even.

The location, shape and size of papillary ovarian cystadenomas are similar to those of serous cystadenomas. A distinctive feature of papillary cystadenomas is the unequal thickness of the cyst wall in different parts. The outer contour of the liquid formation remains clear and even.

A characteristic sign of papillary cysts is also the presence of X-ray or echo-positive inclusions in the cavity of the liquid formation, which are determined on one of the walls of the cyst, protrude into its lumen and are clearly visualized against the background of the liquid contents.

During laparoscopy, papillary cystadenoma has a different color from bluish to whitish-gray. The walls are thin, normal ovarian tissue is absent, the vascular pattern is significantly pronounced, and there are local dilations of the vessels.

A typical feature of mucinous cystadenomas is their multilocular nature.

Multiple, relatively small cysts are located within larger cystic formations. Cystic cavities contain numerous septa of varying thickness. In one cystic formation of the ovary, elements of both mucinous and papillary cystadenoma can be found.

Adenocarcinoma

Serous cystadenocarcinoma is an epithelial malignant tumor, one of the most common forms of ovarian cancer. Macroscopically it is presented as a multinodular multilacunar formation with a brownish-yellow or bronze-white mottled cut surface. The sizes of its nodes vary from small to larger.

In histological examination, papillary growths covered with anaplastic epithelium are predominant.

Foci of a solid or adenomatous structure often appear. Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma may contain small rounded layered mineral inclusions - psammoma bodies, the presence of which indicates dystrophic calcification of the tumor.

Tumor cells often grow into the wall of the cyst and spread over its surface, moving to the peritoneum. Hyperchromic cells form glandular, solid, cribriform structures; necrosis of tumor tissue is characteristic.

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma- a solid, nodular neoplasm separated by septa on the section - bronze-white in color.

Clear cell adenocarcinoma- a multilocular cystic formation from brownish to gray-blue in color, usually containing a clear or slightly cloudy viscous fluid.

Sometimes, in cases of a mixed type tumor, histologically it is represented by both areas of clear cell carcinoma and areas of papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma.

Diagnosis of adenocarcinoma

In ovarian cystadenocarcinoma, tomography reveals signs of multicentric tumor growth: relatively large sizes of the solid component of the cyst, irregular shape of the tumor node, its pronounced tuberosity, uneven contours, heterogeneous structure with a predominance of low-density areas.

In some cases, an extracystic component of the tumor with a fuzzy, uneven contour is determined.

Malignant papillary growths can occupy almost the entire volume of the cystic cavity, while the solid component of such cystadenocarcinoma is usually large-lumpy, with unclear contours.

When cancer develops from mucinous cystadenoma, unambiguous tomographic signs of its malignancy may not be observed for a certain time. Indirect signs of cancer in mucinous cystadenoma include extremely large sizes of a multi-chamber cystic formation, the shape of which is not round; papillary masses completely fill the lumen of one of the chambers of the cyst or merge into a single solid conglomerate.

Sex cord stromal tumors

Sex cord stromal tumors arise from embryonic tissue of the gonads or from the ovarian stroma.

Granulosa cell tumor (folliculoma) is a benign tumor, often unilateral. It is a node with a bumpy surface due to the presence of multiple small cystic cavities. On the section, the tumor tissue is gray-yellow, with areas of hemorrhage.

The source of tumor growth is granulosa. The main element of the tumor is small round cells that have a basophilic nucleus and a thin rim of cytoplasm and are located in the form of solid nests, trabecular and adenomatous structures.

The tumor is hormonally active, which, in addition to clinical signs of high estrogen content, is manifested by glandular cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium.

Malignant granulosa cell tumor (cancer) - retains the ability to produce estrogen, but the cells lose their monomorphism and become polymorphic. Thecoma is a benign tumor, often one-sided, its diameter reaches 20-30 cm, dense, yellow.

More often observed after 50 years. The tumor may be hormonally inactive, in which case its structure resembles a fibroma.

Consists of intertwining bundles of spindle-shaped cells.

Hormonally active thecoma produces estrogens. In this case, hyperplasia and decidual transformation of the uterine mucosa sometimes occur, and thecoma cells accumulate lipids and become round, light-colored, resembling epithelium. They are located diffusely or in nests, and a well-developed network of capillaries appears between them.

Malignant thecoma is a rare tumor characterized by cellular atypia and consists of round, spindle-shaped and polymorphic cells resembling sarcomatous cells. Not always hormonally active.

V.N. Serov, I.N. Zvenigorodsky

An anechoic formation in the ovary is a symptom that is determined by ultrasound examination of the female genital and pelvic organs. Various pathologies of the female reproductive system require careful diagnosis, so the “golden method” of research is ultrasound. This method is based on the ability of ultrasound beams to penetrate deep into tissues and reflect from organs that have different densities, which is characterized by an image in the form of different echo signals. If tissue, such as bone, has a high density and conducts rays well, then the image is hyperechoic and appears as a bright area. If the tissue has low density and does not reflect the signal well, the area will be hypoechoic or anechoic. An anechoic formation in the ovary can be of various etiologies, and according to this, there are different methods of differential diagnosis.

ICD-10 code

N83 Non-inflammatory diseases of the ovary, fallopian tube and broad ligament of the uterus

Causes of anechoic formation in the ovary

An anechoic formation during ultrasound examination looks like a darkened structure of a certain size in the projection of the ovary. Typically, this is a cavity filled with liquid, which explains the good conductivity of ultrasound beams. Therefore, the most common cause of such a symptom on ovarian ultrasound is the formation of cysts or cysts. This is the most common reason, which is accompanied by similar changes on ultrasound. According to statistics, ovarian cysts in women of reproductive age are very common and account for more than 60% of all benign neoplasms of the female genital organs, and more than 85% of benign formations in the ovary. The reasons for the formation of ovarian cysts can be varied, and it is very difficult to establish the exact etiological factor. First of all, it should be noted that there is a violation of the hormonal balance in the regulation of the ovario-menstrual cycle, which affects the functioning of both the ovary itself and the follicle cycle. Also among the causes of the development of cysts (anechoic formations of the ovary) one should highlight inflammatory diseases of the ovaries, postoperative adhesions, and ovarian trauma. All these factors can cause the development of cysts, but very often, it is not possible to identify any factors in a woman’s history that could influence this process.

Pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of the development of anechoic formations in the ovary differs, depending on the type of neoplasm - cyst or cystoma.

A cyst is a benign non-proliferating neoplasm of the ovary, which has a thin wall and fluid inside. Liquid contents are formed due to the secretory activity of cells and disruption of the excretion of this secretion. The size of the cyst can range from several millimeters to several centimeters, but compared to the cystoma, the size of the cyst does not reach enormous sizes.

Cysts are distinguished:

Follicular is an ovarian formation, which is characterized by a thin shell and the presence of fluid inside, and is formed as a result of a violation of the physiological rupture of the follicle and the accumulation of fluid in it that is secreted. Therefore, follicular cysts have their own characteristics on ultrasound.
Paraovarian is a cyst located around the ovary, which is formed due to the accumulation of fluid in the ovarian tissue.
Dermoid is a cyst that is congenital and occurs as a result of disruption of ontogenesis processes and is characterized by the presence in the cavity of dysgerminogenic inclusions in the form of hair, teeth, and skin. Doesn't happen very often.
Corpus luteum cyst is a special type of cyst that forms in the second phase of the menstrual cycle - the luteal phase, when after the rupture of the follicle the corpus luteum of pregnancy is formed and with certain hormonal disturbances in the process of involution of the corpus luteum it persists with the accumulation of fluid inside. Then a thin-walled capsule forms around the corpus luteum and fluid is secreted inside.

These are the main types of cysts that are found in the ovary, although there are a huge number of them according to their structure, but these types can be found most often.

A cystoma is a benign ovarian neoplasm that has distinctive features from a cyst. Firstly, cystomas are proliferating structures that are formed not due to the accumulation of fluid, but due to cell proliferation. Therefore, their structure is heterogeneous and can consist of several chambers, and can also be of enormous size due to uncontrolled cell division. Main types of cysts:

Mucinous is a cyst that is formed during the proliferation of glandular epithelial cells and due to this, cavities are formed containing a viscous mucous-like substance inside - mucin.
Papillary or cystadenoma is a cyst of the papillary epithelium, which has a heterogeneous structure due to numerous cells that proliferate in the form of warts on the skin. This type of cyst is the most dangerous in terms of possible complications.
Serous is a type of epithelial cyst, which is characterized by cell proliferation and accumulation of serous matter inside.

Separately, it is necessary to note endometrioid cysts, which, when localized in the ovary, are also called “chocolate cysts.” This is a type of disease – endometriosis. At the same time, areas of the endometrium are dispersed outside the uterine cavity - both to the external and internal genital organs, and extragenitally - which is accompanied by their secretion, that is, these areas menstruate. When endometrioid cysts are localized in the ovary, they also have their own characteristic features, both clinically and during ultrasound examination.

Symptoms of anechoic formation in the ovary

As described earlier, an anechoic formation in the ovary is a cyst or cystoma. The specifics of the clinic and differences in ultrasound depend on this.

The first signs of this pathology are often detected already at the moment when the formation reaches enormous sizes. Basically, the course of cysts is asymptomatic, but it all depends on the location.

Ovarian cysts can disrupt the normal ovario-menstrual cycle with delayed menstruation, which often alarms women and forces them to see a doctor. This is due to the fact that the ovarian cyst prevents the release of the egg from the follicle and menstruation does not occur, since there is no normal level of hormones, which is maintained by the corpus luteum, among other things. This applies mainly to follicular cysts and corpus luteum cysts, which is due to their localization in the area of the follicle that was supposed to rupture.

As for dermoid cysts, they are often asymptomatic until the very end of a woman’s life, since they do not tend to grow.

A paraovarian cyst is located between the ovary and the uterus, so a common clinical symptom is torsion of the pedicle of the ovarian cyst, which is accompanied by an acute abdomen. In this case, the woman feels a sharp pain in the lower abdomen or in its lateral parts, the general condition is disturbed, and symptoms of peritoneal irritation may be positive. Moreover, when examined over time, the cyst increases in size due to the fact that the outflow of blood through the veins is disrupted, but the arterial inflow is not affected. This may be the first sign of a cyst in a woman who previously had no idea about its presence.

As for cysts, the symptoms of their manifestation are often associated with large sizes, which is accompanied by a feeling of pressure on neighboring organs. In this case, cystomas can be so huge that they lead to an increase in the volume of the abdomen. This may be the first and only sign of the presence of cysts.

The clinical features are endometrial cysts, which are characterized by small discharges of blood similar to the uterine endometrium. At the same time, a woman before or after menstruation experiences severe pain in the lower abdomen, which is often regarded as premenstrual syndrome and women do not focus on this. This occurs because the blood that is released from the endometrial ovarian cyst enters the free pelvic cavity and the abdominal cavity, which causes irritation of the peritoneum and severe abdominal pain.

As for the distinctive ultrasound features of different types of cysts, then:

An anechoic round formation in the ovary, especially if it is avascular, then it is definitely a cyst. What does the concept “avascular” mean? This is the absence of blood vessels, that is, this formation is not supplied with blood. This once again proves that this is a cyst, since, when differentiating from malignant formations or a myomatous node, it should be noted that they have a good blood supply.
An anechoic liquid thin-walled formation in the ovary indicates a cyst, while the cavity is homogeneous in the form of darkening with a clear structure. In this case, there is a thin membrane, which also makes it possible to differentiate a cyst from a cystoma.
An anechoic heterogeneous ovarian formation is an endometrioid cyst, which has a heterogeneous structure due to the presence of endometrial cells that can secrete blood. In this case, a cavity is not formed, or there is a small cavity that contains blood inside, and since blood has a higher density than liquid, an unclear structure of the formation is determined.
A two-chamber anechoic formation in the ovary - this also indicates a cystoma, since in the process of cell proliferation, both single-chamber and multi-chamber formations can form.
An anechoic formation of the ovary during pregnancy is also often a cyst. But at the same time, such a cyst should be monitored very carefully, since its course can vary from regression after the birth of the child to the occurrence of complications with the growth of this cyst and enlargement of the uterus. Treatment tactics are also slightly different.

These are the main ovarian neoplasms with clinical differentiation and ultrasound signs that help clarify the diagnosis.

Complications and consequences

The main complications that can occur with asymptomatic anechoic formations in the ovary are conditions associated with torsion of the pedicle of the ovarian cyst, which is accompanied by a clinical picture of an acute abdomen and requires immediate surgical intervention, since the death of the cyst tissue occurs, which, if waited, may be accompanied by necrosis of the ovarian tissue. Also, one of the complications may be rupture of the cyst, which is accompanied by the release of contents into the pelvic cavity and initiates the clinical picture of peritonitis. Since the fluid can also be with blood, a long process can contribute to the formation of inflammatory transudate. The consequences of an anechoic formation in the ovary may be a disruption of the ovario-menstrual cycle, which leads to infertility or miscarriage.

Diagnosis of anechoic formation in the ovary

If any symptoms characteristic of ovarian cysts appear, a woman should immediately consult a doctor. A very important step in making a diagnosis is collecting an anamnesis with details of the monthly cycle, characteristics of sexual life, symptoms of the disease and the dynamics of their origin. Complaints of menstrual irregularities with delayed menstruation or polymenorrhea may suggest possible problems with the ovary, one of the causes of which may be cysts.

When examining a woman in the mirror, no changes are detected, but during a bimanual vaginal examination, a unilateral round-shaped neoplasm can be palpated in the projection of the ovary, which immediately makes it possible to suspect an ovarian cyst.

Tests for ovarian cysts are not specific, so all general clinical examinations are carried out. Special smears from the cervical canal are also not very informative for diagnosing ovarian cysts in the absence of concomitant pathology.

Instrumental diagnostics allows you to clarify the diagnosis and establish treatment tactics. The most informative method is ultrasound of the ovaries and pelvic cavity.

Ultrasound is performed transvaginally, with the sensor located close to the ovaries, which allows better visualization of changes. At the same time, the exact localization of the anechoic formation in the ovary, its size, structure, edges, cavity, capsule, and homogeneity are described. This allows the possible process to be accurately identified. They also describe the condition of the uterus, its length, and the height of the endometrium, which makes it possible to determine the phase of the cycle.

Diagnosis and accurate confirmation of the diagnosis of the cyst is possible only after postoperative histological examination of the material.

These are the main types of diagnosis of anechoic formation in the ovary.

Differential diagnosis

Differential diagnosis must be carried out with ovarian cancer and other malignant tumors. In this case, ovarian cancer has the appearance of an unstructured formation with unclear edges and possible spread to neighboring organs. It is also necessary to differentially diagnose an ovarian cyst with an ectopic ovarian pregnancy. In this case, there is a delay in menstruation, a positive pregnancy test and the fertilized egg is visualized.

A fibromatous node with subserous localization can also resemble a paraovarian ovarian cyst, but with fibroids the node is of varying density and has a higher echogenicity.

Treatment of anechoic formation in the ovary

The issue of treatment of cysts is discussed in each case individually, since there are cases when only observation is necessary. Treatment can be either conservative or surgical.

Asymptomatic small cysts that were discovered by chance during examination in girls of puberty or under 20 years of age, as a rule, are not subject to treatment, but only to careful observation. This is due to the fact that such formations can regress on their own after restoration of normal hormonal levels.

Also, cysts during pregnancy are subject to observation, in the absence of complications. This is due to the fact that conservative treatment with medications during pregnancy can negatively affect the fetus. Also, surgical treatment can bring more complications, and after childbirth such a formation may disappear. Otherwise, after childbirth the issue of treating such a cyst is considered.

Only endometriotic and functional cysts (follicular and corpus luteum cysts) are subject to drug treatment of anechoic formations in the ovary. This is due to the fact that hormonal imbalance plays a major role in the pathogenesis of the formation of such cysts, so hormonal medications as replacement therapy help reduce the size of these cysts and lead to their regression.

The main hormonal drugs prescribed in this case are progesterone drugs. They allow you to equalize hormone levels by replenishing hormones in case of luteal phase deficiency.

Duphaston is an oral hormonal drug that is a synthetic analogue of natural progesterone. The mechanism of action of this drug, like others, is replacement therapy for failure of the second ovarian phase, which leads to the formation of functional or endometrioid cysts. The drug is available in the form of tablets of 10 mg, used according to an individual regimen with general dosages in the form of taking 10 mg twice a day from the 5th day of the cycle or from the 11th day of the cycle. The specifics of administration depend on the type of cyst and are decided by the doctor on an individual basis, since a combination of the drug with estrogen drugs is possible.

Contraindications to the use of the drug are acute liver damage, acute heart failure and lactation. Side effects are allergic manifestations, dyspeptic manifestations in the form of nausea, vomiting, discomfort in the mammary glands, impaired libido, uterine bleeding, requiring dosage changes.

It is important to carry out restorative and immunomodulatory treatment in the form of vitamin therapy in parallel with hormone replacement therapy. Vitamins A and E are recommended, or better yet, multivitamin complexes. Among the physiotherapeutic methods of treatment, iontophoresis and electrophoresis are recommended, as well as magnetic resonance therapy for asymptomatic forms of cysts. This helps reduce them in size.

Surgical treatment is a priority in the case of cysts, since due to their proliferation they sooner or later become symptomatic and can also become malignant. Surgical interventions include lower laparotomy and resection of the ovarian cyst. In this case, the postoperative material is sent for cytological examination to differentiate the type of cyst.

The surgical treatment method is more reliable and is used in older women, since the risk of malignancy of the cyst is reduced. In case of complications, surgical treatment of anechoic formations in the ovary is the method of choice.

Traditional treatment of anechoic formation in the ovary

There are many traditional methods for treating cysts. These include methods using many herbs, honey and other natural substances, as well as homeopathic remedies.

Basic folk recipes:

Honey has many nutrients and microelements that increase local immunity and stimulate regeneration. To create medicine from honey, you need to take the core of the onion and place it in a glass of honey until it is completely filled with it. Leave this solution overnight and in the morning moisten a tampon in this solution and insert it into the vagina at night, which is repeated for 10 days, after which the cyst should shrink.
Flaxseed oil regulates the disrupted ovario-menstrual cycle, and therefore it must be used a teaspoon daily in combination with carrot juice. To do this, dilute five drops of fresh juice in a teaspoon of oil and drink on an empty stomach.
Walnuts are one of the most effective means for regulating hormonal imbalance. You can use both nut shells and partitions. They need to be poured with a glass of alcohol and left in a dark place for 3 days, after which they should be taken on an empty stomach, one tablespoon at a time, for at least a week.

Recipes using herbs are as follows:

Prepare a herbal mixture from mint, nettle and currant leaves - take them in equal quantities, pour hot water and boil for another 5 minutes, then cool and drink warm, half a glass every other day for a month.
Pine buds are brewed at the rate of one tablespoon of raw material per liter of water, infused in a thermos overnight and drunk throughout the day, half a glass 3-4 times a day for at least a month.
Raspberry leaves and meadowsweet inflorescences are steamed in hot water and a glass of this tea is taken in the morning and evening and drunk for three weeks.

Homeopathic remedies are also widely used to treat ovarian cysts, for this you need to consult a professional homeopathic doctor. The main homeopathic remedies are:

Dysmenorm is a complex homeopathic medicine that affects hormonal imbalances, including benign ovarian formations. The drug is produced in the form of tablets and taken 1 tablet 3 times a day, half an hour before meals. Side effects are rare, but nausea and temporary worsening may occur. Not recommended for patients with celiac disease.
Lycopodium is a monocomponent homeopathic medicine that is effective for cysts of the right ovary. The drug is produced in the form of homeopathic granules of 10 g in a jar, also in the form of tincture of 15 ml. Take between meals, dissolve under the tongue until completely dissolved, 1 granule 4 times a day. Not recommended for pregnant women. No side effects were found.
Gynekohel is a combined homeopathic medicine, which comes in the form of drops and is used 10 drops three times a day, before which it must be dissolved in warm water. Side effects are rarely observed in the form of allergic phenomena.
Cyclodinone is a homeopathic drug that normalizes the ovario-menstrual cycle in case of insufficiency of its second phase. The drug is available in tablets or drops. Dosage – 1 tablet in the morning or 40 drops once a day. The course of treatment is at least three months. Contraindications for use are pregnancy and allergic hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

An anechoic formation in the ovary is not a diagnosis to be afraid of, but an ovarian cyst. It is necessary to differentiate different types of cysts, which depends on the clinic and affects treatment tactics. These formations are benign and there are many methods of treating this pathology, both medicinal and traditional, as well as surgical. Therefore, you should not be afraid of this diagnosis, but it is better to consult a doctor earlier for timely diagnosis and treatment, which allows you to prevent various complications.

Some women receive approximately the following ultrasound results: “a fluid formation was detected in the ovary.” Such a conclusion means that a formation has formed in the appendage, which may disappear within several cycles or needs treatment. Fluid formation in the right ovary occurs more often than in the left.

Most often, fluid in the ovary is found in women after 40 years of age, but can appear at any age. Most scientists believe that pathology occurs due to hormonal imbalance. Moreover, a cyst in the pelvis can form both as a result of natural changes in the body, and as a result of taking hormonal drugs.

Failures in reproductive function in most cases are caused by early entry into puberty, as well as repeated abortions. Ovarian cysts with liquid content often affect women who have abnormalities in the functioning of the endocrine system.

Liquid formation of the left ovary can appear as a result of ovulation disorder, when a vesicle filled with liquid does not rupture, its contents do not enter the abdominal cavity, but remain in the follicle, resulting in the formation of a follicular ovarian cyst. This pathology usually goes away on its own. In most cases, women of childbearing age encounter it. It is benign in nature, increases in size due to stretching of the walls (due to the accumulation of internal contents) and is most often accidentally detected during an ultrasound.

Liquid formations in the appendages can appear against the background of a long-term inflammatory process caused by hypothermia. If a woman suffers from weak immunity, then the pathology, as a rule, occurs with complications. A cyst in the pelvis is often formed as a result of endometriosis.

A formation in the ovary in women may appear against the background of congestion in the pelvic area caused by improper functioning of the kidneys. Triggering factors for the development of pathology, if there is a tendency to it, are often: nervous shock, unbalanced diet, violation of work and rest schedule, etc.

Types of fluid foreign bodies in the ovaries

When they say that there are fluid formations in the appendages, we are talking about cysts, which may not manifest themselves for a long time. There are the following types:

Ovarian dermoid cysts often develop during pregnancy. This foreign inclusion is filled with fluid and rudiments of the child’s skin, hair and other tissues. Sometimes it appears during life.
A follicular formation is formed against the background of a hormonal imbalance, in which ovulation does not occur completely, and the follicle is filled with fluid, gradually increasing in size.
Mucinous - filled with mucous contents. Its danger lies in the possibility of malignant degeneration. In most cases, such foreign inclusions are formed during menopause.
A paraovarian cyst is a thin-walled neoplasm that is inactive and most often does not manifest itself in any way, being small in size.
Luteal neoplasm occurs immediately after ovulation due to disruption of circulatory processes in the tissues of the appendage. Factors that provoke its development are a strict diet and significant physical activity.
An endometriotic fluid neoplasm is formed due to the introduction of endometrial cells into the tissue of the appendage, and sometimes leads to the development of infertility. Among other fluid formations of the ovaries, it is quite common.
Numerous ovarian cysts, which are caused by. Hormonal abnormalities lead to reproductive dysfunction and the appearance of these fluid-filled formations in the appendages.
Serous cystadenoma with watery, transparent contents of light yellow color. It rarely transforms into cancer and is quite common.

Signs of a liquid neoplasm

Remember! Only a doctor can tell you what this fluid formation is in the right or left ovary and how to treat it. However, every patient can undergo a timely ultrasound to detect an adnexal cyst. Unfortunately, small foreign inclusions in the pelvis do not manifest themselves in any way, so it is difficult to suspect them.

As the pathology develops, a woman usually develops the following symptoms:

bleeding from the genital tract outside of menstruation;
pain in the abdomen;
vomiting and/or nausea;
anovulation;
feeling of bloating;
pain during intimacy;
cycle disorders;
problems with bowel movements;
increased urge to urinate;
pain in the thigh or lower back segment.

These manifestations do not always indicate the presence of a fluid formation and quite often act as manifestations of other gynecological pathologies, for example, uterine fibroids.

If pain occurs during intimacy and/or after physical activity, nausea and other unpleasant symptoms, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible. This clinical picture may indicate the development of a cyst.

Diagnosis of pathology

A fluid inclusion in the right or left ovary is often detected during an ultrasound. To identify the cause of the pathology, a blood test for hormones is performed. This allows you to prescribe effective drug therapy. Most often, patients suffering from appendage cysts have cycle disorders.

If the doctor believes that the formation can spontaneously resolve within several months, then he recommends that the woman do it over time to monitor the development of the pathology. However, if unpleasant symptoms or complications appear, if there is a risk of developing a malignant process, treatment is carried out.

To exclude the presence of cancer, the patient needs to donate blood for tumor markers C-125 and CA-19-9. It should be remembered that positive results of such tests do not always indicate ovarian cancer and may indicate malignant damage to other organs. The most reliable test for detecting adnexal cancer is considered.

How to treat fluid formation in the left or right ovary

If we are talking about a functional cyst, then with a high degree of probability it can disappear on its own within several menstrual cycles. Then, when the formation does not regress, it is treated, the tactics of which are determined by the patient’s age and other factors.

As a rule, the period during which dynamic observation is carried out is 3 months. To speed up the process of disappearance of the cyst, the gynecologist may prescribe hormonal drugs, and in case of pain, painkillers. Foreign inclusions of large sizes, or those that have the potential to transform into a cancerous tumor, are removed surgically.

The fluid formation of the left ovary (or right) is excised laparoscopically or laparotomically. The operation is also indicated when a woman who wants to become pregnant has PCOS, and conservative treatment is ineffective. Urgent surgery is performed for ovarian cancer, as well as for other complications.

If the patient is in menopause and suffers from serious diseases of the blood vessels, heart, metabolic disorders, and the cyst has a diameter of no more than 5 cm and cannot degenerate into a malignant tumor, then the operation is not performed. In this case, conservative therapy with medications is used.

When there are fluid formations in the ovaries, this indicates the presence of cysts (for example, with PCOS). A single foreign inclusion may indicate the functional nature of the pathology. A comprehensive examination allows you to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment to the patient.

Fluid formation in the right ovary occurs more often than in the left.

Causes of fluid formations of the appendages

Liquid formation of the left ovary can appear as a result of ovulation disorder, when a vesicle filled with liquid does not rupture, its contents do not enter the abdominal cavity, but remain in the follicle, resulting in the formation of a follicular ovarian cyst. This pathology usually goes away on its own. In most cases, women of childbearing age encounter it. A follicular cyst is benign in nature, increases in size due to stretching of the walls (due to the accumulation of internal contents) and is most often accidentally detected during an ultrasound.

Types of fluid foreign bodies in the ovaries

When they say that there are fluid formations in the appendages, we are talking about cysts, which may not manifest themselves for a long time. There are the following types:

Ovarian dermoid cyst often develops in the fetus during the mother's pregnancy. This foreign inclusion is filled with fluid and rudiments of the child’s skin, hair and other tissues. Sometimes it appears during life.
A follicular formation is formed against the background of a hormonal imbalance, in which ovulation does not occur completely, and the follicle is filled with fluid, gradually increasing in size.
Mucinous - filled with mucous contents. Its danger lies in the possibility of malignant degeneration. In most cases, such foreign inclusions are formed during menopause.
A paraovarian cyst is a thin-walled neoplasm that is inactive and most often does not manifest itself in any way, being small in size.
Luteal neoplasm occurs immediately after ovulation due to disruption of circulatory processes in the tissues of the appendage. Factors that provoke its development are a strict diet and significant physical activity.
An endometriotic fluid neoplasm is formed due to the introduction of endometrial cells into the tissue of the appendage, and sometimes leads to the development of infertility. Among other fluid formations of the ovaries, it is quite common.
Numerous ovarian cysts, which are caused by PCOS. Hormonal abnormalities lead to reproductive dysfunction and the appearance of these fluid-filled formations in the appendages.
Serous cystadenoma with watery, transparent contents of light yellow color. It rarely transforms into cancer and is quite common.

Signs of a liquid neoplasm

As the pathology develops, a woman usually develops the following symptoms:

bleeding from the genital tract outside of menstruation;
pain in the abdomen;
vomiting and/or nausea;
anovulation;
feeling of bloating;
pain during intimacy;
cycle disorders;
problems with bowel movements;
increased urge to urinate;
pain in the thigh or lower back segment.

These manifestations do not always indicate the presence of a fluid formation and quite often act as manifestations of other gynecological pathologies, for example, uterine fibroids.

Diagnosis of pathology

If the doctor believes that the formation can spontaneously resolve within a few months, then he recommends that the woman do a dynamic ultrasound to monitor the development of the pathology. However, if unpleasant symptoms or complications appear, if there is a risk of developing a malignant process, treatment is carried out.

To exclude the presence of cancer, the patient needs to donate blood for tumor markers C-125 and CA-19-9. It should be remembered that positive results of such tests do not always indicate ovarian cancer and may indicate malignant damage to other organs. Histology is considered the most reliable test for detecting adnexal cancer.

How to treat fluid formation in the left or right ovary

The fluid formation of the left ovary (or right) is excised laparoscopically or laparotomically. The operation is also indicated when a woman who wants to become pregnant has PCOS, and conservative treatment is ineffective. Urgent surgical intervention is performed for torsion of the pedicle of an ovarian cyst, as well as for other complications.

Analysis of ovarian reserve

Causes and treatment of left ovarian enlargement

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Right-sided ovarian cyst: types, symptoms and treatment

A right ovarian cyst is a tumor-like formation that has a delimited capsule and a cavity filled with fluid or other contents. The cyst cavity is covered from the inside with epithelium. Ovarian cystic tumors account for about 25% of all neoplasms of female organs.

Classification of ovarian cystic formations

The most common types of cysts are:

functional (luteal and follicular);
epithelial (serous and pseudomucinous);
endometrioid;
dermoid.

The listed formations most often occur during puberty and in premenopausal women, when hormonal changes in the body occur. Dermoids can be detected at any age, even in newborn girls, as they are associated with a violation of embryonic histogenesis.

Causes of right ovarian cystoma

Many women wonder where they got a right ovarian cyst: the causes of this formation are not exactly known. The main role is played by hormonal disorders of the body.

Risk factors

Women who have the following risk factors are most susceptible to the disease:

irregular monthly cycle;
early and late menarche (beginning of menstruation);
the onset of menopause after 50 years;
chronic processes in the genital organs (salpingo-oophoritis, endometritis, chronic venereal infections);
infertility;
habitual miscarriage.

The risk of right or left ovarian cysts is also increased in women who did not breastfeed after childbirth.

Important: If you have any of these factors, you should see your gynecologist two or more times a year.

Symptoms of right-sided ovarian cyst

Most cystic ovarian tumors have no symptoms until they become too large. A woman may complain of pain in the lower abdomen or discomfort, more so on the right side. The pain sometimes spreads to the lower limb. In 20% of patients, symptoms of a right ovarian cyst manifest as reproductive dysfunction. Sometimes infertility is the main reason for going to the doctor.

Another sign of a cyst is irregular menstruation. There may be frequent delays and bleeding between periods. A woman is sometimes bothered by engorgement of the mammary glands, constipation, and frequent urination. Acute abdominal pain occurs with complications of the cyst such as torsion of the leg or perforation of the capsule.

Complications of a cyst in the right ovary

Many cystomas can lead to infertility, especially if they affect both ovaries. Another complication is malignancy. Ovarian cancer most often complicates serous cystadenoma of the papillary type. This type of tumor is distinguished by the presence on its inner wall of small outgrowths or papillae, which represent epithelial hyperplasia.

Acute complications of a cyst in the right ovary include torsion of the base and rupture of the wall with the release of contents and blood into the abdominal cavity. These conditions can lead to the development of inflammation of the peritoneum and the formation of interintestinal abscesses or adhesions.

Important: if you have any symptoms from the reproductive system, you should consult a gynecologist. The earlier a tumor is diagnosed, the easier it is to treat it without any consequences.

Irregular menstruation is one of the signs of an ovarian cyst.

Diagnosis of ovarian cystadenomas and cysts

The gynecologist can already assume the presence of a cyst during a bimanual examination. Upon palpation, a round, elastic, dense formation with a smooth surface is detected near the appendages. It may be slightly painful. To confirm the diagnosis, ultrasound and radiography are performed. Ultrasound can sometimes suggest the type of tumor. For example, a bilocular or multilocular right ovarian cyst may represent a pseudomucinous cyst. Serous cystadenoma usually has a single chamber.

If it is difficult to make a diagnosis, MRI or CT may be performed. If the symptoms of a complicated cystoma resemble appendicitis, then a puncture of the posterior vaginal fornix is performed for differential diagnosis.

Treatment of right-sided ovarian cysts

With cysts of the right ovary, symptoms largely determine treatment. If there are manifestations of a complicated tumor, then the method of choice is open laparotomy. During the operation, the abdominal cavity and its organs are examined, and the contents of the cyst are removed. The formation is excised at the border of healthy tissue. If possible, they try to restore the ovary. When there are signs of malignancy (metastases, papillary growths on the wall), all appendages and nearby lymph nodes are removed. Sometimes the uterus also has to be removed.

If there are no acute manifestations, when choosing a treatment method, the following are taken into account:

cyst size,
its origin and form,
age of the patient,
accompanying illnesses.

For small formations (up to 6 cm) without signs of malignancy, hormonal therapy is often carried out. If the cystoma decreases or disappears over the course, then conservative treatment is continued for several more months. When the tumor does not respond to drug treatment and grows in size, surgery is performed. Preference is given to a low-traumatic method of intervention - laparoscopy.

For some cystic tumors, hormonal treatment may not be effective. For example, with dermoid. In the cavity of this cyst there are hair, bones, and fatty tissue that cannot disappear on their own. Therefore, for a dermoid cyst on the right ovary, treatment is always surgical.

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Why is fluid formation in the ovary dangerous?

After undergoing an ultrasound, some women discover that the ovary contains a fluid formation. In such cases, it is not always necessary to sound the alarm, because this kind of cyst often goes away on its own along with the next monthly cycle.

Such formations cause danger if:

Pain after and during sexual intercourse;
Nagging pain during physical activity;
Nausea, etc.

In this case, we can talk about the development of the tumor and the need for its detailed examination. It should be said that a fluid formation in the left or right ovary is typical for women after forty years of age, but can be detected at any age.

Causes of neoplasms in the ovary

Such neoplasms are quite common, but it is still quite difficult to study the nature of their occurrence. However, we can definitely say that fluid formation in the ovary is a consequence of hormonal imbalance. The nature of this failure can be either pathogenic, caused by the body itself, or artificial, arising as a result of taking hormonal drugs.

Regardless of the cause of the pathology, it needs further examination and study, otherwise the following consequences may be observed:

Diagnosis and treatment of formations in the ovary

Basic examinations carried out when a fluid formation in the left ovary is suspected are limited to ultrasound and blood tests for hormonal levels. This approach allows you to obtain general data about the condition of the body and prescribe further therapy. For the most part, in women with this pathology, the menstrual cycle and ovulation are disrupted, first of all, the reproductive and then other human systems suffer.

If the body is prone to the occurrence of neoplasms, then stress, lifestyle, poor nutrition, non-compliance with work and rest schedules, etc. can push it to develop abnormalities. If you have a follicular cyst or fluid formation in the right ovary, you should immediately seek help from specialists.

When you are concerned about the manifestation of certain symptoms of the disease or it is discovered that the ovary contains a fluid formation after an ultrasound examination, then you need to make an appointment with a specialist.

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Right ovarian cyst: causes of formation, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Often a woman is unaware of the existence of a cyst on the ovary, and then during her next visit to the gynecologist she learns about the pathology. The cyst is not dangerous as long as it is small. But it is unknown when it will begin to increase, and then the complications can be very serious. More often a cyst is found on the right ovary. This is most likely due to the fact that it is better supplied with blood than the left one. That is why complications arise here more often. During treatment, everything is done so as not to deprive a young woman of the opportunity to become pregnant and give birth safely.

Types of Cysts

An ovarian cyst is a cavity formed due to stretching of the membrane in any part of it. There are several types of neoplasms that differ in origin and nature of the contents.

It has been noticed that cysts appear on the right ovary more often than on the left. It functions more actively, as it is better supplied with blood due to its close location to the abdominal artery. With the blood, hormones produced by the pituitary gland (FSH and LH) enter the ovaries, which directly regulate the processes occurring in them. In the right ovary, dominant follicles mature more often. It produces more active hormones.

Functional

There are two types of ovarian cysts: functional and non-functional.

Functional ones are directly related to the hormonal processes occurring in the ovaries and are formed in a certain phase of the cycle. These include:

Follicular cyst. It is formed in the membrane of the dominant follicle in the first phase of the cycle.
Luteal cyst. It occurs after ovulation in the corpus luteum, which forms in the ruptured follicle after the release of the egg.

The peculiarity is that functional cysts can disappear on their own after the hormonal levels return to normal. As a rule, such cysts form on the right ovary.

Non-functional

Non-functional. Such neoplasms do not disappear on their own; they develop without connection with the processes of the cycle. These include:

Endometrioid. It is formed on the surface of the ovary when particles of the uterine mucosa come into contact with it (the cause is endometriosis, which develops as a result of hormonal imbalance). Due to the uneven structure of the particles, cracks are formed in them, which are filled with menstrual blood. Clotted blood is dark brown in color. Therefore, such an ovarian cyst is also called a chocolate cyst.
Paraovarian. Formed from a rudimentary epididymis. The cyst is connected to the body of the ovary by a stalk and is located near the fallopian tube. This is a congenital pathology that occurs in the embryo at the time of formation of the reproductive organs. Tumor growth occurs after puberty.
Dermoid. It is formed during intrauterine development at the time of the formation of organs from the germ layers. Each of them contains cells of a certain type, from which various tissues of the body are created. Hair, particles of skin, bones, and dental tissue are found inside.

Nonfunctional cysts on the right ovary are found with approximately the same frequency as on the left. Functional and paraovarian neoplasms are classified as retentional (formed by stretching the membrane with secretory fluid).

Video: How functional ovarian cysts form

Reasons for education

The main reason for the formation of functional ovarian cysts is a violation of the ratio of pituitary hormones and, accordingly, a failure in the development of the dominant follicle.

A follicular cyst is formed when there is an excess of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The dominant follicle does not rupture, secretory fluid accumulates in it, and eventually a bubble with a diameter of up to 10 cm is formed in its wall.

A corpus luteum cyst is formed if the level of luteinizing hormone in the blood, which stimulates its growth, is exceeded. The FSH/LH ratio can independently recover to normal within 2-3 cycles, in which case the functional cyst of the right ovary disappears. If this does not happen, then hormonal treatment is used to normalize the background.

The causes of such disorders are inflammatory and infectious diseases of the uterus and appendages, diseases of the thyroid gland and pituitary gland, improper metabolism, exhaustion of the body or obesity. Hormonal imbalance can be caused by stress and bad habits.

An endometrioid tumor occurs as a result of pathological growth of the endometrium due to excess estrogen in the body. The disorder is facilitated by taking hormonal drugs for the purpose of contraception or replacement therapy. Excessive growth of the endometrium is promoted by damage to the surface of the uterus during inflammatory processes, the formation of scars and adhesions after surgery (abortion, curettage).

Note: Endometrial particles can be carried through the blood into the abdominal cavity if, for example, a woman has sex during menstruation. The reason such particles get on the ovaries may be an increase in intra-abdominal pressure when lifting heavy objects.

Paraovarian neoplasms most often begin to grow against the background of inflammatory processes, after abdominal trauma, or surgery in the abdominal cavity (for example, removal of the appendix). The cause of tumor growth may be overheating of the lower part of the body (bathing in a hot bath), or impaired development of the genital organs.

Dermoid cysts are genetic in origin. Its growth begins in a woman of any age. Provoking factors are diseases of the genital organs, the effects of toxins on the body, including nicotine and drugs.

As a rule, a cyst of the right ovary is discovered during reproductive age, when hormonal disorders occur most often. At risk are women suffering from obesity, infertility, menstrual irregularities, bad habits and promiscuous sex.

Complications of cyst formation

The disease occurs in 2 forms: complicated and uncomplicated. Complications arise if the tumor reaches a size of 3 cm or more. The following conditions pose a danger:

Twisting of the leg, cessation of blood supply. Necrosis and blood poisoning are possible.
Capsule rupture. If it swells and bursts, the contents spill into the abdominal cavity, leading to peritonitis. Together with the capsule, the ovarian membrane may rupture, causing apoplexy.
Hemorrhage (internal bleeding). This process is most typical for the right ovary, since it has a direct connection with the abdominal aorta. There may be hemorrhage inside the ovary, as well as into the abdominal cavity. If the hemorrhagic cyst is large and the bleeding is severe, only urgent surgery can save the woman.
Malignization. In some cases, an endometrioid or dermoid cyst degenerates into a cancerous tumor.

As doctors warn, the main cause of complications is usually failure to consult a doctor in a timely manner. Feeling unwell, women often self-medicate with home remedies without knowing the diagnosis, wasting precious time. Often, on the advice of friends, they warm up the lower abdomen, which is strictly prohibited.

The consequences may be suppuration of the contents, peritonitis, sepsis, disruption of neighboring organs, bleeding, anemia, removal of the ovary and infertility.

Cysts during pregnancy and childbirth

With a significant increase in tumors, pregnancy becomes more difficult. They can provoke menstrual disorders and lack of ovulation. In addition, neoplasms can block the entrance to the fallopian tubes, making fertilization impossible.

If during pregnancy a small ovarian cyst is discovered on the right or left side (less than 3 cm in diameter), then constant monitoring of its development is carried out (a luteal cyst, for example, resolves within a week).

In case of rapid growth and danger of twisting, hemorrhage or other complications, the neoplasm is removed. If this is not done, then even in the absence of pathological processes, an enlarging cyst can put pressure on the uterus, complicating the growth and development of the fetus, impairing blood circulation. This provokes miscarriage or premature birth.

During childbirth, pushing can cause the cyst to rupture and release its contents into the abdominal cavity and birth canal. In this case, a situation arises that is dangerous for the woman’s life. Urgent abdominal surgery is required.

Video: Corpus luteum cyst during pregnancy

Symptoms

If the right ovarian cyst has a diameter of less than 2 cm, then the woman does not feel its presence. The growth of the tumor leads to a nagging pain in the groin area on the right side.

Cycle disturbances occur: increased or decreased menstrual bleeding, missed periods, inability to get pregnant. Spotting and spotting appears between menstruation due to leakage of cyst contents.

A large capsule puts pressure on neighboring organs. In this case, the woman experiences constipation, flatulence, and difficulty urinating. Pressure on the intestines leads to nausea and heartburn.

When an ovarian cyst located on the right side becomes inflamed, the same symptoms occur as with appendicitis (cutting pain in the lower abdomen, pain when palpating this area, nausea, vomiting). Therefore, in some cases, an inaccurate diagnosis may be made, and the picture of the disease becomes clearer during the operation.

Symptoms of complications include severe abdominal pain, fever, anemia, and uterine bleeding.

Diagnosis and treatment

Large cysts are detected already on palpation. Ultrasound (external and transvaginal) is used to determine their size, location and type. The presence or absence of pregnancy is also determined.

To find out about the accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity, a puncture of the posterior vaginal wall is performed. The laparoscopy method is used. If necessary, you can immediately remove the cyst during the procedure.

They do blood tests for hormones, tumor markers, blood and urine tests for the presence of infectious agents.

Drug treatment is carried out when functional cysts larger than 5 cm are detected. For this, drugs containing estrogens and progesterone (Janine, Duphaston, Jess) are used, which normalize hormonal levels. If inflammatory processes are detected, antibiotics are prescribed.

Paraovarian, endometrioid and dermoid cysts are removed surgically, as they are not able to shrink or resolve under the influence of drugs. Most often, removal is performed laparoscopically. For young women, attempts are usually made to preserve the ovary and fertility.

Women over 45 years of age can undergo partial or complete removal of the ovary, since the risk of malignant degeneration is higher for them.

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