home Drugs Antibiotics: classification, rules and features of use. New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics - list of names Antibiotics names

Antibiotics: classification, rules and features of use. New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics - list of names Antibiotics names

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are multifunctional drugs that help quickly cope with many pathogenic organisms. New generation drugs have a wide range of applications and are also highly effective.

How do broad spectrum antibiotics work?

Broad spectrum antibiotics- effective antibacterial agents, which can only be used after consulting a doctor. Such drugs can quickly overcome pathogenic microorganisms, regardless of their type. The advantage of these drugs is that they are equally effective in treating gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Gram-positive organisms often cause infectious diseases. They often cause diseases of the ears, nasopharynx and the entire respiratory system. Such ailments can be caused by enterococcal or staphylococcal infections, and in rare cases, listeria, clostridia or corynebacteria. Gram-negative organisms are much less common. Most often they cause abnormalities in the functioning of the intestines or genitourinary system. Indications for the use of new generation antibiotics may be:

diagnosis of superinfections - diseases that are caused by several pathogens at once;
long-term ineffectiveness of therapy with other drugs.

The main advantage of modern antibiotics of the latest generation is their wide spectrum of action. Now there is no need to accurately determine the type of pathogen; it is enough to identify the clinical picture of the disease.

What are broad spectrum antibiotics?

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are universal bactericidal drugs that will help get rid of many diseases. Most often they are prescribed for the treatment of various infections, the causative agent of which remains unknown. They are also prescribed if a person has become infected with a fast-growing and dangerous virus. Such drugs are indicated as prophylaxis after major surgical interventions. Remember that not all cheap drugs are so bad.

Group	A drug	Mechanism of action
Tetracyclines	Doxycycline, Tetracycline	Kills bacteria and has an antiviral effect
Levomycetin	Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin	Antimicrobial, antifungal and antibactericidal
Semi-synthetic penicillins	Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin	Inhibits the synthesis of the pathogen cell wall
Cephalosporins	Ceftriaxone	Changes the activity of a virus that has entered the RNA
Rifampicins	Streptomycin, Amphenicol	Interferes with protein production
Carbapenems	Meropenem, Meropenem, Cyronem, Imipenem	Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, prolonged action

Modern penicillins

Antibiotics from the penicillin group are drugs based on clavulanic acid and amoxicillin. Representatives of the new, 4, 5, 6 generations can be called Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Solutab. They help to quickly cope with any infectious processes, relieve pyelonephritis, dental abscess, otitis media, sinusitis and much more.

Penicillins are effective drugs that help quickly suppress the activity of many infections and viruses.

Typically, penicillin antibiotics are prescribed for the following diseases:

The effect of penicillin antibiotics may develop more slowly. However, they immediately stop the reproduction and growth of pathogenic bacteria in the body. Keep in mind that such medications can be taken no more than once a quarter.

Levomycetin is an essential broad-spectrum antibiotic

Levomycetins are popular antibiotics that help quickly cope with infectious processes. The first representatives of this group had a rather meager spectrum of action; they eliminated only a narrow range of pathogenic organisms. With the development of medicine, such drugs have become more and more effective, and their spectrum of action has expanded.

Despite their wide spectrum of action, antibiotics show the greatest effectiveness in the fight against gram-positive bacteria.

Modern chloramphenicol 2, 3 and 4 generations have an extremely broad effect. The most popular drugs are Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin and Gatifloxacin.

With their help, you will be able to quickly overcome:

gram-positive organisms: staphylococci, streptococci;
gram-negative organisms: Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Protea, gonorrhea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
V intracellular pathogens: mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella.

It should be noted that many drugs are contraindicated for children under 18 years of age. Also, elderly people should take such medications with extreme caution, since the components of the medications can damage the structure of the tendons. Be sure to keep a list of antibiotics from this group.

Antibiotics Rifampicin

Rifampicin antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis in pathogenic organisms, resulting in a powerful bactericidal effect. They are most effective against sensitive microorganisms.

The first drug of this group was synthesized in the middle of the last century. Today this drug is actively used to treat tuberculosis.

Rifampicins are a group of antibiotics that can rid a person of the tuberculosis bacillus.

To date, 4 generations of drugs have been developed. They have a wide spectrum of action, are quite safe and do not cause side effects. Such agents help to quickly suppress the activity of Klebsiella, Moraxella, Salmonella and other pathogenic organisms. However, they have the greatest activity against streptococci and staphylococci. Each such drug has its own characteristics, which must be taken into account during treatment.

As a rule, many people are not even aware of the existence of such a group of antibiotics as carbapenems. People usually encounter them extremely rarely, because they are used only to treat severe infections that threaten human life.

The most popular drugs in this group can be called Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Invanz. Also included in this group are Meronem, Meropenem, Syronem. Indications for the use of such drugs are nosocomial infections, such as:

intra-abdominal infections;
abscess, pneumonia, pleural empyema;
complications of urinary tract infections;
sepsis and pelvic infections;
endocarditis;
severe wounds;
joint and bone infections;
infections of soft tissues and skin.
Bacterial infections and meningitis.

It should be taken into account that carbapenem antibiotics are administered only intravenously using a special dispenser. It is strictly forbidden to use such products if you are allergic or intolerant to the components of the drug, as well as if you are sensitive to cilastatin. It is very important that during therapy the patient constantly informs his doctor about his health and any changes in the body.

Tetracyclines - time-tested antibiotics

Tetracycline antibiotics- broad-spectrum drugs. They are based on a four-cycle system. They do not have a beta-lactam ring, so they are not exposed to the pathogenic influence of beta-lactamase. Such drugs are prescribed for therapy:

listeria, staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia, actinomycetes;
gonorrhea, salmonella, whooping cough, syphilis, shigella, E. coli and Klebsiella.

The advantage of broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotics over their analogues is their ability to penetrate deep into the cell affected by the bacteria. It is for this reason that this remedy is actively prescribed to people with chlamydia, fungal infections, and ureaplasma. It should be noted that tetracyclines are absolutely ineffective in the fight against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most popular drugs are Doxycycline and Tetracycline.

Cephalosporins- one of the broad groups of broad-spectrum antibiotics. There are 4 generations of such drugs. The first three were used only for parenteral and oral administration. They gained their popularity due to their low toxicity and high efficiency. Such medications help cope with pneumonia, infections of the urinary tract, pelvis, skin and soft tissues. The products are also effective in the fight against STDs.

These antibiotics are available in tablet form. The medicine should be taken strictly with meals, and should be washed down with plenty of clean water. For the entire course of treatment, try to strictly adhere to your daily routine. It is strictly forbidden to skip taking pills. Treatment is not completed after the first signs of relief. Popular drugs in this group are Cefixime, Ceftibuten, Cefuroxime. They are quite inexpensive.

Antibiotics for children

A special group of new generation antibiotics consists of children's drugs. They are prescribed only after 3 days of treatment with antiviral drugs have not brought any effect. Remember that only the attending physician can prescribe such medications. Among the safest children's antibiotics of the latest generation are::

Children can use many antibiotics, but the dose of the active substance for them should be less than for adults. The advantage is that they are also available as suspensions for internal use and ampoules for intramuscular use.

Antibiotics are a broad group of drugs whose action is aimed at combating infectious diseases. In recent years, the list of these funds has undergone some changes. New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics have gained great popularity. There are modern drugs that are aimed at eliminating the causative agent of a specific disease. Medicines with narrowly targeted action are more preferable, since they do not affect the normal microflora.

How do new generation antibiotics work?

Medical professionals successfully use antibacterial agents due to the fact that the vital processes occurring in the cells of the human body differ from similar processes in a bacterial cell. These new generation drugs act selectively, affecting only the cell of the pathogenic microorganism, without affecting human ones. Classification occurs depending on the way in which they influence the vital activity of microorganisms.

Some drugs inhibit the synthesis of the outer cell membrane of bacteria, which is absent in the human body. These include cephalosporins, penicillin antibiotics, etc. Another group almost completely suppresses protein synthesis in bacterial cells. The latter include macrolides and tetracycline antibiotics. The list of broad-spectrum drugs is divided according to the principle of antibacterial activity. The instructions must indicate the area of activity of the tablets.

Some drugs have a broad spectrum of action, being effective against many bacteria, while others may have a narrow focus, targeting a specific group of bacteria. Why is this happening? The fact is that viruses and bacteria are characterized by different structures and functioning, so what kills bacteria does not affect viruses. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used when:

pathogens exhibit resistance to the influence of a highly targeted drug;
a superinfection has been identified, the culprits of which are several types of bacteria;
prevention of infections after surgical interventions is carried out;
treatment is prescribed based on clinical symptoms, that is, empirically. In this case, the specific pathogen is not identified. This is appropriate for common infections and dangerous fast-acting diseases.

Features of broad-spectrum antibiotics

The new generation of broad-spectrum drugs are universal remedies that can treat inflammation of the lymph nodes, colds, accompanying coughs, runny nose, etc. Whatever pathogen causes the disease, the remedies will defeat the microbe. Each newly developed medicine has a more advanced, improved effect against pathogenic microorganisms. The new generation of antibiotics is believed to cause minimal damage to the human body.

List of new generation antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action

The list of existing new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics includes many drugs, both cheap and more expensive. The most frequently used of all groups of drugs are penicillins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins. They are available in the form of injection solutions, tablets, etc. New generation drugs are characterized by improved pharmacological actions when compared with older drugs. So the list is:

tetracycline group: “Tetracycline”;
penicillins: “Ampicillin”, “Amoxicillin”, “Ticarcyclin”, “Bilmitsin”;
fluoroquinolones: Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin;
carbapenems: “Meropenem”, “Imipenem”, “Ertapenem”;
amphenicols: "Chloramphenicol";
aminoglycosides: "Streptomycin".

Find out more about the drug and children, instructions for use and contraindications.

Names of highly targeted strong antibiotics

New generation highly targeted drugs are used when the causative agent of the infection is precisely identified. Each drug acts on a specific group of pathogenic microorganisms. Unlike broad-spectrum antibiotics, they do not contribute to disorders and do not suppress the immune system. Due to a deeper degree of purification of the active substance, the medicine has less toxicity.

Bronchitis

For bronchitis, in most cases, new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed, but the choice of drug should be based on the results of laboratory testing of sputum. The best medicine is considered to be the one that has a detrimental effect directly on the bacterium that caused the disease. This approach is explained by the fact that the study takes from 3 to 5 days, and bronchitis must be treated as early as possible to avoid complications. The following antibacterial drugs are often prescribed:

Macrolides - prescribed for individual intolerance to penicillin. Clarithromycin and Erythromycin are widely used.
Penicillin has been used in medicine for a long time, and therefore some microorganisms have developed resistance to the active substance. Therefore, the drugs were enhanced with additives that block the action of enzymes produced by microorganisms in order to reduce the activity of penicillin. The most effective are Amoxiclav, Panklav, and Augmentin.
Fluoroquinolones are used to treat chronic bronchitis during exacerbation. Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin are characterized by great effectiveness.
Cephalosporins are prescribed in case of obstructive forms of the disease. Modern antibiotics include Cefuroxime and Ceftriaxone.

Sinusitis

Angina

Attention! The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials in the article do not encourage self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and make recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

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Among medications, an important place is occupied by the latest generation of antibiotics, which are active against many microbes. They are used to treat infectious pathologies, which has significantly reduced the mortality rate of patients from pneumonia and pyelonephritis, which are now commonplace. Thanks to antibiotics, the course of bronchitis and sinusitis is alleviated and recovery is accelerated, and it has also become possible to perform complex surgical operations. They can even be successfully treated with antibiotics.

Broad spectrum antibiotics (BSAS)

This category of antimicrobial drugs includes substances active against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. The former are causative agents of intestinal diseases, inflammatory pathologies of the genitourinary system, and Gram-positive organisms often cause wound infections and mediate the occurrence of postoperative complications in surgery.

List of ABSHS of different release times

Some broad-spectrum antibiotics of the latest generation are also active against. An example is the nitroimidazole derivatives - tinidazole, ornidazole and metronidazole. Metronidazole is most widely used due to its affordability. Its class analogue, tinidazole, is similar in its spectrum of antimicrobial activity, but is not used parenterally. In general, all groups of broad-spectrum antibiotics are presented as follows:

natural penicillins;
inhibitor-protected aminopenicillins;
antipseudomonas penicillins, including inhibitor-protected ones;
cephalosporins III;
aminoglycoside group;
macrolide antibiotics;
antibiotics of a number of carbapenems;
chloramphenicol;
fosfomycin;
rifampicin;
dioxidine;
sulfonamides;
quinolones, fluoroquinolones;
nitrofuran group;
antibiotics of the nitroimidazole series.

This list does not contain the names of groups of narrow-spectrum antibiotics. They are specific for a small number of microbes and are effective against them. Narrow-spectrum drugs cannot be used to treat superinfections and are not used empirically. They are used as first-line antibiotics when the type of pathogen is identified.

List of ABHS of the latest generations

The above refer to broad-spectrum drugs. This is a complete list of groups of substances that are active against gram-positive and gram-negative microbes. However, the list contains both the latest generation of antibiotics and earlier representatives of the group. Of the above, representatives of the latest generations are the following groups of drugs:

aminopenicillins resistant to beta-lactamase (Sulbactam, Ampicillin, Clavulanate, Amoxicillin);
cephalosporins of the III and IV generations (Cefotaxime, Cefoperazone, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefpirome, Cefepime);
aminoglycoside antibiotics of the third generation ("Amikacin", "Netilmitsin");
14- and 15-membered semisynthetic macrolides (Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin);
16-membered natural macrolide antibiotics (“Midecamycin”);
fluoroquinolones of the third and fourth generations (Levofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Trovafloxacin, Moxifloxacin);
carbapenems (Meropenem, Imipinem-cilastatin, Ertapenem);
nitrofurans (“Nitrofurantoin”, “Furazidin”, “Ersefuril”).

Antibiotic drugs excluded from the list

The previously mentioned protected antipseudomonas penicillins have a wide spectrum of activity, but are used only against due to the need to reduce the probable contact of the latter with a modern and powerful antibiotic. This prevents the risk of the bacteria developing drug resistance. Tazobactam is most effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Occasionally, Piperacillin or Clavulanate are used as the latest generation antibiotics for pneumonia caused by a hospital strain of the pathogen.

Also, this list does not include the latest generation of antibiotics from the group of natural and antistaphylococcal penicillins. The former cannot be used in outpatient treatment due to the need for frequent intravenous or intramuscular administration. There are no forms that allow you to take them orally. A similar situation has developed with cephalosporins. Having the same spectrum of activity as penicillins, they cannot be used orally due to destruction in the stomach.

Parenteral cephalosporins and penicillins are effective latest-generation antibiotics for pneumonia. Scientists of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus have achieved success in developing a dosage form for their enteral use. However, the research results have not yet been applied in practice, and drugs of this series can so far only be used in the work of inpatient healthcare institutions.

Highly effective antibiotics for children

Studying the latest generation of antibiotics, the list of drugs recommended for children is significantly narrowed. In childhood, only representatives of a number of aminopenicillins (Amoxicillin, Clavulanate), cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone, Cefepime), macrolides (Azithromycin, Midecamycin, Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin) can be used. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, carbapenems and nitrofurans cannot be used due to inhibition of bone growth, liver and kidney toxicity.

Systemic nitrofurans are not used due to the lack of scientific data confirming the safety of treatment. The only exception is "Furacillin", suitable for local treatment of wounds. Modern and highly effective antibiotics for children of the latest generation are the following: macrolides, penicillins, cephalosporins (the names of the drugs are presented above). The use of other groups of antimicrobial drugs is not recommended due to the toxic effect and disruption of skeletal development.

ABSS for pregnant women

According to the FDA (USA) classification, only certain antibiotics of the latest generation can be used in the treatment of pregnant women, the list of which is extremely small. They belong to categories A and B, that is, their danger has not been confirmed or there is no teratogenic effect in animal studies.

Substances with unproven effects on the fetus, as well as with a toxic effect, can only be used if the therapeutic effect predominates over the side effect (category C and D). Category X drugs have a proven teratogenic effect on the fetus, therefore, if their use is necessary, termination of pregnancy is mandatory.

During pregnancy, the following broad-spectrum antibiotics of the latest generation are used in tablets: protected aminopenicillins (Amoclav, Amoxiclav), cephalosporins (Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Cefepime). Macrolides ("Azithromycin", "Clarithromycin", "Midecamycin", "Roxithromycin") are allowed to be used in the third trimester of pregnancy due to the fact that their teratogenic effect has not yet been fully studied, and its absence cannot be stated unambiguously. It is also safe to use penicillin antibiotics in pregnant women in the absence of allergies.

The use of antibiotics in the treatment of bronchitis

All broad-spectrum antibiotics of the latest generation, theoretically, can be used for bronchitis and pneumonia if their pharmacodynamic characteristics are optimal for this. However, there are optimal schemes for the rational treatment of such diseases. They consider options for successful combinations of antimicrobial drugs with the goal of broad coverage of microbial strains.

Nitroimidazole and sulfonamides are irrationally used for inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system. The most successful combination for bronchitis or mild pneumonia is protected aminopenicillin with a macrolide (Amoclav + Azithromycin). Protracted bronchitis requires the prescription of a cephalosporin instead of aminopenicillin (Ceftriaxone + Azithromycin). In this scheme, the macrolide can be replaced with another class analogue: Midecamycin, Clarithromycin or Roxithromycin.

All of these latest generation antibiotics for bronchitis have a pronounced effect, although clinical signs of the disease may continue to be present. The criterion for the effectiveness of treatment is the appearance of a cough with gradually cleared sputum and relief of fever. With COPD, shortness of breath also weakens, appetite improves, and the frequency of coughing decreases.

Effective treatment of pneumonia

Mild pneumonia is treated according to the principle of bronchitis, but with the use of cephalosporin and macrolide. For moderate or severe pneumonia of community-acquired origin, a cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone or Cefepime) with a representative of a number of fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin or Levofloxacin) is prescribed. These latest generation broad-spectrum antibiotics suppress community-acquired microflora well, and the effect of their use is noticeable on the second day of treatment.

Modern antibiotics of the latest generation for pneumonia (the names are presented above) act on the pathogen, suppressing its vital activity or killing it. The first substances are called bacteriostatics, and the second bactericidal drugs. Cephalosporins, aminopenicillins and fluoroquinolones are bactericidal substances, and macrolides are bacteriostatic. Moreover, combining antibiotics aims not only to expand the spectrum of activity, but also to comply with the rules of combination: one bactericidal drug with one bacteriostatic one.

Treatment of severe pneumonia in the PICU

In intensive care, where there may be patients with severe pneumonia and distress syndrome due to intoxication. The main contribution to the severity of the condition of such patients is made by pathogenic microflora that are resistant to most antimicrobial drugs. In such situations, carbapenems (Imipinem-cilastatin, Tienam, Meropenem) are used, which are unacceptable for use in outpatient settings.

Treatment of sinusitis and sinusitis

Modern antibiotics of the latest generation for sinusitis or sinusitis are used to destroy microbes. In such cases, a single bactericidal antibiotic may be used. However, with sinusitis, the main difficulty is access of the antimicrobial drug to the site of inflammation. Therefore, the cephalosporin drug is most often used. An example is Ceftriaxone or Cefepime. A third generation fluoroquinolone, Levofloxacin, can also be prescribed.

Treatment of sore throat with modern antimicrobial agents

Antibiotics of the latest generation for angina are prescribed for the same purpose. Moreover, both for sinusitis and tonsillitis the same antimicrobial agents can be used. The only difference is that in the case of inflammation of the tonsils, you can also use antiseptics, for example, "Furacillin" - a preparation of a number of nitrofurans. Although aminopenicillins protected with sulbactam or clavulanic acid (Amoclav, Amoxiclav, Ospamox) can also be successfully used for angina. Moreover, the drugs should be prescribed for 10-14 days.

Therapy of pyelonephritis and genitourinary tract infections

Due to the contamination of the urinary tract with microbes, the latest generation of antibiotics for pyelonephritis are necessary for their treatment. The greatest therapeutic value here is cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and nitrofurans. Cephalosporins are used for relatively mild pyelonephritis, and fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Moxifloxacin) are used when the condition worsens due to already ongoing therapy.

The most successful drug, suitable both for monotherapy and for combination with Ceftriaxone, is any representative of the nitrofuran series - Furamag). A quinolone, Nalidixic acid, can also be used. The latter create high concentrations in the urine and act actively against pathogens of genitourinary infections. Metronidazole is also occasionally used for gardnellosis and vaginal dysbiosis.

Drug resistance and its impact

Due to the constant change in the genetic material of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, the effectiveness of many antimicrobials is significantly reduced. By acquiring resistance to drugs, bacteria gain the ability to survive in the human body, mediating the deterioration of infectious diseases. This forces researchers to search for and introduce into practice new antibiotics of the latest generation.

In total, over the period of existence of antimicrobial agents, about 7,000 substances have been developed that are used in medicine in a certain way. Some of them have fallen out of use due to clinically important side effects or because microbes have acquired resistance to them. Therefore, today about 160 drugs are used in medicine. About 20 of them are the latest generation of antibiotics, the names of which often appear in medical guidelines on antimicrobial therapy of infectious diseases.

Therapy of diseases caused by pathogenic bacterial microflora requires the correct choice of etiotropic drug. New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics take into account factors of bacterial resistance and, for the most part, do not suppress the growth of normal intestinal microflora. However, they cannot be used without a doctor's prescription. These drugs have a detrimental effect on cellular immunity, can create resistance to therapy, and provoke the appearance of negative side effects. The list of broad-spectrum antibiotics in injections and tablets presented here is intended for informational purposes only. All names are taken from pharmacological reference books, mostly brand names. The same drugs may be available in the pharmacy chain in the form of analogues that have the same active ingredient and completely different names.

The material also provides background information on recommended daily and course dosages. A list of bacterial microflora is provided for which treatment with one or another agent can be used. But it’s immediately worth clarifying that any treatment must begin with a visit to the doctor and a bacterial analysis to clarify the sensitivity of the pathogenic microflora to the spectrum of antibiotics.

An excursion into the microscopic world of bacteria

In order to understand how and what broad-spectrum antibiotics affect, you need to understand the representatives of the bacterial world. An excursion into the microscopic and mysterious world of bacteria can be taken in any bacterial laboratory. The vast majority of these microorganisms can only be seen under a powerful microscope eyepiece. This is precisely what allows them to dominate the world. Invisible to the eye, they dot with themselves and their colonies absolutely all surfaces, food, household items and human skin. By the way, the epidermis is the first natural barrier to potential enemies - bacteria. When they come into contact with the skin, they encounter a film of sebum that is impenetrable to them. If the skin is dry and prone to cracking, then this protection is significantly reduced. Regular water procedures with detergent increase the chances of not getting infections by almost 5 times.

In its structure, any bacterium is a prokaryote that does not have its own protein core. The first prototypes of this microflora appeared on the planet more than 4 million years ago. Currently, scientists have discovered more than 800,000 species of different bacteria. More than 80% of them are pathogenic for the human body.

The human body contains a huge amount of bacterial microflora. Most of them live in the intestines, where the basis of cellular humoral immunity is formed. In this way, bacteria can be beneficial to humans. If the bacterium is responsible for the state of the immune status. Some species help break down food and prepare substances for absorption in the small intestine. Without lactobacilli, the human body is unable to break down milk protein. People with low levels of lacto and bifidobacteria develop serious intestinal disorders, decreased immunity, and dysbacteriosis.

So-called opportunistic bacteria play a huge role in protecting the body from negative environmental factors. They are unique trainers of the immune system, teaching it to recognize hostile intrusions and respond to them in a timely manner. When the immune system is weakened and after stressful situations, opportunistic microflora can turn into an aggressive state and cause harm to health.

When choosing a new generation of broad-spectrum antibiotics, preference should be given to those names from the list that, according to the manufacturers, do not suppress the growth of beneficial intestinal microflora.

All bacteria are divided into gram-positive and gram-negative species. The primary division was carried out by Hans Gram in 1885 in what is now Denmark. During his research, to improve visual perception, he painted various types of pathogens with a special chemical composition. Those of them that changed color were classified as gram-positive. Broad-spectrum antibiotics of the new generation act on both forms of pathogenic microflora.

The gram-positive microflora includes the entire group of cocci (staphylococcus, streptococcus, gonococcus, pneumococcus) - they are distinguished by the characteristic shape of a ball with spikes. This also includes corynobacteria, enterococci, listeria and clostridia. This whole gang can cause inflammatory processes in the pelvic cavity, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory organs, nasopharynx and conjunctiva of the eye.

The “specialization” of gram-negative bacteria practically eliminates their influence on the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, but they can affect lung tissue. Most often they cause intestinal and genitourinary infections, cystitis, urethritis, cholecystitis, etc. This group includes salmonella, E. coli, legionella, shigella and others.

Bacterial culture of collected physiological fluid (vomit, urine, throat and nasal swab, sputum, feces) allows one to accurately determine the pathogen and its sensitivity to antibacterial therapy. The analysis is carried out within 3-5 days. In this regard, on the first day, if indicated, broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed, then the treatment regimen is adjusted depending on the sensitivity result.

Names of broad-spectrum antibiotics (list)

There are no universal treatment regimens in modern medicine. An experienced doctor, based on the history and examination of the patient, can only assume the presence of one or another form of bacterial pathogenic microflora. The names of broad-spectrum antibiotics given below often appear in doctors' prescriptions. But I would like to convey to patients all possible uses. This list included the most effective drugs of the new generation. They do not affect viruses and fungal flora. Therefore, they should not be taken for candidal tonsillitis and ARVI.

All drugs of similar action are divided into groups depending on the active substance: penicillins, semisynthetic penicillins, tetracyclines, macrofoams, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, digitrans, aminoglycosides and amphenicols.

The beginning of the story - "Benzylpenicillin"

Antibiotics first entered the arsenal of doctors a little less than a century ago. Then a group of penicillins growing on moldy bread was discovered. The history of the successful fight against pathogenic microflora began during the Second World War. It was this openness that made it possible to save hundreds of thousands of lives of soldiers wounded at the front. "Benzylpenicillin" is not a broad-spectrum antibiotic; it is prescribed mainly for inflammatory processes of the upper respiratory tract as a first-choice drug until the sensitivity of the microflora is clarified.

Based on this remedy, more effective drugs were subsequently developed. They are widely used in patients from a very early age. This is Ampicillin, which has a broad spectrum of action against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It can be prescribed for intestinal infections caused by salmonella and E. coli. It is also used to treat bronchitis and tracheitis, which are formed under the influence of coccal flora (streptococcus, staphylococcus). In children, Ampicillin in injections and tablets is prescribed as an effective remedy against Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough. This drug has a long history of use; it was first produced in the late 60s of the last century. It differs in that it does not cause persistence and resistance in most known pathogenic bacteria. Among the disadvantages, doctors cite the low level of availability of the active substance when used in tablets. Also, the drug is quickly excreted in urine and feces, which requires increasing the frequency of taking a single dose, sometimes up to 6 times a day.

The standard dosage for an adult is 500 mg 4 times a day for 7 days. For children aged 2 to 7 years, a single dosage of 250 mg. It is possible to administer an intramuscular solution with the addition of Novocaine or Lidocaine. At least 4 injections are required per day.

Amoxicillin is a newer broad-spectrum antibiotic. Prescribed for inflammatory processes of the paranasal sinuses, upper respiratory tract, pneumonia, intestinal infections, diseases of the urinary system. Active against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. It has been used in medical practice since the late 70s of the last century. Can be used in children from infancy. For these purposes it is available in the form of a suspension.

Particularly effective in the treatment of inflammatory processes in the upper respiratory tract. This is due to the fact that the concentration of the active substance in the cells of the mucous membranes of the bronchi, trachea and larynx reaches a maximum within 30 minutes and remains there for 5-6 hours. The bioavailability of Amoxicillin is very high - after 40 minutes from taking the tablet orally, the concentration in tissues is 85%. Quickly helps ensure elimination of bacteria in all forms of bacterial purulent tonsillitis. It is used in combined eradication schemes for Helicobacter pylori (the causative agent of gastric ulcers and some forms of gastritis).

The standard dosage is 500 mg 2 times a day for 7-10 days. For children, a suspension is prescribed at a dosage of 250 mg 2 times a day.

Augmentin and Amoxiclav are two more modern broad-spectrum antibiotics from the penicillin series. They contain clavulanic acid. This substance destroys the shell of pathogenic bacteria and accelerates the process of their death. These drugs do not have injectable forms. They are used only in tablets and suspension form.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics in injections are prescribed for severe inflammatory processes. They quickly reach the source of inflammation and have a bactericidal effect on microorganisms. Prescribed for abscesses caused by resistant forms, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sensitivity is detected against streptococci and pneumococci, staphylococci and enterobacteria.

Ampisid is available in both tablets and injections. It contains ampicillin and sulbactam, which inhibits lactamase and eliminates the effect of resistance in all pathogenic microorganisms without exception. It is prescribed 2 times a day for intramuscular administration and tablets.

"Carbenicillin" is available in the form of disodium salt in bottles with powder, which can be diluted with water for injection, novocaine and lidocaine before injection. Used for persistent forms of inflammatory processes in the chest and abdominal cavity, bronchitis, sore throat, peritonsillar abscess. It shows high effectiveness in meningitis, blood poisoning, peritonitis, and sepsis. Intravenous drip is used in the postoperative period. In other cases, it is prescribed intramuscularly at 500 - 750 units 2 times a day.

Another effective drug, Piperacillin, is used in anti-inflammatory therapy in combination with the drug Tazobactam. It is this combination that deprives the coccal flora of resistance. It is advisable to conduct a preliminary bacterial culture to determine the sensitivity of microorganisms. If there is no production of penicillinase, then it is possible to prescribe non-combination therapy with Piperacillin only. It is administered intramuscularly for severe tonsillitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia and acute bronchitis.

Ticarcillin is not highly resistant to penicillinase produced by bacteria. Under the influence of this enzyme, the active substance of the drug will disintegrate without causing any harm to the causative agents of inflammatory processes. Can only be used in cases where the pathogenic microflora does not have resistance to the drug.

Among the protected forms of broad-spectrum antibiotics from the group of benzylpenicillins, it is worth noting Trifamox and Flemoclav - these are the newest drugs. No form of infection currently has resistance to their action.

"Trifamox" is a combination drug that contains amoxicillin and sulbactam, in combination they deal a crushing blow to pathogenic microflora. Prescribed in the form of tablets and intramuscular injections. Daily dosage for adults is 750 - 1000 mg, divided into 2-3 doses. Initial treatment with intramuscular injections followed by tablets is practiced.

Fluoroquinolone effective broad-spectrum antibiotics

Fluoroquinolone drugs are highly effective against a wide range of bacterial pathogenic microflora. They reduce the risk of side effects and do not kill the natural intestinal microflora. These effective broad-spectrum antibiotics are entirely synthetic substances.

"Tavanic" is a ready-made solution for injection with the active ingredient levofloxacin hemihydrate. Analogues of the drug are Signicef and Levotek. They can be prescribed intravenously and intramuscularly, and tablet form is also available in pharmacies. The dosage is calculated strictly individually, depending on the body weight, age of the patient and the severity of the condition.

In modern medicine, fourth generation fluoroquinolones are predominantly used; third generation drugs are prescribed less frequently. The most modern means are Gatifloxacin and Levofloxacin. Outdated forms - "Ofloxacin" and "Norfloxacin" are currently used very rarely due to their low effectiveness. The drugs have toxic activity against the process of peptidoglycan synthesis, which forms the connective tissue of tendons. Use in patients under 18 years of age is not permitted.

Fluoroquinolones can be successfully used in the treatment of diseases caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. All forms of pathogenic microflora are sensitive to them, including those capable of producing penicillinase.

"Levofloxacin" is prescribed for otitis and bronchitis, sinusitis and pneumonia, tracheitis and pharyngitis in tablets. The daily dosage for an adult is 500 mg. Not prescribed for children. The course of treatment is from 7 to 10 days. Intravenous and intramuscular administration may be required in severe cases of the disease. This is usually done in a specialized hospital under the 24-hour supervision of the attending physician.

Gatifloxacin is an effective drug with a small daily dosage and minimal risk of side effects. The daily dose is 200 mg. The course of treatment for diseases of the upper respiratory tract can be reduced to 5 days.
Avelox and Moxifloxacin are effective for diseases of the ear, nose and throat. Less commonly prescribed for internal infections. Prescribed 1 tablet (400 mg) 1 time per day for 10 days.

"Streptocide" and other aminoglycosides

Among broad-spectrum antibiotics, aminoglycosides are a separate group. "Streptocide" and other drugs are known to a wide range of patients. They are prescribed for various infections. In particular, “Streptotsid” allows you to quickly and effectively treat lacunar and follicular tonsillitis without the risk of developing intestinal dysbiosis. The bactericidal action of aminoglycosides is based on the principle of disruption of the protein shell of the bacterial cell, subsequently the synthesis of life-sustaining elements stops and the pathogenic microflora dies.
Currently, 4 generations of this group of antibacterial drugs are produced. The oldest of them, “Streptomycin,” is used as injections in combination treatment regimens for tuberculosis. The “Streptotsid” analogue can be injected into the trachea and into tuberculous cavities in the lung tissue.

"Gentamicin" in modern conditions is mainly used as an external agent. It is not effective when administered intramuscularly. Not available in tablets.

Amikacin is more popular for intramuscular administration. It does not cause the development of deafness, and does not negatively affect the auditory and visual nerves, as is observed with the administration of Gentamicin.

"Tetracycline" and "Levomycetin" - is it worth taking?

Among the well-known drugs, some occupy a worthy and honorable place in any home medicine cabinet. But it is important to understand whether it is worth taking drugs such as Levomycetin and tetracycline. Although there are more modern forms of these pharmacological agents, patients prefer to buy them “just in case.”

Broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotics are produced based on a four-ring structure. They have pronounced resistance to beta-lactamase. It has a detrimental effect on the staphylococcal and streptococcal group, actinomycetes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae and many other microorganisms.

After absorption in the small intestine, tetracyclines bind to blood plasma proteins and are quickly transported to the site of accumulation of pathogenic microflora. Penetrates inside the bacterial cell and paralyzes all vital processes inside it. Absolute ineffectiveness was revealed for diseases formed under the influence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is preferable to prescribe Doxycycline in capsules, 1 capsule 3 times a day. Not prescribed for children under 12 years of age. "Tetracycline" can be used as an effective external remedy in the form of eye and ear drops, ointments for the skin and wound surfaces.

"Levomycetin" belongs to the group of amphenicols. These are outdated broad-spectrum antibiotics. Used in the treatment of a large number of inflammatory bacterial diseases. The most common use at home is against loose stools caused by food poisoning, salmonellosis and dysentery. And here you should strictly follow the dosage and recommended course of treatment. Prescribed 500 mg 4 times a day. The course of treatment cannot be less than 5 days in a row. Even skipping 1 single dose can create microflora resistance. In this case, it is necessary to immediately change the tactics of antibacterial therapy to avoid negative health consequences.

Antibiotics help cope with most diseases. Many people do not like them, considering the drugs to be dangerous to health (“they treat one, the other cripple”). But it’s hard to argue with the fact that these drugs stopped more than one epidemic. Moreover, due to their wide range of uses, people are less likely to die from infectious diseases. As a result, people's life expectancy has increased significantly.

There is just one problem: viruses and bacteria can mutate and adapt to antibiotics (this property is called antibiotic resistance - the developed immunity of microorganisms to the action of a drug). This is why antibiotics, invented decades ago and considered almost a panacea for all infections, are now poorly effective in treating most diseases.

Scientists are forced to improve medicines, that is, to produce a new generation of drugs. Currently, there are four generations of widely used antibiotics. In this article we will compile a list of the most popular modern drugs of the new generation, analyze their main characteristics, indications, contraindications and prices.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are drugs with universal action, prescribed to combat a large number of pathogens (including those with an unknown source of infection). Unfortunately, such versatility is a weakness: there is a possibility that antibiotics will begin to fight against beneficial microflora (for example, if the symbiotic intestinal flora is destroyed, dysbiosis occurs). This is why after treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, it is necessary to restore normal levels of beneficial bacteria.

New generation drugs are universal and can act on a large number of pathogenic microbes.

The new generation of antibiotics are more effective than their predecessors because bacteria have not yet had time to adapt to them. Besides:

new generation antibiotics are considered safer (they have fewer side effects and are not so severe);
New generation antibiotics are easy to use - first generation drugs had to be taken 3-4 times a day, while modern antibiotics are enough to be taken 1-2 times;
New generation antibiotics are available in different forms. There are even medications in the form of syrups and patches.

What are the most powerful remedies?

Having studied the reviews of doctors and patients, we can identify the most common broad-spectrum antibiotics from the latest generation. We get this list:

Now let's look at each medicine on this list in a little more detail.

Sumamed

Broad-spectrum antibiotics from the list of new generation macrolides. They act due to azithromycin (in one capsule - 250 ml of the substance).

Sumamed is especially effective in combating infections affecting the respiratory tract (angina, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia), skin and soft tissues, the genitourinary system (for example, prostatitis) and the gastrointestinal tract (including intestinal infections). Contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to macrolides, as well as liver and kidney diseases. It has mild side effects, which distinguishes Sumamed from other broad-spectrum antibiotics. Take one tablet per day for 3 days (the course can then be extended by a doctor).

The price of Sumemd depends on the form of release and packaging: 250 mg capsules, 6 pieces - from 320 rubles; 6 tablets 125 mg - from 290 rubles; 6 tablets 500 mg - from 377 rub.

Cefamandole

Packaging of the drug.

A drug from the group of cephalosporins of the latest generation. Rarely causes an adaptive reaction in microorganisms, therefore it effectively fights gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, mycoplasmas, legionella, salmonella, and sexually transmitted pathogens. Often prescribed for colds and intestinal infections. Can be used as an alternative to cephalosporin if resistance to the latter is observed. Effective for the prevention of postoperative infectious complications. One of the disadvantages of the drug is its high price.

Unidox Solutab

Broad-spectrum antibiotic from the list of new generation tetracyclines. The active substance in the composition is doxycycline. Available in the form of 100 mg tablets (10 tablets per package).

Effective in the fight against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, protozoa, anaerobes, and atypical pathogens. Most often prescribed for the treatment of colds, intestinal infections, and prostatitis. Almost does not cause dysbacteriosis. Dosage for adults: 200 mg (2 tablets) once or twice a day. The price of the drug is approximately 280 rubles. per package.

Rulid

Fourth generation antibiotic from the list of macrolides. The basic substance is roxithromycin. Available in the form of tablets with a dosage of 150 mg. A single daily dose of the drug is sufficient. Most often prescribed for upper respiratory tract infections, urogenital diseases (for example, prostatitis), intestinal, and ondotological infections. Not recommended for use in case of renal failure. It is quite expensive - from 800 rubles. for 10 pieces.

Amoksiklav

Fourth generation antibiotic packaging.

A new generation antibiotic from the list of pharmacological group of aminopenicillins. It has a wide spectrum of action, resistance to the action of beta-lactamase strains. It has a mild effect, so it is used for both treatment and prevention. Unlike many fourth-generation antibiotics, it can be prescribed to pregnant and lactating women. Manufactured by Lek Pharma and Lek D.D. Available in the form of powder for intravenous administration, powder for oral administration, and tablets. The price of powders for injections is from 200 rubles, powders taken orally are from 60 rubles, tablets 375 mg are from 224 rubles.

Lincomycin

Widely used in dentistry.

One of the most affordable broad-spectrum antibiotics. Sold in the form of ampoules for intravenous and intramuscular administration and in the form of capsules. The selective bacteriostatic effect allows its use in cases where other drugs are ineffective due to developed resistance. True, this same quality does not allow Lincomycin to be prescribed as a first-line drug. It is quite toxic and has a list of a large number of side effects and contraindications that you should familiarize yourself with before taking the medicine. The cost of ampoules with solution is from 68 rubles. for 10 pieces; cost of capsules - from 73 rubles.

Cefoperazone

Prices for antibiotics in pharmacies for different forms and dosages range from 110 to 370 rubles. It has a wide range of uses: respiratory and urinary tract infections, skin and intestinal infections, pelvic inflammation, prostatitis, prevention after abdominal, gynecological and orthopedic surgeries. Belongs to the group of cephalosporins. Twice daily administration is sufficient. As a rule, it is well tolerated, side effects are rare. Unfortunately, it is available only in the form of an injection solution. Price - from 115 rub.

Cefotaxime

Antibiotic of the new generation cephalosporin group. It is considered one of the most frequently prescribed drugs for most infectious and inflammatory diseases (colds, intestinal, urological, gynecological, prostatitis, etc.). This prevalence is due to the broad spectrum of action of the antibiotic, affordable price, low toxicity, and minimal effect on beneficial bacteria. Can be used for treatment and prevention (for example, in the postoperative period). Available only in the form of a solution for injection.

Cefixime

Another name for the antibiotic is Pancef. Available only in the form of capsules and tablets taken orally. Acts bactericidal (prevents the synthesis of cell walls of pathogens). It has a wide spectrum of action (kills intestinal infections, treats colds, prostatitis, and is used after operations). Unfortunately, this new generation antibiotic has a fairly strong toxic effect on the kidneys and liver, so it is not recommended for use in diseases of these organs. Price - from 397 rub.

Avelox

A very strong antibiotic of the latest generation from the group of fluoroquinolones. It is a modern analogue of Moxifloxcin. Effective against many known bacterial and atypical pathogens. It has virtually no negative effect on the kidneys and stomach. Such antibiotics can be used as children's medicines, so they are not prescribed in pediatrics. They are quite expensive - from 750 rubles. for 5 pcs.

How to choose

Naturally, it is not enough to familiarize yourself with the list of new generation antibiotics. I would like to say which broad-spectrum antibiotics are the safest and most effective. Unfortunately, it is impossible to single out a specific drug, since each antibiotic has its own characteristics and in each specific case different drugs will be more effective. This is why you should not prescribe drugs for treatment and prevention on your own if you do not have a medical education. For intestinal infections, prostatitis, sore throat or otitis, various antibiotics will be prescribed. It is better to trust a specialist who prescribes medicine based on the diagnosis, stage of the disease, concomitant diseases, as well as the individual characteristics of the patient.