CNS disease treatment. Treatment of diseases of the nervous system: central, autonomic and peripheral. The most common diseases of the nervous system

All living things cannot exist without taking into account signals from the external environment. The nervous system perceives them, processes them and ensures interaction with the surrounding nature. It also coordinates the work of all systems within the body.

Neurological disease

The central nervous system plays an important role in regulating human behavior. Diseases of the central nervous system today affect people of all ages.

Damage to the central nervous system is a neurological disease. Patients with disorders of the central nervous system are monitored by a neurologist, although diseases of any other organs may be concomitant.

Disorders of the nervous system are closely intertwined with pronounced disharmony of mental activity, which provokes changes in the positive qualities of a person’s character. Damage to the central nervous system can affect the functioning of the brain and spinal cord, leading to neurological and mental disorders.

Causes of central nervous system damage

The central nervous system can be damaged as a result of the use of certain medications, physical or emotional stress, or difficult and difficult childbirth.

Damage to the central nervous system can be caused by drug use and alcohol abuse, which leads to a decrease in the potential of important centers of the brain.

Causes of CNS diseases include trauma, infection, autoimmune diseases, structural defects, tumors, and stroke.

Types of central nervous system lesions

One type of disease of the central nervous system is neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by progressive dysfunction and cell death in certain areas of the nervous system. These include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Alzheimer's disease causes memory loss, personality changes, dementia and ultimately death. Parkinson's disease causes tremors, rigidity, and loss of motor control as a result of loss of dopamine. The most characteristic symptoms of Huntington's disease are random and uncontrolled movements.

Retroviral infections pose a potential threat to the central nervous system, illustrating the molecular interaction between certain viral pathogens and the pathological responses that result from this interaction.

Viral infections of the nervous system are increasing from year to year, confirming the significant increase in global epidemics in recent years.

Disturbances in the functioning of the central nervous system in some cases occur during fetal development or during childbirth.

When the central nervous system is damaged, an imbalance occurs in all human organs, the functioning of which is regulated by the central nervous system.

A failure in the functioning of the central nervous system will in any case lead to damage or disruption of the activity of other organs.

Organic damage to the central nervous system

Defective brain activity means that an organic lesion of the nervous system has occurred, which can be congenital or acquired. Most people experience mild damage that does not require treatment. The presence of moderate and severe degrees of this disease requires medical intervention, as the activity of the central nervous system is disrupted.

Signs of organic damage to the central nervous system are increased excitability, rapid distractibility, daytime urinary incontinence, and sleep disturbances. In some cases, the functioning of the organs of hearing and vision deteriorates, and coordination of movements is also impaired. The human immune system suffers.

Viral infections that occur in a woman who is carrying a child, the use of various medications, smoking or drinking alcohol during pregnancy affect the functioning of the central nervous system and lead to its disruption.

Organic damage to the nervous system can be observed in both children and adults.

The nervous system, permeating the entire human body, maintains the interconnection of all body systems and internal organs. All nerve impulses passing through the body pass through it.

This concept combines the central and peripheral nervous systems, the first consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the second is their direct continuation in the form of nerve endings necessary to maintain the motor activity of the body, it also provides the ability to feel for all parts of the body. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for maintaining the functioning of blood vessels and the heart.

That is why diseases of the human nervous system are among the most serious in medical practice.

Nervous diseases manifest themselves in a variety of ways, from a passive and imperceptible effect on the body, manifested in the form of minor disruptions in the functioning of the circulatory system (cardiovascular dystonia), to serious diseases that deprive a person of the ability to move and feel normally (Paralysis, Huntington’s chorea, and others).

Such a variety of diseases of the nervous system is caused by ramifications; it consists of many unique subsystems. Disturbances in its functioning lead to dysfunction of internal organs.

Risk factors for diseases of the nervous system can be divided into two types - removable and irreparable. The former, as the name suggests, can be fought or prevented from occurring. However, unavoidable factors are innate and must be taken into account. Let's take a closer look at them.

Heredity. Diseases such as Huntington's chorea or Alzheimer's may with some probability appear in the descendants of the patient, some may appear if there is at least one relative on each side who suffered from the disease.

The most common hereditary diseases of the nervous system:

• Parkinson's disease. It is typical for older people whose body weakens significantly as they age; its signs are sluggish movements, tremors of the limbs, slow movements, changes in intelligence in the direction of weakening.
• Alzheimer's disease. People over 65 years of age are more susceptible to it. The patient loses the ability to remember, memory weakens, speech is not perceived or reproduced. The patient's consciousness is confused, he may become irritable and even aggressive. These manifestations lead to death, on average it occurs 7 years after the first manifestations;
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cannot be cured and the cause is unknown. It manifests itself as degenerative damage to motor neurons in the brain. As a result, paralysis occurs, muscles atrophy, including in the respiratory system, which leads to death.
• Huntington's chorea, a severe incurable brain disease. Manifests itself in the form of hyperkinesis, rapid involuntary movements, and mental disorders. Inherited with a probability of 50%, extremely rare.
• Pick's disease, rare and rapidly progressing, appears at 50-60 years of age and is accompanied by atrophy of the cerebral cortex. Leads to dementia, impaired human logic, and inability to speak normally.

Age. Diseases of the nervous system have a certain age interval during which the likelihood of its occurrence increases significantly. For example, chronic fatigue syndrome occurs between the ages of 20 and 50. Tissue degeneration always accompanies the aging process.

Common degenerative diseases of the nervous system:

Gender can also become an additional risk factor; representatives of the fair half of humanity are more prone to mental disorders, eating disorders, phobias, anxiety, suicidal behavior, and other disorders.

Removable factors can appear and disappear throughout life, these include:

1. Chronic diseases. Their development can undermine a person’s psychological state, and difficult life-threatening situations (injuries, serious illnesses, etc.) lead to the same effect. People who are forced to change their lifestyle, break away from their usual social circle, may suffer from such ailments;
2. Stress. Many life situations, such as divorce, financial problems, job loss, failures on the personal front, and others can cause strong negative emotions. Stress is an inevitable situation in life, but a person is able to prevent it from becoming chronic.
3. Alcohol, drugs. Their use destroys the brain and damages the nervous system, its cells atrophy and die, they can lead to various mental disorders.

Read more about the nervous system and diseases

Symptoms of nervous system diseases

Symptoms of nervous diseases are also conventionally divided into several categories.

Movement disorders

They can be expressed in a loss of muscle strength, complete or partial; the muscles relax, soften, and do not resist during passive movements. To avoid muscle atrophy, it is necessary to subject them to special procedures, otherwise they lose most of their muscle mass. The disease may not be accompanied by loss of muscle strength, but instead affects the basal ganglia. This manifestation disrupts the functioning of the limb, tremors, involuntary movements, and other symptoms may appear.

Cerebellar dysfunction can cause incoordination (ataxia), speech problems (dysarthria), and hypotonia in the legs or arms. It can also manifest as tremors, arrhythmia of large movements, unidirectional involuntary muscle tension and relaxation, and other symptoms. A person loses stability when walking, his weather is disrupted, and tactile sensitivity is upset.

Painful sensations

Symptoms of diseases of the nervous system can manifest as pain, most often chronic headache, migraine (cluster, classic or simple), and pain can also appear in the lower back and limbs, in the spine, neck.

Sensory impairment

The patient loses the ability to perceive smells, or disturbances in the sense of smell appear in the form of hallucinations and erroneous sensations. Vision, eye coordination, pupillary dysfunction, hearing, dizziness, and nervous system disorders may also be impaired.

Seizures of epilepsy, hysterics, frequent fainting, abnormal sleep, mental abilities, behavior, excessive anxiety and excitability, sudden changes in mood - all this can also indicate a neurological disease.

Diseases of the central nervous system

The central nervous system, abbreviated as CNS, is made up of neurons and processes, and its key parts are the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system is responsible for the implementation of simple and complex reflexes, regulates the functioning of human organs and internal systems, maintains the relationship between them, and together they transform the body into a single whole. Nerve endings allow all parts of the body to feel and provide the ability to move. The peripheral and autonomic subsystems are also part of it, however, diseases of the central nervous system have their own differences.

They manifest themselves in the form of disruption of the functioning of body organs and the whole organism. If the ability to feel is impaired and motor activity is weakened, the body cannot function normally. By their nature, such diseases can be divided into several types.

Infectious diseases

Infectious diseases of the nervous system:

Damage due to trauma. Mechanical effects and damage from them on brain tissue can lead to dysfunction of the central nervous system, their symptoms are headache, nausea, memory loss, and others.

A chronic disease of central nervous system, they occur as a consequence of intoxication, individual characteristics of the body, and can appear during myasthenia gravis, sclerosis and other similar diseases. Develops gradually.

Diseases of the peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system is based on nerves (cranial and spinal), which provide communication between the central nervous system and all parts of the body and organs. The system has no protection in the form of bones, and there is no blood-brain barrier. This means that it is much easier to damage mechanically and is more strongly affected by toxic substances.

Based on its functions and structure, it is divided into somatic and vegetative. The first regulates the conscious actions of the body, the second ensures a response to external stimuli, supports the functioning of the circulatory system, and stimulates the functioning of the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems.

Diseases of the peripheral nervous system are classified according to:

1. Based on the topographic-anatomical principle, ailments in this group include inflammation of the roots, cords, plexuses and nerves;
2. According to etiology, such diseases are caused by infectious infections, toxins that have entered the body, allergic reactions, lack of vitamins, vertebrogenic formations in the bones of the musculoskeletal system;
3. According to pathogenesis and pathomorphology, neuritis, neuropathies and neuralgia are distinguished.

In turn, neuropathy can be caused by a disruption of the cardiovascular system, an allergic response, damage to toxins, or direct damage under mechanical influence, or under the influence of temperature, radiation.

Neuralgia is a group of diseases in which pain is felt in the area where the nerves affected by the disease are located. In this case, the nerves transmit pain signals for no real reason.

Symptoms of PNS diseases:

• Sense disturbances, pain, limbs go numb, the affected part of the body seems to be bursting from the inside, some areas of the skin lose sensitivity or become hypersensitive;
• Inability to move normally, muscles weaken, stop or respond poorly to commands;
• Autonomic dysfunction is manifested by dryness or wetness of the hands, soles, arms and legs become cold even in warm rooms.

To find out what kind of disease you are dealing with, a diagnosis is carried out. Her methods make it possible to identify and correct the disease. Treatment of diseases includes the use of medications, physiotherapeutic procedures, and in case of serious complications, surgery. Treatment should begin as soon as the first signs of the disease are identified.

Vascular diseases. Disruption of the circulatory system can be a consequence of dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. They occur as a result of hypertension, atherosclerosis, manifest as severe pain in the head, nausea and vomiting, and can cause cerebral hemorrhage (stroke) and heart attack.

Vascular diseases of the nervous system:

One of the types of diseases of the peripheral nervous system is diseases of the sciatic nerve. Actually, the only type of such disease is Sciatica, which manifests itself as inflammatory processes in the sciatic nerve. Sometimes this same disease is called lumbosacral radiculitis or neuralgia.

Causes of sciatic nerve disease:

• A herniation in the spine, this phenomenon leads to the prolapse of the core of the intervertebral disc from the spinal canal. A bulging disc pinches nerve endings;
• Infection, contracting influenza, typhus, scarlet fever and other similar diseases fills the body with toxins that can provoke inflammation;
• Stenosis leads to a narrowing of the lumen of the canal in the lumbar region in which the spinal cord is located;
• Spondylolisthesis leads to a change in the position of the vertebrae in relation to each other;
• Effect of cold temperature
• Osteophytes, bone growths, are also a consequence of osteochondrosis, osteoarthrosis or spondylosis.

Prevention of nervous system diseases

Unfortunately, preventing diseases of the nervous system will not help get rid of them if they are congenital; modern medicine cannot eliminate other diseases, however, certain measures can, if not eliminate the disease, then slow down its development and reduce the negative effect of them.

The best way to avoid the manifestation of neurological diseases is to promptly treat other diseases that may have similar complications.

Systematic sports activities, leading a healthy lifestyle, giving up drugs and alcohol, saturating your body with vitamins and nutrients, and eating right can help minimize the likelihood of neurological diseases.

At large industrial facilities, a person may be exposed to dangerous toxins, high temperatures and generally work in difficult conditions; in such a situation, employees should always use personal protective equipment, and be aware of possible occupational diseases.

Children are also not protected from neurological diseases, but their nature may differ significantly from the nature of adults. The child’s body is not fully formed, the same applies to all its individual elements, as well as the psyche. He is prone to fears, is exposed to many stimuli for the first time, and is emotionally unstable, so parents should closely monitor the psychological state of their children.

Diseases of the nervous system in children:

• Nervous tic
• Neurosis
• Neuralgia

A nervous tic is an instantaneous contraction of muscles, in most cases they are observed on the limbs and muscles of the child’s face. These movements are unconscious, most often appear in a calm state, sometimes they are provoked by nervous tension.

Tiki rituals are manifested by the repetition of certain actions, motor tics - tension of the wings of the nose, rapid blinking, twitching cheek. A vocal tic may also appear when the baby constantly makes certain sounds for no reason. Most often, the cause of the disease is stress, so they are treated only psychologically

Neurosis is a reversible mental disorder; parents quite often miss the signs of this disease.

There are several types of neurosis:

• An obsessive state, the child develops fears and concerns against their wishes;
• Hysterical behavior, children aged 3-6 years tend to roll on the floor, scream and be indignant;
• Depressive neurosis, depressed mood, sad facial expression, decreased activity - all this often manifests itself in adolescents;
• Fear. Children may suffer from attacks of fear, which may be accompanied by hallucinations or illusions.

Neurotic manifestations can be caused by various psychological reasons; separation from loved ones, information overload, stress and psychological pressure can lead to stuttering, appetite disorders, and sleep disorders.

Medical practice shows that most often mental workers suffer from neurological diseases, but it in itself is not the cause, the reason is its improper organization.

As they say: “The best rest is a change of activity,” this statement is true, since constant monotonous activity exposes the body to excess stress. To avoid overwork of the nervous system, it is necessary to alternate work and rest.

It is also important to work in favorable conditions, so we can say that finding a pleasant job that satisfies a person is a kind of prevention of diseases of the nervous system.

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Nervous diseases are diseases that develop as a result of damage to the brain and spinal cord, as well as peripheral nerve trunks and ganglia. Nervous diseases are the subject of study in a specialized field of medical knowledge - neurology. Since the nervous system is a complex apparatus that connects and regulates all organs and systems of the body, neurology closely interacts with other clinical disciplines, such as cardiology, gastroenterology, gynecology, ophthalmology, endocrinology, orthopedics, traumatology, speech therapy, etc. The main specialist in the field of nervous diseases is a neurologist.

Nervous diseases can be genetically determined (Rossolimo-Steinert-Kurschmann myotonia, Friedreich's ataxia, Wilson's disease, Pierre-Marie's ataxia) or acquired. Congenital malformations of the nervous system (microcephaly, basilar impression, Kimerli anomaly, Chiari anomaly, platybasia, congenital hydrocephalus), in addition to hereditary factors, can be caused by unfavorable conditions of intrauterine development of the fetus: hypoxia, radiation, infection (measles, rubella, syphilis, chlamydia, cytomegaly , HIV), toxic effects, threat of spontaneous abortion, eclampsia, Rh conflict, etc. Infectious or traumatic factors affecting the nervous system immediately after the birth of a child (purulent meningitis, asphyxia of the newborn, birth trauma, hemolytic disease) often lead to development of nervous diseases such as cerebral palsy, childhood epilepsy, mental retardation.

Acquired nervous diseases are often associated with infectious lesions of various parts of the nervous system. As a result of infection, meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, brain abscess, arachnoiditis, disseminated encephalomyelitis, ganglioneuritis and other diseases develop. A separate group consists of nervous diseases of traumatic etiology:

The central nervous system is directly involved in the work of all organs, systems and processes in a living organism. Therefore, the whole body suffers if there are disorders of the nervous system.

It is very important to monitor the health of your psycho-emotional state. In everyday life, people are often subject to stress, neuroses, chronic fatigue, and increased psychological stress. As a result, the nervous system suffers. The person becomes emotionally unstable and irritable. Suffers from various nervous system disorders.

The most common diseases of the nervous system

The leading place in the frequency of nervous diseases is occupied by neuroses. There are several types of neuroses.

• Neurasthenia is depression of the functions of the nervous system. The disease can occur due to prolonged stress and various psychological traumas. Manifestations: increased nervous excitability, irritability, insomnia, increased aggressiveness, fatigue, tachycardia.

• Obsessive states. The disease develops as a result of prolonged depression. Manifestations: anxiety, fears for no reason, which the patient is well aware of, but cannot cope with his worries. This also includes various phobias and nail biting.

• Hysteria. A specific form of neurosis, characterized by excessive suggestibility and self-centeredness. Such patients usually throw hysterics in public, “play to the public” and may even faint. Characteristic manifestations: nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, cardiovascular disorders, slight increase in temperature.

Vegetovascular dystonia– a nervous disorder with disruption of vital processes: metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature. Therefore, the symptoms of this disease are similar to those of other diseases. Symptoms:

• weakness, increased fatigue;

• sleep disturbance;

• dizziness, headaches;

• heartache;

• attacks of suffocation;

• bradycardia or tachycardia;

• fluctuations in blood pressure;

• disruption of the intestines and urinary system.

Disease arachnoiditis characterized by inflammation of the vascular network covering the human brain like the arachnoid. Causes: infections, injuries, intoxication.

Meningitis– acute inflammatory disease of the membranes of the brain. Symptoms: unbearable headache, impaired muscle tone, fever, nausea, vomiting.

Stroke- cerebral circulatory disorders. This is an extreme degree of development of a disease of the nervous system.

Other common nervous system diseases include:

Radiculitis– inflammation of the spinal cord roots.

Ganglionitis– refers to the sensitivity of nerve nodes.

Plexit– disruption of the functioning of the nerve plexuses.

Neuritis cranial and spinal nerves.

To prevent diseases of the central nervous system, it is necessary to promptly consult a doctor if unpleasant symptoms occur, diagnose the disease in a timely manner and treat infectious and other diseases. It is necessary to adhere to a healthy lifestyle, eat nutritiously, stop drinking alcohol and drugs, and avoid overwork and stress.