home Diseases Afferent pathways. Exteroceptive pathways Anterior corticospinal tract

Afferent pathways. Exteroceptive pathways Anterior corticospinal tract

Spina - ridge, spinal column and Greek. thalamus] - bundles of nerve fibers conducting pain, temperature and partly tactile; S.-t. begins n. in the intervertebral node from cells that have two processes, one of which goes to the skin receptors, and the other to the cells of the posterior horn of the spinal cord (the first neuron of the path); from the cells of the dorsal horn begins the second neuron of the path, which, rising along the lateral columns of the spinal cord, passes through the medulla oblongata into the visual tubercle (thalamus); the third neuron of the sensory pathway begins from the visual thalamus, which, heading to the cerebral cortex, passes through the internal bursa and ends in the posterior central gyrus (parietal lobe)

Psychomotorics: dictionary-reference book. - M.: VLADOS. V.P. Dudiev. 2008.

See what the "SPINAL-THALAMIC PATH" is in other dictionaries:

Spinothalamic tract- – a nerve pathway running through the spinal cord to the reticular formation and partially to the optic thalamus. It is the main mediator of pain sensitivity... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

SPINAL-THALAMIC TRACT (or SYSTEM)- A complex ascending neural pathway that runs through the spinal cord to the thalamus. In fact, this term is misleading, since in reality only a small part of the fibers ascend directly to the thalamus, the majority of them form synapses on more... ...

SPINAL-RETICULAR-THALAMIC PATHWAY- See spinothalamic tract... Explanatory dictionary of psychology

Spinal cord- (medulla spinalis) (Fig. 254, 258, 260, 275) is a cord of brain tissue located in the spinal canal. Its length in an adult reaches 41-45 cm, and its width is 1-1.5 cm. The upper part of the spinal cord smoothly passes into... ... Atlas of Human Anatomy

Diagram of the location of pathways in the white matter and nuclei in the gray matter on a cross section of the spinal cord- thin and wedge-shaped beams; thin and wedge-shaped beams; own (posterior) bundle; posterior spinal cerebellar tract; lateral pyramidal (cortical spinal) tract; own bundle (lateral); red nuclear spinal tract; ... ... Atlas of Human Anatomy

Nerve fibers that transmit sensitive nerve impulses from the periphery (skin, mucous membranes, muscles, joints, etc.) to the cerebral cortex in two ways: through specific conductor systems (through the ascending conductor and the central tubercle) ... ... Psychomotorics: dictionary-reference book

Brain- (encephalon) (Fig. 258) is located in the cavity of the brain skull. The average weight of the adult human brain is approximately 1350 g. It has an ovoid shape due to the prominent frontal and occipital poles. On the external convex superolateral... ... Atlas of Human Anatomy- Transverse section at the level of the olives. fourth ventricle; dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve; vestibular nerve nucleus; nucleus of the solitary tract; posterior (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract; spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve; spinal cord... ... Atlas of Human Anatomy

1. Lateral spinothalamic tract, tractusspinothalamicuslateralis, is a conducting path painful And temperature sensitivity. Carries impulses from Ruffini corpuscles, Krause flasks and other receptors. Consists of three neurons.

Body first sensitive pseudounipolar neuron is located in the spinal ganglion. The central process of the first neuron as part of the dorsal root is directed to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and here ends with a synapse on the cells second neuron. Axon second the neuron, the body of which lies in the posterior horn, passes to the opposite side of the spinal cord within the same segment through its anterior gray commissure and enters the lateral cord of the opposite side (therefore the path is called lateral). Further, as part of the lateral cord, the bundle rises into the medulla oblongata and is located behind the olive nucleus. In the tegmentum of the pons and midbrain, this path lies at the outer edge of the medial lemniscus. The axons of the second neuron of the lateral spinothalamic tract end with synapses on the cells of the dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus, which they reach as part of the spinal loop, lemniscus spinalis.

Lies in the thalamus third neuron, the processes of which pass through the posterior leg of the internal capsule and, as part of the fibers of the corona radiata, reach the cortex postcentral gyrus of the cerebrum. Here they end with synapses on the cells of the fourth layer, which form the cortical end of the general sensitivity analyzer.

The axons of the third neuron connecting the thalamus and cortex form thalamoparietal fibers, fibrae thalamoparietales.

Since the lateral spinothalamic tract is a completely crossed pathway (all fibers of the second neuron pass to the opposite side), if one half of the spinal cord is damaged, pain and temperature sensitivity on the opposite side will completely disappear immediately below the site of injury.

2. Anterior spinothalamic tract, tractusspinothalamicusanterior, is a conductive path of touch and pressure. It carries impulses from the receptors of touch and pressure (Vaterpacinian corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles) to the cerebral cortex, to the postcentral gyrus, where the cortical end of the general sensitivity analyzer is located.

Body first neuron lies in the spinal ganglion. The central processes of the cells of the first neuron as part of the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves penetrate into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, where they end in synapses on the cells of the second neuron.

Axons second neuron pass to the opposite side of the spinal cord at the level of the same segment and enter anterior cord. Next, as part of the anterior cord, they go up to the medulla oblongata, where they join the fibers of the medial lemniscus from the lateral side and end in dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus synapses on the cells of the third neuron.

Axons third neuron go through posterior limb of the internal capsule and as part of the corona radiata they reach the fourth layer of the cortex postcentral gyrus.

Some of the fibers of the anterior spinothalamic tract are part of the posterior cord of the spinal cord along with the axons of the conduction path of proprioceptive sensitivity in the cortical direction. In addition, not all fibers of the anterior tract pass to the opposite side in the spinal cord. Partially this transition occurs at the level of the medulla oblongata.

In this regard, if one half of the spinal cord is damaged, the skin sense of touch and pressure on the opposite side will not disappear completely, as is the case with pain and temperature sensitivity, but will only decrease.

The lateral spinothalamic tract conducts impulses from pain and temperature receptors in the skin to the cortex of the postcentral gyrus. The location and course of the processes of the first neuron of this pathway are similar to those of the first neuron of the anterior spinothalamic tract, with the exception that their peripheral processes end in pain and temperature receptors, rather than tactile ones.

The second neurons of the lateral spinothalamic system are also located in the nucleus propria of the dorsal horns. Their axons pass through the anterior gray commissure to the opposite side and exit into the lateral cord of the spinal cord. Heading upward, these processes form the lateral spinothalamic tract of the spinal cord. The axons of second-order neurons end in the dorsal lateral nucleus of the thalamus, where they switch to third-order neurons. The course of the processes of the third neuron of the lateral spinothalamic tract coincides with the course of the fibers of the third neuron of the anterior spinothalamic tract.

Considering that the anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts do not cross at the level of the midbrain and are not part of the medial loop (lemniscus) of the brain stem, and also taking into account the proximity of the neurons and fibers that form these systems, they are often combined under the general term extralemniscal system (the term “extralemniscal” literally translates as “extralemniscal”, that is, located outside the medial loop of the brain stem).

II. Major descending tracts of the brain and spinal cord

Descending (efferent, effector, motor) pathways of the brain and spinal cord conduct impulses from the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, subcortical and brain stem centers to the underlying motor nuclei of the brain stem and spinal cord.

The highest motor center in humans is the cerebral cortex. It controls the motor neurons of the brain stem and spinal cord in two ways: directly through the corticonuclear, anterior and lateral corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts, or indirectly through underlying motor centers. In the latter case, the role of the cortex is reduced to starting, maintaining or stopping the execution of motor programs stored in these centers. Accordingly, descending paths can be divided into two groups.

Descending projection pathways conduct impulses from the cortex, subcortical centers to the underlying sections, to the nuclei of the brain stem and the motor nuclei of the anterior horns of the spinal cord. These pathways can be divided into two groups:

1) main motor, or pyramid path, carries impulses of voluntary movements from the cerebral cortex to the skeletal muscles of the head, neck, torso, and limbs through the corresponding motor nuclei of the brain and spinal cord;

2) extrapyramidal motor pathways transmit impulses from the subcortical centers to the motor nuclei of the cranial and spinal nerves, and then to the muscles.

II.1. Pyramid paths

The pyramidal tract includes a system of fibers along which motor impulses from the cerebral cortex, from the precentral gyrus, from giant pyramidal neurons (Beer cells) are sent to the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves and the anterior horns of the spinal cord, and from them to the skeletal muscles. Taking into account the direction of the fibers, as well as the location of the bundles in the brain stem and cords of the spinal cord, the pyramidal tract is divided into three parts: 1) corticonuclear - to the nuclei of the cranial nerves; 2) lateral corticospinal (pyramidal) - to the nuclei of the anterior horns of the spinal cord; 3) anterior corticospinal (pyramidal) - also to the anterior horns of the spinal cord.

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Next, the fibers ascend into the medulla oblongata, located between the inferior nucleus of the olive and the fibers of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. Then, through the inferior cerebellar peduncles, they go to the nucleus of the tent of the cerebellar vermis, and from it to the cortex I – IV and partly the V lobes of the cerebellum.

I.1.5. Sphenocerebellar tract

The sphenocerebellar tract is considered the equivalent of the posterior spinocerebellar tract for the forelimbs. The neurons whose axons form this tract are located in the cuneate nucleus. The sphenoid nucleus, accordingly, receives afferent fibers from the posterior funiculi.

Due to the fact that the fibers of the posterior spinocerebellar tract and the sphenocerebellar tract in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata do not cross, these tracts carry information to the ipsilateral intermedial cerebellar cortex. It should be noted that this uses information from an individual muscle and not from muscle groups. Therefore, the posterior spinocerebellar and sphenocerebellar tracts are specialized for the rapid regulation of fine movements of the upper and lower extremities.

Indirect spinocerebellar tracts

Indirect spinocerebellar tracts carry unconscious proprioceptive sensitivity from the spinal cord to the cerebellum not directly, but through a switch in one of the structures of the brain stem (inferior olives, reticular formation).

I.1.6. Spinal olivary tracts (trr. spino-olivares, spinal olivary cerebellar tracts).

The spino-olivary tracts (ventral, dorsal, dorsolateral, lateral) begin with the endings of the flexor reflex afferents, high-threshold muscle, skin and joint receptors. The axons of the first neuron, located in the spinal ganglion, transmit excitation to the second neurons, which are located in the gray matter of the spinal cord. Next, the axons of the second neurons follow in the anterior or lateral funiculus and, after partial decussation, approach the inferior olive. After switching in the inferior olives, impulses proceed in an orderly manner to the IV – V lobes of the cerebellum. Thus, the spino-olivary tract delivers cutaneous, muscle and joint signals directly to the anterior lobes of the cerebellum. The receptor fields of these tracts are large, and the thresholds for excitation of the receptors are high. In this regard, activation of these tracts is possible only with sufficiently strong effects on the skin and muscles. The significance of these tracts is to carry mass proprioceptive information to the cerebellum.

I.1.7. Spinal-tegmental tract

The spinal tegmental tract transmits proprioceptive impulses to the midbrain tegmentum, providing automatic regulation of movements. The central processes of neurons in the spinal ganglia (the first neuron) switch to second neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The axons of the second neurons, together with the lateral spinothalamic tract, move to the opposite side and form the spinal tegmental tract of the spinal cord in the lateral funiculus of the opposite side, which ends in the tegmental nuclei of the midbrain.

I.2. Exteroceptive systems

Exteroceptive systems conduct impulses from receptors that perceive stimuli from the outside world: skin receptors for pressure, touch, pain, temperature, as well as from visual, auditory, taste and olfactory receptors (Receptors for pressure, touch, pain, temperature and taste perceive stimuli coming from outside and acting directly on the tissues of the body, therefore they are combined into a group of contact exteroceptors.Visual, auditory and olfactory receptors that perceive stimulation from sources located at a distance from them are called distant exteroceptors). The sensory systems of the visual, auditory, gustatory and olfactory analyzers do not include the nuclei and tracts of the spinal cord. Traditionally, they are considered when describing sensory cranial nerves, or when studying the anatomy of these sensory organs, so in this work I will focus only on exteroceptive systems, which include neurons and pathways of both the brain and spinal cord.

I.2.1. Anterior spinothalamic tract

The anterior spinothalamic tract carries impulses from cutaneous pressure and touch receptors to the postcentral gyrus of the cerebrum. The first neurons of this system are pseudounipolar neurons, the bodies of which are located in the spinal ganglia. The sensitive endings (receptors) of the peripheral (distal) processes of these neurons are located in the skin. Sensory impulses arising in the receptors travel first along the peripheral branch of the axon of pseudounipolar cells, and then along their central branch, as part of the dorsal roots of the spinal cord. The central processes enter the dorsal horn (column) of the gray matter, where they end in synapses on second-order neurons in the dorsal horn nucleus proper.

The axons of second-order neurons pass through the anterior gray commissure to the opposite side, exit into the anterior funiculus of the spinal cord and go to the thalamus, forming the anterior spinothalamic tract of the spinal cord. Passing through the brain stem, the fibers of this pathway are adjacent to the fibers of the medial lemniscus (lemniscal system) on the lateral side. In the thalamus, in its dorsal lateral nucleus, a switching of nerve impulses occurs from the processes of a second-order neuron to a third-order neuron. The axons of the third neuron of the anterior spinothalamic tract, together with similar axons of the lateral spinothalamic tract, form thalamo-parietal fibers. They pass through the posterior leg of the internal capsule and then, as part of the corona radiata, are sent to the postcentral gyrus, where they end on the neurons of the internal granular (fourth) layer of the cortex.

I.2.2.Lateral spinothalamic tract

Considering that the anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts do not cross at the level of the midbrain and are not part of the medial loop (lemniscus) of the brainstem, and also taking into account the proximity of the neurons and fibers that form these systems, they are often combined under the general term extralemniscal system (the term “extralemniscal” literally translates as “extralemniscal”, that is, located outside the medial loop of the brain stem).

II. Main descending pathways

brain and spinal cord

2) extrapyramidal motor pathways transmit impulses from the subcortical centers to the motor nuclei of the cranial and spinal nerves, and then to the muscles.

II.1. Pyramid paths

The pyramidal tract includes a system of fibers along which motor impulses from the cerebral cortex, from the precentral gyrus, from giant pyramidal neurons (Beer cells) are directed to the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves and the anterior horns of the spinal cord, and from them toto skeletal muscles. Taking into account the direction of the fibers, as well as the location of the bundles in the brain stem and spinal cord cords, the pyramidal tract is divided into three parts: 1) cortical-nuclear -to the nuclei of the cranial nerves; 2) lateral corticospinal (pyramidal) –to the nuclei of the anterior horns of the spinal cord; 3) anterior corticospinal (pyramidal) –also to the anterior horns of the spinal cord.

II.1.1. Corticonuclear pathway

The corticonuclear tract is a bundle of processes of gigantopyramidal neurons, which from the cortex of the lower third of the precentral gyrus descend to the internal capsule and pass through its genu. Next, the fibers of the cortical-nuclear tract go to the base of the cerebral peduncle, forming the medial part of the pyramidal tracts. The corticospinal and corticonuclear tracts occupy the middle 3/5 of the base of the cerebral peduncle. Starting from the midbrain and further, in the pons and medulla oblongata, the fibers of the corticonuclear tract pass to the opposite side to the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves: III and IV in the midbrain; V, VI, VII –in the bridge; IХ, Х, ХI, ХII –in the medulla oblongata. In these nuclei, the cortical-nuclear (pyramidal) pathway ends; its constituent fibers form synapses with the motor cells of these nuclei. The processes of the mentioned motor cells leave the brain as part of the corresponding cranial nerves and are directed to the skeletal muscles of the head and neck and innervate them.

II.1.2. Lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts

Lateral and anterior corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts, also begin from the gigantopyramidal neurons of the precentral gyrus, its upper 2/3. The axons of these cells are directed to the internal capsule, pass through the anterior part of its posterior peduncle (immediately behind the fibers of the corticonuclear tract), and descend into the base of the cerebral peduncle, where they occupy a place lateral to the corticonuclear tract. Next, the corticospinal fibers descend into the anterior part (base) of the pons, penetrate the bundles of pons fibers running in the transverse direction and exit into the medulla oblongata, where they form protruding ridges on its anterior (lower) surface -pramids. In the lower part of the medulla oblongata, some of the fibers pass to the opposite side and continue into the lateral cord of the spinal cord, gradually ending in the anterior horns of the spinal cord with synapses on the motor cells of the spinal cord nuclei. This part of the pyramidal tracts, involved in the formation of the pyramidal decussation (motor decussation), is called the lateral spinal cord (pyramidal) tract. Those fibers of the corticospinal tract that do not participate in the formation of the pyramidal decussation and do not pass to the opposite side continue their journey down as part of the anterior cord of the spinal cord. These fibers make up the anterior corticospinal (pyramidal) tract. Then these fibers also pass to the opposite side, but through the white commissure of the spinal cord and end on the motor cells of the anterior horn of the opposite side of the spinal cord. The anterior corticospinal (pyramidal) tract, located in the anterior cord, is younger in evolutionary terms than the lateral one. Its fibers descend mainly to the level of the cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord. It should be noted that all pyramidal paths are intertwined, i.e. their drags on the way to the next neuron sooner or later go to the opposite side. Therefore, damage to the fibers of the pyramidal tracts with unilateral damage to the spinal (or brain) cord leads to paralysis of the muscles on the opposite side, which receive innervation from the segments lying below the site of damage.

The second neuron of the descending voluntary motor pathway (corticospinal cord) are the cells of the anterior horns of the spinal cord, the long processes of which emerge from the spinal cord as part of the anterior roots and are sent as part of the spinal nerves to innervate skeletal muscles.

Description of work

The projection fibers of the brain and the neurons from which they arise, together with the neurons of the spinal cord and their axons, form the pathways (systems) of the brain and spinal cord. Through these systems, impulses are transmitted centripetally or centrifugally, switching from one neuron of the system to another in nuclei located at different levels of the central nervous system. Based on the direction of impulse transmission, ascending (afferent, sensory, centripetal) pathways and descending (efferent, motor, centrifugal) pathways are distinguished.

Content

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….3
I. The main ascending pathways of the brain and spinal cord………………….3
I.1. Proprioceptive systems……………………………………………...3
I.1.1. Spinal-cortical proprioceptive pathway…………………4
I.1.2. Anterior spinocerebellar tract…………………………….6
I.1.3. Rostral spinocerebellar tract…………………………8
I.1.4. Posterior spinocerebellar tract……………………………..9
I.1.5. Sphenocerebellar tract…………………………………...9
I.1.6. Spinal olivary tracts……………………………………………………10
I.1.7. Spinal-tegmental tract………………………………………..11
I.2. Exteroceptive systems……………………………………………11
I.2.1. Anterior spinothalamic tract…..……………….………..12
I.2.2. Lateral spinothalamic tract……………….………...13
II. The main descending pathways of the brain and spinal cord………………..14
II.1. Pyramid paths……………………………………………………….…………..15
II.1.1. Corticonuclear pathway…………………………………………….15
II.1.2. Lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts………16
II.2. Extrapyramidal pathways…………………………………..17
II.2.1. Corticothalamic tract……………………………………18
II.2.2. Radiance of the striatum………………………………………18
II.2.3. Cortico-red nuclear pathway…………………………………….18
II.2.4. Red nuclear spinal tract……………………………..18
II.2.5. Tectospinal tract……….………………………...19
II.2.6. Vestibulospinal tract………………………………..19
II.2.7. Reticular-spinal tracts…………………………………20
II.2.8. Corticopontine-cerebellar tract……………………………….22
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….23
References……………………………………………………………23

Tegmental spinal tract

Anterior corticospinal tract

vestibulospinal tract

506. CONDUCTING PATHWAYS (BUNCHES OF NERVE FIBERS) IN THE POSTERIOR

SPINAL CORD CORD

Thin beam (Gaull beam)

Wedge-shaped bundle (Burdach bundle)

507. THE ANTERIOR HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD CONTAIN

Central core

Anteromedial nuclei

Anterolateral nuclei

508. THE POSTERIOR HORNS OF THE SPINAL CORD CONTAIN

Thoracic core

Own core

509. SIDE POSTS ARE INCLUDED

Lower cervical segments

Thoracic segments

Two upper lumbar segments

510. THE LATERAL CORDS OF THE SPINAL CORD INCLUDE

Lateral spinothalamic tract

Anterior spinocerebellar tract

511. THE SACRAL AND COCCYGAL SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS ARE LOCATED IN THE SPINAL CANAL

At the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra

At the level of the body of the XIIth thoracic vertebra

512. AMONG THE SEGMENTS OF THE SPINAL CORD WHERE THEY ARE LOCATED

VEGETATIVE NUCLEI ARE

In the sacral segments

In the thoracic segments

In the upper lumbar segments

513. ANATOMICAL FORMATIONS LOCATED IN

THE EPIDURAL SPACE OF THE SPINAL CANAL IS

Cerebrospinal fluid

Fat fiber

514. SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN DEVELOPING FROM THE RHOMBID

Medulla

hindbrain

515. ON THE DORSAL SURFACE OF THE TRUNK EXIT FROM THE BRAIN

IV pair of cranial nerves

516. THE NUCLEI OF THE MEDULENA ARE

Lower olive kernels

Thin core

Sphenoid nucleus

517. NUCLEUS ARE LOCATED IN THE BRIDGE

VII pair of cranial nerves

VI pair of cranial nerves

VIII pair of cranial nerves

518. TRAPEZIOUS BODY IS FORMED

Auditory path

519. ANATOMICAL FORMATIONS INCLUDED IN THE COMPOSITION

THE MIDDLE BRAIN ARE

Black matter

Brain stems

Upper colliculus handle

520. VENTRAL CROSSATION THE MIDBRAIN TILEMENTAL FORMS

Red nuclear spinal tract

521. THEY PASS THROUGH THE TILEMENT OF THE MIDBRAIN

Proprioceptive pathway of cortical direction

Pathway of pain and temperature sensitivity

522. CONDUCTION PATH, THE FIBERS OF WHICH FORM THE DORSALE

CROSSATION OF THE MIDBRAIN TILEMENTUM

Tectospinal tract

523. CONDUCTING PATHWAYS PASSING AT THE BASE OF THE BRAIN PUNKS

Frontopontine tract

Pyramid Path

524. EXITS ON THE MEDIAL SURFACE OF THE CEREBRAL PURSULE

Nerve of the third pair

525. THE NUCLEI OF THE CEREBELLA ARE

Corky nucleus

Tent cores

Globular nucleus

526. THE LOWER CEREBELLAL PURSULES PASS

Fibers of the posterior spinocerebellar tract

External arc fibers

527. PARTS OF THE BRAIN TO WHICH THE UPPER AREAS ARE DIRECTED

CEREBELLA PURSULES

Midbrain

528. PARTS OF THE BRAIN WHICH CONNECT THE LOWER PEDIGRES

CEREBELLA

Medulla

Cerebellum

529. THE DENUS BRAIN REFERS TO

Thalamus

Mastoid body

Optic chiasm

530. THE HYPOTHALAMUS RELATES

Gray tubercle

Mastoid bodies

Funnel

531. PARTS OF THE BRAIN INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF WALLS

THIRD VENTRICLE

Hypothalamus

Vault pillars

Thalamus

Vascular basis

532. SUBCORTICAL HEARING CENTERS ARE

Thalamus

Medial geniculate bodies

533. THE INTERNAL CAPSULE OF THE BRAIN IS LIMITED

Head of the caudate nucleus

Thalamus

Lenticular nucleus

534. PASS THROUGH THE FRONT LEG OF THE INTERNAL CAPSULE

Corticothalamic tract

Frontopontine tract

535. THE INTERNAL CAPSULE PASS THROUGH THE KNEE

Corticonuclear pathway

536. PASS THROUGH THE POSTERAL LEG OF THE INTERNAL CAPSULE

Auditory path

Corticospinal tract

Spinothalamic lateral tract

537. PARTS OF THE BRAIN RELATED TO THE BRAIN

Island

Corpus callosum

Olfactory brain

Basal ganglia

Lateral ventricles

538. THE COMPOSITION OF THE TRIM BRAIN INCLUDES

Cerebral hemispheres

Basal ganglia

Vault

Inner capsule

539. THE BASAL NUCLEI OF THE HEMISPHERE OF THE BRAIN INCLUDED

Striatum

Amygdala

Fence

540. THE CENTRAL DIVISION OF THE OLTOR BRAIN INCLUDES

Dentate gyrus

Hippocampus

541. AGE FEATURES OF THE BRAIN STRUCTURE

Brain weight in relation to body weight in newborns

Is 1:8