fibrinous exudate. Types of exudates: purulent, serous, fibrinous and hemorrhagic. Acute and chronic forms

Serous fluid accumulates in the pleural cavities (pleural fluid), peritoneal cavity (ascitic fluid), in the pericardial cavity (pericardial fluid) and is removed by puncture or incision of these cavities. To prevent clotting, a 5% solution of sodium citrate (2-5 ml of solution per 100 ml of liquid) can be added to the test liquid, or the walls of the vessel into which the serous liquid will be collected can be rinsed with this solution. For research, all the resulting serous fluid in a clean container is sent to the laboratory. Depending on the mechanism of formation, two types of serous fluid are distinguished - transudate and exudate.

transudate

Transudate (non-inflammatory fluid) appears in disorders of general and local circulation (right ventricular failure of the heart, portal hypertension due to portal vein thrombosis, cirrhosis of the liver, adhesive pericarditis, etc.), a decrease in oncotic pressure in the vessels (hypoproteinemia of various origins), impaired electrolyte metabolism ( most often with an increase in the concentration of sodium, an increase in the production of aldosterone), etc. The transudate is usually light yellow in color, transparent, its relative density ranges from 1005-1015 (it is determined in the same way as the relative density of urine, i.e., urometer). The amount of protein in the serous fluid is determined by the turbidity formed by the addition of sulfosalicylic acid or by the Brandberg-Roberts-Stolnikov method. The transudate contains 5 to 10 g/l of protein.

Exudate

Exudate is an inflammatory fluid. Serous exudate is light yellow, transparent. In all other cases, the exudate is cloudy, and its color depends on the nature (bloody, purulent, etc.). The relative density of the exudate is 1.018 and above. It contains from 30 to 80 g/l of protein.

It is not always easy to distinguish between transudate and exudate, since there are liquids that are similar in their properties to both exudate and transudate, and exudate with a low relative density and a relatively low protein content. To differentiate these liquids, the Rivalta reaction is used.

Methodology. A narrow cylinder with a capacity of 200 ml is filled with water, 2-3 drops of glacial acetic acid are added and stirred. Then, 1-2 drops of the test liquid are added from a pipette to the resulting weak solution of acetic acid and the appearance of a cloud-like turbidity resembling cigarette smoke is monitored against a black background. In the exudate, as the drop descends, the turbidity increases and reaches the bottom of the cylinder (positive reaction); in the transudate, the slight turbidity dissipates and disappears before reaching the bottom of the cylinder (negative reaction).

After settling the serous fluid delivered for examination for

1-2 hours with a glass tube collect the sediment for centrifugation (as in the study of urine). If there is a lot of liquid, then the sediment is collected in several centrifuge tubes (up to 10). After centrifugation for 5-10 min at 1500-3000 rpm, all the precipitates obtained are poured into one tube and centrifuged again. As a result, a concentrated precipitate is obtained, from which native preparations are prepared for microscopic examination.

If there are fibrinous convolutions, shreds or clots in the liquid, then their number and volume are described in the analysis. Convolutions and shreds are taken with a narrow spatula and a needle from the liquid poured into a Petri dish, and then pieces are cleaved from them for the preparation of native preparations, since the formed elements are usually in a bundle. A bundle placed on a glass slide is stretched with a needle and a spatula. Otherwise, a thick preparation will be obtained, unsuitable for microscopic examination (shaped elements will be indistinguishable in it).

After microscopic examination, native preparations are stained according to Romanovsky-Giemsa or Pappenheim. Coloring time - no more than 5 minutes. In the presence of serous fluid of pus, smears are prepared from the sediment for staining according to Ziehl-Nielsen and according to Gram.

Types of exudate

Depending on the type of pathological process, various types of exudate are distinguished.

Serous and serofibrinous exudate

Serous and serous-fibrinous exudate is observed with staphylococcal, streptococcal infections, tuberculosis, syphilis, rheumatism. Fibrinous clots are usually present in serous-fibrinous exudate. Microscopy revealed a small amount of cellular elements. Lymphocytes predominate. Sometimes a significant amount of either neutrophilic granulocytes, or monocytes, or macrophages, or eosinophilic granulocytes, or all of these elements in any ratio is found. With a protracted form of pleurisy, the cytogram is characterized by the presence of plasma cells. Often, at the beginning of tuberculous pleurisy, a variegated cytogram pattern (eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes, histiocytes, elements of tuberculoma, etc.) is revealed, due to which it sometimes has to be differentiated from lymphogranulomatosis.

Serous-purulent and purulent exudate

Serous-purulent and purulent exudate is cloudy, thick, green-yellow, sometimes brownish or chocolate in color; seen in bacterial infection. Cytograms are characterized by a large number of neutrophilic granulocytes, often with degenerative changes, the presence of macrophages, single giant cells of foreign bodies and detritus.

Putrid exudate

Putrid exudate has a putrid odor and a greenish color. In cytograms, a large amount of detritus of decayed cells, needles of fatty acids, sometimes crystals of hematoidin and cholesterol, many microorganisms, including anaerobic ones, are found.

Eosinophilic exudate

Eosinophilic exudate is characterized by a large number of eosinophilic granulocytes, which can reach more than 90% of the cellular composition of the effusion. It is sometimes observed with tuberculosis or other infections, abscesses, injuries, multiple cancer metastases in the lungs, migration of ascaris larvae to the lungs, etc. The nature of eosinophilic exudate can be serous, hemorrhagic and purulent.

Hemorrhagic exudate

Hemorrhagic exudate appears with mesothelioma, cancer metastases, hemorrhagic diathesis, chest injuries. When the infection enters the cavity with hemorrhagic exudate, it can turn into purulent-hemorrhagic. An admixture of pus in the exudate is detected using Petrov's test: when water is added, the sterile exudate becomes clear due to hemolysis of erythrocytes, and the infected remains cloudy due to the presence of leukocytes.

Microscopic examination pays attention to erythrocytes. If the bleeding has already stopped, then only old forms of erythrocytes with various signs of their death can be detected (microforms, "mulberries", shadows of erythrocytes, poikilocytes, schizocytes, vacuolized, fragmented erythrocytes, etc.). The appearance of unchanged erythrocytes against the background of old, altered ones indicates re-bleeding. The presence of only unchanged red blood cells indicates fresh bleeding. When the hemorrhagic exudate passes into a purulent or other form, the corresponding cellular elements appear. In the period of resorption of hemorrhagic exudate, sometimes up to 80% of its cellular elements are eosinophilic granulocytes, which is a favorable sign.

Cholesterol exudate.

Any encysted exudate during long-term existence (several years) can turn into cholesterol. Cholesterol exudate is thick, yellowish or brownish in color, with a pearly sheen, sometimes chocolate-colored (depending on the number of decomposed erythrocytes). On the walls of a test tube moistened with exudate, macroscopically visible are casts of cholesterol crystals in the form of tiny sparkles. Microscopic examination reveals fat-degenerate cells, cellular decay products, fat drops and cholesterol crystals.

Milky exudate.

There are three types of such exudate.

Chylous exudate appears when a significant amount of lymph from large lymphatic vessels enters the serous cavity. This liquid contains a large number of small droplets of fat, which is stained red by Sudan III and black by osmium. When standing in the liquid, a creamy layer is formed, floating up.

To clarify the liquid, add 1-2 drops of caustic alkali with ether to the exudate. Depending on the cause that caused the rupture of the lymphatic vessel, the cellular elements of the exudate may be different. If the tumor has grown into the vessel and destroyed it, then tumor cells can also be found in the liquid.

Chylus-like exudate It is observed at intensive disintegration of fat-degenerate cells. Microscopic examination reveals an abundance of fatty degenerate cells, fatty detritus and fat drops of various sizes. Microflora is absent. A chyle-like exudate is observed in chronic purulent pleurisy, atrophic cirrhosis of the liver, malignant neoplasms, etc.

Pseudo-chylous exudate macroscopically it also resembles milk, but particles suspended in the exudate are not stained by Sudan III and osmium and do not dissolve when heated. Microscopy reveals mesotheliocytes and single fat drops. Pseudochylous exudate occurs with lipoid and lipoid-amyloid degeneration of the kidneys.

Guide to practical exercises in clinical laboratory diagnostics / Ed. prof. M.A. Bazarnova, prof. V.T. Morozova.- K .: Vyscha school, 1988.- 318 p., 212 ill.

There is far from one difference between transudate and exudate, although for an ignorant person both of these terms are incomprehensible. But a professional doctor must be able to distinguish one from the other, because these types of effusion fluid require a different approach. Let's try to talk about transudates and exudates in such a way that it is understandable even to a person without a medical education.

What are effusion fluids

Exudative fluids form and accumulate in the serous cavities, which include the pleural, abdominal, pericardial, epicardial, and synovial spaces. In the listed cavities, it is present, which ensures the normal functioning of the corresponding internal organs (lungs, abdominal organs, heart, joints) and prevents them from rubbing against the membranes.

Normally, these cavities should contain only serous fluid. But with the development of pathologies, effusions can also form. Cytologists and histologists are engaged in their research in detail, because a competent diagnosis of transudates and exudates allows you to prescribe the right treatment and prevent complications.

transudate

From Latin trans - through, through; sudor - sweat. Effusion of non-inflammatory origin. It can accumulate due to problems with blood circulation and lymph circulation, water-salt metabolism, and also due to increased permeability of the vascular walls. The transudate contains less than 2% protein. These are albumins and globulins that do not react with colloidal proteins. In terms of characteristics and composition, the transudate is close to plasma. It is transparent or has a pale yellow hue, sometimes with cloudy impurities of epithelial cells and lymphocytes.

The occurrence of transudate is usually due to congestion. It can be thrombosis, renal or heart failure, hypertension. The mechanism of formation of this fluid is associated with an increase in internal blood pressure and a decrease in plasma pressure. If at the same time the permeability of the vascular walls is increased, then the transudate begins to be released into the tissues. Some diseases associated with the accumulation of transudates have special names: hydropericardium, abdominal ascites, ascites-peritonitis, hydrothorax.

By the way! With proper treatment, the transudate can resolve, and the disease will go away. If you start it, the extravasation will increase, and over time, the stagnant fluid can become infected and turn into exudate.

Exudate

From Latin exso - go outside sudor - sweat. Formed in small blood vessels as a result of inflammatory processes. The fluid exits through the vascular pores into the tissues, infecting them and contributing to the further development of inflammation. The exudate contains 3 to 8% protein. Also, it may contain blood cells (leukocytes, erythrocytes).

The formation and release of exudate from the vessels is due to the same factors (an increase in blood pressure, an increase in the permeability of the vascular walls), but inflammation in the tissues is additionally present. Because of this, the effusion fluid has a different composition and inflammatory nature, which is more dangerous for the patient. This is the main difference between transudate and exudate: the latter is more dangerous, so more time is devoted to its research.

Important! They try to get rid of the detected exudate as soon as possible. Otherwise, cancer cells may begin to form in it, causing an oncological disease of the organ in the cavity of which the exudate is located.

Exudate and its types

Different types of exudates differ from each other in their composition, the causes of inflammation and its features. It is possible to determine the type of exudative fluid using a puncture, after which the evacuated (pumped out) contents of a particular cavity are sent for laboratory research. Although the doctor can sometimes draw primary conclusions from the appearance of the liquid.

Serous exudate

In fact, a serous effusion is a transudate that has begun to be modified due to infection. Almost completely transparent; the protein content is moderate (up to 5%), there are few leukocytes, no erythrocytes. The name reflects the fact that such an exudate occurs in the serous membranes. It can form as a result of inflammation caused by allergies, infection, deep wounds or burns.

fibrinous exudate

It contains a large amount of fibrinogen - a colorless protein, the increased content of which indicates the presence of acute inflammatory or infectious diseases: influenza, diphtheria, myocardial infarction, pneumonia, cancer. Fibrinous exudate is found in the bronchi, gastrointestinal tract, and trachea. The danger of fibrinous deposits lies in the risk of their germination in the connective tissue and the formation of adhesions.

Purulent exudate

Or just pus. Contains dead or destroyed cells, enzymes, fibrin threads and other elements. Due to their decomposition, such an exudate has a pronounced bad odor and a pathological color for organic liquids: greenish, brownish, bluish. Purulent exudate is also distinguished by increased viscosity, which is due to the content of nucleic acids in it.

A type of pus is putrefactive exudate. It is formed as a result of inflammation caused by anaerobic (oxygen-free) bacteria. It has a more pronounced disgusting smell.

Hemorrhagic exudate

It has a pinkish hue, which is explained by the increased content of red blood cells in it. Hemorrhagic exudate often forms in the pleural cavity as a result of tuberculosis. Some of the fluid may be coughed up.

Other types of exudates (serous, fibrinous, purulent) can be modified into hemorrhagic with a progressive increase in vascular permeability or with their destruction. Other diseases reported by hemorrhagic exudate: smallpox, anthrax, toxic influenza.

Slimy

It contains a large amount of mucin and lysozyme, which provides it with a mucous structure. More often it is formed in inflammatory diseases of the nasopharynx (tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis).

Chylous exudate

Contains chyle (lymph), as evidenced by its milky color. If chylous exudate stagnates, a more oily layer with lymphocytes, leukocytes, and a small number of erythrocytes forms on its surface. Most often, such an inflammatory effusion is found in the abdominal cavity; less often - in the pleural.

There is also pseudochylous exudate, which is also formed by lymph, but the amount of fat in it is minimal. Occurs with kidney problems.

Cholesterol

Quite thick, with a beige, pinkish or dark brown (in the presence of a large number of erythrocytes) shade. It contains cholesterol crystals, from which it got its name. Cholesterol exudate may be present in any cavity for a long time and be discovered by chance during surgery.

Rare exudates

In exceptional cases, neutrophilic (consists of neutrophils), lymphocytic (from lymphocytes), mononuclear (from monocytes) and eosinophilic (from eosinophils) exudates are found in the cavities. Outwardly, they almost do not differ from those listed earlier, and their composition can be clarified only with the help of chemical analysis.

Laboratory studies of effusion fluids

The importance of determining the type and composition of effusion fluids is evidenced by the fact that their first laboratory studies began in the 19th century. In 1875, the German surgeon Heinrich Quincke pointed out the presence of tumor cells isolated from the fluids of serous cavities. With the development of chemical analysis and the advent of new research methods (in particular, staining of biological fluids), it has also become possible to determine the characteristics of cancer cells. In the USSR, clinical cytology began to develop actively since 1938.

Modern laboratory analysis is based on a specific algorithm. The nature of the effusion fluid is initially clarified: inflammatory or not. This is determined by the content of several indicators:

• protein (key indicator);
• albumins and globulins;
• cholesterol;
• the number of leukocytes;
• absolute amount of liquid (LDH), its density and pH.

A comprehensive study allows you to accurately distinguish exudate from transudate. If the inflammatory nature is determined, then a series of analyzes follows, allowing to determine the composition of the exudate and its appearance. Information enables the doctor to make a diagnosis and prescribe treatment.

Exudate I Exudate (exsudatum; lat. exsudare go out, stand out)

liquid rich in protein and containing; formed during inflammation. The process of moving E. into the surrounding tissues and cavities of the body is called exudation. The latter occurs following damage to cells and tissues in response to mediators (see Inflammation) .

Exudate, serous-hemorrhagic(e. serohaemorrhagicum) - serous E., containing an admixture of erythrocytes.

Serous-fibrinous exudate(e. serofibrinosum) - serous E., containing a significant admixture of fibrin.

Serous exudate(e. serosum) - E., consisting mainly of plasma and poor in blood cells.

Mucous hemorrhagic exudate(e. mucohaemorrhagicum) - mucous E., containing an admixture of erythrocytes.

Mucous exudate(e. mucosum) - E., containing a significant amount of mucin or pseudomucin.

Fibrinous exudate(e. fibrinosum) - E., containing a significant amount of fibrin.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

Synonyms:

See what "Exudate" is in other dictionaries:

Exudate is a turbid, protein-rich and hematogenous and histogenic fluid that oozes from small blood vessels at the site of inflammation. Contains protein, leukocytes, erythrocytes, minerals, cellular elements ... Wikipedia

- (lat. exsudatio, from proposition ex, and sudare to sweat). Seeping, escaping liquid or condensed matter in the body through the blood vessels or through the pores of the skin, like sweat; sweating. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Modern Encyclopedia

- (from Latin exsudo I sweat out), inflammatory effusion is a serous, purulent, bloody or fibrinous fluid that seeps from small blood vessels into tissues or body cavities during inflammation (for example, with exudative pleurisy). Wed… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Muddy, rich in protein and cells of hematogenous and histogenic nature, the fluid is formed at the site of inflammation. Acute inflammation is characterized by a predominance of neutrophils in E., for chronic lymphocytes and monocytes, for allergic ... ... Dictionary of microbiology

Exist., number of synonyms: 1 effusion (3) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

exudate- and EXUDAT a, m. exsudat m. lat. exsudare to go outside. 1. spec. Fluid that oozes out during inflammation from small vessels in tissues or body cavities; effusion. ALS 1. My illness, which prevented a timely response, was an epileptic, ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

EXSUDATE- English exudate German Exsudat French exsudât see > ... Phytopathological dictionary-reference book

Exudate- (from the Latin exsudo I sweat, exude), an inflammatory effusion is a serous, purulent, bloody or fibrin-like fluid that seeps from small blood vessels into tissues or body cavities during inflammation (for example, with exudative ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

A; m. [from lat. exsudare highlight] Med. Fluid leaking from small blood vessels into tissues or body cavities when inflamed; inflammatory effusion. ◁ Exudative, oh, oh. E. diathesis. E. pleurisy. * * * exudate (from lat. exsudo ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (exsudatum; ex + lat. sudo, sudatum to sweat) a protein-rich liquid containing blood cells that comes out of small veins and capillaries into the surrounding tissues and body cavities during inflammation ... Big Medical Dictionary

Exudate is a special liquid that can accumulate in various inflamed tissues of the human body. It is formed due to a violation of the walls of blood vessels and the ingress of blood there. The appearance of such a fluid is typical at the initial (acute) stages of various pathologies.

Serous exudate

A yellowish liquid is called serous exudate. It is most often found in lesions of the body with various infectious diseases, as well as in tuberculosis. It contains no more than 3% protein, as well as a large amount of folded fibrin.

Serous exudate is a fluid whose composition varies depending on the disease. For example, in tuberculosis or syphilis, a large number of lymphocytes may be present, but not at all stages of the disease. If a person's tuberculosis has passed into a chronic (protracted) form, then the exudate is also present, but the number of plasma cells is already increasing in its composition.

Eosinophilic exudate

This type of exudate is characterized by a high content of eosinophilic granulocytes. They are in sweat. Also in medical practice, there is a certain list of diseases in which a liquid of a similar composition is found. Eosinophilic exudate is often found in:

• tuberculosis;
• severe infectious diseases;
• abscess;
• serious injuries;
• metastasis of lung cancer, etc.

There are also various forms of eosinophilic exudate. It can be serous, hemorrhagic and purulent. All of them differ in composition, from which they received various names.

Purulent exudate

This type of exudate can occur for completely different reasons. As a rule, this fluid is formed only in the presence of secondary infection. The infection can be in the lungs or in any other organ of the body. It is also sometimes found in serous cavities.

In addition, there are various stages of exudate.

1. Initially, it can be serous, and then - purulent. Its color becomes cloudy with a greenish tint, and the density increases. Occasionally, blood impurities may appear in it. Such a transition indicates a complication of the disease.
2. The exudate may lighten, which indicates a positive course of the disease.
3. Also, sometimes a transparent exudate can become simply cloudy, while not changing its density. This condition also indicates an unfavorable development of the established pathology.

It is worth noting that this type of exudate is considered one of the most dangerous, since it almost always indicates the development of the disease and the ineffectiveness of the prescribed treatment.

Putrid exudate

Putrid exudate is a neglected form of purulent. Usually its color ranges from brown to yellow-green. It contains a huge amount of substances that appear due to the decay products of leukocytes, fatty acids and cholesterol.

The appearance of such a liquid requires special attention from doctors. During therapy, antibiotics and other medications are additionally prescribed. Putrid exudate exudes a very unpleasant odor due to putrefaction processes.

Hemorrhagic exudate

This type of exudate is usually noted when:

• mesothelioma;
• metastasis of oncological neoplasms;
• hemorrhagic diathesis, which is supplemented by infectious infection;
• chest injuries.

The blood mixes with the serous effusion, and the mass itself acquires a liquid consistency.

It is worth noting that with this form it is very important to examine this exudate in the laboratory. Treatment should also be prescribed depending on the results.

During the study, it is necessary to pay attention to the presence and number of erythrocytes contained. By this indicator, you can determine the presence or absence of bleeding. If "dead" erythrocytes and their decay products are noted in the hemorrhagic exudate, this indicates the cessation of bleeding. If, during the second test, the number of fresh red blood cells increased, then in this case it can be concluded that there is repeated bleeding.

It is also very important to monitor the condition of the hemorrhagic exudate during a purulent infection. There are frequent cases when serous-hemorrhagic effusion turns into a purulent form. Impurities of pus are easily determined with the help of special samples, and after that appropriate drugs are prescribed.

Also, according to hemorrhagic exudate, you can monitor the course of the disease. If eosinophilic granulocytes were recorded in its composition, then the doctor can conclude that the course of the disease is favorable. If their concentration rises to 80%, then this already indicates a gradual recovery of the patient.

Cholesterol exudate

Cholesterol exudate can be present in the human body for a long time. As a rule, it is found in any chronic pathologies. Almost always, its appearance was preceded by an existing inflammatory exudate.

There are very few other elements in the composition of cholesterol exudate, except for cholesterol. It may also be already in a decayed form.

In appearance, it is thick with a brown or yellow tint. It is characterized by a pearly overflow. If there are a lot of red blood cells in the cholesterol exudate, then its shade can vary up to chocolate.

Chylous, chyle-like and milky exudate

All these three exudates can be combined into one type, since outwardly they are very similar (they have, but there are still differences.

1. Chylous exudate is filled with lymphocytes. It is noted with various injuries, tumors or inflammations. Its milky color is due to the presence of a small fat content.
2. chyle-like exudate. Its appearance always occurs due to the active breakdown of fat cells, which also gives it a milky tint. This type of fluid is very common in liver cirrhosis and developing malignant tumors. Chylus-like exudate is completely devoid of microflora.
3. Milky exudate is a pseudochylous effusion (its second name). In its composition, unlike the first two, there are no fat cells. It is worth noting that milky exudate is present in lipoid lesions of the kidneys.

Exudate in the ear

This type of exudate appears only in one case - with chronic exudative otitis media. To designate this disease is not at all difficult. Just a visual inspection is enough. Diseases are more common in children and adolescents.

So, during examination, the otolaryngologist may note a change in the color of the eardrum. It can be whitish, pink. If there are fluid bubbles in the ear, then this once again proves the presence of exudate, but already behind the eardrum.

The exudate is often liquid, but in advanced cases it can become very thick. In this case, the patient begins to complain of hearing loss and pain.

With such a disease, it is very important to apply treatment on time. The fact is that a very thick effusion affects all areas of the inner ear. Exudate is present behind the membrane and near the malleus. In addition, it is very difficult to remove it in the usual way. In order to get rid of the exudate in the ear, the otolaryngologist has to carry out repeated washing. In this case, not only the ear itself, but also the pharynx, as well as the nose.

The exudate is an inflammatory fluid filled with protein and containing formed blood proteins.

In the human body, it has its own character and is formed during inflammation. Such a process as the allocation and movement of inflammatory effusion in the cavities and tissues of the body is called exudation.

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Types of exudate

The species directly depend on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the protein present in the liquid.

There are the following types of exudates:

• fibrinous;
• serous;
• hemorrhagic;
• purulent;
• putrefactive;
• mixed.

The composition of the exudate

The composition depends on the cause of the formation of the inflammatory fluid, on the organ or tissue in which it is formed.

Serous exudate

The composition is mainly albumin and water. Appears when the inflammatory process of the skin and mucous membranes is still at an early stage.

It can be, for example, blisters on the palms after prolonged work with oars or a shovel. If the serous cavities and mucous membranes become inflamed - pericarditis, peritonitis, serous pleurisy.

fibrinous exudate

It is formed when the endothelium is sufficiently severely damaged and is accompanied by the loss of high-molecular fibrinogen. This type is typical for inflammation of the peritoneum, upper respiratory tract, colon, pericardium.

Purulent exudate

It is formed in most cases with infections that are caused by pyogenic bacteria - streptococci, pneumococci, staphylococci.

Purulent effusion in its composition has fragments of necrotic tissues lysed by enzymatic digestion, the vast majority of normal and destroyed leukocytes.

Hemorrhagic exudate

Characteristic for acute influenza pneumonia, phosgene poisoning, anthrax.

Exudate properties

The formation of an effusion is considered a significant component in the inflammatory response. Due to exudation, the concentration of existing toxins decreases, the formation of which occurs in the focus of inflammation, and they are destroyed by proteolytic enzymes coming from the blood plasma.

However, exudate can also be characterized by negative consequences. For example, if the swelling of the larynx is caused by exudation, then a person may die from suffocation; with inflammation of the meninges, life-threatening increased intracranial pressure can occur.