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Bladder volume in children table

Bladder volume: norms of indicators and methods of measurement

The volume of a person's bladder can change up or down throughout life. In some cases, such as pregnancy or severe stress, these changes are reversible and are not a cause for concern. However, more often a decrease or increase in the capacity of this organ indicates some pathological process occurring in the body. In order to recognize the disease in time, you should know the norms for organ size in children and adults, and also be able to calculate individual parameters.

• Generally accepted standards
• Measurement methods
• What do deviations mean?

Generally accepted standards

The average bladder capacity of an adult is 500 ml. Due to the ability of the walls of the organ to stretch, in men of tall stature and large build, its volume in the maximum filled state can reach 750-1000 ml.

The capacity standards for the largest organ of the urinary system depend on the patient’s age, as well as his gender.

The average volume of the bladder in men is 400-750 ml, in women - 250-550 ml.

In normally developing children, the bladder, like other internal organs, increases in volume as they grow.

Volume norm for children:

• infants up to 12 months - 35-50 ml;
• children 1-3 years old - 50-70 ml;
• 3-5 years - 70-90 ml;
• 5-8 years - 100-150 ml;
• 9-10 years - 200-270 ml;
• 11-13 years old - 300-350 ml.

A teenager of 14-16 years old already has a fully developed adult-sized organ. Subsequently, the volume of the bladder remains unchanged throughout life and changes only under the influence of additional factors.

Factors influencing changes in bladder size:

• pathological formations of benign and malignant nature in the bladder itself and adjacent organs;
• pregnancy in women;
• enlarged prostate in men;
• neurological disorders;
• age-related changes occurring in the body of older people;
• surgical interventions in the treatment of pelvic organs;
• taking certain medications.

In some cases, changes in the size of the bladder can be observed in people under severe stress caused by severe emotional shock.

Measurement methods

Typically, bladder volume is measured using a portable ultrasound machine.

The simplest method for automatically calculating organ capacity is based on the following formula:

V = 0.75 x B x L x H, where V is the volume, B is the width, L is the length, and H is the height of the bladder.

The resulting data has the highest correlation coefficient with the result obtained during urine catheterization (draining fluid from an organ using a catheter inserted into the urethra).

To obtain more accurate data, the shape of the bladder in a filled state is conventionally taken as geometric bodies of rotation - an ellipsoid and a cylinder. Additional automatic formulas used in ultrasound machines:

1. Cylinder formula: V = 3.14 x R² x H, where R is the radius of the cylinder and H is its height.
2. Ellipsoid formula: V = 4/3 x 3.14 x R1 x R2 x R3, where R1, R2, R3 are the semi-axes (radii) of the ellipsoid.

To assess the condition of the organ, collect anamnesis, determine the amount of residual urine or its retention, and also to ensure that the automatic calculation is accurate, many urologists and therapists calculate bladder sizes manually using various formulas:

• V (in ml) = 73 + 32 x N, where N is the patient’s age;
• V (in ml) = 10 x M, where M is the mass of a person (this calculation is not suitable for overweight people).

1. For children: V (in ml) = 1500 x (S: 1.73), where S is the value of the child’s body surface area depending on his weight and height at the time of measurement (see Table 1).

Table 1

Weight, kg/Height, cm	40	45	50	55	60	70	80	90	100	120
110	1,04	1,09	1,14	1,19	1,24	1,32	1,40	1,47	1,54	1,66
120	1,11	1,17	1,22	1,27	1,32	1,41	1,49	1,56	1,64	1,77
130	1,17	1,23	1,29	1,34	1,40	1,49	1,58	1,66	1,73	1,87
140	1,24	1,30	1,36	1,42	1,47	1,57	1,66	1,75	1,83	1,98
150	1,30	1,37	1,43	1,49	1,55	1,65	1,75	1,84	1,92	2,08
160	1,37	1,44	1,50	1,56	1,62	1,73	1,83	1,93	2,02	2,18
170	1,43	1,50	1,57	1,63	1,69	1,81	1,92	2,01	2,11	2,28
180	1,49	1,56	1,63	1,70	1,77	1,89	2,00	2,10	2,20	2,37
190	1,55	1,63	1,70	1,77	1,84	1,96	2,08	2,18	2,28	2,47
200	1,61	1,69	1,76	1,84	1,91	2,04	2,15	2,27	2,37	2,5

Comparing data obtained by various methods helps to obtain a result that is almost 100% reliable.

What do deviations mean?

The resulting automatic or independent calculations, which differ from the norm, indicate the need for a more in-depth examination of the body. The doctor may prescribe:

• additional ultrasound examination;
• chromocystoscopy;
• cystoscopy;
• excretory urography and other necessary examinations.

If a pathology is detected, appropriate treatment is prescribed, aimed at eliminating the root cause that caused changes in the size of the bladder.

avesica.ru

Bladder Capacity: Size Matters

A healthy bladder of normal capacity stores urine flowing through the ureters from the kidneys until it is sufficiently full and the person feels the urge to urinate. Normally, urine can accumulate and remain in the organ cavity for about 2–5 hours. But with pathological changes, as a result of which its volume increases or decreases, various urination disorders develop. Let's consider what the capacity of this organ should be in adult women and men, in children, how to determine this parameter and what pathologies can lead to changes in bladder volume.

Bladder volume is normal

The normal capacity of this organ varies by gender and depending on the age of the person:

• in women, the volume of the bladder is approximately 250–500 ml;
• for men this figure is slightly higher - 350–700 ml.

But depending on the individual structure of the organ and the extensibility of its walls, the bladder can hold up to a liter of urine.

In children, its capacity increases as the child grows older:

As can be seen from the table, the organ reaches adult size after 11 years.

What can affect the size of an organ?

Bladder volume can change up or down throughout life. Its capacity can be influenced by the following factors:

• surgical operations on the pelvic organs;
• pathological changes in nearby organs;
• taking certain medications;
• malignant and benign tumors in the bladder;
• neurological pathologies;
• pregnancy;
• age-related changes occurring in the body of an elderly person.

There are studies that confirm the possibility of changes in bladder size as a result of severe emotional shock, and this is possible in both women and men. The solution to this problem is to restore the general emotional background, when a person can fully control all functions of his body.

Some of these changes are reversible, and the organ capacity returns to its previous values ​​after the cessation of exposure to the provoking factor. This outcome of changes is predicted after childbirth or cessation of medication. In other cases, returning to normal organ capacity is possible only after adequate therapy or surgery.

How do changes in organ volume manifest themselves?

Changes in bladder size cannot go unnoticed for women and men, as the problem affects their quality of life. Patients experience the following symptoms:

• frequent urination, when the number of trips to the toilet exceeds 5 times a day;
• frequent night urination;
• the presence of an imperative (strong, commanding) urge to urinate;
• The amount of urine produced is less than usual, but the urge occurs more often.

When the bladder becomes smaller, it fills with urine faster and therefore needs to be emptied more often. When the organ enlarges, the amount of residual urine in it also increases, and problems with urination are manifested by a frequent urge to urinate.

How to find out the capacity of the bladder and what is it for?

The modern and most accurate method is ultrasound examination of this organ, when it is mistaken for a cylinder or ellipse (conditionally), and the equipment automatically determines the volume of the bladder. This data is necessary to assess his condition, the presence of diseases of the urinary system, to determine the amount of residual urine or its retention.

Formulas to determine bladder capacity (BUC) in adult men and women:

1. EMP (in ml) = 73 + 32 x N, where N is the person’s age.
2. EMF = 10 x M, where M is the mass of a person who is not overweight.
3. EMP = 0.75 x A x L x H, where A is the width, L is the length, H is the height of the organ, determined by the catheterization method.

For children, a different formula is used:

EMF = 1500 x (S/1.73), where S is the average surface of the child’s body. Doctors take this indicator from ready-made tables; the accuracy of such calculations is close to 100%.

Studies conducted by scientists have shown that the capacity of the bladder does not change from the moment of the final development of the genitourinary system, unless there has been exposure to a provoking factor (disease, surgery, etc.).

Reasons for downsizing

In men and women they are identical and are divided into two groups:

1. Functional, associated with dysfunction of the organ.
2. Organic, arise due to a violation of the structure of its wall.

The first group includes the disease overactive bladder. It is associated with a disruption in the supply of nerves to the organ or their insufficient functioning. The disease is manifested by frequent and imperative urge to urinate.

In many cases, these changes are irreversible, so returning the organ to its previous size is only possible through surgery.

Reasons for increasing size

It can increase as a result of the following genitourinary diseases:

• ischuria: characterized by acute urinary retention, when the bladder becomes full but is unable to empty itself;
• bladder stones;
• stones in the ureters, and they cause enlargement of the bladder more often than stones in the organ itself. This occurs due to blockage of the lumen of the ureters, as a result of which the outflow of urine becomes difficult;
• tumors in the ducts of the organ;
• prostatitis in men, its acute form is accompanied by a very rapid change in the size of the bladder and pain in the abdominal area;
• benign prostatic hypertrophy;
• prostate tumor in men;
• malignant tumor of the bladder;
• benign tumors - polyps. They are not prone to rapid growth and may not show themselves at all. But when the polyps begin to grow rapidly, most likely they have become malignant (malignant), and the patient urgently needs surgery.

Other provoking factors that can cause enlargement of this organ are:

• cholecystitis - inflammation of the gallbladder;
• a brain tumor that causes dysfunction of brain neurons and interruption of urinary control;
• multiple sclerosis, when problems with urination are caused by neurological disorders;
• functional pathologies of the prostate in men over 40 years of age;
• endocrine disorders associated with damage to the autonomic nervous system in diabetes mellitus;
• adnexitis - a disease of the female genital organs - inflammation of the appendages;
• bladder catheterization, when the tube was not installed correctly and urine was retained in the body;
• other medical procedures that have caused irritation of the urinary organs, resulting in swelling of the bladder and retention of urine in it.

There are some medications that can cause swelling of the bladder:

• parasympatholytics;
• opiates;
• sedatives;
• ganglion blockers;
• some anesthetics.

An enlarged bladder can be easily palpated, but with such a study, the pathology can be confused with an abdominal tumor, cyst, or intestinal volvulus. Therefore, to confirm the diagnosis, the posterior wall of this organ is examined rectally and catheterized.

What to do if the size of your bladder has changed?

First, the doctor will prescribe an ultrasound examination, excretory urography, chromocystoscopy and, possibly, cystoscopy. Based on the results of these studies, he will select the best option to eliminate this problem. It is important to eliminate the very reason that led to such changes.

If the bladder has become smaller in volume, the following conservative methods of therapy may be prescribed:

• hydrodilatation - a procedure during which fluid is pumped into the organ and thus gradually increases its volume;
• injections of neurotoxins administered through the urethra into the wall of the bladder. They disrupt the functioning of the nerves, thereby reducing the frequency of urination and increasing the storage function of this organ.

Surgical techniques for increasing bladder volume:

1. Myomectomy. Part of the muscle tissue of the detrusor, the contractile muscle of the bladder, is excised.
2. Transurethral detrusorotomy. A microsurgical instrument is inserted through the urethra into the cavity of the organ, with which the nerves in its wall are crossed.
3. Augmentation cystoplasty. Removal of part of an organ, which is replaced during surgery with a section of the stomach or intestines.
4. Cystectomy. The bladder is completely removed and replaced with a section of intestine. This operation is usually performed in the case of malignant tumors in the organ.

If a patient has an enlarged bladder, the primary treatment for the disease that provoked this condition is prescribed. At the same time, the patient may have a catheter installed to normalize urine drainage. Additional therapeutic measures that the doctor selects individually:

• medications whose action is aimed at improving the tone of the organ;
• physiotherapy (electrophoresis, heating, ultrasound, etc.);
• physical therapy to help strengthen the pelvic floor muscles.

If the increase in the size of the organ was caused by cancerous tumors, the patient undergoes a cystectomy - complete removal of the bladder, followed by replacement with intestinal tissue.

If such changes are left untreated, then a person can expect unpleasant consequences in the form of chronic renal failure, vesicoureteral reflux, chronic pyelonephritis and many others.

aurolog.ru

What is the bladder capacity in adults and children?

The bladder is located in the pelvis, it is a hollow muscular organ in which urine flowing from the kidneys accumulates.

When the bladder fills, a person feels the urge to urinate, and thus urine periodically leaves the body through the urethra.

There are a number of formulas that can be used to calculate the volume of urination.

Bladder capacity in adults

A very accurate relationship is considered to be ten milliliters per kilogram of mass. However, if you are overweight, this formula begins to fail.

There is a formula that takes age into account.

Volume V (in milliliters) = 32 x n +73, where n is age (years).

Recent studies suggest that the volume of the bladder does not change, but regulation, in particular, the sensitivity of acetylcholine receptors, which is one of the biologically active substances, is disrupted. In this regard, in some cases, with increased contractility of the bladder, an acetylcholine receptor blocker is indicated.

Bladder capacity in children

• from one to ten years, the daily volume is calculated using the formula

600 + (100 x (n – 1)), here n is age (years);

• for older children the formula changes noticeably

1500 x (S: 1.73), here S is the surface of the body, the average values ​​of which, depending on weight and height, are taken from the table.

Below is a table with a ready-made calculation of the body surface depending on the height and weight of a person.

S (body surface area) taking into account weight and height

Weight, kgHeight, cm	40	45	50	55	60	70	80	90	100	120
110	1,04	1,09	1,14	1,19	1,24	1,32	1,40	1,47	1,54	1,66
120	1,11	1,17	1,22	1,27	1,32	1,41	1,49	1,56	1,64	1,77
130	1,17	1,23	1,29	1,34	1,40	1,49	1,58	1,66	1,73	1,87
140	1,24	1,30	1,36	1,42	1,47	1,57	1,66	1,75	1,83	1,98
150	1,30	1,37	1,43	1,49	1,55	1,65	1,75	1,84	1,92	2,08
160	1,37	1,44	1,50	1,56	1,62	1,73	1,83	1,93	2,02	2,18
170	1,43	1,50	1,57	1,63	1,69	1,81	1,92	2,01	2,11	2,28
180	1,49	1,56	1,63	1,70	1,77	1,89	2,00	2,10	2,20	2,37
190	1,55	1,63	1,70	1,77	1,84	1,96	2,08	2,18	2,28	2,47
200	1,61	1,69	1,76	1,84	1,91	2,04	2,15	2,27	2,37	2,5

Bladder capacity

The capacity of the bladder is about half a liter, but its walls can stretch, and this is an individual indicator. As a result, the bladder can hold up to a liter of urine. Currently, the volume of this organ is determined using ultrasound. Here, to determine the volume, the bladder is conventionally taken as an ellipse or cylinder and is calculated using special formulas available only to a doctor. This is necessary to determine the volume of residual urine or its retention; this is additional information that helps diagnose bladder diseases.

apteke.net

Norms of bladder volume and diagnosis of its pathologies

The bladder acts as a kind of reservoir intended for the accumulation of urine with subsequent removal through the urethra.

Features of the unpaired genital organ

On average, the maximum capacity of the bladder is approximately 750 milliliters. However, a person feels the need to go to the toilet with a volume of 150-250 ml. Capacity primarily depends on age, gender and general health. In women it is characterized by smaller sizes. This is due to the fact that they have internal genital organs in the pelvic area.

For women, the normal volume is from 250 to 500 ml. For men, this value is insignificant, but it is increasingly higher and amounts to about 650 ml. The amount of urine content in an organ is primarily influenced by the individual structure and extensibility of the walls of the organ. Depending on this, a person is able to hold up to one liter of urine.

Characteristics of the organ of the excretory system in childhood

The organ of the urinary system in children is located higher than in a mature person. As the baby grows, it imperceptibly descends into the pelvic area. At this age, the mucous membrane of the organ is well developed, but the development of elastic and muscle tissue is insufficient. The normal bladder capacity for a newborn baby is no more than 50 ml.

The physiological amount of organ capacity depends on age:

• A year old child feels the urge to urinate at 40 ml.
• At the age of 2 to 5 years – at 50 ml.
• Children over five years old experience the need to go to the toilet when urine accumulates in a volume of 100 ml.
• Over the age of ten years, the child feels the urge to urinate, ranging from 100 to 200 ml.

Various pathologies

People suffering from incontinence very often experience the phenomenon of urine leaking before the bladder is completely filled. This is due to the fact that the person’s bladder volume has decreased. In this case, he needs to be examined by a urologist to study the situation and determine the effectiveness and acceptability of treatment. In some situations, the reduced organ capacity is permanent and no treatment can restore the normal value. In other situations, therapy allows you to restore normal volume.

Children have a small bladder capacity. This is due to the fact that the child’s body is just developing. However, this does not prevent it from stretching and contracting, acquiring the required size. In older people, there is an enlargement of the prostate, which, in turn, leads to a reduction in the amount of space available for the expansion of the organ.

In women during pregnancy, the capacity of the bladder decreases several times due to the growth of the fetus. In pregnant women, there is a frequent urge to urinate due to the fact that the body is notified of the emptying of the bladder by nerve signals before the urine is retained by the muscles.

Cause of violations of the capacity of the excretory system organ

Various pathologies can also lead to changes in bladder capacity.

The development of certain pathologies leads to a decrease in the volume of the bladder. As a result, the expansion process becomes much more complicated. Very often, such changes are caused by interstitial cystitis, which is characterized by chronic inflammatory processes in the urinary system. Interstitial cystitis is dangerous due to scarring and decreased bladder capacity. Also, people suffering from dysfunction experience a reduction in the amount of urine retained. This is caused by a rapid increase in pressure in the organ, resulting in the opening of the bladder sphincter.

If a problem of this kind is suspected, the doctor prescribes a series of tests to the patient, which involve determining the amount of urine content using a contrast agent. Contrast is injected directly into the organ through a catheter. In some cases, therapy has a positive effect. Treatment allows you to increase the amount of urine content. Otherwise, the patient must adhere to and observe precautions in order to avoid incontinence. In particularly difficult situations or in an adult who does not have the opportunity (he simply cannot) to urinate on his own, catheters are used that are designed to remove urine.

What causes the change in organ size?

The amount of urine content throughout life changes both up and down. It is influenced by the following factors:

• Surgical intervention performed on the pelvic organs.
• Pathological disorders in adjacent organs.
• Use of certain medications.
• Neoplasms in the bladder.
• Neurological diseases.
• Interesting position of a woman.
• Changes in the body of an elderly person.

There are some studies in which changes in the size of the organ were noted due to severe stressful experiences. Such phenomena were found not only in women, but also in men. This problem can only be solved by normalizing the general emotional state.

Manifestation of changes in organ volume

The violations that occur in it, naturally, cannot go unnoticed by both women and men. Because this negatively affects the quality of life. The following manifestations are typical for patients:

• Frequent trips to the toilet - more than five times a day, not only during the day, but at night.
• The presence of a strong urge to urinate.
• The volume of urine produced is much less, but the urge is characterized by high frequency.

When the urinary system organ decreases in size, it fills with urine much faster, resulting in an urgent need to remove urine. If the organ has enlarged, but the urine contained in it has not increased, problems with urination also arise and are accompanied by a frequent desire to defecate.

Diagnostics

In order to indicate the range of the bladder, they resort to predominantly modern and reliable research methods - ultrasound diagnostics. During such an examination, the organ is conventionally compared to a cylinder, and its volume is determined using special equipment. The data obtained make it possible to assess the condition of the organ and determine the presence of pathologies of the urinary system.

Ultrasound is also used to determine how much urine remains in the system. Scientists have found that the capacity of the organ described above remains unchanged from the moment the formation of the genitourinary system is completed. Changes can be caused by diseases, surgery, and so on.

What to do and what to do if the size of an organ changes?

First of all, the patient is prescribed an ultrasound, excretory urography or cystoscopy.

The obtained examination results make it possible to prescribe optimal treatment. Special attention is also paid to eliminating the factors that led to the occurrence of such violations.

When reducing bladder volume, the following conservative treatment methods are used:

• Hydrodilation is carried out.
• Neurotoxins are injected intravenously through the urethra into the wall of the organ itself.

Surgical treatment includes myomectomy and cystectomy.

If the organ is enlarged, the patient is fitted with a special tube (catheter) in order to normalize urine drainage. The doctor also prescribes additional medication, physiotherapy and therapeutic exercises. If the increase was caused by neoplasms, the patient undergoes a cystectomy.

Refusal of treatment may adversely affect the patient's health. Subsequently, he develops chronic renal failure or pyelonephritis.

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It is important to know! × Bladder diverticulum in children

Bladder cancer symptoms

The bladder is one of the main organs of the genitourinary system, responsible for the function of storing and removing urine from the body. It is located in the lower part of the body, to be more specific, in the pelvis. The bladder itself is small in size, but is formed by muscle tissue, and therefore is prone to stretching.

How does urine appear in it? It drains down the urinary tract (ureters) from the kidneys. As it fills, a urge begins to form, signaling the need to urinate. As soon as a person feels the urge to urinate, he needs to do so immediately.

The bladder in children is much smaller than in adults, but with age, as the whole body grows, its size also increases. There are no distinctive features in terms of organ volume in women and men. What are the norms for all categories of people?

Bladder capacity in an adult

To calculate the volume of the bladder, they resort to formulas where the shape of the organ is considered as a cylinder or ellipse. Basic indicators:

• Width;
• Height;
• Length;

Taken on the basis of ultrasound examination. Modern ultrasound machines can automatically calculate the volume of the bladder, but to ensure that the calculations are correct, professional specialists themselves double-check the data obtained. To do this, the width, height and length are multiplied among themselves, and then multiplied by 0.75.

The capacity of the described hollow organ is approximately half a liter. Of course, depending on the structure and individual characteristics, in some individuals it can reach 700 milliliters. Thanks to the muscle fibers with which it is formed, its walls are capable of strong stretching, so in rare cases, but it happens that about a liter of liquid accumulates in it.

Under normal conditions, if a person is healthy, his bladder can hold 300 milliliters of urine for two to five hours at a time. However, this should not be done unless necessary.

In women and men, the process of urine excretion is controlled and regulated with the participation of the circular muscles, also known as sphincters. Urination in humans should be done voluntarily and reflexively, but at the same time controlled by consciousness. When a signal is sent to the brain, it issues a reflex, and the sphincters relax, the detrusor begins to contract, and under its action a flow of urine is created. But also, not a single urinary process takes place without the participation of the muscles of the perineum and abs.

The volume of the bladder in men and women can be determined during ultrasound diagnostics. It's necessary:

• When diagnosing bladder diseases;
• To calculate the volume of residual urine in the organ;
• To confirm the diagnosis, urinary retention.

Each of you has probably had an overfilled bladder, but not everyone knows that it is very dangerous. There have been cases when a person got into a minor accident and died due to a blow to a full bladder, which caused it to burst and lead to death.

The muscle that makes up the urinary organ has a tendency to stretch and contract. When a person suffers, he allows a large volume of urine to accumulate, under the force of gravity of which the walls of the bladder stretch and weaken. Any shock in this case could be fatal.

Cyclists and motorists should be very careful. If you are going to hit the road, then before you get behind the wheel of your vehicle, empty your bladder and do not tolerate it if the desire to urinate arises already on the way.

In a calmer environment, urge inhibition is not as serious. The longer a person endures, the more the strength of the urge increases, and ultimately he will achieve what he wants. But if you constantly do this, there will be a risk of developing pathological disorders in the functioning of the organ and the entire genitourinary system.

How often should you empty your bladder?

The answer to this question is purely individual. It all depends on the bladder capacity of a particular person. Of course, after drinking a glass of water you don’t need to immediately run to the toilet. The liquid must first enter the stomach, from there into the intestines, from there into the bloodstream, and only then into the kidneys. The so-called primary urine appears in the bean-shaped structures, which is filtered and gradually flows to the bladder.

The very first urge is experienced by a person whose bladder is 60% full. If you consume about two liters of water per day, then the normal number of visits to the toilet can be considered from 4 to 6.

Then, perhaps, this is an alarming signal about the disease, especially if it is accompanied by some other genitourinary disorders.

One of the common pathologies among the adult and elderly population is an overactive bladder. And if in the first group symptoms of OAB appear in 20% of all cases, then with age the frequency doubles. The disease occurs equally in both women and men. Sometimes this problem forces them to quit work and rarely leave the house, since the intolerable force of urges often leads to incontinence.

If you are faced with something similar, then you should not remain silent and hide it to yourself. As soon as possible, rush to see a urologist, who will give you clear recommendations, prescribe therapeutic exercises and prescribe medications, if the situation requires it.

Bladder capacity in children

The bladder is an organ of the urinary system in which urine is accumulated, produced by the kidneys and flowing into the bladder cavity through the ureters. When a certain volume is reached, it is further removed from the body through the urethra.

Anatomy of the bladder

The normal bladder volume in men is between 350 and 700 ml. The muscle layer of its wall is capable of stretching and contracting, causing the cavity to increase and decrease depending on the amount of urine. Thus, the frequency of urination is regulated.

If the bladder is contracted and has a small volume, then the thickness of its muscular wall can reach 15 mm, and in a full state it can become significantly thinner and amount to 2 or 3 mm. Increased pressure in the cavity caused by the presence of urine leads to stretching of the muscle fibers. The receptor field perceives and transmits this information through the structures of the nervous system, resulting in the formation of the urge to urinate. The involuntary upper sphincter relaxes, the muscle wall of the bladder contracts, the lower sphincter, controlled by consciousness, also relaxes, and urine is released through the urethra.

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The size of the bladder cavity can change both for natural reasons and due to pathological processes. Temporary enlargement of the bladder can occur with voluntary retention of urine, for example, with the inability to urinate, with large volumes of liquid drunk. It may decrease with dehydration or nervous tension, leading to frequent urge to urinate. When normal conditions are restored, the volume of the bladder returns to normal and does not require medical intervention.

Pathological can be an increase and decrease in bladder volume, acute or chronic (gradually developing).

Bladder enlargement

Bladder capacity can increase acutely or chronically (gradually).

Basic factors development:

• mechanical obstruction to the normal flow of urine;
• disturbances in the neuromuscular regulation of the urge to urinate;
• unwanted side effects when taking medications.

In men, bladder enlargement is more common over the age of 40. The main difference between a chronic increase in bladder volume and an acute one is the almost complete absence of discomfort and other manifestations.

Acute increase

Acute urinary retention leads, as a rule, to a sharp increase in the volume of the bladder cavity and to stretching of its walls.

Stones can cause blockage of the ureter and, as a result, a sharp increase in bladder volume

Basic causes:

• stone formation in the bladder or urethra;
• acute prostatitis,
• long-term use of large doses of sleeping pills, use of general anesthesia and strong painkillers, ganglion blockers;
• trauma to the spinal cord or brain, as well as their tumor lesions;
• blockage or kinking of the catheter (when it is placed or temporarily in the bladder cavity).

The formation of stones is a manifestation of urolithiasis. However, in this case, the stone is not only located in the cavity of the bladder, but also blocks its lumen, getting stuck in the neck or in the urethra. Salt deposits can come from the ureter or kidneys, gradually increase in size, or may initially form in the bladder. The most common cause of blockage is blockage of the urethral lumen due to its small diameter (up to 7 mm). The stone must wedge into the neck and lose its mobility, and with contractions of the muscle fibers of the bladder, this is only possible with certain sizes of stones (no more than 1 cm).

In severe acute cases, if the swelling of the prostate gland is so great that it compresses the urethra, this causes a sharp blockage of the flow of urine with an acute increase in the size of the bladder.

Trauma to the spinal cord or brain, as well as tumor lesions, can lead to the disappearance of the urge to empty the bladder.

In this case the main manifestations:

• the accumulation of urine is not felt by the patient;
• the volume of the bubble increases sharply;
• when the walls are overstretched and the sphincters are unable to perform their closing function, urine spontaneously flows out through the urethra.

Considering the likelihood of blockage of the urinary catheter when it is left in place for a long time (both in the hospital and at home), careful care is required. When placing a catheter, doctors always check its patency by injecting a small amount of saline and releasing the fluid.

Chronic enlargement

A gradual increase in bladder volume may be associated with organic pathological processes both in the urinary system and in the body as a whole.

Basic causes:

• endocrine diseases (impaired functioning of nerve fibers and transmission of nerve impulses, decreased sensitivity to increased bladder volume);
• neoplasms of the prostate, bladder and urethra;

Both and can put external pressure on the urethra, creating an obstacle to the normal release of urine from the bladder, increasing pressure in it and increasing in size. If a tumor develops in the bladder, grows inside it, and also affects the wall of the urethra, reducing its lumen, then the flow of urine is gradually obstructed, and the cavity of the bladder grows.

After 60 years, adenoma is the most common cause of this process. Drinking alcohol, prolonged sitting or lying down, and hypothermia can cause changes in blood circulation in the gland, increased congestion, and even the development of acute urinary retention.

Urethral strictures develop as a result of damage to the wall by an inflammatory process or injury during surgical interventions or urological manipulations, when the damaged tissue is replaced by scar tissue that is incapable of stretching.

Volume reduction

Both functional and organic reasons lead to a decrease in the bladder cavity.

Overactive bladder may also be a symptom of prostate disease

Basic factors chronic volume reduction:

• (a condition in which the conductivity of nerve impulses sharply increases, which causes the urge to urinate even with slight stretching of the bladder wall and its slight filling);
• chronic inflammation (nonspecific bacterial, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, after radiation or chemotherapy), in which normal muscle fibers are replaced by connective tissue, and wrinkling of the organ walls occurs;
• prolonged presence of a urinary catheter in the bladder and constant diversion of urine, regardless of its volume, which leads to loss of muscle tone of the bladder walls;
• age-related changes with a predominance of fibrosis processes (replacement of normal muscle tissue with connective tissue).

Acute decrease in bladder volume is less common.

Causes:

• after surgical operations (temporary, associated with changes in sensitivity under the influence of medications, urine excretion using a catheter);
• psycho-emotional stress, leading to increased sensitivity, impaired control of urination and increased frequency of bladder emptying.

Approaches to diagnosis and treatment

Determination of the size of the bladder is carried out using ultrasound (see). If urine retention is delayed, you can directly measure how enlarged the bladder is; if you suspect a decrease in its volume, you should drink 1-1.5 liters of water approximately 40 minutes before the test, if possible, feel and restrain the urge to urinate and determine the volume.

To diagnose the capacity of the bladder, it is carried out, in which the volume of urine located in the cavity of the bladder can be determined. To distinguish acute retention of urine from its complete cessation, excretory urography is also performed along with catheterization (including contrast) to determine the functioning of the kidneys and confirm the cause of the absence of urine from the urethra.

Treatment approaches depend on the reasons that led to an increase or decrease in bladder volume. A timely visit to a doctor when symptoms appear that indicate a change in the size of the bladder and its volume allows you to diagnose the pathology in time and take adequate measures.

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Like any other internal organ, the bladder plays a key role in human life. It can function properly or, conversely, do so with noticeable difficulties. The condition of this vital skin pouch located in the pelvic area will be determined by its size.

When is the bladder normal?

This important organ in the genitourinary system begins to develop in a person when he is still in the 7th week of formation in the embryonic state. During adolescence, the last stage of development is completed. That is, the bladder in adolescents does not differ in size from that observed in an adult. At 1 year it is no more than 50 mm. Norm for a person over 14 years of age:

• for men – from 350 to 700 ml;
• for women - from 250 to 500 ml.

The location of the bladder is the area of ​​the pelvis where it is attached to it through fibrous bands. The organ has an apex and walls. The top of the bladder narrows, turning into a channel through which urine enters it. The male bladder is in close contact with the prostate at the bottom. In women, the urogenital diaphragm is located in this place.

The difference between the sexes is also in the width of the urethra. For the male component it is narrow. For women it is wide. The length of the male canals is much greater than that observed in representatives of the opposite sex.

How does the process of urination occur?

Before entering the bladder, urine is formed in the kidneys and passes through the ureters. The main function of a hollow organ is the accumulation of urine, after which it is removed from the body. When the bladder capacity is full, it can be felt manually. The norm for its location is the area from the navel to the pubis. If the bubble is full of liquid, it takes on a spherical shape. When empty, it has no form.

At the time of emptying, the mucous membrane folds. This occurs due to the submucosa, which is located inside the organ. At the bottom there is a triangle connected to the muscle. This area is not covered with mucus. When the volume of the bladder of an adult is filled, the walls stretch up to 2–3 mm. After emptying, the bladder walls return to their original width. The shape of the organ is no longer spherical. The normal wall thickness is 15 mm.

It is worth noting that the process of urination is controlled by the brain and spinal cord. This explains the fact that with a strong desire, a person is able to slow down emptying.

What can change size?

The volume of the bladder does not always remain the same as recorded in the normal table. Changes occur due to the following reasons:

• performing surgery in the pelvic area;
• changes in nearby organs due to pathological changes;
• taking medications;
• the presence and development of a tumor (both malignant and benign);
• pathologies of the nervous system;
• pregnancy period;
• age (elderly people experience obvious changes in the genitourinary system)

The size of the bladder can also change due to stressful situations or severe emotional shocks. This is typical for both male and female representatives. To return to its previous size, the emotional background is restored.

The capacity of the organ can return to normal size after the factor causing the changes is identified and eliminated. If we are talking about stressful situations or pregnancy, then everything happens much simpler. If the cause is a pathology developing in one part or another, then it comes to drug therapy. The possibility of surgical intervention cannot be ruled out.

How do changes manifest themselves?

Bladder volume in men and women, when changing, cannot remain unnoticed. The quality of life noticeably deteriorates, and the patient experiences:

• frequent urge to urinate (more than five times a day);
• frequent urge to urinate at night (the patient wakes up repeatedly);
• difficulties in controlling urination (even to the point of incontinence);
• small amount of urine with frequent urge.

With negative changes, the capacity of the bladder becomes smaller due to its small size. This contributes to frequent urge. However, it is not completely emptied.

How is capacitance measured?

For those who are experiencing discomfort, or simply want to check the condition of the hollow organ responsible for urination, there is an opportunity to do this at a local clinic.

Typically, the most effective diagnostic procedure is ultrasound. An ultrasound examination makes it clear how quickly the urinary sac fills, why there is a delay, etc.

Bladder capacity is determined using a special formula:

• EMP = 73 + 32 x patient's age;
• EMP = 0.75 x width x length x height of the organ;
• EMF = 10 x human mass.

Such calculations occur when diagnosing the bladder of an adult (both men and women). For children under 14 years of age, use the following formula:

• EMF = 1500 x average surface area of ​​the child’s body/1.73.

As numerous studies show, if the bladder has not been subjected to any negative impact, then it does not change from the moment the last phase of its formation ends.

Kidney ultrasound

Why is the size decreasing?

As a rule, in adults there are 2 groups of reasons:

• organ dysfunction;
• wall deformation (occurs at the cellular level).

The first group involves a disease called overactive bladder, in which the process of urination does not occur normally. It occurs due to insufficient supply of nerve endings and their inadequate functioning.

The second group is inflammatory diseases:

• interstitial cystitis;
• bladder tuberculosis;
• cystitis (radiation);
• schistosomiasis.

Artificial intervention in the process of urination, which is allowed after surgery, can also cause a reduction in the bladder.

Why is the bubble growing?

As a rule, the following causes of bladder enlargement are distinguished:

• formation of kidney stones;
• ischuria (inability to defecate);
• stones that have entered the ureters;
• a tumor that has arisen in the ducts of an organ;
• prostatitis;
• prostate hypertrophy (benign);

There are also other reasons that can increase the size of a hollow organ:

• brain tumor (if the area responsible for urination is affected);
• inflammation of the gallbladder;
• prostate pathology;
• inflammation of the genital organs;
• insertion of a catheter into the bladder;
• careless surgical procedures.

The bladder may become swollen due to certain medications:

• opiate;
• sedatives;
• anesthetics (some groups);
• ganglion blockers;
• parasympatholytic.

An enlarged bladder is often confused with an abdominal tumor, a cyst, or even a volvulus. In order to make a correct diagnosis, it is necessary to examine the posterior wall of the organ, as well as resort to catheterization (in some cases).

What do they do when there are changes?

After an ultrasound is prescribed, they resort to other procedures to determine the disease and its nature:

• chromocystoscopy;
• cystoscopy.

Having received the results of the examination, the doctor prescribes current treatment aimed at restoring the previous size of the bladder. Naturally, we are talking about the priority elimination of the provoking factor.

When decreasing, prescribe:

• hydrodilation (injection of fluid into an organ);
• administration of injections aimed at restoring the functioning of nerve endings.

When increasing, the following is prescribed:

• drug therapy;
• physiotherapy (ultrasounds, heating, etc.);
• special exercises aimed at strengthening the pelvic muscle tissue.

If taking medications does not give the desired effect, then they resort to surgery.

Video: Human body: bladder

The normal volume of the bladder differs between men and women, taking into account physiological characteristics. The size is also influenced by various pathologies that can increase or decrease it. Normally, the volume of the bladder does not exceed 1 liter. To determine the size of the cavity, they resort to ultrasound examination (ultrasound) or special calculations.

The size of the bladder has clear indicators depending on age, and deviation from the norm is a signal of the development of pathology.

What volume does a normal bladder have?

Norms for men and women

Adult bladder capacity is related to gender:

• for women - 300-500 ml;
• for males - 400-700 ml.

In a newborn and an older child

The fetal organ measures up to 8 ml, becoming larger over the weeks. The bladder of a newborn enlarges with age:

How to find out capacity using formulas?

For adults

It is possible to calculate the size of the bladder independently without specialized instruments.

To determine the capacity of an organ by age, use the following formula:

• bladder capacity (UB) = 73 + 32xN, where N is age.

For example, if the patient’s age is 35 years, the calculation will look like this:

• 73+32×35=1193 ml.

If you need to find out the size of an organ based on the patient’s weight, then resort to the following formula:

• EMP=10xM, where M is the weight of a person.

If a patient weighs 80 kg, then the volume of his organ is:

• 10×80=800 ml.

It is important to note that this formula is used only when the patient is not overweight or underweight. For calculations, the average weight is taken.

Definition in children

In newborns, the volume of the cavity varies, depending on how full it is. For older children, up to 10 years old, the size is calculated using the following formula:

• EMP=600+ (100x (N-1)), where N is age.

If the child is over 10 years old, the formula is as follows:

• EMP = 1500x (S: 1.73), where S is used to indicate the surface of the body.

Ultrasound examination

An ultrasound examination allows you to clearly determine the norm or deviation in the volume of the bladder.

The most accurate way to determine the size of the bubble is ultrasound examination. The device used for ultrasound examination calculates cavity size indicators independently in automatic mode. During the manipulation process, specialists are guided by the following indicators:

• height (B);
• width (W);
• length (L).

The following formula is used:

• EMP = 0.75 x W x D x H.

What is the normal thickness of the organ wall?

To obtain results about the thickness of the bladder wall, they resort to ultrasound examination. Only a specialist can decipher the data obtained from an ultrasound of the bladder. Health workers note that normally the organ has the following indicators:

• oval or round outlines;
• smooth borders;
• wall thickness 3-5 mm (with a full cavity the walls may be thinner);
• urine outflow - 14 seconds;
• bladder filling - 50 ml/60 min.;
• residual urine volume is 50 ml.

What indicators affect the size of the organ?

The size of the bladder in men and women sometimes changes throughout life. This is caused by the following reasons:

• surgical interventions on the genitourinary system;
• disruptions in the development of nearby organs;
• use of certain pharmaceuticals;
• bladder tumors;
• neurological disorders;
• pregnancy;
• old age.

Many studies have been carried out to determine the factors affecting the change in cavity size. Doctors note that severe stress can also affect the volume of an organ. To restore the normal volume of the urinary cavity, specialists prescribe psychological training and medications to the patient to relieve overstrain. At the end of the course of therapy, the person regains control of the urination process, and the bladder returns to its former size.

There are factors that provoke changes in bladder volume that are reversible. For example, after giving birth or finishing taking medications, the organ will independently take on the capacity it had before. As for changes in the size of the cavity caused by other reasons, a return to the original volume occurs only when a specialist prescribes the required course of treatment. In exceptional situations, they resort to operations.

Signs of organ volume disorders

If the bladder norm in men and women changes, this condition brings a lot of discomfort to the person. Patients note the following symptoms:

The diameter of the bladder becomes smaller mainly due to its overactivity. The disease is caused by a disturbance in the supply of nerves to the urinary cavity. But infectious and inflammatory diseases can also provoke organ shrinkage:

• Cystitis. When the disease occurs, inflammation occurs in the bladder. Patients complain of frequent urge to defecate, pain in the lower abdomen, and blood in the urine.
• Tuberculosis of the urinary cavity.
• Schistosomiasis.
• Artificial removal of urine using a catheter. Often used after surgery.

Why is the bubble growing?

Bladder capacity increases when the patient has the following diseases:

• urinary retention;
• urolithiasis;
• stones in the ureters;
• tumors in the urethral canal;
• inflammation of prostate tissue;
• prostate tumors;
• formation of polyps.

Doctors note that the following reasons can provoke organ enlargement:

The organ also increases in size in situations where the following medications are used:

• medications to relieve spasms;
• medications to relieve severe pain;
• sedative pharmaceuticals;
• medications to lower blood pressure;
• anesthesia