home Diseases Phraseologisms with explanation in Russian. Functions of phraseological units in the Russian language. Bring to white heat

Phraseologisms with explanation in Russian. Functions of phraseological units in the Russian language. Bring to white heat

Phraseologisms

Phraseologisms are stable combinations of words, figures of speech such as: “knuckle down”, “hang your nose”, “ask a headache”... A figure of speech, which is called a phraseological unit, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not consist of the meanings of its constituent words. It only works as a single unit, a lexical unit.

Phraseologisms are popular expressions that do not have an author.

The meaning of phraseological units is to give an emotional coloring to an expression and enhance its meaning.

Many phraseological units can be easily replaced with one word:

headlong - quickly,

close at hand - close.

Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one, expanding the shades of its meaning.

Bursting at the seams - from the tailor's speech it acquired a broader meaning - to fall into decay.

Confuse - from the speech of railway workers it has passed into general use in the sense of causing confusion.

Examples of phraseological units and their meanings

to beat the knuckles - to mess around

To overeat henbane - to go berserk (applies to people who do stupid things

After the rain on Thursday - never

Anika the warrior - a braggart, brave only in words, far from danger

Give a head wash (bath) - soap your neck, head - strongly scold

A white crow is a person who stands out sharply from the environment due to certain qualities

Living like a Biryuk means being gloomy and not communicating with anyone.

Throw down the gauntlet - challenge someone to an argument, competition (although no one throws down the gloves)

A wolf in sheep's clothing - evil people pretending to be good, hiding under the guise of meekness

Having your head in the clouds - blissfully dreaming, fantasizing about who knows what

The soul sank to the ground - a man who was afraid, afraid

Don't spare your belly - sacrifice your life

Notch it on the nose - remember it firmly

Making a molehill out of a molehill - turning a small fact into a whole event

On a silver platter - get what you want with honor, without much effort

At the edge of the earth - somewhere very far away

In seventh heaven - to be in complete delight, in a state of supreme bliss

You can’t see anything - it’s so dark that you can’t see the paths, paths

To rush headlong - to act recklessly, with desperate determination

Eat a pound of salt - get to know each other well

Good riddance - go away, we can do without you

Roll up your sleeves - work hard, diligently

Phraseologisms with the word “WATER”

A storm in a teacup - big worries over an insignificant reason

It is written with a pitchfork on the water - it is not yet known how it will be, the outcome is not clear, by analogy: “grandmother said in two”

You can't spill water - great friends, about strong friendship

Carrying water in a sieve means wasting time, doing useless things. Similarly: pounding water in a mortar.

He took water into his mouth - he remains silent and does not want to answer

Carry water (on someone) - burden him with hard work, taking advantage of his flexible nature

Bring to light - expose dark deeds, convict in a lie

Get away with it - remain unpunished, without bad consequences

Money is like water - meaning the ease with which it is spent

Blowing on water after being burned by milk means being too careful, remembering past mistakes

How he looked into the water - as if he knew in advance, foresaw, accurately predicted events

How he sank into the water - disappeared, disappeared without a trace, disappeared without a trace

Like being submerged in water - sad, sad

Like water through your fingers - the one who easily escapes persecution

Like two drops of water - very similar, indistinguishable

If you don’t know the ford, don’t go into the water - a warning not to take hasty actions

Like a fish in water - to feel confident, to navigate very well, to understand something well,

Like water off a duck's back - a person doesn't care about anything

A lot of water has passed under the bridge since then - a lot of time has passed

Carrying water in a sieve is a waste of time

The seventh water on jelly is a very distant relationship

Hiding loose ends - hiding traces of a crime

Quieter than water, lower than the grass - behave modestly, unnoticed

Pounding water in a mortar is a useless task.

Phraseologisms with the word “NOS”

It is interesting that in phraseological units the word nose practically does not reveal its main meaning. The nose is an organ of smell, but in stable phrases the nose is associated primarily with the idea of something small and short. Remember the fairy tale about Kolobok? When the Fox needed Kolobok to come within her reach and get closer, she asks him to sit on her nose. However, the word nose does not always refer to the organ of smell. It also has other meanings. To mutter under one's breath - to grumble, grumpily, mutter indistinctly.

Lead by the nose - this phrase came to us from Central Asia. Visitors are often surprised how small children manage to cope with huge camels. The animal obediently follows the child leading him by the rope. The fact is that the rope is threaded through a ring located in the camel's nose. Here you want it, you don’t want it, but you have to obey! Rings were also put into the noses of bulls to make their disposition more docile. If a person deceives someone or does not fulfill his promise, then he is also said to be “led by the nose.”

To turn one's nose up means to be unjustifiably proud of something, to boast.

Notch on the nose - Notch on the nose means: remember firmly, once and for all. It seems to many that this was said not without cruelty: it is not very pleasant if you are offered to make a notch on your own face. Unnecessary fear. The word nose here does not mean the organ of smell at all, but just a memorial tablet, a tag for notes. In ancient times, illiterate people always carried such tablets with them and made all kinds of notes on them with notches and cuts. These tags were called noses.

Nodding off means falling asleep.

Curious Varvara's nose was torn off at the market - don't interfere in someone else's business.

On the nose - this is how they talk about something that is about to happen.

Don't poke your nose into someone else's business - in this way they want to show that a person is overly, inappropriately curious, interfering in what he shouldn't.

Nose to nose - on the contrary, close.

Keep your nose in the wind - in the glorious times of the sailing fleet, movement on the sea was completely dependent on the direction of the wind and the weather. No wind, calm - and the sails drooped, more like a rag. A nasty wind blows into the bow of the ship - you have to think not about sailing, but about dropping all the anchors, that is, “standing at anchor” and removing all the sails so that the air flow does not throw the ship ashore. To go out to sea, a fair wind was required, which inflated the sails and directed the ship forward into the sea. The vocabulary of sailors associated with this received imagery and entered our literary language. Now “keeping your nose to the wind” - in a figurative sense, means adapting to any circumstances. “Drop anchor”, “become anchored” - stop in motion, settle somewhere; “Sitting by the sea and waiting for the weather” is an inactive expectation of change; “In full sail” - move towards the intended goal at full speed, as quickly as possible; Wishing someone a “fair wind” means wishing them good luck.

Hanging his nose or Hanging his nose - if suddenly a person is depressed or just sad, it happens about him that they say that he seems to be “hanging his nose,” and they can also add: “by a fifth.” Quinta, translated from Latin, means “fifth.” Musicians, or more precisely, violinists, call this the first string of a violin (the highest one). When playing, the violinist usually supports his instrument with his chin and his nose almost touches this string closest to him. The expression “hanging your nose on a fifth,” perfected among musicians, entered fiction.

I was left with my nose - without what I was counting on.

Right under your nose - close.

To show your nose is to tease someone by putting your thumb to your nose and waving your other finger.

With a gulkin's nose - very little (a gulkin is a dove, a dove has a small beak).

To poke your nose into other people's affairs is to be interested in other people's affairs.

To leave with your nose - the roots of the expression “to leave with your nose” are lost in the distant past. In the old days, bribery was very common in Rus'. Neither in institutions nor in court was it possible to achieve a positive decision without an offering, a gift. Of course, these gifts, hidden by the petitioner somewhere under the floor, were not called the word “bribe.” They were politely called "bring" or "nose". If the manager, judge or clerk took the “nose”, then one could be sure that the case would be resolved favorably. In case of refusal (and this could happen if the gift seemed small to the official or the offering from the opposite party had already been accepted), the petitioner went home with his “nose”. In this case, there was no hope for success. Since then, the words “to go away with your nose” have come to mean “to suffer defeat, fail, lose, stumble, without achieving anything.

Wipe your nose - if you manage to surpass someone, they say that you wiped your nose.

To bury your nose is to immerse yourself completely in some activity.

Well-fed, drunk and with tobacco on his nose - means a satisfied and satisfied person with everything.

Phraseologisms with the word “MOUTH, LIPS”

The word mouth is included in a number of phraseological units, the meanings of which are associated with the process of speaking. Food enters the human body through the mouth - a number of stable expressions one way or another indicate this function of the mouth. There are not many phraseological units with the word lip.

You can't put it in your mouth - they say if the food is cooked tasteless.

Lip is not a fool - they say about a person who knows how to choose the best.

Silencing someone means preventing them from speaking.

Porridge in the mouth - a person speaks slurred.

There was no poppy dew in the mouth - this means that the person has not eaten for a long time and needs to be fed urgently.

The milk on the lips has not dried - they say if they want to show that someone is still young and inexperienced.

Taking water into your mouth means silencing yourself.

To pout your lips means to be offended.

To open your mouth is to freeze in amazement at something that has captured your imagination.

Your mouth is full of trouble - they say when there are so many things to do that you don’t have time to cope with them.

A wide open mouth is a sign of surprise.

Phraseologisms with the word “HAND”

To be at hand - to be available, to be in close proximity

Warm your hands - take advantage of the position

To hold in hands - not to give free rein, to hold in strict obedience

As if taken off by hand, it quickly disappeared, passed

Carry in your arms - provide special affection, attention, appreciate, pamper

Working hard - working hard

Turning up your arm means accidentally being nearby

To fall under the hot hand means to run into a bad mood

The hand does not rise - it is in no way possible to perform the action due to an internal prohibition

Hand in hand - holding hands, together, together

Hand washes hand - people connected by common interests protect each other

I can't get my hands on it - I just don't have the energy or time to do anything.

Hands itch - about a great desire to do something

Just a stone's throw away - very close, very close

Grasp with both hands - agree with pleasure with some proposal

To rake in the heat with someone else's hands - to enjoy the fruits of someone else's work

Golden hands - about someone who skillfully, skillfully does everything, copes with any job

Phraseologisms with the word “HEAD”

Wind in the head is an unreliable person.

It slipped my mind - I forgot.

My head is spinning - there are too many things to do, responsibilities, information.

Giving your head to be cut off means promising.

Out of the blue - unexpected.

To fool one's head is to deceive, to divert from the essence of the matter.

Don't lose your head - be responsible for your actions.

Examine from head to toe - everything, carefully, carefully.

Headlong - risky.

If they don't pat you on the head, they'll scold you.

From a sore head to a healthy one - blame someone else.

Upside down - the opposite.

To rack your brains over a task is to think hard.

Headlong - very quickly.

Phraseologisms with the word "EAR"

The word ear is included in phraseological units that are somehow related to hearing. Harsh words primarily affect the ears. In many established expressions, the word ears does not mean the organ of hearing, but only its outer part. I wonder if you can see your ears? Using a mirror in this case is not allowed!

Keep your eyes open - a person is tensely waiting for danger. Vostry is an old form of the word acute.

Prick up your ears - listen carefully. A dog's ears are pointed and the dog erects its ears when listening. This is where the phraseological unit arose.

You can't see your ears - they say about a person who will never get what he wants.

To plunge head over heels into something - they say to a person if he is completely absorbed in some activity. You can be deeply in debt – if there are a lot of debts.

Blushed to the ears - they say when a person is very embarrassed.

Loose ears - this is what they say about a person who listens to someone too trustingly.

Listening with all your ears means listening carefully.

Listen with half an ear or listen out of the corner of your ear - listen without much attention.

Ears wither - it’s extremely disgusting to listen to anything.

It hurts the ears - they say when something is unpleasant to listen to.

Phraseologisms with the word “TOOTH”

There are quite a large number of stable expressions with the word tooth in the Russian language. Among them there is a noticeable group of phraseological units in which teeth act as a kind of weapon of defense or attack, threat. The word tooth is also used in phraseological units denoting various deplorable human conditions.

To be in the teeth is to impose, to bother.

Armed to the teeth - they say about a person who is dangerous to attack, because he can give a worthy rebuff.

Talking with your teeth is a distraction.

Tit for tat - abusive (tendency to abuse), unyielding, “as it comes back, so it will respond.”

A tooth doesn't touch a tooth - they say if someone is frozen from extreme cold or from trembling, excitement, or fear.

To give a tooth is to mock, to ridicule someone.

To eat with a tooth - to drive, to squeeze.

To bare your teeth is to mock.

Eating teeth means gaining experience.

Scratching your teeth means talking nonsense, nonsense.

Try it on the tooth - find out, try it directly.

Something is too tough for someone - it’s difficult to bite off, it’s beyond your strength, beyond your abilities.

There is nothing to put on the tooth - they say when there is nothing to eat.

Not even a blow - absolutely nothing (not knowing, not understanding, etc.).

To look someone in the mouth is to find out everything about a person.

To raise a tooth is to mock.

Showing your teeth means demonstrating your evil nature, your desire to quarrel, to threaten someone.

Putting your teeth on a shelf means starving when there is no food left in the house.

Speak through teeth - barely open your mouth, reluctantly.

Grit your teeth - do not lose heart, do not despair, start the fight.

To sharpen or have a grudge against someone is to be angry, to strive to cause harm.

Phraseologisms with the word “CHEST, BACK”

The words chest and back are included in oppositely colored phraseological units. However, there are also positively colored phraseological units with the word back.

To stand up or stand with your chest for something - to rise to defense, to defend steadfastly.

Riding on someone's back means achieving your goals by using someone to your advantage.

They bend their back - to work, or to bow.

Hunch your back - work.

To ride on someone's back is to use someone for some of your own purposes.

To do something behind someone’s back - so that he doesn’t see, doesn’t know, secretly from someone.

Place your hands behind your back - cross them at the back.

On your own back (to experience, to learn something) - from your own bitter experience, as a result of troubles, difficulties, adversities that you yourself had to endure.

A knife in the back or a stab in the back is a treacherous, treasonous act, a blow.

Turn your back - leave, leave to the mercy of fate, stop communicating with someone.

To pave the way with one's chest means to achieve a good position in life; he achieves everything through hard work and overcomes all the difficulties that befall him.

Hiding behind someone else's back means shifting your responsibilities or responsibilities onto someone else.

To work without straightening your back is diligent, diligent, hard and hard. They can be used to praise a roughly working person.

Straighten your back - gain self-confidence, cheer up.

Show your back - leave, run away.

To stand behind someone's back is to secretly, secretly lead someone.

Phraseologisms with the word “LANGUAGE”

Language is another word often found in phraseological units, since language is extremely important for a person, it is with it that the idea of the ability to speak and communicate is associated. The idea of speaking (or, conversely, silence) can be traced in one way or another in many phraseological units with the word language.

Running with your tongue out is very fast.

Keep your mouth shut - remain silent, do not say too much; be careful in your statements.

Long tongue - they say if a person is a talker and likes to tell other people's secrets.

How a cow licked it with its tongue - about something that quickly and without a trace disappeared.

Find a common language - achieve mutual understanding.

Step on the tongue - silence.

Hanging your tongue on your shoulder means you are very tired.

To get on the tongue is to become the subject of gossip.

Bite your tongue - shut up, refrain from speaking.

Loosen the tongue - encourage someone to talk; give someone the opportunity to speak.

To loosen one's tongue - without restraining oneself, losing control over oneself, blurting out, saying unnecessary things.

A peck on your tongue is an angry wish to an angry chatterbox.

To pull your tongue is to say something that is not entirely appropriate to the situation.

To shorten the tongue - to make someone silent, to prevent insolence from speaking, unnecessary things.

Scratching your tongue (scratching your tongue) means talking in vain, chattering, idle talk.

To scratch one's tongue is to gossip, slander.

The devil pulled his tongue - an unnecessary word escapes the tongue.

A tongue without bones - they say if a person is talkative.

Your tongue is slurred—you can’t say anything clearly.

The tongue is stuck to the larynx - suddenly become silent, stop speaking.

Swallow your tongue - shut up, stop talking (about someone’s reluctance to talk).

The tongue is well-spoken - they say about a person who speaks freely and fluently.

Phraseologisms with the word “LITTLE”

Almost - about, almost

The spool is small but expensive - value is not determined by size

Small small smaller - one smaller than the other (about children)

The bird is small, but the nail is sharp - insignificant in position, but inspires fear or admiration for its qualities

A small dog until old age, a puppy - a small person always seems younger than his age, does not make a solid impression

You never know - 1. anything, any 2. not significant, not important 3. excitement, what if...

Little by little - slowly, little by little

Slowly - slowly

From young to old - all ages

Little by little (drink) – a little, a small portion

Play small - make a small bet (in games)

From an early age - from childhood

The smallest part is an insignificant part of something.

Correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery.

Phraseologisms they call stable combinations of words, figures of speech such as: “knuckle down”, “hang your nose”, “give a headache”... A figure of speech, which is called a phraseological unit, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not consist of the meanings of its constituent words. It only works as a single unit, a lexical unit.

Phraseologisms- these are popular expressions that do not have an author.

The meaning of phraseological units is to give an emotional coloring to an expression, to enhance its meaning.

When forming phraseological units, some components acquire the status of optional (optional): “Components of a phraseological unit that can be omitted in individual cases of its use are called optional components of a phraseological unit, and the phenomenon itself, as a feature of the form of a phraseological unit, is called the optionality of the components of a phraseological unit.

The first component of the turnover may be optional, optional, i.e. the expression will still sound without it.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseologisms usually do not tolerate the replacement of words and their rearrangements, for which they are also called stable phrases.

Through thick and thin can't be pronounced no matter what happens to me or by all means, A protect like the pupil of the eye instead of cherish as the apple of your eye.

There are of course exceptions: puzzle over or rack your brains, take by surprise And take someone by surprise, but such cases are rare.

Many phraseological units can be easily replaced with one word:

headlong- fast,

close at hand- close.

The most important feature of phraseological units is their figurative and figurative meaning.

Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one, expanding the shades of its meaning.

Bursting at the seams- from the tailor's speech acquired a broader meaning - to fall into decay.

Confound- from the speech of railway workers it passed into general use in the meaning of causing confusion.

Examples of phraseological units and their meanings

beat the bucks- mess around
Overeat henbane- get mad (applies to people who do stupid things
After the rain on Thursday- never
Anika the Warrior- braggart, brave only in words, far from danger
Set a washroom (bath)- soap your neck, head - strongly scold
White crow- a person who stands out sharply from the environment due to certain qualities
Live as a Biryuk- be gloomy, not communicate with anyone
Throw down the gauntlet- challenge someone to an argument, a competition (although no one throws down gloves)
Wolf in sheep's clothing- evil people pretending to be kind, hiding under the guise of meekness
Head in the clouds- dream blissfully, fantasize about who knows what
My soul has sunk into my heels- a man who is afraid, afraid
Don't spare your belly- sacrifice life
Nick down- remember firmly
Making an elephant out of a molehill- turn a small fact into a whole event
On a silver platter- get what you want with honor, without much effort
At the ends of the earth- somewhere very far away
On the seventh sky- to be in complete delight, in a state of supreme bliss
Can't see anything- it’s so dark that you can’t see the path or path
Rush headlong- act recklessly, with desperate determination
Eat a peck of salt- get to know each other well
Good riddance- go away, we can do without you
Build castles in the air- dream about the impossible, indulge in fantasies. To think, to think about what cannot be realized in reality, to get carried away by illusory assumptions and hopes
Roll up your sleeves to work- work hard, with diligence.

Watch “PHRASEOLOGISTS IN PICTURES. Meanings of phraseological units"

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Phraseologisms about school

Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.
Live and learn.
A scientist without work is like a cloud without rain.
Learn from a young age - you won’t die of hunger in old age.
What I learned was useful.
It's hard to learn, but it's easy to fight.
Teach intelligence.
Go through the school of life.
Get it into your head.
Hitting your head on the ice.
Teach a fool that the dead can be healed.

Phraseologisms from ancient Greek mythology

There are native Russian phraseological units, but there are also borrowed ones, including phraseological units that came into the Russian language from ancient Greek mythology.

Tantalum flour- unbearable torment from the consciousness of the proximity of the desired goal and the impossibility of achieving it. (An analogue of the Russian proverb: “The elbow is close, but you won’t bite”). Tantalus is a hero, the son of Zeus and Pluto, who reigned in the region of Mount Sipila in southern Phrygia (Asia Minor) and was famous for his wealth. According to Homer, for his crimes Tantalus was punished in the underworld with eternal torment: standing up to his neck in water, he cannot get drunk, since the water immediately recedes from his lips; from the trees surrounding it hang branches weighed down with fruits, which rise upward as soon as Tantalus reaches out to them.

Augean stables- a heavily clogged, polluted place, usually a room where everything is lying around in disarray. The phraseology comes from the name of the huge stables of the Elidian king Augeas, which had not been cleaned for many years. Cleaning them was only possible for the mighty Hercules, the son of Zeus. The hero cleared the Augean stables in one day, channeling the waters of two stormy rivers through them.

Sisyphus's work- useless, endless hard work, fruitless work. The expression comes from the ancient Greek legend about Sisyphus, a famous cunning man who was able to deceive even the gods and constantly came into conflict with them. It was he who managed to chain Thanatos, the god of death sent to him, and keep him imprisoned for several years, as a result of which people did not die. For his actions, Sisyphus was severely punished in Hades: he had to roll a heavy stone up a mountain, which, reaching the top, inevitably fell down, so that all the work had to be started again.

Sing the praises- to immoderately, enthusiastically praise, praise someone or something. It arose from the name of dithyrambs - songs of praise in honor of the god of wine and the vine, Dionysus, which were sung during processions dedicated to this deity.

Golden Rain- large sums of money. The expression originated from the ancient Greek myth of Zeus. Captivated by the beauty of Danae, the daughter of the Argive king Acrisius, Zeus penetrated her in the form of golden rain, and from this connection Perseus was subsequently born. Danaë, showered with gold coins, is depicted in the paintings of many artists: Titian, Correggio, Van Dyck, etc. Hence also the expressions “golden rain is pouring,” “golden rain will pour.” Titian. Danae.

Throw thunder and lightning- scold someone; speak angrily, irritably, reproaching, denouncing or threatening someone. It arose from ideas about Zeus - the supreme god of Olympus, who, according to myths, dealt with his enemies and people he disliked with the help of lightning, terrifying in its power, forged by Hephaestus.

Ariadne's thread, Ariadne's thread- something that helps you find a way out of a difficult situation. By the name of Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, who, according to ancient Greek myth, helped the Athenian king Theseus, after he killed the half-bull, half-man Minotaur, to escape safely from the underground labyrinth with the help of a ball of thread.

Achilles' heel- a weak side, a weak spot of something. In Greek mythology, Achilles (Achilles) is one of the strongest and bravest heroes; it is sung in Homer's Iliad. A post-Homeric myth, transmitted by the Roman writer Hyginus, reports that Achilles' mother, the sea goddess Thetis, in order to make her son's body invulnerable, dipped him in the sacred river Styx; while dipping, she held him by the heel, which was not touched by the water, so the heel remained Achilles’s only vulnerable spot, where he was mortally wounded by Paris’s arrow.

Gifts of the Danaans (Trojan Horse)- insidious gifts that bring with them death for those who receive them. Originated from Greek legends about the Trojan War. The Danaans, after a long and unsuccessful siege of Troy, resorted to cunning: they built a huge wooden horse, left it near the walls of Troy, and pretended to sail away from the shore of the Troas. Priest Laocoon, who knew about the Danaans’ cunning, saw this horse and exclaimed: “Whatever it is, I am afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts!” But the Trojans, not listening to the warnings of Laocoon and the prophetess Cassandra, dragged the horse into the city. At night, the Danaans, hiding inside the horse, came out, killed the guards, opened the city gates, let in their comrades who had returned on ships, and thus took possession of Troy.

Between Scylla and Charybdis- to find yourself between two hostile forces, in a position where danger threatens from both sides. According to the legends of the ancient Greeks, two monsters lived on the coastal rocks on both sides of the Strait of Messina: Scylla and Charybdis, who devoured sailors. “Scylla, ... barking incessantly, With a piercing squeal, similar to the squeal of a young puppy, the entire surrounding area of monsters resounds... Not a single sailor could pass by her unharmed With ease the ship: with all its toothed jaws open, At once she, six people from the ship abducts... Closer you will see another rock... Terribly the whole sea under that rock is disturbed by Charybdis, absorbing three times a day and spewing out black moisture three times a day. Don’t you dare approach when he’s devouring: Poseidon himself will not save you from certain death then...”

Promethean fire sacred fire burning in the human soul, an unquenchable desire to achieve high goals in science, art, and social work. Prometheus in Greek mythology is one of the Titans; he stole fire from the sky and taught people how to use it, thereby undermining faith in the power of the gods. For this, the angry Zeus ordered Hephaestus (the god of fire and blacksmithing) to chain Prometheus to a rock; The eagle that flew in every day tormented the liver of the chained titan.

Apple of discord- subject, cause of dispute, enmity, was first used by the Roman historian Justin (2nd century AD). It is based on a Greek myth. The goddess of discord, Eris, rolled a golden apple with the inscription: “To the most beautiful” between the guests at the wedding feast. Among the guests were the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, who argued about which of them should receive the apple. Their dispute was resolved by Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, by awarding the apple to Aphrodite. In gratitude, Aphrodite helped Paris kidnap Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, which caused the Trojan War.

Sink into oblivion- to be forgotten, to disappear without a trace and forever. From the name Lethe - the river of oblivion in the underground kingdom of Hades, from which the souls of the dead drank water and forgot their entire past life.

Phraseologisms with the word “WATER”

Storm in a teacup- great anxiety over a trivial matter
Written on the water with a pitchfork– it is not yet known how it will be, the outcome is not clear, by analogy: “grandmother said in two”
Don't spill water– great friends, about strong friendship
Carry water in a sieve- waste time, do useless things Similar to: pounding water in a mortar
I put water in my mouth– is silent and does not want to answer
Carry water (on smb.)– burden him with hard work, taking advantage of his flexible nature
Bring to clean water- expose dark deeds, catch a lie
Come out dry from water- go unpunished, without bad consequences
Money is like water- meaning the ease with which they can be spent
Blow on water after getting burned on milk- be overly cautious, remembering past mistakes
Like looking into the water- as if he knew in advance, foresaw, accurately predicted events
How he sank into the water- disappeared, disappeared without a trace, disappeared without a trace
Down in the mouth- sad, sad
Like water through your fingers- one who easily escapes persecution
As two drops of water- very similar, indistinguishable
If you don’t know the ford, don’t go into the water– warning not to take hasty action
Like a fish in water– feel confident, very well oriented, have a good understanding of something,
Like water off a duck's back- a person doesn’t care about everything
Much water has flown under the bridge since that time- a lot of time has passed
Carrying water in a sieve- waste time
Seventh water on jelly- very distant relationship
Hide the ends in water- hide traces of the crime
Quieter than water, below the grass- behave modestly, inconspicuously
Pound water in a mortar- engage in useless work.

Phraseologisms with the word “NOS”

Mutter under your breath- grumble, grumpily, mumble indistinctly.
Lead by the nose- this phrase came to us from Central Asia. Visitors are often surprised how small children manage to cope with huge camels. The animal obediently follows the child leading him by the rope. The fact is that the rope is threaded through a ring located in the camel's nose. Here you want it, you don’t want it, but you have to obey! Rings were also put into the noses of bulls to make their disposition more docile. If a person deceives someone or does not fulfill his promise, then he is also said to be “led by the nose.”
Turn up one's nose– to be unjustifiably proud of something, to boast.
Nick down- Notch on the nose means: remember firmly, once and for all. It seems to many that this was said not without cruelty: it is not very pleasant if you are offered to make a notch on your own face. Unnecessary fear. The word nose here does not mean the organ of smell at all, but just a memorial tablet, a tag for notes. In ancient times, illiterate people always carried such tablets with them and made all kinds of notes on them with notches and cuts. These tags were called noses.
Nodding off- fall asleep.
Curious Varvara's nose was torn off at the market– don’t interfere in something that’s not your own business.
On the nose- this is how they talk about something that is about to happen.
Can't see beyond your own nose- not to notice the surroundings.
Don't poke your nose into someone else's business- in this way they want to show that a person is too, inappropriately curious, interferes in what he should not.
Nose to nose- on the contrary, close.
Keep your nose to the wind- in the glorious times of the sailing fleet, movement on the sea completely depended on the direction of the wind and the weather. No wind, calm - and the sails drooped, more like a rag. A nasty wind blows into the bow of the ship - you have to think not about sailing, but about dropping all the anchors, that is, “standing at anchor” and removing all the sails so that the air flow does not throw the ship ashore. To go out to sea, a fair wind was required, which inflated the sails and directed the ship forward into the sea. The vocabulary of sailors associated with this received imagery and entered our literary language. Now “keeping your nose to the wind” - in a figurative sense, means adapting to any circumstances. "Drop anchor", "come to anchor", - stop in motion, settle somewhere; “Sit by the sea and wait for the weather”– inactive expectation of change; "In Full Sail"- move towards the intended goal at full speed, as quickly as possible; wish "fair wind" to someone means wishing him good luck.
Hang your nose or Hang your nose- if suddenly a person is depressed or just sad, it happens about him that they say that he seems to be “hanging his nose,” and they can also add: “by a fifth.” Quinta, translated from Latin, means “fifth.” Musicians, or more precisely, violinists, call this the first string of a violin (the highest one). When playing, the violinist usually supports his instrument with his chin and his nose almost touches this string closest to him. The expression “hanging your nose on a fifth,” perfected among musicians, entered fiction.
Stay with your nose- without what I expected.
Right under your nose- close.
Show your nose– teasing someone by putting your thumb to your nose and waving your fingers.
With a gulkin nose- very little (a bun is a dove, a dove has a small beak).
Poking your nose into other people's business- take an interest in other people's affairs.
Leave with your nose- the roots of the expression “getting away with your nose” are lost in the distant past. In the old days, bribery was very common in Rus'. Neither in institutions nor in court was it possible to achieve a positive decision without an offering, a gift. Of course, these gifts, hidden by the petitioner somewhere under the floor, were not called the word “bribe.” They were politely called "bring" or "nose". If the manager, judge or clerk took the “nose”, then one could be sure that the case would be resolved favorably. In case of refusal (and this could happen if the gift seemed small to the official or the offering from the opposite party had already been accepted), the petitioner went home with his “nose”. In this case, there was no hope for success. Since then, the words “to go away with your nose” have come to mean “to suffer defeat, fail, lose, stumble, without achieving anything.
Wipe your nose- if you manage to surpass someone, they say that they wiped your nose.
bury your nose- immerse yourself completely in some activity.
Full, drunk and nose covered in tobacco- means a satisfied and satisfied person with everything.

Phraseologisms with the word “MOUTH, LIPS”

You can't put it in your mouth- they say if the food is not tasty.
Lip no fool- they say about a person who knows how to choose the best.
Shut someone's mouth- means not letting him speak.
Porridge in the mouth- the man speaks indistinctly.
There was no poppy dew in my mouth- this means that the person has not eaten for a long time and needs to be fed urgently.
Wet behind the ears- they say if they want to show that someone is still young and inexperienced.
Take water into your mouth- is to shut up yourself.
Pout lips- to be offended.
open your mouth- to freeze in amazement before something that captures the imagination.
My mouth is full of trouble- they say if there are so many things to do that you don’t have time to cope with them.
Wide open mouth- a sign of surprise.

Phraseologisms with the word “HAND”

Be at hand– be available, be in close proximity
Warm your hands- take advantage of the situation
Keep in hand- not to give free rein, to keep in strict obedience
As if taken off by hand- quickly disappeared, passed
Carry on your hands- provide special affection, attention, appreciate, pamper
Without stopping k – to work hard
Tuck under your arm- happen to be nearby
Fall under the hot hand- get into a bad mood
Hand doesn't rise– it is impossible to perform an action due to an internal prohibition
Hand in hand- holding hands, together, together
Hand washes hand– people connected by common interests protect each other
Hands don't reach- I just don’t have the energy or time to do anything
My hands are itching- about a great desire to do something
Just a stone's throw- very close, very close
Grab with both hands- agree with pleasure with some proposal
To rake in the heat with someone else's hands- benefit from the work of others
Skillful fingers- about someone who skillfully, skillfully does everything, copes with any work

Phraseologisms with the word “HEAD”

Wind in my head- an unreliable person.
Out of my head- forgot.
Head is spinning– too many things to do, responsibilities, information.
Give your head to be cut off- promise.
Out of the blue- suddenly.
Fool your head- to deceive, to divert from the essence of the matter.
Don't lose your head- be responsible for your actions.
Look from head to toe- everything, carefully, carefully.
Headlong– risky.
No pat on the head- they will scold you.
From a sick head to a healthy one- blame someone else.
Upside down- vice versa.
Puzzling over a task- think hard.
Headlong- very fast.

Phraseologisms with the word "EAR"

Be careful- a person tensely awaits danger. Vostry is an old form of the word acute.
Prick up your ears- listen carefully. A dog's ears are pointed and the dog erects its ears when listening. This is where the phraseological unit arose.
You can't see your ears- they say about a person who will never get what he wants.
Immerse yourself in something up to your ears- they say to a person if he is completely absorbed in some activity. You can be deeply in debt – if there are a lot of debts.
Blushed to the ears- they say when a person is very embarrassed.
Hang your ears- this is what they say about a person who listens to someone too trustingly.
Listen with all your ears- means listening carefully.
Listen with half an ear or listen out of earshot- listen without much attention.
Ears wither- it’s extremely disgusting to listen to anything.
It hurts my ears- they say when something is unpleasant to listen to.

Phraseologisms with the word “TOOTH”

To be in the teeth- to impose, to bother.
Armed to the teeth- they say about a person who is dangerous to attack, because he can give a worthy rebuff.
Speak your teeth- divert attention.
Tooth for tooth- abusive (tendency to abuse), unyielding, “as it comes around, it will respond.”
Tooth does not touch tooth- they say if someone is frozen from extreme cold or from trembling, excitement, fear.
Give me a tooth- to mock, to ridicule someone.
Eat with a tooth- drive, crowd.
Bare your teeth- mock.
Eat your teeth- gain experience.
Scratch your teeth- talk nonsense, nonsense.
Try it on your teeth- find out, try it directly.
Something is too tough for anyone- difficult to bite, beyond your strength, beyond your abilities.
Nothing to put on the tooth- they say when there is nothing to eat.
Not even a kick- absolutely nothing (not knowing, not understanding, etc.).
Look someone in the mouth- find out everything about a person.
Raise by a tooth- mock.
Show teeth- means demonstrating your evil nature, the desire to quarrel, to threaten someone.
Put your teeth on the shelf- go hungry when there is no food left in the house.
Speak through teeth- barely open your mouth, reluctantly.
Grit your teeth- without despondency, without despair, begin the fight.
To sharpen or have a grudge against someone- to be malicious, to strive to cause harm.

Phraseologisms with the word “CHEST, BACK”

The words chest and back are included in oppositely colored phraseological units. However, there are also positively colored phraseological units with the word back.

Stand up or stand with your chest for someone or something- rise to the defense, defend steadfastly.
Riding on someone's back- achieve your goals by using someone to your advantage.
Bend your back- work, or bow.
Hunch your back- work.
Ride on whose back- to use someone for some of your own purposes.
Behind someone's back (to do something)- so that he doesn’t see, doesn’t know, secretly from anyone.
Put your hands behind your back- cross them from behind.
On your own back (to experience, to learn something)- from my own bitter experience, as a result of troubles, difficulties, adversities that I myself had to endure.
Knife in the back or stab in the back- treacherous, treacherous act, blow.
Turn your back- leave, leave to the mercy of fate, stop communicating with someone.
Pave the way with your chest- achieve a good position in life, achieves everything through hard work, overcomes all the difficulties that befall him.
Skulk- shift your duties or responsibilities to someone else.
Work without straightening your back- diligently, diligently, a lot and hard. They can be used to praise a roughly working person.
Straighten your back- gain self-confidence, be encouraged.
Show your back- leave, run away.
Stand behind someone's back- secretly, secretly lead someone.

Phraseologisms with the word “LANGUAGE”

Run with your tongue out- very fast.
Keep your mouth shut- be silent, do not say too much; be careful in your statements.
Long tongue- they say if a person is a talker and likes to tell other people's secrets.
How a cow licked it with her tongue- about something that quickly and without a trace disappeared.
Find a common language- reach mutual understanding.
Step on your tongue- make them fall silent.
Hang your tongue on your shoulder- very tired.
Get on the tongue- become the subject of gossip.
Bite your tongue- shut up, refrain from speaking.
Untie your tongue- encourage someone to talk; give someone the opportunity to speak.
Loosen your tongue- without restraining yourself, losing control over yourself, blurting out, saying unnecessary things.
Tip on your tongue- an angry wish to an evil talker.
Pull the tongue- say something that is not entirely appropriate to the situation.
Shorten your tongue- to make someone silent, not to allow insolence to be said, unnecessary things.
Scratch your tongue (scratch your tongue)- talk in vain, engage in chatter, idle talk.
scratching tongues- gossip, slander.
The devil pulled his tongue- an unnecessary word escapes the tongue.
Tongue without bones- they say if a person is talkative.
Tongue is tied– you can’t say anything clearly.
Tongue stuck to larynx- suddenly fall silent, stop talking.
Tongue swallow- shut up, stop talking (about someone’s reluctance to talk).
The tongue hangs well- they say about a person who speaks freely and fluently.

Phraseologisms with the word “LITTLE”

Almost- about, almost
Small spool but precious– value is not determined by size
Small small less– one is smaller than the other (about children)
The bird is small, but the nail is sharp– insignificant in position, but inspires fear or admiration for its qualities
Little dog to old age puppy– a short person always seems younger than his age, does not make a solid impression
You never know– 1. anything, any 2. not significant, not important 3. excitement, what if...
Little by little– slowly, little by little
At low speed- slowly
From small to large– all ages
Small (drink)- a little, a small portion
Play small– make a small bet (in games)
From an early age– since childhood
Just a little- a small part of something.

Correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery.

PHRASEOLOGISTS IN PICTURES

See if the phraseological units are illustrated correctly, and tell me how you understand their meaning?

Guess a few poetic riddles about phraseological units:

You won’t find any friendlier relationship between these two guys in the world.
They usually say about them: water...

We walked literally along the town and...
And we were so tired on the road that we could barely...

Your comrade asks furtively
Copy the answers from your notebook.
No need! After all, this will help your friend...

They falsify, they confuse the words, they sing into the forest...
The guys won't listen to them:
This song makes my ears...

The Russian language is rightfully considered the most perfect, beautiful and rich language in the world, which has absorbed, along with the authentic culture of more than 200 peoples of the Russian world, the best elements of Western and Eastern cultural traditions.

Our language is one of the basic elements of the entire Russian civilization, therefore, in order to be fully considered Russian, we must be able to use it well and master the entire wealth of concepts and expressions of the Russian language no worse than Pushkin, Gogol and Dostoevsky.

We present to your attention the first part of the TOP-50 most interesting phraseological units of the Russian language with their original and current meanings, as well as the history of origin:

1. Goal like a falcon

The expression means extreme poverty, need.

"Falcon"- this is a smoothly planed log of a battering ram, bound at the end with iron, which could be hand-held or wheeled and was used until the end of the 15th century to break holes in wooden palisades or fortress gates. The surface of this weapon was flat and smooth, i.e. "naked". The same term also denoted cylindrical tools: iron crowbar, pestle for grinding grain in a mortar, etc.

2. Arshin swallowed

An expression denoting a person standing at attention or adopting a majestic, arrogant pose with a straight back.

Arshin is an ancient Russian measure of length of 71 centimeters, widely used in sewing before the transition to the metric system of measures. Accordingly, craftsmen used wooden or metal yardsticks for measurements. If you swallow one, your posture will probably become phenomenal...

3. Scapegoat

This is the name given to a person who has been given all the blame for some kind of failure or failure.

An expression that goes back to the Bible. According to the ancient Jewish rite, on the day of remission of sins, the high priest placed his hands on the head of the goat and thereby placed on it the sins of the entire people of Israel. Then the goat was taken into the Judean desert and released so that it would forever bear the sins of the Jews.

4. Screams at the top of Ivanovo

The ensemble of Kremlin cathedrals in Moscow is decorated with the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, where all thirty bells were always rung on holidays. The ringing was extremely powerful and carried very far.

5. The Smoking Room is alive!

We remember this expression from the film “The meeting place cannot be changed” and it meant the joy of meeting a person who has gone through serious trials.

In fact, “smoking room” is an ancient children’s game in Rus'. The children sat in a circle and passed a burning torch to each other, saying: “The smoking room is alive, alive! The legs are thin, the soul is short.” The one in whose hands the torch went out left the circle. That is, a “smoking room” is a torch that burned weakly and “smoked” (smoke) in children’s hands.

In relation to a person, the expression was first used by the poet Alexander Pushkin in an epigram to the critic and journalist Mikhail Kachenovsky: “How! Is the Kurilka journalist still alive?..”

6. Clear out those Augean stables

Deal with an incredibly neglected mess of cyclopean proportions.

Goes back to the ancient Greek myths about Hercules. There lived in ancient Elis King Augeas, a passionate lover of horses, who kept three thousand horses in the stables, but did not clean the stalls for 30 years.

Hercules was sent to Augeas' service, to whom the king instructed to clean the stables for one day, which was impossible. The hero thought and directed the river waters into the gates of the stables, which carried out all the manure from there within a day. This act became the 6th labor of Hercules out of 12.

7. Bosom Friend

Now a positive expression denoting a long-time and trusted friend. Previously it was negative, because I meant drinking buddy.

The ancient expression “to pour on the Adam’s apple” meant “to get drunk”, “to drink alcohol.” This is where this phraseological unit was formed.

8. Get into trouble

Find yourself in an extremely uncomfortable or even dangerous position.

A prosak is a drum with teeth in a machine used to comb wool. If you got into a mess, you could easily get hurt and lose your arm.

9. Dirty place

And again, a biblical expression found in psalms and church prayers and denoting paradise, the heavenly kingdom. In secular usage, the word acquired a negative connotation - bars, strip clubs, etc. began to be called “hot spots.”

This refers to a place where cereals grow abundantly, from which the main food (bread) is prepared - a fertile field, the basis of prosperity.

10. Like Buridan's donkey

This means a person who is extremely indecisive.

It goes back to the famous example of the 14th century French philosopher Jean Buridan, who argued that people’s actions depend for the most part not on their own will, but on external circumstances. Illustrating his idea, he argued that a donkey, to the left and to the right of which two identical piles would be placed at equal distances, one of which would contain hay, and the other would have straw, would not be able to make a choice and would die of hunger.

11. Reach the handle

To completely descend, to lose human appearance and social skills.

In Ancient Rus', kalachi were baked not in round shapes, but in the shape of a castle with a round bow. Townspeople often bought kalachi and ate them right on the street, holding this bow like a hand. At the same time, for reasons of hygiene, the pen itself was not eaten, but was either given to the poor or thrown to the dogs. About those who did not disdain to eat it, they said: they got to the point.

12. Go easy on yourself

Find yourself in an uncomfortable and often shameful position.

In Rus', walking bareheaded in crowded places (excluding temples for men) was considered a disgrace. There was no greater shame for a person than having his hat torn off in a public place.

13. Shabby look

Untidy clothing, unshavenness and other signs of carelessness in appearance.

Under Tsar Peter I, the Yaroslavl linen manufactory of the merchant Zatrapeznikov began operating, producing silk and cloth that were in no way inferior in quality to the products of European workshops.

In addition, the manufactory also produced very cheap hemp striped fabric, which was nicknamed “shabby” after the merchant’s name. She went for mattresses, bloomers, sundresses, women's headscarves, work robes and shirts.

For rich people, a robe made from “trapeza” was home clothing, but for the poor, clothes made from this fabric were used “for going out.” A shabby appearance spoke of a person’s low social status.

14. Caliph for an hour

This is what they say about a person who accidentally and briefly finds himself in power.

The expression has Arabic roots. This is the name of the fairy tale from the collection “A Thousand and One Nights” - “A Daydream, or Caliph for an Hour.”

It tells how the young Baghdadian Abu-Ghassan, not knowing that the caliph Harun al-Rashid is in front of him, shares with him his cherished dream - to become a caliph at least for a day. Wanting to have fun, Harun al-Rashid pours sleeping pills into Abu Hassan’s wine, orders the servants to take the young man to the palace and treat him like a caliph.

The joke succeeds. Waking up, Abu Hassan believes that he is the caliph, enjoys luxury and begins to give orders. In the evening, he again drinks wine with sleeping pills and wakes up at home.

15. Knock you down

Make you lose the thread of a conversation, forget about something.

In Greece there is Mount Pantelic, famous in ancient times, where marble was mined for a long time. Accordingly, there were many caves, grottoes and passages, and once there, one could easily get lost.

16. I figured it out

Those. understood what kind of person he was, noticed a deception or discovered a secret.

The expression came to us from those times when coins made of precious metals were in use. The authenticity of the coins was checked by tooth, because precious metals without impurities were soft. If there is a dent on the coin, then it is real, and if not, it is fake.

17. The voice of one crying in the wilderness

This is what they say about someone whose sound thoughts and warnings they stubbornly refuse to listen to.

A biblical expression with roots in the prophecy of Isaiah and the Gospel of John. The prophets who predicted the imminent coming of the Savior called on the Jews to prepare for this day: to monitor their lives and correct it, becoming pious, and to be attentive to the gospel preaching. But the Jews did not heed these calls and crucified the Lord.

18. Bury talent in the ground

This means not using and not developing God-given abilities.

And again a reference to the Bible. Talent was the name given to the largest weight and monetary unit in Ancient Greece, Babylon, Persia and other regions of Asia Minor.

In the Gospel parable, one of the servants received money from the master and buried it, being afraid to invest it in a business that could bring both profit and loss. Upon the master's return, the servant returned the talent and was punished for the lost time and the profit lost by the master.

19. Tightened the rigmarole

I started some very long task and began to hesitate.

Gimp is the thinnest wire made of precious metals, which acquired rather the properties of a thread and was used to decorate camisoles, uniforms and dresses with beautiful complex patterns. It was necessary to pull the gimp on ever-shrinking jewelry rollers in several passes, which was a long process. Sewing with gimp is even less fast.

20. Brought to white heat

Angered me to the point of fury, uncontrollable rage.

Goes back to blacksmithing. When metal is heated during forging, it glows differently depending on the temperature: first red, then yellow and finally blinding white. At an even higher temperature, the metal will already melt and boil.

21. Soap Opera

This is what they call a television series with a trivial plot.

The fact is that in the 30s in America they began to produce multi-part (at that time still radio) programs for housewives with melodramatic plots. They were created with money from soap and detergent manufacturers, who advertised their products during breaks.

22. Good riddance!

Nowadays this is how they kick out an annoying guest or visitor. Previously, the meaning was the opposite - a wish for a good journey.

In one of Ivan Aksakov’s poems you can read about a road that is “straight as an arrow, with a wide surface that spreads like a tablecloth.” Knowing our spaces, people wanted an unhindered and easy path.

23. Egyptian plagues

Heavy punishments, disasters, torments that have fallen.

Biblical story from the book of Exodus. For Pharaoh’s refusal to release the Jews from captivity, the Lord subjected Egypt to terrible punishments - the ten plagues of Egypt: blood instead of water, execution by frogs, an invasion of midges, dog flies, cattle pestilence, ulcers and boils, thunder, lightning and hail fire, an invasion of locusts, darkness and death. firstborn in Egyptian families.

24. Do your bit

Invest part of your labor, skills or money into creating something important, big.

There is a well-known biblical story about two mites of a poor widow, which she donated to the activities of the Jerusalem Temple. The lepta is one of the smallest coins of that time in the Roman Empire. Two mites were the widow’s only money, donating which she remained hungry until the evening. Therefore, her sacrifice turned out to be the largest of all.

25. Sing Lazarus

Beat people, beg, try to play on sympathy.

The parable of the rich man and Lazarus is told by the Savior in the Gospel. Lazarus was poor and lived at the gate of the rich man's house. Lazarus ate the leftover food of the rich man along with the dogs and suffered all sorts of hardships, but after death he went to heaven, while the rich man ended up in hell.

Professional beggars in Russia often begged on the steps of churches, comparing themselves to the biblical Lazarus, although they often lived much better. That's why attempts to make people feel sorry for them are called that way.

Andrey Szegeda

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Dictionary of phraseological units

To beat your thumbs - to sit back and do trifles.

Without a year, a week is quite recently, a very short time.

Without hind legs - very sound (sleep)

Without further ado - without wasting time (get down to business).

Without a hitch - done flawlessly.

A white crow is a person who is very different from other people.

Bleached to overeat - to go mad (applies to people who do stupid things).

Living like a Biryuk means being gloomy and not communicating with anyone.

An hour is a very long time.

To shoe a flea is to skillfully perform the most intricate, precise work.

Side by side - side by side.

To wander in the dark means to have little understanding of something, to act at random.

Throwing words to the wind means speaking thoughtlessly, promising the impossible.

Come what may - an expression of readiness for anything.

To be at your best is to prove yourself with dignity.

It falls out of hand - nothing happens.

In the depths of the soul - in the most secret thoughts.

To make one blush is to cause embarrassment.

In no time - instantly.

Two steps away - very close, nearby.

To know far and wide – in the smallest details.

A teaspoon per hour - too slowly and little by little, barely.

Wind in the head - about a frivolous, frivolous person.

On the tip of your tongue is a strong desire to ask, or “I remembered, but forgot.”

Hanging by a thread means being in a very difficult, desperate situation.

To be in the clouds is to dream blissfully, fantasize about who knows what.

To invest your soul is to give all of yourself, all your efforts and desires to something.

With all eyes - to watch with great interest.

Through fire and water - without hesitation, take any action, sacrificing yourself.

In an instant - instantly.

To be led by the nose is to act dishonestly, to deceive.

You can't spill it with water - they are very friendly, inseparable.

A wolf in sheep's clothing is an evil man pretending to be good.

Hair stands on end - it becomes scary.

This is where the dog is buried - this is the reason, the crux of the matter.

Here's one for you - expresses surprise or disappointment.

By the sweat of your brow - with great effort, tension.

To smithereens - completely, completely (for example, to quarrel)

In a rosy light - to imagine something better than it actually is.

To put a spoke in someone's wheels is to deliberately interfere with someone.

Getting off on the wrong foot means being in a bad mood for no reason.

In the spotlight - in full view, causing general interest.

A teaspoon per hour - very slowly.

Carry on your shoulders - cope with something on your own

Lose your temper - get angry

Get away with it - act fraudulently and remain unpunished.

My eyes are drooping and I want to sleep.

Didn’t blink an eye - quickly, instantly (something happened)

Chasing two birds with one stone is trying to do two different things at once.

Head on shoulders - about a smart, quick-witted person.

To make a mountain out of a molehill is to exaggerate anything without any reason.

Keep your ears open - behave extremely carefully, do not trust anyone.

For both cheeks - with great appetite.

He doesn’t mince words – he knows what to say and is resourceful in conversation.

Far away - very far away.

Brew porridge - start some troublesome or unpleasant business.

He is strong in hindsight - he is not able to make the right decision in time.

Notch on the nose - good to remember.

Roll up your sleeves - spare no effort, time, work hard and hard.

As if blown away by the wind, someone instantly disappeared.

It's like hitting a wall - nothing has any effect on someone who doesn't understand anything.

Like a dog in a manger, he doesn’t use something and doesn’t let others use it.

If a mosquito doesn't hurt your nose, you won't find fault with anything. Usually about a job well done.

Slanting fathoms in the shoulders - a tall, broad-shouldered, powerfully built man.

Biting your elbows means bitterly regretting, being annoyed about something missed, irreparable, or done.

A piece does not go down the throat - someone cannot eat because of fatigue or anxiety.

Easy to climb - can willingly go, go anywhere.

He is easy to find - he comes just when people remember him and talk about him.

Go out of your way - try your best to accomplish something.

To catch on the fly is to understand something immediately, easily and quickly.

There was no poppy dew in my mouth - I didn’t eat anything at all.

A jack of all trades - capable of everything, able to do everything.

The bear stepped on the ear - someone has no ear for music.

To swim shallowly is to have little understanding of something, to have limited abilities.

Frost on the skin - an unpleasant sensation of sudden fear, horror.

Softly lays out - about a person who is outwardly polite, talkative, and secretly causes trouble, harms.

With a fresh mind - in a cheerful state, after rest.

On your own head - to your own detriment, to your own detriment.

Take water into your mouth and remain stubbornly silent.

To mess things up means to make serious mistakes.

Find a common language - achieve mutual understanding, negotiate.

Not in the eyebrow, but in the eye - it’s good to say something accurately.

Out of place - to be in a bad, depressed mood, to feel uncomfortable, out of place.

To not believe your eyes is to be extremely surprised by something you see.

It’s not a bad idea to be no worse than others, to understand things well.

Tirelessly - very diligently, without ceasing to work.

Do not lose face - successfully cope with any business or assignment.

There is no end to the land - in abundance, very much.

It doesn’t fit into any gates - it’s no good.

Neither to the village, nor to the city - completely inappropriate, out of place.

Not light, not dawn - very early, before dawn.

No hitches - no flaws (about a job well done)

Birds of a feather - completely similar to each other.

Give up - having lost hope, fall into despair.

To pour from empty to empty is to engage in unnecessary, useless work.

A full cup means plenty of everything, abundance of everything.

To be born in a shirt means to be happy, lucky.

To act recklessly is to do something without understanding the essence of the matter, to act thoughtlessly.

To sit in the wrong sleigh means to take on the wrong business.

On his own mind - secretive, cunning, resourceful.

Seven Fridays in a week - someone often changes their opinions and decisions.

Build castles in the air - come up with impossible plans

Quieter than water, lower than the grass - timid, shy, modest.

To wipe your nose is to prove to someone your superiority in something.

Grasping at straws means, looking for salvation, resorting to a remedy that clearly will not help.

A little light - the earliest in the morning, when it begins to get light.

Every person, usually without knowing it, uses several phraseological units in his speech every day. Some of them have existed in the Russian language for several centuries.

What are phraseological units, what are their distinctive features and why are they needed? We will try to answer all these questions.

Phraseologisms are stable phrases that are used to make speech expressive, dynamic, better convey emotions, etc. Phraseologisms can be found in oral speech, in fiction, they are widely used in journalism and politics. Perhaps to the least extent they are found only in official documents and specialized literature.

In the Russian language, phraseological units are widespread. They are necessary so that the speaker can express his attitude to what he is expressing, show his temperament and alertness of mind. From the point of view of vocabulary, the main meaning of a phrase, which is a phraseological unit, can be conveyed in one word, but without emotional connotation.

Phraseologisms surprise with their stability: it is impossible to make changes to them without destroying their meaning. Even a simple word form destroys a phraseological unit. At the same time, the process of formation of new phraseological units is constantly taking place in the language, and obsolete ones are gradually being phased out.

The main task of these phrases is to influence the imagination of the interlocutor or reader in order to make what is said more prominent, make him empathize, and feel certain emotions.

Phraseologisms become known to native speakers from early childhood. We often perceive them under other names - sayings, catchphrases, idiomatic expressions, etc. They were first described by M.V. Lomonosov when drawing up a plan for a Russian language dictionary. However, serious study of Russian phraseological units began only in the middle of the twentieth century.

Most phraseological units used today have distinct historical roots. Thus, the expression “give the go-ahead” goes back to the signals of the Russian Navy. In the pre-revolutionary alphabet, the letter D was called “good”. The “go-go” signal, transmitted using the naval signal system, meant agreement, permission. Hence the meaning of the expression “give the go-ahead” - to allow, to agree.

A considerable part of phraseological units is based on the transfer of properties of one object to another. The expression “the pot is cooking,” denoting a smart person, is based on the comparison of the head with a pot: cooking means thinking.

Often the basis of a phraseological unit is part of a well-known proverb or a stable professional term.

Philologists divide phraseological units into their own, which arose in the Russian language, and borrowed, which came through translations of foreign literature.

In the Russian language, phraseological units are found literally at every step. Examples of popular phraseological units:

- like two peas in a pod - about the striking similarity;

- just a stone's throw away - very close;

- one foot here, the other there - quickly run off on some business;

- carelessly - do the work somehow;

- to reach the handle - to lose your human appearance, to descend.

Each of us can remember many similar expressions and phrases in a few minutes - these are phraseological units.

Many phraseological units have been preserved in the Russian language since ancient times. It often happens that the reason for the formation of a phrase has long been forgotten, but the phrase itself lives on in popular speech.

Examples:

- Bosom friend - the expression was formed from the ancient phraseological unit “pour in the Adam’s apple”, i.e. drink alcohol, get drunk and denotes a person with whom you can “drink by the Adam’s apple” without fear of trouble.

- Notch on the nose - in the old days, “nose” was the name given to a wooden plate on which a worker was marked for each day he worked. Notch it on the nose - remember it firmly.

- To be lazy is to be idle. Baklushi were the name given to wooden chocks that were prepared for carving spoons by splitting them off from a birch log. This activity was considered an easy task, practically idleness.

— Chasing a long ruble means striving for easy money. In the ancient Russian state, the main monetary unit was the hryvnia - a silver ingot, which was cut into pieces - rubles. The largest of these pieces was called a long ruble, and getting it meant earning more without making any effort.

- Neither two, nor one and a half - about something vague, without a clear characteristic.

— A double-edged sword is a matter or event that can have good or bad consequences.

- Seven Fridays in a week - about a capricious, eccentric, fickle person.

- The seventh water on jelly is a very distant relationship.

- Twenty-five again - about something boring, invariably repeated.