home Diseases Activity planning. Directive planning is the process of developing plans communicated by higher authorities to structural units

Activity planning. Directive planning is the process of developing plans communicated by higher authorities to structural units

The economic mechanism of managing in a market environment includes a number of tools government regulation. These include: legal regulation, tax, financial, customs policy. They can have both direct and indirect effects. One form of indirect influence of the state on enterprises is indicative planning.

Indicative planning – Thisindicator formation process socio-economic development, as well asforecasting economic results , allowing to achieve a state of the economy that corresponds to the developed system of indicators.

Indicative planning- this is state planning of the activities of enterprises based on incentives in the form of benefits, standards - indicators that motivate activity in a particular industry (Puryaev).

Directive planning- this is state planning of the activities of an enterprise on the basis of a “rigid” plan for the production and distribution of products, which had the force of law and was subject to strict execution.

The table below shows the distinctive characteristics of indicative and directive economic planning.

sign	indicative planning	Directive planning
Nature of planning		Targeted hard, ordering, imposing
Impact of planning	Indirect through a system of economic standards and benefits	Direct through a system of instructions, orders and appointments.
Planning indicators	Cost (mostly)	Natural, value and all others
	Regulation of activities	Imposing activities
Planning methods	Economic	Administrative
Concepts	The concept of independent effective use of limited resources. Market pricing	The concept of lack of initiative and independence. The concept of free factors of production and limit distribution of resources. Centralized pricing

The role of indicative planning is as follows:

Determine development directions and priorities for the development of various sectors of the national economy.

Give impetus to the development of entrepreneurship through participation in the implementation of various programs and thereby contribute to the creation of a competitive environment.

Create prerequisites for the development of scientific and technological progress.

Create innovative and investment attractiveness of priority areas of development.

To promote the financial recovery of the economy through a system of economic standards and benefits.

Ensure environmental and social safety of the functioning of the economy.

The state's indicative plan should include:

Conceptual part, i.e. general fundamental model (concept) of socio-economic development of the country (region). This part substantiates the goals and priorities of state socio-economic policy, as well as the tasks and methods of achieving them.

Forecast part, forecast of socio-economic development of the country (region). The forecast is the basis for implementing the policy of state regulation of the economy and social sphere. The forecasts form indicators (indiWithatorfrom lat.pointer ) socio-economic development, i.e. indicators characterizing the necessary state of the economy to which it is supposed to strive(indicators of the structure, dynamics and efficiency of the economy; the state of finances; monetary circulation; commodity and stock markets; the state of prices; the level of employment and living standards of the population, and other economic activities of the state). Indicators must be interconnected and balanced so as to reflect the quantitative characteristics of the state’s socio-economic policy. The indicative plan includes a holistic system of socio-economic development forecasts (from long-term (10-15 years), medium-term (3-5 years) to short-term (1 year)).

Planning and regulatory part, those. state federal and regional target programs and a system of economic regulators.

State federal and regional targeted comprehensive programs are developed to implement the priorities identified in the concept and forecasts.

State regulation is carried out in two forms: in the form of legislation and in the form of programs. Legislation establishes general “rules of the game” for all participants in social production. The programs reflect preferential conditions for participants in specific areas of priority issues. The mechanisms of state regulation of the economy are represented by budget policy, tax policy, financial and credit policy, pricing policy, monetary policy and foreign economic policy.

The system of economic regulators consists of a set of natural and cost normative indicators through which the state influences the economy to achieve its goals. This system may include:

List of licensed individual types of activities and export quotas for certain types of products.

Volumes of supplies of products, works and services for government needs, placed on a competitive basis at enterprises.

Budgetary subsidies and subsidies necessary to support individual industries and regions.

The volume of capital investments financed from the budget, as well as a list of the most important construction projects carried out with the help of the state.

Information for enterprises participating in programs to reduce tax rates, interest on loans, customs duty rates, changes in the norms and procedure for calculating depreciation, etc.

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Introduction

1. Directive planning

2. Indicative planning

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Planning is the most important management function, which, like management, changes in the process of economic development. The centralized system of economic planning corresponds to an adequate system of national economic planning. The transition to a market management concept required a revision of all planning elements.

It should be borne in mind that the economic management system in our country has developed under the influence of a number of specific factors, which include the following: the monopoly of state-owned enterprises, due to the predominance of state ownership; a strict system for establishing economic ties between enterprises; restriction of production and economic independence of business entities; concentration of production, orientation of production specialization towards national economic efficiency; isolation of a single national economic complex. The existing economic system was fully consistent with the mechanism of national economic planning, which was characterized by the following principles: centralization of management of a single national economic complex in one center; dominance of planning over other management functions; strict state control over the production and economic activities of business entities; directiveness of planning decisions, etc.

The main objectives of national economic planning were the following: ensuring progressive proportions in the development of social production, sustainable balanced growth and rational placement of the national economic complex; orientation of all parts of the economy towards achieving high final economic results at the lowest cost; comprehensive development of progressive forms of organization of social production; accelerating the implementation of scientific and technological progress; improving the use of production assets, material and labor resources, increasing profits and profitability of business entities.

Ensuring the balanced development of a huge and complex economic organism, such as the country's economy, on the basis of a single plan is unthinkable without a centralized distribution of resources. Therefore, in practice, national economic planning was reduced to the distribution of limited resources by ministries and departments, territorial production complexes, construction projects, enterprises and associations. All major fund holders were drawn into the orbit of influence of the central planning body.

However, this approach not only did not lead to a balance between the tasks of the plans for industry, agriculture, construction and trade turnover with the real capabilities of the national economy, but also gave rise to a lot of contradictions, which ultimately led to a discrepancy between the interests of business entities and the goals and objectives of the plans. For this reason, the methodology of centralized national economic planning did not stand the test of time and required a revision of both the principles and the means and methods of practical implementation. Unfortunately, neither in the theoretical nor in the practical aspect has there been any work done to adapt planning to market economic conditions. Planning as a management tool was rejected, which made the economy unmanageable. The entire history of economic development shows that planning is a powerful management tool. In view of the fact that it is important to determine what and how the state should plan, and what should be planned by business entities themselves, it is necessary to consider what kind of planning happens, which is the goal of this work. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to bring and reveal the essence of classifications of planning in economics on various grounds.

1. Directive planning

indicative directive planning

The essence of directive planning is that work plans are communicated to business entities from a single planning center, prices are approved, suppliers are assigned and sales are regulated. The implementation of plans is strictly controlled. The objective basis of directive national planning is the functioning of only one owner in the national economy - the state. An important condition for the use of directive planning is the use of methods of coercion and encouragement for the implementation of plans.

In its most complete form, directive planning was used in the former USSR for the direct influence of the central government on all parts of the national economy, in order to achieve the goals set by the general directions of development. The plan prepared by the State Planning Committee was mainly production and technical - macroeconomic indicators were made up of natural indicators, which in turn flowed from production, technological and other plans and acted as their consequence. Accordingly, from the production plan, a product distribution plan was built, which served as the basis for establishing economic relations. Each supplier became attached to his consumer, knowing how much he had to supply him with his products, and vice versa, the consumer knew who supplied him with raw materials, semi-finished products, and components.

The plans were targeted and characterized by excessive detail. Due to these features, they were difficult to implement on a national scale and gradually exhausted themselves.

Three “evils” of the consequences of such planning on a national scale can be identified:

The low efficiency of the public sector in the economy and the encouragement of so-called unprofitable enterprises did not contribute to economic growth.

State guardianship gave rise to dependency and inertia of the population.

Excessive government intervention led to the undermining of the market itself, its natural (inherent in human nature) laws.

Despite the noted shortcomings, elements of directive planning can and should be used in certain conditions not only at the state level, but also in business. However, in each specific case, the scale, objects and areas of application of directive planning must have a scientific basis.

2. Indicative planning

Indicative planning is “a mechanism for coordinating the interests and activities of state and non-state economic management entities, combining its state regulation with market and non-market regulation, based on the development of a system of indicators (indicators) of socio-economic development and including the determination of its national priorities, goal setting, forecasting, budgeting, programming, contracting and other procedures for coordinating decisions at the macro-, meso-, and micro levels, tax and other measures of state support for business entities participating in the implementation of the plan (non-state carriers of economic management are understood as local government institutions, management bodies of corporations, financial and industrial groups and other economic units, self-regulatory organizations of market participants, etc.)"

In a market economy, indicative planning is a method for implementing the state’s socio-economic policy and a tool for influencing the processes of its functioning. Indicative planning is the main method of influencing the functioning of a market economy. It is designed to provide solutions to many issues of socio-economic development, the implementation of which is impossible or difficult only by market methods. This is a form of interaction between all parts of the system of federal government bodies, both among themselves and with regional bodies.

Indicative plans organically and interconnectedly combine the concepts of socio-economic development in a single document; forecasts for the functioning of the economy; government programs; economic regulators.

Indicative planning is a continuation and development of forecasting.

Being the most widespread form of state planning of macroeconomic development throughout the world, indicative planning is a set of processes of forming a system of parameters (indicators) characterizing the state and development of the country's economy, corresponding to the state socio-economic policy, as well as the development of a system of measures of state influence on social and economic processes in order to achieve the established level of indicators.

The main function of the indicative plan is to coordinate the actions of equal economic entities. Information, orientation, and stimulation of business entities to fulfill plan tasks in one form or another forms the basis of directive planning.

The main content of indicative planning is to substantiate the goals, objectives, directions and methods of implementing state socio-economic policy and is an effective form of organizing the interaction of all parts of the system of federal government bodies, both among themselves and with regional government bodies. Indicative plans make it possible to organically combine in a single document the concepts of the state’s socio-economic policy, forecasts for the functioning of the economy, government programs, a system of economic regulators, supplies for government needs, the volume of government capital investments, etc.

The indicative plan contains a limited number of mandatory tasks; it is largely of a guiding, recommendatory nature and allows for the solution of many issues of socio-economic development, the implementation of which by purely market methods without government measures is difficult and sometimes impossible.

As indicators of socio-economic development, indicators characterizing the dynamics, structure and efficiency of the economy are used; the state of the financial and credit system and monetary circulation; the state of the commodity and securities market, the foreign exchange market; price movements; employment, living standards of the population, foreign economic relations, etc.

An interconnected and balanced system of indicators is complemented by measures of government influence, including the use of budget funds, depreciation rates, interest on loans, taxes, customs duties, licenses and quotas, government orders, etc.

The activities of enterprises also fit into the indicative planning system, because indicative plans are drawn up to help various business entities navigate when developing their own plans, based on the indicators of the state indicative plan. Indicative planning allows business entities to make independent decisions and act in the best possible way in their own and public interests. This entails one of the main tasks - the creation of organizational and economic conditions for the formation and free functioning of the market for goods, capital, labor in the country, as well as profitable external economic relations.

These include centralized financial and currency funds and loans, tax levers, a depreciation system, customs duties, licenses and quotas, volumes of product supplies for government needs, and determination of the operating conditions of state-owned enterprises.

Thus, the direct involvement of all economic entities in the planning process on the basis of equal interaction between government bodies and all economic entities distinguishes indicative planning from directive planning. Indicative planning is both a means of state regulation of the economy and a means of its self-regulation, correcting both defects of the market mechanism and the shortcomings of direct government intervention in reproductive processes.

In its development, indicative planning went through forms corresponding to various stages of state regulation of the economy. Historically, the first form of indicative planning is opportunistic, which involves increasing the influence of the budget on the rates and proportions of economic growth.

As discussed, the national economic forecast and budget form a single system consisting of forecast and budget indicators, and the implementation of the latter is mandatory. The procedure for developing budget forecast documents ensures their interconnectedness and adequacy to real economic processes; they constitute a macroplan in which budget indicators are of a directive nature, and the rest are of a forecast and informational nature. Thus, indicative and directive planning are not antipodes, and only their scientifically based combination can improve the efficiency of macroeconomic regulation.

3. Budget planning using the normative method

The normative method is one of the ways to justify and develop forecast and planning decisions. It is based on the development and use of a system of norms and standards. The main advantage of the normative method is that through it a connection is established between resources, as well as the final results of production, in the improvement of which society as a whole is interested.

The word “norm” comes from the Latin norma, which means “guiding principle, rule, pattern.” It is understood as a certain value indicating the maximum permissible or average permissible amount of something. In its most general form, a norm is a scientifically based measure of the socially necessary expenditure of a resource to produce a unit of production (performing work or providing a service) of a given quality under the conditions of the planned period.

Norm is a quantitative measure of the cost of living or embodied labor per unit of production, which ultimately reflects the level of development of production. The norm not only reflects this level of development of production, it actively influences it.

Standards are indicators that characterize the relative magnitude or degree of use of tools and objects of labor, their expenditure per unit of area, weight, volume, etc. (for example, material utilization rate, product removal from one square meter of production area, percentage of losses, material utilization rate, standards for metal cutting conditions, etc.). Economic standards reflect social requirements for the results of activities and characterize the required level of use of a resource (its specific consumption) for the final result or regulate relations in the course of distributing the results of activities.

The set of norms and standards used to develop forecasts and plans and evaluate their implementation is called the regulatory framework. Depending on the level of planned regulation (national economy, industry, region, enterprise), the composition and content of the regulatory framework changes.

The system of norms and standards is a set of scientifically based material, labor and financial norms and standards, the procedure and methods for their formation, updating and use in the development of forecasts and plans, as well as the organization of preparation and control of norms and standards at all levels of forecasting and planning work. The purpose of developing a system of norms and standards is to provide a scientific foundation for forecasts and plans, their proportionality and balance, in identifying and taking into account production reserves that contribute to increasing the efficiency of the functioning of an economic entity.

Norms and standards are formed into regulatory frameworks in sectors of the national economy, departments, associations and enterprises. They include specific values of standard indicators that establish the relationship between resource costs and production, performance of work and services, etc.

In the system of norms and standards, the most important subsystems are

Social norms and standards determine the size and structure of social expenditures, as well as procedures for their adjustment (indexation) depending on the rate of inflation and wage growth. They include the following basic norms and standards: standard of living; consumption of certain material goods and services by the population; provision of the population with housing, public utilities and transport services; level of development of healthcare, science, culture, education, trade and public catering, etc.

Financial and economic norms and standards - determine the size of: tax rates (income tax scale); value added tax rates; depreciation rates; norms of required reserves; norms and standards for deductions from profits; refinancing rates; norms of required reserves; loan reserve standards; excise taxes, etc.

Norms and standards for capital investments and the duration of the investment cycle - standards for specific capital investments, efficiency of capital investments; norms and standards for construction duration, construction progress, technological structure of capital investments, design duration, etc.

Norms and standards for the consumption of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy are the norms and standards for the consumption of material resources for main production, repair and maintenance needs, reserves of material resources, consumption of material resources for capital construction, etc.

Norms and standards of labor and wages - include: the minimum wage standard; wage standards in budgetary organizations; standards of time, production, number, service; use of labor resources, etc.

Norms and standards for environmental protection - include norms and standards for the protection of the air basin, the protection and rational use of flora and fauna, water resources, and lands; reserves of natural resources, etc.

Standards for benefits of various categories of the population and organizations include rules and regulations that affect their tax obligations, their needs for budget financing (benefits) or the prices of the goods they consume (cross-subsidies and price subsidies), etc.

Standards for providing military personnel and law enforcement officers - include rules and regulations for the provision of premises, ammunition, military equipment and weapons, etc., regulating the activities of the armed forces and law enforcement agencies.

Regulatory methods are the basis for ensuring a level of social development that meets international standards, achieving a balance of production and consumption, searching for reserves for the efficient use of resources, rational production management, scientific organization of labor, etc.

The use of normative methods of state regulation in planning and regulation generates less corruption and voluntarism than with administrative methods, but if used incompetently, they can paralyze economic life. For example, in the second half of the 90s, the use of the refinancing rate as a stabilizer of the ruble exchange rate led to an almost complete cessation of long-term lending to production and an outflow of capital from the real sector into the “pyramid” of public debt. The inflated yield of government bonds has become a factor not only in the uncompetitiveness of investments in the real sector (compared to speculative investments), but also in the rapid increase in government debt.

When preparing and practical use of a system of norms and standards, the following requirements must be taken into account:

Compliance with the methodological unity of the formation of norms and standards for each group at management levels and planning periods;

Ensuring progressiveness of norms and standards;

Validity of norms and standards - technical, economic and social;

systematic updating of norms and standards based on their reflection of changes in technology, improving product quality, improving the organization of production and labor, improving socio-economic conditions and developing market methods of management, etc.

In general, norms and standards are a tool for managing social relations in the process of reproduction. With this approach, the object of management, carried out with the help of norms and regulations, is reproduction, which includes four phases: production, distribution, exchange, consumption. One of the promising tasks of economic reform is to ensure effective management of all phases of the reproduction process with the help of scientifically based norms and standards.

The basic principles on which the system of norms and standards should be used for the purposes of indicative planning:

The principle of progressiveness presupposes the need to take into account in the process of developing norms and standards the achievements of scientific and technological progress, measures to save and rationally use all types of resources, increase the efficiency of social production, etc.

The principle of decentralization presupposes the independence of business entities in determining specific volumes of resource expenditures, output of products, services based on norms and standards defining the distribution of net income, and other standards linking costs and results of economic activity. Business entities develop and implement forecasts and plans for their activities independently, without interference “from above.” At the same time, microplans, in relation to the macroplan, perform an information function. By receiving their plans from business entities, planning authorities expand their information and analytical capabilities, increasing the degree of validity of forecasts and plans at the macro level.

The principle of equilibrium assumes that the arbitrary establishment of standards does not allow for balanced and efficient development of the economy. The unreasonable establishment of strict standards forces economic entities to structure their behavior accordingly - under a strong state, entities, submitting to pressure “from above”, respond with passive behavior, i.e. reduce entrepreneurial activity, export capital abroad, etc. As a result, the country, for no apparent reason, lags behind in competition with other countries in terms of production efficiency. With a weak state, business entities “go into the shadows” - do not pay taxes, non-payments and other forms of failure to fulfill contractual obligations flourish.

Thus, in each specific case it is necessary to establish certain equilibrium values of standards, deviations from which worsen the value of the “target function” of state regulation. For example, when tax rates increase above the equilibrium state, the state loses tax revenues; an increase in refinancing rates scares away investors who do not believe in the state’s ability to service its high-interest debts. It should be known that there are no methods for accurately establishing the values of economic standards, but there are some rational limits within which they should be. For example, there is a “Laffer threshold” for the full income tax rate (30-40%), exceeding which leads to a decrease in tax revenues, etc.

The principle of systematicity assumes that the equilibrium values of some standards depend on the values of others. In accordance with this principle, there are many equilibrium trajectories of economic development that correspond to different systems of norms and standards. At the same time, their selection and justification is a difficult task, because The improvement of some norms and standards is often associated with the deterioration of others. For example, an increase in the rate of economic growth can be achieved by increasing public debt, etc.

The choice and justification of a system of norms and standards should be based on the coordination of the interests of state, economic and other entities. This coordination should be based on the principle of maintaining parity “top-down” and “bottom-up”. This principle of coordination of interests excludes spontaneous (lobbying) character and excludes arbitrariness and corruption in their establishment.

The principle of conditionality. In accordance with this principle, norms and regulations can be divided into unconditional and conditional. Unconditional are norms and standards that are valid for all cases and subjects of a given group, and are formally reflected in legislation. Conditional - these are norms and standards determined by the preliminary fulfillment by business entities of a number of criteria requirements. For example, when new jobs are created, the income tax rate is reduced, etc.

A system of norms and standards is not a once-for-all created and frozen formation. The development of the economic mechanism determines its constant development, i.e. expansion of the composition of norms and standards, improvement of standardization methods.

Thus, the normative method of developing plans combines well with indicative planning, and also acts as a basic tool for fiscal macroplanning, intra-company planning and expands the possibilities of coordinating the actions of government bodies and business entities.

Conclusion

One of the main achievements of human civilization is the systematic development of society. It is planning that makes it possible to clearly organize, comprehensively justify and coordinate the activities of all parts of the economic system of society to achieve the set goal. Planning can be considered as a specific form of social practice of people and as a function of management. It is an effective tool for implementing the economic and social policies of the state. In the former socialist countries, planning - centralized directive - was the main form of economic management.

The socialist system has become history; the science of socialist planning has not stood the test of time. However, the importance of planning in the socio-economic development of countries, aimed at achieving and maintaining high rates of economic growth in order to ensure a high standard of living for the population, is constantly and naturally increasing. In the middle of the 20th century, a system of directive planning in the USSR and a system of indicative planning in developed Western countries were simultaneously formed. It should be noted that initially planning in the West, especially in a number of countries restoring the post-war economy, contained directive elements. At the same time, we can say that, starting from the 1960s, the Soviet economic system “gently” evolved towards indicative planning (Kosygin’s reforms, Gorbachev’s perestroika). With directive centralized planning, the Center performs only the final planning functions: collating and aggregating indicators, drawing up general balance sheets, approving the plan and communicating directive indicators to responsible executors.

Directive planning does not deny the thousand-year experience of individual planning of independent producers of products and services. In the theory and practice of socialist planning, a procedure was developed for coordinating individual plans “from below” with social needs and resources determined “from above”. In practice, not everything worked out as expected in theory. But we can say with all certainty that the Center was not able to ignore planning from below.

Indicative planning is the main working tool for achieving the goals set in the strategic development plan, taking into account the specific economic situation. The indicative forecast plan fills the strategic plan and acts as a practical tool in the development of the economy in the short and medium term. The indicative plan includes a conceptual plan (the concept of socio-economic development); forecast (forecast of socio-economic development); planning and regulatory part (system of economic regulators and state targeted comprehensive programs).

Indicative planning in a regulated market economy is carried out by the state in order to form ideas about the future development and structure of the national economy by solving such problems.

List of sources and literature used

1. G.P. Kapkanshchikov, S.G. Kapkanshchikov. State regulation of the economy. Textbook, Ulyanovsk, 2010.

2. I.N. Myslyaeva. The role of the state in an open economy // Problem analysis and public management design, issue 2, 2010.

3. Indicative planning system. St. Petersburg, 2002/www.refstar.ru.

4. Planned and indicative development/ http://institutiones.com/general/91-2008-06-12-13-11-42.html.

5. N.I. Morozova. Indicative planning: theoretical and practical experience of developed countries / www.uecs.ru/marketinq/item/402-2011-04-25-08-47-52.

6. B.I. Klimenko. Inter-sectoral balances of capitalist countries. M.: Nauka, 2011.

7. Problems of using macroeconomic models in planning. Materials of the Soviet-French symposium. M.: Progress, 2010.

8. Reader on the development of PPP. Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, M., 2010/ http://partner-fin.ru/u/Hrestomatig_NKO.

9. A.G. Seldner. Partnerships between the state, business and society in a mixed economy. M., LLC "Economic Sciences", 2010.

10. V. Khlynov. National planning of a market economy // World Economy and International Relations, 2010, No. 8.

11. B.N. Kuzyk, V.I. Kushlin, Yu.V. Yakovets. Forecasting, strategic planning and national programming. Textbook, second edition. M., Economics, 2012.

12. I.L. Timonina. Long-term economic strategy / Russian Journal, 2011, No. 2.

13. O.V. Malyarov. Modernization and reform of the economy. Correction of the economic course // Strategy of Russia, No. 5, 2010.

14. O.V. Malyarov. The role of the state in the transition economy // Economic science of modern Russia, No. 2, 2010.

15. V. Mikheev. Evolution of the socio-economic model / Society and Economics, No. 3-4, 2011.

16. A.N. Petrov et al. Indicative planning: theory and ways of improvement. Society "Knowledge", St. Petersburg, 2010.

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2. Directive and indicative planning.

Directive planning is the process of developing plans that have the force of legal law and a set of measures to ensure their implementation. Directive plans are targeted in nature, mandatory for all performers, and officials are responsible for failure to fulfill planned targets.

Until the second half of the 80s. In the former USSR and a number of socialist countries in Eastern Europe, directive planning was used for the purpose of direct influence of the central government on all levels of the national economy in order to achieve certain goals and specified general directions of development. The plans were directive, targeted in nature and were characterized by excessive detail. Due to these features, they were difficult to implement on a national scale and gradually exhausted themselves. At the same time, individual elements of directive planning are part of the constitutive elements of the market system, which, under certain conditions, can be used not only by the state, but also in business. However, in each specific case, the scale, objects and scope of directive planning must be strictly specified and limited.

Indicative planning is a means of implementing the state's socio-economic policy, the main method of its influence on the course of functioning of a market economy. It provides solutions to many issues of socio-economic development, the implementation of which is difficult only by market methods without government measures. Indicative planning is the process of forming a system of parameters (indicators) characterizing the state and development of the country's economy, corresponding to state socio-economic policy, and developing measures of government influence on social and economic processes in order to achieve established indicators. As indicators of socio-economic development, indicators are used that characterize the dynamics, structure and efficiency of the economy, the state of finances, money circulation, the goods and securities market, price movements, employment, living standards of the population, foreign economic relations, etc.

Indicative planning is the most acceptable form of state planning for macroeconomic development in a market economy and is widespread throughout the world. The indicative plan is not prescriptive in nature. It contains a limited number of mandatory tasks and is largely of a guiding, recommendatory nature.

4. Planning as an economic and organizational function of the state.

The essence of planning is that people consciously determine the goals of their actions and compare them with capabilities and resources. Planfulness is characteristic of every labor act. At the same time, the plan as a category has several meanings: plan, project, work order, program implementation, task system. In all cases, it usually reflects the adoption of economic and other decisions and records the need for resources, amounts of financing,

Deadlines for implementation of activities, performers, guarantees of liability for non-fulfillment. Essentially, a plan is a properly formalized management decision, including a precisely defined goal, anticipation of specific events, ways and means of achieving the goal.

The plan expresses the most optimal development option, focuses on obtaining a previously known result, it is a guide to action and is obligatory for implementation, but not at any cost, but if all the necessary resources are available. At the same time, the plan itself decides which risks of non-compliance to take into account and which to ignore.

There are strategic, long-term, current and operational plans.

The main task of strategic planning is to ensure high efficiency and competitiveness in the future based on the implementation of long-term programs. The strategic plan is aimed at foreseeing the future, maintaining consistency between goals and capabilities, adapting to the external environment, and optimal allocation of resources.

Long-term plans include technical and economic calculations of opportunities, development directions taking into account the introduction of new technologies, and rational use of resources. Current planning involves identifying and justifying specific areas of activity, sources of financing,

Expected results for a period of up to 1 year.

The planning process consists of a number of links that form a single chain.

The presence of all links, starting from the plan, increases the realism of the plan and minimizes unforeseen circumstances. At each stage, in each link, the degree of detail of the plan, its linkage with the specific conditions of the planning object, and the set of parameters characterizing the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the plan are different. Some links may be independent decisions that reflect an idea of the future.
3. Foreign experience in socio-economic forecasting and planning.

In economically developed countries, forecasting usually comes in two forms: centralized (Canada, Switzerland, etc.) and decentralized (USA, Germany, etc.)

In the United States, the presidential office has a statistical and political department that prepares forecast reports for the head of state. The American Congress operates the Office for Assessing the Consequences of Scientific and Technological Progress. There are institutions providing consulting and information services, and many specialized institutions (departments) have been created to develop forecasts. The peak of their organization was in the 60s. XX century However, only about a hundred of them subsequently survived. The prevailing practice in the country is contract orders for forecasts for government agencies or private corporations. In addition, in some states since the 70s. Special commissions and centers have been created to develop comprehensive long-term forecasts for the development of states. The exchange of forecast information is carried out through various scientific societies such as “Future World”. A number of journals are published on the theory and practice of forecasting. It is noteworthy that in the USA back in the 60s. an attempt was made to use the PPB (planning - programming - budgeting) system, which provided for joint planning actions of a number of interested ministries. Subsequently, the government repeatedly turned to the possibility of planning. However, the country's failures in counter-cyclical regulation led to a rise in anti-planning sentiment. Therefore, the modern theory of government regulation in the United States faces an urgent need to address the following key issues:

* how to ensure timely and effective government intervention in the economy, avoiding bureaucracy, corruption of officials and deformation of decisions at the micro level;

* how to ensure freedom of competition, initiative and entrepreneurship, proper motivation to work, investment and innovation, without allowing voluntarism of the fiscal press and an increase in public debt.

Since 1988, the United States has introduced a system of financing federal targeted programs; it is carried out in the form of targeted transfers, which are provided on the basis of matching financing. Currently, more than 500 targeted programs are being implemented in the United States to finance the needs of states and counties using targeted transfers. One of the most important areas is related to the implementation of social programs. Most of the programs are covered by federal law, some are fully funded and controlled by the federal government, but many are also run by state governments (costs are shared between the state and the federal government). In general, transfers from the federal budget cover about 20% of state expenditures and are used primarily to improve the welfare of the population.

Germany uses targeted transfers that are specifically designed for the development of problem areas. In Germany, the most important forecasting centers are the Institute of World Economy and the Institute for Economic and Social Research of the Trade Union Association.

Much importance, as in other countries, is attached to the information exchange network. Several scientific and forecasting centers have been created in the UK, including at universities, dealing with issues of economic forecasting.

Currently, powerful international organizations have been created in the world that carry out forecasting in various areas of society, including the economy. The international Futurible Association, the Future Research Committee, the Club of Rome, etc. are widely known.

In economically developed countries, market forecasts play a special role in assessing the economic situation:

1) on the market of a particular product;

2) in a specific sector of the economy;

3) on the world market.

The forecasts consider not only objectively emerging development trends, but also the possible consequences of the implementation of government measures to regulate the market.

The global economic system is currently actively using the capabilities of not only forecasting, but also planning. When developing plans, the following are used:

A) macro planning;

B) mesoplanning, i.e. planning of industries, sub-sectors, territorial production complexes, industrial hubs coming from “meta-corporations”, which include inter-industry, inter-regional and international financial and industrial groups;

B) territorial planning, i.e. forecasts, budget plans and programs of regional and local authorities;

D) microplanning at the firm level. The experience of indicative planning, which has been fruitfully used in a number of countries around the world for several decades, deserves special attention.

5. Relationships between forecasting and planning.

Under forecast is understood as a system of scientifically based ideas about the possible states of an object in the future, about alternative ways of its development. A forecast, compared to a hypothesis, has much greater certainty, since it is based not only on qualitative, but also on quantitative indicators and therefore allows one to quantitatively characterize the future state of an object. A forecast expresses foresight at the level of a specific applied theory, and therefore is more reliable than a hypothesis. At the same time, the forecast is ambiguous and has a probabilistic and multivariate nature. The process of developing a forecast is called forecasting.

Forecasting is closely related to planning and is a necessary prerequisite for planned calculations.

Planning is a process of scientific substantiation of goals, priorities, determination of ways and means of achieving them. In practice, it is implemented through the development of plans. Its distinctive feature is the specificity of indicators, their definiteness in time and quantity.

Forms of foresight are closely related in their manifestations to each other and represent successive, specific stages of knowledge of the behavior of an object in the future. The initial beginning of this process is the general scientific prediction of the states of an object; the final stage is the development of methods for transferring an object to a new state specified for it. The most important means for this is the forecast as a link between general scientific foresight and the plan.

6. Strategic and tactical planning.

13. Forecasting scientific and technological progress.

Scientific and technical forecasts consider the achievements of scientific and technological progress that have a significant impact on the location of production and natural factors. The following types are distinguished: forecasts of the development of science as one of the spheres of human activity, forecasts of fundamental and applied research; forecasts for the development and use of scientific and technological progress in the national economy; determining the consequences of scientific and technological progress.

In world practice, in the process of developing forecasts for the development of science and technology, they use: intuitive, so andformalized methods.

When forecasting basic research have become widespread systemicanalysis and synthesis , expert methods ratings : scenarios, building a “goal tree”, morphological analysis, "Delphi" collective idea generation .

When forecasting applied research and various types of developments are used methods of extrapolation, expert assessments, modeling, optimization , as well as methods based on the analysis of patent documentation and scientific and technical information.

In the process of forecasting calculations of production and operation of newtechnology are used methods of expert assessments, extrapolation, op.optimization, factorial and simulation models, system of integrated balance sheet calculations. When choosing forecasting methods, the depth of forecast anticipation is important. If the predicted process can be represented as evolutionary, without jumps, then the use of formalized methods is justified. In the event of surges, it is necessary to use expert assessment methods to determine the surge and estimate the time of its implementation. And in areas of the evolutionary process formalized methods should be used.

NTP strategy is formed on the basis of a comprehensive forecast of scientific and technological development and reflects the priority directions for the development of science and technology. Scientific and technical programs are being developed within the framework of priority areas.

In program-target planning technology, new content acquires government order. He should play the role of a kind of bridge connecting current public consumption with new technological opportunities, and also be a catalyst, initiating revolutionary technological changes.

Science and Technology Development Plan should be the core of planning documents for the economic and social development of the country. It should cover the entire scientific and technical cycle.

8. Forecasting methods.

Economic forecasting is a complex multi-stage process, during which a wide range of different socio-economic and scientific and technical problems must be solved, for which it is necessary to use a wide variety of methods in combination. Scientists estimate that there are over 150 different forecasting methods; in practice, only 15-20 are used as the main ones.

Based on the degree of formalization, economic forecasting methods can be divided into intuitive and formalized.

Intuitive methods are based on intuitive-logical thinking. They are used in cases where it is impossible to take into account the influence of many factors due to the significant complexity of the forecast object or the object is too simple and does not require labor-intensive calculations. It is advisable to use such methods in other cases in combination with formalized methodsladies to improve forecast accuracy.

Among intuitive methods, widespread methods of expert assessments. They are used to obtain forecast estimates of production development, scientific and technological progress, resource efficiency, etc.

Also applicable methods of historical analogies And forecasting by pattern. A kind of extrapolation takes place here. The forecasting technique consists of analyzing a highly developed system (country, region, industry) of approximately the same level, which now exists in a less developed similar system, and based on the history of the development of the process under study in the highly developed system, a forecast is constructed for the less developed system. The “sample” obtained in this way is only the starting point for prediction. A final conclusion can be reached only by examining the internal conditions and patterns of development.

Formalized methods include extrapolation methods and modeling methods. They are based on mathematical theory.

Among extrapolation methods became widespread function selection method, based on mehleast squares method(TO ME). In modern conditions, increasing importance has been attached to modifications of the ME: method of exponential smoothing with adjustabledriven by trend And adaptive smoothing method.

Methods, modeling involve the use in the forecasting process of various kinds of economic and mathematical models, which are a formalized description of the economic process (object) under study in the form of mathematical dependencies and relationships. The following models are distinguished: matrix, optimal planning, economic-statistical (trend, factor, econometric), simulation, decision-making. To implement economic and mathematical models, we use economic-matemathematical methods.

10. Forecasting social development.

Forecasting social development is a complex multi-stage process. In this process, it is necessary to solve many diverse problems, both theoretical and practical. To successfully solve many of the problems, it is necessary to have extensive forecasting tools. The basis of forecasting tools are forecasting methods. To date, more than two hundred different methods have been developed, each of which has its own area of application and its own characteristics. Any forecasting method allows making forecasts with the maximum degree of confidence in some conditions, and is absolutely inapplicable in others. However, in practice today, about 10-20 of the most common methods for forecasting socio-economic development are used at the regional level. In the process of improving forecasting of the socio-economic development of the region, one of the directions should be to expand the base of methods used. To do this, you should clearly understand the features, advantages and disadvantages of specific methods.

Within the framework of the classification of social forecasting methods, two large homogeneous groups can be distinguished: intuitive and formalized forecasting methods. These groups are fundamentally different in their essence. Within the framework of scientific research, the methods classified in the second group are of greatest interest, however, in recent years, attempts have been increasingly made to study intuitive methods.

9. Methods of planning and calculation of planned indicators.

A planned indicator is a form of expression for a specific task contained in a management decision. The system of planned indicators must take into account the objective needs and patterns of economic and social development of the agro-industrial complex enterprise.

Planned indicators cannot be set arbitrarily. In order to fulfill their function - to express the measure of development of a particular socio-economic phenomenon and process in an enterprise, they must meet certain requirements.

The indicator system should:

Cover all aspects and aspects of enterprise development;

Ensure the unity and binding nature of certain indicators (approved, calculated and information-oriented);

Ensure comparability and reducibility of various sections of the plan;

Be dynamic, reflecting changes in the state of planning objects, trends in their development;

Orient the enterprise towards maintaining rational proportions and increasing socio-economic efficiency;

Comply with the enterprise’s orientation towards maintaining sustainable competitiveness in relevant markets (national, international, regional, local);

Have restrictions within the framework of reasonable sufficiency.

In planning, the following groups of indicators are distinguished:

Natural and cost;

Quantitative and qualitative;

Absolute and relative;

Approved and calculated;

Particular and general.

Natural indicators;

Natural indicators characterize the material aspect of reproduction and are established in physical units (tons, meters, pieces, etc.). In addition, due to the variety of types and types of products with the same purpose, conditionally natural indicators are used (tons of standard fuel, thousand standard cans, etc.).

The modern economy is a complex system developing on an innovative basis, all blocks of which are closely interconnected, and requires conscious constant maintenance of basic dynamic proportions both at the level of the national economy, region, and at the enterprise level. It places increasing importance on cost indicators. With their help, the cost structure of reproduction and the most important proportions are expressed. Cost indicators, as is known, are calculated in current and constant (comparable) prices. For example, the indicator of gross output in comparable prices is used to express the actual volume of production, study its dynamics, including for individual industries and products, calculate labor productivity, material intensity and capital intensity of products, the level of production per unit of consumed resources, the level of costs per unit of gross output .

6. Strategic and tactical planning.

Strategic planning (as the art of leadership; as a general plan for conducting work, based on the current reality at a given stage of development), as a rule, is focused on the long term and determines the main directions of the socio-economic development of the state. The essence of strategic planning is to select the main priorities for the development of the national economy, the leading role in the implementation of which should be taken by the state. Through strategic planning, the paths that society has to take are determined, it is decided which markets are best to operate in, which technology to master first, how to ensure the social unity of the country, which sectors of the economy and social structures should be relied upon.

The main goal of strategic planning is to ensure sufficient potential for the successful development of the national economy. Strategic planning is reflected in the concepts of national development.

While an organization's strategy reflects its long-term goals, tactics reflect its short-term goals aligned with its long-term goals.

Tactics, as a rule, are developed by the middle management of the organization in development of the strategy and for a shorter period of time.

The process of forming an organization's tactical plans usually involves a procedure for their coordination between the organization's management and middle management.

Often in different companies, in the process of coordinating tactical plans, one can observe the presence of opposing interests of their management and middle management echelon managers.

11. Forecasting economic growth

The ultimate goal of ec-growth is to increase consumption and wealth. On the scale of all social production, it characterizes the increase in the volume of production of goods and services, and is measured in both absolute and relative terms.

There are 2 types of economic growth: extensive and intensive.

The extensive type represents economic growth achieved by increasing the mass of factors of production used, i.e. due to a quantitative increase in the volume of production of used resources, while maintaining a constant technical base of production.

The main factors of this type are an increase in the number of employed workers, working hours, fixed and working capital, investments at a stable level. With this type of development, management efficiency can increase, because there is an effect of scale (economies obtained from reducing fixed production costs as a result of increasing its volume or the scale of the enterprise itself). This provides the opportunity to deepen specialization and management, and the use of large production facilities that increase labor productivity.

An intensive type of development occurs when economic growth is based on the use of more advanced production factors in the production process, as well as a more intensive use of existing production potential and other resources.

The main factors of this type include: 1) development and implementation of new equipment and technology; 2) advanced training of employees; 3) reduction of the production cycle; 4) acceleration of operations and turnover of the existing fund; 5) structural transformation in the economy; 6) improvement of production organization; 7) reducing the resource intensity of products, etc.

The results of intensive development are an increase in the yield of final products from each unit and an increase in the quality and profitability of products.

In recent years, another type of development has emerged – innovative. It differs from others in the targeted production of new and constantly updated products, including factors of product innovation (materials, equipment); it is characterized by innovation in the technological base. Such properties ensure effective economic growth.

To assess the dynamics of economic development, economic indicators are used that reflect the production and consumption of the total product created by economic entities related to a given country: GDP and GNP.

All indicators within the system of national accounts of GDP are calculated using several methods: the production method, the end-use method and the income method.

When calculating using the end-use method, all costs are summed up. As a result, we get the value ratio of goods and services on the territory of a given country and consumed within the country and outside.

GDP = C + G + I + Nx, where C is personal consumer spending, G is government spending, I is gross private investment, Nx is net exports of goods and services, the balance of exports and imports (minus).

To characterize economic growth, the dynamics of total production are used, the indicators of which are growth and increment rates.

T = (GDP t / GDP b)* 100 Annual growth rates are determined as the difference between GDP t and GDP b deltaT = (GDP t - GDP b) / GDP b

Experts believe that the economy of any country should strive to ensure a growth in national income of 3-4%, otherwise the population will cease to feel an improvement in life.

12. Forecasting and regulation of foreign economic relations.

Foreign economic relations (FEC) cover the interaction of all sectors and industries of the economy, phases of the process of national reproduction, largely ensuring its balance and efficiency. At the same time, wind farms represent a subsystem of the world economy. The development of integration processes is currently observed throughout the world. They are objective, natural in nature and have a certain contractual and legal basis. The most important areas of integration into the world economy are international trade and internationalization of production. Foreign economic relations are most fully realized when scientifically based forecasting and planning are provided. Among the most important forms of wind farms, one should highlight: foreign trade; credit relationships; scientific and technical cooperation with foreign countries; interstate relations in the service sector; monetary and financial transactions. The practical implementation of economic relations between economic entities of a given state and other countries is characterized as foreign economic activity (FEA). The main direction of foreign economic activity is foreign trade. It covers the sale of goods to other countries and the acquisition of necessary goods there. Foreign trade also includes paid services in connection with foreign trade transactions for the purchase and sale of goods. The volume of foreign trade of a given country is the sum of the turnover of exports (re-exports) and imports (re-imports). Export- this is the sale and export of goods abroad to transfer them into ownership of a foreign counterparty. Re-export- export of goods previously imported from abroad without their processing. Import- purchase and import of foreign goods for subsequent sale in the domestic market of the importing country. Re-import- import from abroad of domestic goods that were not sold at auction, rejected, etc., which were not processed there. A country's ability to produce a certain amount of competitive goods for the foreign market is called export potential. It depends on developed natural resources, economic and production capabilities, and the availability of appropriate infrastructure. To regulate foreign trade activities, the state develops foreign economic policy, which is a set of organizational, economic and political measures to develop the country’s foreign economic relations in order to maximize the benefits of the international division of labor. The main components of foreign economic policy areXia: foreign trade policy, including export and importpolitics; policy of attracting foreign investment and foreign exchangepolicy. The instruments of foreign trade policy are tariff and non-tariff regulation. Forecasting wind farms makes it possible to select the most effective options for the development of exports and imports, interstate specialization and cooperation, credit and scientific and technical cooperation with foreign countries. The foreign economic forecast covers the future development of all forms of wind farms in the country. The central place is occupied by the forecast of the external torusgowli, during which the following is determined: the total volume of foreign trade turnover; volume and commodity structure of exports and imports both for all and individual countries; supply and demand for individual goods and product groups in specific markets; dynamics and price level of the world market in the context of the product range adopted for the forecast; domestic costs for goods that are involved in international trade. The results of forecast calculations serve as the basis for making reasoned decisions on the development of wind farms.

21. Planning for the development of the public sector of the economy.

One type of comprehensive forecast can be considered a forecast for the development of the public sector of the economy.

The development of a comprehensive economic forecast has two goals:

First, it must provide the government with information to make economic and social policy decisions.

Secondly, its indicators serve as the basis for developing indicators for the country’s draft state budget.

Not a single economic, let alone strategic decision can be made and implemented without foreseeing possible consequences, without choosing strategic priorities, and targeted actions for their implementation. For this, proven tools are used such as forecasting, strategic and indicative planning, programming of the socio-economic development of the country and its constituent regions. Thus, the state performs not only the function of general regulation of economic life, but also its strategic and innovative function, which determines the directions of structural changes and innovative development, taking into account the development prospects of the country and its place in the world economy.

15. Classification of forecasts and plans.

In accordance with the established procedure, state forecasts and programs for socio-economic development are being developed in the Russian Federation. Forecasts of socio-economic development reflect demographic, scientific, technical, environmental, economic, social, as well as sectoral, regional and other parameters of socially significant areas of activity.

Forecasts of socio-economic development are developed in several versions for the long, medium and short term.

The forecast of socio-economic development for the long term is developed for 5-10 and more than 10 years. It is necessary primarily when implementing large, expensive projects, when errors in the scale of construction, timing, and payback can be very costly for society. The long-term forecast is based on trends in the development of science and technology, and expected breakthroughs in scientific and technological progress.

The forecast of socio-economic development for the medium term is developed for a period of 3 to 5 years and is adjusted annually. The initial basis for the development is the concept of socio-economic development for the medium term, contained in the first Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation after taking office.

The short-term forecast of socio-economic development includes sections:

Main indicators of socio-economic development of Russia and constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

Social development;

Development of science;

Formation and expenditure of extra-budgetary and targeted budget funds;

Privatization;

Payment balance;

Development of the stock market;

Consolidated budget;

Dynamics of production and consumption.

Forecasts of socio-economic development for the quarter are also being developed. To do this, the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation submits to the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation the results of the development of the Russian Federation for 2 months and an assessment of development for the previous quarter. The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation submits to the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation a forecast of financial indicators for the coming quarter and the results of budget implementation for the past quarter. The Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation submits expected development indicators for the past quarter and forecast options for the next quarter for consideration by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Planning is divided into directive, indicative, contractual and entrepreneurial.

Directive planning is carried out by establishing targeted tasks and distributing the resources necessary for their implementation among the plan's implementers. In conditions of the monopoly of state ownership of the main means of production, planning extends to all aspects of society. The main levers of directive planning are budget financing, capital investment limits, funds of material and technical resources, and government orders.

The indicative plan is based on two principles. On the one hand, it provides guiding information for the development of programs or individual indicators. In this part, it is advisory in nature: indicators are used as indicators when making decisions about strategy or economic behavior. For economic entities included in the orbit of the indicative plan, its indicators are mandatory, since their failure to fulfill them makes it impossible to solve the tasks set by the plan.

Contractual planning regulates commercial relations of market entities, which are built on a voluntary and mutually beneficial basis between enterprises, associations, banks, authorities and management. Contractual relations form stable production and economic ties, mutual obligations, conditions for their implementation and create a guaranteeing economic mechanism for maintaining order in market conditions.

Entrepreneurial planning is a function of enterprises, firms, all subjects of production, economic and financial activities, aimed at justifying and choosing ways of effective development. It is based on intra-company plans of varying urgency, designed to solve operational, current and strategic tasks.

Essence

Historically, the following planning systems have developed according to the level of impact and the role of the state:

directive;
indicative;
strategic:
program-targeted.

Note 1

Directive planning presupposes strict implementation of planned indicators and clear control over their implementation. Failure to meet targets will result in responsibility for execution.

The system was developed in the USSR and implemented in socialist countries. Such planning retains its position in the DPRK.

Historical basis for the formation of directive planning

The economy of the newly formed Soviet Union was in decline after the overthrow of the monarchy, the First World War, and the Civil War. The first priority was to solve the problem of electricity. With the participation of a large number of scientists, qualified personnel, and engineers, the first famous long-term plan was developed, which had no analogues in the world at that time, and was called the “GOERLO Plan.” The objectives of the plan were not only to develop the energy sector, but also to build production facilities and develop productive forces that would fully support this industry.

In 1923, Gosplan (USSR State Planning Commission) was formed. The apparatus was engaged in the development of plans (first one-year, then five-year), studying the national economy, identifying problems and prospects.

Since 1925, annual plans for the development of the national economy - “Control Figures” - began to be formed. Moreover, these figures were prescriptive, that is, they were mandatory for implementation in various sectors of economic activity.

In 1928, an initial five-year plan was created (in total, 13 were created, and 12 were implemented due to the collapse of the USSR).

Note 2

The system was built as follows: the People's Commissariat sent a document in which specific and clear tasks, activities, and “control figures” were developed. Execution is controlled and strictly mandatory. When the responsible executors received the document directly, local commissions of the executive committee were appointed.

Soviet propaganda played a large role in the execution of plans. Propaganda was aimed at industrialization, implementation of plans, national spirit, unity of the people, support for communist ideas.

Directive planning received subsequent development in the preparation of five-year plans - “five-year plans”. In the second plan, the numbers were set taking into account “realism”. From the third plan, the criteria for achieving indicators moved from quantitative to qualitative, and the main item, of course, became the country’s defense sector. The effectiveness of the five-year plans continued until the tenth plan (1976-1980).

Planning principles

This type of planning is based on commitment, centralization, a strong role of the state in all sectors and is often supported by the communist system, socialism at the state level.

Key Features:

mandatory performance;
strict control;
responsibility for the execution of key indicators for the period;
carried out centrally (“top-down”);
state ownership of enterprises;
private property is completely denied;
the principles and ideas of a market economy are denied;
regulator - command methods;
is based on increased labor productivity, which manifests itself due to the need to fulfill plans;
preference is given to the development of promising sectors of the national economy;
drawing up control “directive” figures;
The role of the state in the economy and other areas of activity is key.

Directive planning is the process of developing plans that have the force of legal law, and a set of measures to ensure their implementation. Directive plans are targeted in nature, mandatory for all performers, and officials are responsible for failure to fulfill planned targets.
The essence of directive planning is that work plans are communicated to business entities from a single planning center, prices are approved, suppliers are assigned and sales are regulated. The implementation of plans is strictly controlled. The objective basis of directive national planning is the functioning of only one owner in the national economy - the state. An important condition for the use of directive planning is the use of methods of coercion and encouragement for the implementation of plans.
In its most complete form, directive planning was used in the former USSR for the direct influence of the central government on all parts of the national economy, in order to achieve the goals set by the general directions of development. The plan prepared by the State Planning Committee was mainly production and technical - macroeconomic indicators were made up of natural indicators, which in turn flowed from production, technological and other plans and acted as their consequence. Accordingly, from the production plan, a product distribution plan was built, which served as the basis for establishing economic relations. Each supplier became attached to his consumer, knowing how much he had to supply him with his products, and vice versa, the consumer knew who supplied him with raw materials, semi-finished products, and components.
The plans were targeted and characterized by excessive detail. Due to these features, they were difficult to implement on a national scale and gradually exhausted themselves.
Three “evils” of the consequences of such planning on a national scale can be identified:
The low efficiency of the public sector in the economy and the encouragement of so-called unprofitable enterprises did not contribute to economic growth. (According to the estimates of American experts, government influence on the economy leads to a decline in growth rates of approximately 0.4% per year. See Lipsey R., Steiner P., Purvis D. Economics. N.Y., 1987, p. 422).
State guardianship gave rise to dependency and inertia of the population.
Excessive government intervention led to the undermining of the market itself, its natural (inherent in human nature) laws.
Despite the noted shortcomings, elements of directive planning can and should be used in certain conditions not only at the state level, but also in business. However, in each specific case, the scale, objects and areas of application of directive planning must have a scientific basis.