home Drugs A new technology for producing hydrogen from water using aluminum has been found. Production of hydrogen using aluminum nanopowder Production of hydrogen using aluminum and alkali

A new technology for producing hydrogen from water using aluminum has been found. Production of hydrogen using aluminum nanopowder Production of hydrogen using aluminum and alkali

Published: Oct 12 2013
Hydrogen is extracted by laser from water using charcoal. A temperature of more than a thousand degrees instantly burns carbon with water, or rather with the oxygen of water, while hydrogen is released from the water. This video shows how electric arc light releases hydrogen from water and charcoal.
Coal insulates lightning and the energy from charcoal creates atomic hydrogen, as well as bicarbonate, a cure for aging and the best food for plants, and therefore ozone.

Obtaining hydrogen from water according to the formula H2O + C +e = -H2CO3 and +H namely water charcoal energy such as laser lightning energy or electricity. Cheap catalysts for the release of hydrogen from water and the use of an alternating voltage of 50 hertz, this can even be said to be my discovery. I have discovered a simple way to produce hydrogen from water, using a simple catalyst, graphite or charcoal.
You will find how to separate hydrogen from water using charcoal on my website http://xn--c1atbkq7d.xn--p1ai/ Nyurgun.RF, the main secret of preparing the right charcoal.
Coal needs to be burned with a lot of air, and by heating the coal above one thousand two hundred degrees, only then it becomes a catalyst for hydrogen, and the water molecule will heat up to a thousand degrees.

Preparation of graphite to produce hydrogen from water through burning coal under water. Published: Apr 25 2015
A unique combination of carbon compounds for the extraction of atomic hydrogen from fresh water without any additives.

Fast and slow burning of hydrogen(s), as evidence of the release of hydrogen from water using charcoal. Published: May 12, 2015
I use hydrogen for medicine to relieve fatigue.
It makes no difference to the consumer how their hot water is heated, whether by burning hydrocarbons or using super-efficient new technologies.

Hydrogen - widespread element. Due to its uniqueness, it can act as an oxidizing agent and as a reducing agent. There are several hydrogen production methods.

Industrial method for producing hydrogen.

1. Electrolysis of aqueous solutions of salts (table salt NaCl).

2. Passing steam from the hearth over hot coke (T = 1000 °C):

H2O + C = H 2 + CO,

The reaction is reversible!

Mixture ( H 2, CO And H 2 O) is called water gas.

And at the 2nd stage, water gas is passed over iron oxide (III) at a temperature of about 450°C:

CO + H 2 O = CO 2 + H 2,

Often this reaction is called a shift reaction.

3. Obtaining from natural gas. The basis is the conversion of methane (the main component of natural gas, CH 4) with water vapor. The result is a reversible mixture called synthesis gas. Process conditions: Nickel catalyst and 1000°C:

CH 4 + H 2 O = CO 2 + 3H 2,

This reaction is often used to produce hydrogen for the Haber reaction (ammonia synthesis).

4. Cracking of petroleum products.

Laboratory method for producing hydrogen.

1. Under the influence of dilute acids on metals that are in the voltage series to the left of hydrogen.

Zn + HCl = ZnCl 2 + H 2,

2. Electrolysis of solutions of acids and alkalis produces hydrogen at the cathode.

3. The effect of alkalis on zinc or aluminum:

2Al + 2NaOH + 6H 2 O = 2Na + 3H 2

4. Hydrolysis of hydrides:

NaH+H 2 O = NaOH + H 2 ,

5. Reaction of calcium with water:

Ca + 2H 2 O = Ca(OH) 2 + H 2.

The rise in energy prices stimulates the search for more efficient ones, including at the household level. Most of all, craftsmen and enthusiasts are attracted by hydrogen, whose calorific value is three times higher than that of methane (38.8 kW versus 13.8 per 1 kg of substance). The method of extraction at home seems to be known - splitting water by electrolysis. In reality the problem is much more complex. Our article has 2 goals:

analyze the question of how to make a hydrogen generator at minimal cost;
Consider the possibility of using a hydrogen generator for heating a private home, refueling a car, and as a welding machine.

Brief theoretical part

Hydrogen, also known as hydrogen, the first element of the periodic table, is the lightest gaseous substance with high chemical activity. During oxidation (that is, combustion), it releases a huge amount of heat, forming ordinary water. Let us characterize the properties of the element, formatting them in the form of theses:

For reference. Scientists who first separated the water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen called the mixture an explosive gas due to its tendency to explode. Subsequently, it received the name Brown's gas (after the name of the inventor) and began to be designated by the hypothetical formula NHO.

Previously, airship cylinders were filled with hydrogen, which often exploded

From the above, the following conclusion suggests itself: 2 hydrogen atoms easily combine with 1 oxygen atom, but they part very reluctantly. The chemical oxidation reaction proceeds with the direct release of thermal energy in accordance with the formula:

2H 2 + O 2 → 2H 2 O + Q (energy)

Here lies an important point that will be useful to us in further debriefing: hydrogen reacts spontaneously from combustion, and heat is released directly. To split a water molecule, energy will have to be expended:

2H 2 O → 2H 2 + O 2 - Q

This is the formula for an electrolytic reaction that characterizes the process of splitting water by supplying electricity. How to implement this in practice and make a hydrogen generator with your own hands, we will consider further.

Creation of a prototype

So that you understand what you are dealing with, first we suggest assembling a simple generator for producing hydrogen at minimal cost. The design of a homemade installation is shown in the diagram.

What does a primitive electrolyzer consist of:

reactor - a glass or plastic container with thick walls;
metal electrodes immersed in a reactor with water and connected to a power source;
the second tank plays the role of a water seal;
tubes for removing HHO gas.

Important point. The electrolytic hydrogen plant operates on direct current only. Therefore, use an AC adapter, car charger or battery as a power source. An AC generator will not work.

The operating principle of the electrolyzer is as follows:

To make the generator design shown in the diagram with your own hands, you will need 2 glass bottles with wide necks and caps, a medical dropper and 2 dozen self-tapping screws. The full set of materials is shown in the photo.

Special tools will require a glue gun to seal plastic lids. The manufacturing procedure is simple:

To start the hydrogen generator, pour salted water into the reactor and turn on the power source. The beginning of the reaction will be marked by the appearance of gas bubbles in both containers. Adjust the voltage to the optimum value and ignite the Brown gas coming out of the dropper needle.

Second important point. It is impossible to apply too high a voltage - the electrolyte, heated to 65 ° C or more, will begin to evaporate intensively. Due to the large amount of water vapor, it will not be possible to light the burner. For details on assembling and launching an improvised hydrogen generator, watch the video:

About the Meyer hydrogen cell

If you have made and tested the design described above, then you probably noticed from the burning of the flame at the end of the needle that the performance of the installation is extremely low. To get more detonating gas, you need to make a more serious device, called the Stanley Meyer cell in honor of the inventor.

The principle of operation of the cell is also based on electrolysis, only the anode and cathode are made in the form of tubes inserted into one another. Voltage is supplied from the pulse generator through two resonant coils, which reduces current consumption and increases the productivity of the hydrogen generator. The electronic circuit of the device is shown in the figure:

Note. The operation of the circuit is described in detail on the resource http://www.meanders.ru/meiers8.shtml.

To make a Meyer cell you will need:

a cylindrical body made of plastic or plexiglass; craftsmen often use a water filter with a lid and pipes;
stainless steel tubes with a diameter of 15 and 20 mm, a length of 97 mm;
wires, insulators.

Stainless steel tubes are attached to a dielectric base, and wires connected to the generator are soldered to them. The cell consists of 9 or 11 tubes placed in a plastic or plexiglass case, as shown in the photo.

A ready-made plastic housing from a conventional water filter can be adapted for the Meyer cell

The elements are connected according to a scheme well known on the Internet, which includes an electronic unit, a Meyer cell and a water seal (technical name - bubbler). For safety reasons, the system is equipped with critical pressure and water level sensors. According to reviews from home craftsmen, such a hydrogen installation consumes a current of about 1 ampere at a voltage of 12 V and has sufficient performance, although exact figures are not available.

Schematic diagram of switching on the electrolyzer

Plate reactor

A high-performance hydrogen generator capable of ensuring the operation of a gas burner is made of stainless steel plates measuring 15 x 10 cm, quantity - from 30 to 70 pieces. Holes are drilled in them for the tightening pins, and a terminal for connecting the wire is cut out in the corner.

In addition to sheet stainless steel grade 316, you will need to buy:

rubber 4 mm thick, resistant to alkali;
end plates made of plexiglass or PCB;
tie rods M10-14;
check valve for gas welding machine;
water filter for water seal;
connecting pipes made of corrugated stainless steel;
potassium hydroxide powder.

The plates must be assembled into a single block, isolated from each other with rubber gaskets with a cut out middle, as shown in the drawing. Tie the resulting reactor tightly with pins and connect it to the pipes with the electrolyte. The latter comes from a separate container equipped with a lid and shut-off valves.

Note. We tell you how to make a flow-through (dry) type electrolyzer. It is easier to manufacture a reactor with submersible plates - there is no need to install rubber gaskets, and the assembled unit is lowered into a sealed container with electrolyte.

Scheme of a wet type hydrogen plant

The subsequent assembly of the generator producing hydrogen is carried out according to the same scheme, but with differences:

A tank for electrolyte preparation is attached to the body of the apparatus. The latter is a 7-15% solution of potassium hydroxide in water.
Instead of water, a so-called deoxidizing agent is poured into the “bubbler” - acetone or an inorganic solvent.
A check valve must be installed in front of the burner, otherwise when the hydrogen burner is turned off smoothly, the backlash will rupture the hoses and the bubbler.

To power the reactor, the easiest way is to use a welding inverter; there is no need to assemble electronic circuits. How a homemade Brown gas generator works is explained by a home craftsman in his video:

Is it profitable to get hydrogen at home

The answer to this question depends on the scope of application of the oxygen-hydrogen mixture. All drawings and diagrams published by various Internet resources are designed for the release of HHO gas for the following purposes:

use hydrogen as a fuel for cars;
smokeless combustion of hydrogen in heating boilers and furnaces;
be used for gas welding.

The main problem that negates all the advantages of hydrogen fuel: the cost of electricity to release the pure substance exceeds the amount of energy obtained from its combustion. Whatever adherents of utopian theories may claim, the maximum efficiency of the electrolyzer reaches 50%. This means that for 1 kW of heat received, 2 kW of electricity is consumed. The benefit is zero, even negative.

Recall what we wrote in the first section. Hydrogen is a very active element and reacts with oxygen on its own, releasing a lot of heat. When trying to split a stable water molecule, we cannot apply energy directly to the atoms. The splitting is carried out using electricity, half of which is dissipated to heat the electrodes, water, transformer windings, and so on.

Important background information. The specific heat of combustion of hydrogen is three times higher than that of methane, but in terms of mass. If we compare them by volume, then when burning 1 m³ of hydrogen, only 3.6 kW of thermal energy will be released versus 11 kW for methane. After all, hydrogen is the lightest chemical element.

Now let's consider detonating gas obtained by electrolysis in a homemade hydrogen generator as fuel for the above needs:

For reference. To burn hydrogen in a heating boiler, you will have to thoroughly redesign the design, since a hydrogen burner can melt any steel.

Conclusion

The hydrogen contained in NHO gas, obtained from a homemade hydrogen generator, is useful for two purposes: experiments and gas welding. Even if we ignore the low efficiency of the electrolyser and the costs of its assembly along with the electricity consumed, there is simply not enough productivity to heat the building. This also applies to the gasoline engine of a passenger car.

A generator has been manufactured, which is a sealed container with an internal volume of 220 ml and a detachable lid, which contains sealed, insulated current leads-mounts for aluminum and a gas outlet tube for hydrogen removal. 200 g of table salt solution with a concentration of 17 is poured into the generator. Aluminum plates with an area of 13 cm 2 each are attached to the current leads and fasteners. Close the generator with a lid, making sure it is tight. Then voltage is applied to the current leads. To more quickly remove the oxide film from the aluminum surface, a voltage of up to 1.5 V is applied at the beginning. After destruction of the oxide film, the voltage is reduced to a working value. For operation of the generator, a voltage range of 0.3-1.5 V was selected, since at these voltage values the G/W) characteristic is higher than at higher or lower voltage values, which allows for more efficient use of electricity, but the hydrogen generator can also operate over a wider voltage range.

The proposed method can be implemented more efficiently

To increase the yield of hydrogen at the same power values, you can use a multi-electrode system in one cell, three electrodes, a passive electrode is located between the negative and positive electrodes, and so two cells, a higher result is obtained. Dispersed aluminum can also be used as a reducing agent, which increases the yield of hydrogen.

As a result of testing the generator according to the method of example 1, 200 g of sea water is poured into the generator with two aluminum electrodes. The total area of each electrode is 13 cm 2. As a result, the following results were obtained: hydrogen yield at 1.5 V 0.5 l/h, yield relative to energy at 1.5 V 0.52 W/h.

With an increase in the total concentration of salts by evaporation, the yield of hydrogen increases over time and the relative energy expended reaches a maximum of 16-23 salts of sea water. This method allows for uniform production of hydrogen and allows its output to be adjusted at the flow rate required by the consumer.

Claim

A method for producing hydrogen, including the interaction of aluminum with an aqueous solution of an alkali or alkaline earth metal halide, characterized in that, in order to provide the possibility of regulating the yield of hydrogen, the interaction is carried out while simultaneously passing an electric current through the reaction mixture, first at a voltage of 1.5 V, and after removing oxide film, the voltage is reduced to 0.3 V.

Producing hydrogen at home

Method 1. Pour a small amount of caustic potassium or soda into the flask and add 50-100 ml of water, stir the solution until the crystals are completely dissolved. Next we add a few pieces of aluminum. Immediately, a reaction will begin with the release of hydrogen and heat, at first weak, but constantly increasing.

After waiting for the reaction to take place more actively, carefully add another 10g. alkali and a few pieces of aluminum. This will greatly enhance the process. We seal the flask, using a test tube with a tube leading the vessel to collect gas. We wait about 3-5 minutes. until hydrogen displaces air from the vessel.

How is hydrogen formed? The oxide film that covers the surface of aluminum is destroyed upon contact with alkali. Since aluminum is an active metal, it begins to react with water, dissolving in it, and hydrogen is released.

2Al + 2NaOH + 6h3O → 2Na + 3h3

Method 2. Hydrogen from aluminum, copper sulfate and table salt.

Pour some copper sulfate and salt into the flask. Add water and stir until completely dissolved. The solution should turn green, if this does not happen, add a small amount of salt. The flask must be placed in a cup filled with cold water, because During the reaction, a large amount of heat will be released. Add a few pieces of aluminum to the solution. The reaction will begin.

How does hydrogen release occur? In the process, copper chloride is formed, which washes away the oxide film from the metal. Simultaneously with the reduction of copper, gas formation occurs.

Method 3. Hydrogen from zinc and hydrochloric acid.

Place pieces of zinc in a test tube and fill them with hydrochloric acid. Being an active metal, zinc interacts with acid and displaces hydrogen from it.

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + h3

Method 4. Hydrogen production by electrolysis.

We pass an electric current through a solution of water and boiled salt. During the reaction, hydrogen and oxygen will be released.

Hydrogen has been considered and used in some places as an environmentally friendly fuel for quite some time. But the wider use of hydrogen fuel is hampered by a number of currently unresolved problems, the main ones being storage and transportation. However, a group of researchers from the US Army Research Laboratory, conducting experiments at the Aberdeen Proving Ground near Maryland, made an accidental discovery. Having spilled water on a block of a special aluminum alloy, the composition of which is still kept secret, the researchers noticed an instantaneous process of rapid hydrogen release.

From school chemistry course, if anyone still remembers it, hydrogen is a by-product of the reaction between water and aluminum. However, this reaction usually occurs only at a sufficiently high temperature or in the presence of special catalysts. And even then it proceeds quite “leisurely”; filling the tank of a hydrogen car will take about 50 hours, and the energy efficiency of this method of producing hydrogen does not exceed 50 percent.

All of the above has nothing to do with the reaction in which the new aluminum alloy takes part. “The efficiency of this reaction is close to 100 percent, and the reaction itself accelerates to maximum productivity in less than three minutes,” says Scott Grendahl, head of the scientific group.

Using a system that produces hydrogen as needed solves a lot of existing problems. Water and aluminum alloy are easy to transport from one place to another, both of these substances themselves are inert and stable. Secondly, no catalyst or initial push is required to start the reaction; the reaction begins as soon as the water comes into contact with the alloy.

All of the above does not mean that researchers have discovered a panacea in the field of hydrogen fuel. There are still a number of issues in this case that need to be clarified or clarified. The first question is whether this hydrogen production scheme will work outside the laboratory, since there are many examples of experimental technologies that work great in the laboratory but fail completely in field tests. The second issue is the complexity and cost of producing aluminum alloy, the cost of recycling reaction products, which will become factors determining the economic feasibility of a new method for producing hydrogen.

In conclusion, it should be noted that it will most likely not take much time to clarify the issues mentioned above. And only after this will it be possible to draw conclusions about the further viability of the new method of producing hydrogen fuel.

Sources: www.ntpo.com, all-he.ru, h3-o.sosbb.net, 505sovetov.ru, dailytechinfo.org, joyreactor.cc

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Hydrogen has been considered for quite some time and is used in some places as an environmentally friendly fuel. But the wider use of hydrogen fuel is hampered by a number of currently unresolved problems, the main ones being storage and transportation. However, a group of researchers from the US Army Research Laboratory, conducting experiments at the Aberdeen Proving Ground near Maryland, made an accidental discovery. Having spilled water on a block of a special aluminum alloy, the composition of which is still kept secret, the researchers noticed an instantaneous process of rapid hydrogen release.