home Drugs Diseases and recommendations for the Maltese. Maltese (Maltese) Maltese health

Diseases and recommendations for the Maltese. Maltese (Maltese) Maltese health

The dog’s body as a whole is quite “resistant” to the actions of the external environment. for example, dogs suffer from non-infectious “colds” diseases much less often than people. However, it is non-contagious diseases of internal organs that occur most often in dogs. -

Dental diseases

Tartar is a hard brownish mass that consists of mineral salts of calcium and potassium, food particles, oral microflora, etc. It is deposited on the lateral surface of fangs and molars, more often in old dogs, but can also be deposited in young ones if water that the dog drinks contains a lot of mineral salts. Over time, tartar can grow so large that it completely covers the canine crown. Tartar causes inflammation and ulceration of the gums and even bone tissue (periostitis of the jaw bones). Tartar contributes to the development of dental caries.

How to brush your dog’s teeth is described on the website “Maintenance and Care”. If you cannot regularly clean off the plaque that forms, you should contact your veterinarian, who will remove the tartar with a special tool.

Caries - occurs when there are cracks and other damage to the enamel of the crowns of teeth. Microorganisms penetrate into enamel defects and destroy dental tissue. Over time, a funnel-shaped cavity appears on the surface of the tooth. The decaying tooth becomes inflamed, the dog develops a putrid odor from the mouth and pain when eating. If tooth decay is not stopped with therapeutic agents, inflammation can spread to the bone tissue of the jaw, and abscesses and fistulas can form in the gums and sinuses of the nasal cavity.

Caries can occur as a complication of a viral infection (plague, hepatitis) in young dogs and in bitches after whelping due to a lack of nutrients and minerals. It is believed that normal dog tooth enamel is very strong and difficult to destroy. However, in practice, there are fewer and fewer healthy and completely “normal” dogs, and we can say that all dogs are susceptible to dental diseases, only some get sick earlier, and others later.

In some cases, dogs have their teeth filled under general and local anesthesia. If the tooth is severely damaged, it is removed. The fistulas are thoroughly cleaned and treated with antiseptic solutions. To prevent caries, it is necessary to maintain dog dental hygiene, regularly examine the oral cavity and teeth, and promptly remove plaque and tartar. To prevent or treat the early stage of the disease, you can add dried nettle leaves, rose hips or rowan fruits to your dog’s food.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory process in the tissues surrounding the tooth root. Inflammation can be purulent and aseptic (as a result of injury). Purulent periodontitis usually occurs acutely and is accompanied by an increase in body temperature. Purulent periodontitis occurs more often as a complication of caries and dental injuries (fractures). The tissue surrounding the tooth swells and falls apart. the influence of microorganisms, the tooth becomes mobile, and the gums become swollen and red. Aseptic inflammation often becomes chronic; no painful reaction is observed. At the site of inflammation, connective tissue grows and the tooth firmly fuses with the gum.

The diagnosis cannot always be accurately determined, especially with aseptic periodontitis. Swelling of the gums around the tooth is noted, and sometimes pain when pressed. If the inflammatory process spreads to the bone tissue of the gums, fistulas can form.

In case of purulent periodontitis, the tooth is usually removed. If a tooth falls out on its own, the oral cavity is washed with antiseptic solutions (potassium permanganate, furatsilin), the gums are treated with iodine glycerin, and if there is bleeding, the tooth niche is filled with a gauze swab moistened with ethyl alcohol. For aseptic inflammation, treatment should prevent the development of a purulent process. To do this, the dog’s mouth is washed with an antiseptic after feeding, and the gums are lubricated with iodine glycerin.

Digestive diseases

Among all diseases of dogs, diseases of the digestive organs occupy, perhaps, the first place in the frequency of cases. Most diseases are associated with various types of errors in feeding and keeping dogs, low-quality food, etc. Diseases of the digestive system, as a rule, develop during infections and infestations and diseases of other body systems. The dog's digestive system includes the entire digestive tract, starting from the mouth and ending at the anus.

Gastrointestinal diseases may be accompanied by the following symptoms:

Appetite disturbances may be the first signs of gastrointestinal disease. However, a dog’s refusal to feed for 24 hours, provided it remains in a good mood, is most likely a normal occurrence. Some dogs arrange “fasting days” for themselves this way. If food refusal continues for several days and is accompanied by other symptoms (lethargy, dull coat, diarrhea or constipation, etc.), a disease can be suspected.: Perverted appetite and eating feces cannot be considered a disease, often these are simply behavioral characteristics of the dog - - drooling - some dog breeds experience increased salivation (boxer, basset, bloodhound, mastiff, etc.). This is due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure. Increased salivation in a dog at the sight of food also cannot be considered a pathology. Is-g is considered as a symptom of the disease: the flow of opaque (bloody or yellow-brown) saliva, viscous and viscous, with an unpleasant odor. This picture can be observed in diseases of the oral cavity - periodontal disease, stomatitis, inflammation of the salivary glands, etc. In stressful conditions, salivation can also be increased. Abnormal salivation can also occur with some infectious diseases (caution: rabies!)

- increased thirst- if this symptom is not associated with a physiological need (heat, physical activity, etc.), then it may be a sign of fever, inflammation, poisoning, diseases of the liver, kidneys, endocrine glands. With increased thirst, pay attention to urination - urine color, quantity and other indicators that may be signs of a serious illness

- vomiting and belching- can sometimes be a normal reaction of the dog’s body to excess food, mechanical irritants of the stomach or esophagus (dogs sometimes eat grass in order to “clean out” the stomach). If your dog has vomited once or twice but otherwise appears healthy, there is probably no cause for concern. Frequent, severe or unnatural vomiting (with blood, feces, foreign bodies), or vomiting in combination with other symptoms (diarrhea, depression, dull, tousled coat) may be a sign of illness. It is necessary to establish the cause of this condition and consult a veterinarian

- diarrhea (diarrhea)- often occurs in dogs and, like vomiting, is not a disease in itself. With diarrhea, the feces are liquid, soft, and often excreted in large quantities. Most often, diarrhea occurs due to the fact that the dog has eaten something irritating and inedible (spoiled food, garbage, etc.), sometimes the cause may be an emotional disorder, a sudden change in food or water, or certain types of food. Mild diarrhea is usually not associated with any disease and can usually be treated at home (for example, Smecta or activated charcoal). If diarrhea persists for 24 hours, contains blood, or is accompanied by other symptoms (vomiting, high fever), the dog is most likely sick.

- constipation- if the dog has not had a bowel movement for more than two days, constipation can be assumed. It is important to monitor how your dog moves his bowels, as constipation can be a symptom of a serious illness, such as intestinal obstruction. Constipation can be caused by a variety of factors, including foods low in fiber (fiber), worms, or foreign objects such as bones, paper, etc. Constipation can sometimes be relieved by administering a water or oil enema. If constipation recurs or other symptoms occur, this may indicate a possible medical condition.

- changes in stool color- may be related to the color of the food: if the dog ate beets, the feces will have a purple tint, rice porridge will be light, etc. If the Dog’s feces are of a changed color, regardless of the food, this is a sign of dysfunction of the endocrine glands (feces yellow or white), gastric or

intestinal bleeding(black stool - tarry, or mixed with blood)

- Abdominal tension or distension, painful stomach - can be caused by acute pain in the stomach due to indigestible food, poisoning, or an attack of gastritis. The feeling of an aching, “dull” pain may not have any effect on the dog’s behavior, but with acute pain, the behavior changes: the dog strains its stomach, whines or groans, and chills or convulsions may occur. A sore and tense abdomen is a serious symptom, it may indicate diseases that are life-threatening for the dog - perforated gastric ulcer, gastric volvulus, intestinal blockage and others

- itching and irritation in the anus- sometimes caused by helminths, the mature segments of which come out through the anus, causing itching. Sometimes irritation is caused by prolonged diarrhea, blockage of the anal glands, or inflammation of the rectum.

Stomatitis is an inflammation of the oral mucosa. Stomatitis can occur as an independent disease (primary) or as a complication of another disease (secondary). The cause of primary stomatitis can be trauma, burn of the oral mucosa with chemicals, etc. Secondary stomatitis develops due to dental diseases, gastroenteritis, diabetes mellitus, and infectious disease.

Symptoms The dog refuses food, worries, rubs its muzzle, and viscous saliva comes out of its mouth. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is swollen, and ulcerations can be seen. The diagnosis is easy to make based on clinical signs (since drooling is observed, rabies is excluded).

Treatment. The oral cavity is washed with decoctions of herbs (chamomile sage, string, oak bark), furatsilin, rivanol (0.1% solution), ulcers and inflamed areas are sprinkled with norsulfazole or streptocide powders.

The dog is prescribed liquid food that does not irritate the oral mucosa - broths, liquid milk porridges, etc. The food must be warmed to room temperature.

Oral papillomatosis- sometimes white warts with a rugged, cauliflower-like surface appear in the oral cavity. Symptoms of hyperacid conditions are constipation, fermentation in the stomach and the release of gases, irregular vomiting in the morning (yellow mucus).

- hypoacid(low acidity) - the stomach glands stop secreting gastric juice (hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen). Unprepared food enters the intestines, irritation of the mucous membrane occurs and motility (peristalsis) increases, which causes diarrhea. As acidity decreases, the bactericidal properties of gastric juice weaken and dysbacteriosis develops. Pathogenic microorganisms produce large amounts of toxins that disrupt the functions of other organs. With hypoacid gastritis, prolonged diarrhea and vomiting after eating undigested food are observed.

The diagnosis is established by clinical symptoms and laboratory testing of gastric juice (normally, the acidity of gastric juice pH is from 0.8 to 1.0).

Acute hypoacid gastritis, which occurs as a sudden upset stomach, accompanied by vomiting, diarrhea, general depression of the dog and pain in the stomach, is treated with the introduction of mucous and coating substances that soothe the inflamed mucous membrane: “Almagel” (1 spoon 1-2 times a day for 30 minutes . before meals), decoctions of herbs that stimulate the secretion of gastric juice (oregano, appetizing mixture, tinctures of dandelion root and wormwood), dietary nutrition is prescribed: mucous decoctions, jelly, broths, grated vegetables, boiled meat (the dog is fed 3-4 times a day , in small portions). If necessary, artificial gastric juice is prescribed (20–30 ml 2–3 times a day after feeding). In case of a chronic disease, the diet is prescribed for life, and the course of treatment is periodically repeated. In addition to Almagel, enzyme preparations are prescribed: Festal, 1/2 tablet. after meals, panzinorm 1 tablet. 2-3 times a day, for 2-3 weeks (can be given with food). Decoctions and infusions of herbs help well: chamomile (1 tablespoon 2 times a day after meals), or St. John's wort (3 tablespoons 3 times a day before meals), or galangal (2 tablespoons 2 times a day).

At hyperacid gastritis Prescribe drugs that reduce acidity (baking soda), laxatives (decoction of anise or fennel), aloe juice (extract, 1 teaspoon 2-3 times a day, 3-4 weeks), enzymes, painkillers and medications that relax the intestinal muscles ( no-shpa), according to the displays - antiemetic (cerucal). The diet consists of mucous decoctions and jelly (milk porridge, thick meat broth, low-fat cottage cheese, etc.). Food is given several times a day, in small portions.

If no treatment is carried out, chronic hyperacid gastritis may develop into a more serious disease - a stomach ulcer. The following symptoms indicate an ulcerative process: blood in the vomit and feces (vomiting “coffee grounds”), dark, almost black stools, general depression, pain in the stomach. When the ulcer perforates (perforates), inflammation of the peritoneum (peritonitis) and sepsis (blood poisoning) occur, the dog’s condition worsens sharply, cardiovascular and respiratory failure and anemia develop. To correctly determine the diagnosis, fluoroscopy of the stomach with a contrast agent is displayed: in the image, the ulcer is detected in the form of a niche in the wall of the stomach. For peptic ulcers, treatment is prescribed: injections of solcoseryl (1-2 ml 1-2 times a day, intramuscularly or intravenously), aloe juice, paraverine (1 ml 2 times a day intramuscularly), orally - bismuth preparations in a mucous decoction, " Almagel" and others.

Gastroenteritis- inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. In practice, this disease is even more common than gastritis. These warts are rounded “caps” on a thin stalk. They come in different sizes, from 1–2 mm to 5 cm. These are benign neoplasms of viral origin that are transmitted when dogs come into contact with each other. In puppies, subgroups of papillomas usually appear; in adult dogs, they appear as separate growths. Papillomas affect only the mucous membrane

mouth and lips and do not spread to the skin. Usually, over time, they go away on their own and dogs that have recovered from the disease, as a rule, do not become infected again. If there are many papillomas or they reach a large size and bother the dog, they are removed.

Gastritis- inflammation of the gastric mucosa, which causes a disorder in the motor and secretory activity of the organ. The cause of gastritis in most cases is improper feeding: stale, indigestible (coarse porridge), cold or hot food, irregular feeding and other factors. Gastritis can develop as a complication of an infectious disease (for example, parvovirus enteritis or salmonellosis). If gastritis is not treated, it becomes chronic, which disrupts digestion and develops functional diseases of the intestines (gastroenteritis), liver, and pancreas. Acute gastritis is accompanied by sharp pain; in chronic conditions, pain occurs periodically (the dog experiences anxiety, chills, and sometimes convulsions).

There are several forms of disruption of secretory activity in gastritis:

- hyperacid(acidity is increased) - the production of gastric juice is increased, gastric motility is weakened (food remains in the stomach for a long time). Excessive acid action destroys the mucous membrane. Biochemical examination showed a decreased protein content in the blood serum. In some cases, in order to confirm the diagnosis, special studies are carried out - endoscopy of the stomach and intestines and bacteriological examination of the intestinal contents.

When treating gastroenteritis, a special diet is prescribed (for fermentation processes, a protein diet is prescribed - boiled meat, cottage cheese, etc., for putrefactive processes - a carbohydrate diet: cereal flakes, grated vegetables), it is convenient to use special ready-made food. Symptomatic treatment is carried out (painkillers, antispasmodics), special means are used: washing the stomach and intestines with herbal decoctions or saline solutions, drinking plenty of fluids, antibiotics and sulfonamides, hepatoprotectors (Sirepar), and, if necessary, drugs that enhance peristalsis. Mucous decoctions of flaxseed and oatmeal with the addition of salol are useful (tablets “Besalol”, “Urobesal”, etc.).

Proctitis- inflammation of the rectal mucosa associated with inflammation of the perianal glands (peranal sinusitis). Dogs have two perianal glands, the ducts of which open on the sides of the anus (Fig. 5.3). It is believed that the secretion of these glands, an odorous liquid secreted along with feces, serves as specific marks with which the dog “limites” its territory. In many dogs, the excretory duct of the glands is often blocked, which leads to the accumulation of secretions and its inflammation. This inflammation is associated with a bacterial infection, and it often spreads to surrounding tissues, especially the lining of the rectum. Inflammation is accompanied by pain and itching of the anus.

The symptoms of proctitis are similar to the symptoms of paranal sinusitis - the dog rubs its butt against the ground (a characteristic pose called “sledding”), licks the anus, and pain appears during defecation. In general, gastritis and gastroenteritis are difficult to distinguish: with gastritis, intestinal damage often occurs, since “unprepared” food enters there from the stomach. Gastroenteritis is characterized by a more severe condition in the dog. Acute and chronic gastroenteritis are also distinguished. The causes of gastroenteritis are the same as gastritis: unhealthy diet, poisoning, secondary gastroenteritis occur as complications of infectious and invasive diseases. The symptoms are almost the same as for gastritis, but more pronounced: progressive exhaustion, dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea (often with blood). If pathogenic microflora predominates in the intestines, causing fermentation processes, gas separation is observed; if putrefactive, diarrhea with a sharp, “rotten” odor is observed. The skin around the anus, near the needles on the inner side of the thigh, is reddened, covered with scratches and crusts. -

With prolonged illness, purulent discharge from the rectum and anal glands may begin. Unlike sinusitis, with proctitis, purulent fistulas form around the anus. Inherent symptoms also include periodic constipation or diarrhea, exhaustion, scratching of the skin not only around the anus, but also on the withers and sometimes on the muzzle.

To prevent these diseases, it is necessary to regularly clean the perianal glands, especially in those dogs that are prone to this disease. There is some breed dependence - poodles, spaniels, basset hounds, boxers, chow-chows get sick more often; males and females are equally susceptible to the disease. It is quite difficult to trace the dependence of these diseases on feeding. It is possible that roughage, particles of which can injure the mucous membrane of the rectum (boiled bones, coarse cereals, for example, oatmeal), provoke the disease. Some veterinarians recommend a hypoallergenic diet if the disease recurs frequently.

The owner can learn to cleanse the perianal glands himself - they can be felt on the sides of the anus, like swellings, approximately the size of a cherry. When pressed, a foul-smelling gray-brown liquid, sometimes dark brown, pasty, flows out of the anal glands. A similar procedure is repeated once every 2–4 weeks. It is best to contact a veterinarian at the first sign - he will prescribe treatment and preventive measures.

In case of severe inflammation, treatment is prescribed: suppositories (Anestezol, or with ichthyol, or novocaine) are inserted into the anus, 1 suppository 2 times a day, for at least 5-7 days in a row. In severe cases, antibiotics are prescribed, sometimes drugs that affect the immune system (cyclosporine) and symptomatic treatment. According to the findings, the anal glands are removed.

Gastric volvulus- a severe spontaneous (suddenly occurring) disease in which the dog's stomach turns over in the abdominal cavity. The esophagus and small intestine become blocked, gases accumulate in the stomach, and it begins to swell.

There is still no clear opinion among veterinarians about why gastric volvulus occurs. It is not known whether certain types of diet affect the risk of disease. It has been suggested that feeding once a day causes the stomach to dilate excessively and increases the likelihood of gastric volvulus. However, this assumption is not confirmed by practice. The incidence is approximately the same in dogs fed cereals and ready-made food. Gastric volvulus is observed in both large dogs (German Shepherd, Great Dane, Doberman, etc.) and small ones, although somewhat less frequently. Causes of gastric torsion include weakness of the internal ligaments that support the stomach. But it is impossible to determine the condition of the dog’s ligaments in advance.

Since it is difficult to clearly determine the causes of the disease, it cannot be prevented. Gastric volvulus occurs “out of nowhere”: a completely healthy dog suddenly begins to worry or, conversely, becomes depressed, the stomach begins to visibly increase in volume, and the abdominal wall becomes tense. The dog attempts to vomit and defecate, breathing heavily and frequently. As the stomach in the abdominal cavity enlarges and compresses other organs, respiratory and cardiovascular failure develops, and circulatory disorders in the liver and spleen develop. The first and only help you can give your dog is to take him to a veterinary clinic immediately. Veterinarians believe that surgery performed within the first two hours after the onset of the disease ends successfully. In severe cases, pancreatic enzymes can destroy the gland itself, so drugs that inactivate enzymes are prescribed (pantrypine, intravenously!).

Liver and gallbladder diseases

With the development of modern methods for diagnosing internal diseases, it has become clear that liver diseases, or hepatopathies, are much more common than previously thought, and that many vague signs of disease are also based on liver dysfunction. Since the liver is a vital organ and performs many functions (cleansing the body of toxic substances, synthesis and preservation of vitamins, glucose and other substances, metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, etc.), its ability to self-heal (regenerate) very high. Therefore, pathological processes in the liver that arise under the influence of various factors become noticeable and manifest clinical symptoms only in the progressive stages of the disease, when the general condition of the dog’s body becomes severe. Thus, yellowness of the mucous membranes is observed in liver diseases associated with impaired bile outflow, and becomes noticeable when the pathological process has significantly developed.

For liver disease, the following symptom complexes are distinguished (according to V. N. Mitin):

- dyspeptic syndrome(digestive disorder) - accompanied by a depressed dog, poor appetite, vomiting, defecation disorders (constipation and/or diarrhea).

- jaundice- yellow coloration of the mucous membranes and sometimes light areas of the skin (this is especially noticeable if you examine the dog in daylight under artificial lighting, yellowness is not always detected), urine becomes brown, feces become light, clayey. Skin itching and bradycardia are sometimes observed

- hemorrhagic syndrome- increased bleeding time, anemia, hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes may be observed

- portal hypertension syndrome(increased pressure in the venous vessels leaving the liver) - visible increase in the size of the abdomen, ascites (dropsy), sometimes dilation of the saphenous veins of the abdomen

- hepatolineal syndrome- enlarged liver and spleen. In general, the survival rate of dogs after surgery depends mainly on the timeliness of treatment. If a little time has passed since the stomach torsion and its expansion, damage to the internal organs does not have time to develop and the dog can be saved. The longer the dilated stomach compresses the spleen, liver, and lungs, the more difficult the postoperative treatment is and the more likely the dog’s death. It is very important for the owner to correctly assess the situation: it often takes a lot of time to establish a diagnosis, consultation, etc., when it is necessary to immediately go to the clinic and begin preparing the dog for surgery. Ten years ago, this disease was not so common among dogs and only specialists knew about it. This is a big problem now. Moreover, surviving dogs that underwent successful surgery may become ill again. Therefore, the owner needs to know that this is a life-threatening disease for the dog that can only be cured by timely surgery.

If the dog cannot be taken to the clinic within the first two hours after the onset of the disease, some veterinarians recommend puncturing the abdominal wall and stomach wall to release accumulated gases and relieve pressure on the internal organs. Antishock therapy is prescribed: drugs that reduce the secretion of gastric juice (ranitidine, cimetidine), antibiotics, intravenous injections of saline solutions. It is not recommended to prescribe antiemetics and prednisolone. In case of successful preoperative preparation and surgery, postoperative treatment is also very important: intravenous infusions that replenish fluid loss and reduce intoxication of the body. Post-operative treatment is quite complex, and there is always a risk of losing the dog, even if the operation was successful, but there was no appropriate restorative treatment.

Intestinal obstruction- more common in small dogs than in large ones. As a rule, obstruction of the large intestine occurs due to improper feeding (bones, roughage, etc.). Fecal masses stop moving through the intestines and clog its lumen. Stale stool becomes dehydrated due to the absorption of water by the intestinal wall and becomes compacted, forming a lump that finally clogs the lumen. As a result of prolonged constipation, intoxication of the body develops.

Intestinal obstruction is not always caused by improper feeding. In male dogs, inflammation and enlargement of the prostate gland leads to compression of the rectum, which also interferes with the passage of feces. The diameter of the intestinal lumen may also decrease due to multiple pelvic fractures. Small intestinal obstruction is often caused by a foreign body (mechanical obstruction), which the dog can swallow (a large nut, a cellophane casing from a sausage, a rag, etc.).

Intestinal obstruction is accompanied by the following symptoms: constipation, the dog becomes restless when trying to defecate, and when palpating the abdominal wall, a hard lump is sometimes detected. If intestinal obstruction is suspected, an X-ray examination with a contrast agent is performed: the dog is given 100–250 ml of a liquid suspension of barium sulfate orally. After 5–6 hours, when the contrast mass fills the rectum, an x-ray is taken. The image shows retention of the contrast mass and darkening in the intestines (foreign object or lump of feces).

Very often, a dog’s life depends on a timely diagnosis. Therefore, if you suspect an obstruction, especially a mechanical one, it is necessary to do a contrast fluoroscopy.

In mild cases, injections of antispasmodics (baralgin, no-shpa), petroleum jelly, water or oil enemas are prescribed to treat obstruction. If this treatment does not help within a few days and the dog's condition worsens, surgery is indicated.

Pancreatic diseases

The pancreas is a dual secretion organ, that is, it has endocrine and exocrine functions. The endocrine function of the gland is to produce hormones and hormone-like substances (insulin, hayukagon, vagotonin and others), which enter directly into the blood. A significant part of the gland secretes digestive juice into the pancreas (exocrine function). More often there are diseases (pancreatitis) of the exocrine part, which are accompanied by digestive disorders. With long-term chronic disease, the production of hormones is also disrupted. There are four main forms of pancreatic disease, the features of which are presented in the table (according to V.N. Mitin, 1990).

Disease Clinical symptoms Laboratory data

Acute pancreatitis Recurrent vomiting, pain, found in blood serum

Tense abdomen, delay significant reduction

stool and gas or foul-smelling amounts of calcium

Chronic Increased appetite, In blood serum

pancreatitis accompanied by exhaustion, increased amount

Vomiting, amylase and creatinine symptoms

Hormonal imbalance

Hereditary Increased appetite, Faeces are grey-white

atrophy accompanied by wasting or clay-yellow color

Dogs. liquid foamy consistency,

Can be found undigested

food particles

Insulinoma Cramps and muscle tremors, Low blood sugar

Increased (hypoglycemia) may be observed according to the displays

Thirst conduct a special study

Blood (for the presence of tumor

cells) or biopsy

Chronic pancreatitis in dogs is the most common, so it is recommended to dwell on this disease in more detail. Other diseases require special diagnostic and treatment methods, the description of which is beyond the scope of this publication. Acute pancreatitis is an acute disease that begins suddenly (usually after feeding) and develops very quickly. It is more often observed in dogs with impaired fat metabolism. In severe cases of the disease, death can occur very quickly. Therefore, if acute pancreatitis is suspected, it is necessary to promptly consult a veterinarian and begin treatment (usually surgery is prescribed - removal of the gland). Insudidoma is a benign tumor that develops from cells that secrete insulin. The gland affected by the tumor triggers an excessive amount of insulin, which causes increased destruction of glucose in the body and its chronic deficiency. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the portion of the pancreas affected by the tumor is removed. Pancreatic atrophy is a fairly rare hereditary disease. Dogs are born with a normal gland; atrophy of the gland develops in the first months of life. As treatment, pancreatic enzyme preparations (panzinorm, pancreatin) and diet (low-fat foods, minimal carbohydrates) are prescribed. Without treatment, such animals die.

Chronic pancreatitis- can develop as a complication of acute inflammation or as an independent disease. Insufficiency of the functions of the gland usually manifests itself in digestive disorders: there is an increased amount of feces of a liquid foamy consistency, light in color, with particles of undigested food. The appetite is significantly increased, but the dog is losing weight. If the part of the gland that produces insulin is affected, you may experience increased thirst and increased urination. In some cases, skin lesions are observed - weeping eczema.

Treatment depends on the severity of the disease. In the initial stage, enzyme preparations (panzinorm) and a diet are prescribed - lean raw or boiled meat or special ready-made food. The dog is fed several times a day, in small portions. Based on the results, painkillers are prescribed (no-spa, analgin). This enlargement is best seen on an x-ray, since it is not always possible to palpate a dog's liver and spleen. In fact, a visible enlargement of the liver does not always indicate a malfunction of the organ; it can also be a normal, physiological phenomenon.

If liver disease is suspected, a biochemical analysis of blood and urine is performed. A one-time analysis cannot be the basis for a diagnosis. In order to establish liver disease, the analysis is repeated several times over the course of a month and changes in some indicators are observed (bromsulfalein test, alkaline phosphatase activity, transaminase tests and others). The following subgroups of liver diseases are distinguished.

The following subgroups of liver diseases are distinguished.

Hepatitis -

inflammation of liver tissue

Hepatoses -

degeneration of liver tissue non-inflammatory

character

Infectious

and invasive

The cause is infection (leptospirosis,

adenoviral hepatitis, etc.), helminthic infestation (toxococcus, echinococcosis, etc.), piroplasmosis, coccidiosis

Non-infectious

The reason is toxins that come from food (especially harmful for inferior spices and smoked foods), poisoning with chemicals

The reason is most often incorrect

All these subgroups of diseases lead to destruction and pathological degeneration of liver tissue. Depending on the degree of change in tissues and organ functions, acute and chronic diseases are distinguished, chronic diseases accompanied by bile stagnation and cirrhosis of the liver. Each of these complexes of painful manifestations has its own characteristics and requires special treatment.

The gallbladder is directly connected to the liver: bile is produced by liver cells and is discharged into the gallbladder through the intrahepatic bile ducts. Bile is necessary for digestion in the small intestine (it promotes the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins - A, D, E, K). In a dog, the gallbladder is connected by a duct to the duodenum. When you eat, the gallbladder contracts and bile enters the intestines. A dog produces about 200 ml of bile per day. In their free form, bile components are toxic to the body, therefore, if the outflow or production of bile is impaired, digestion and liver function are disrupted. Gallbladder disease is not as common in dogs as liver disease. Inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) is mainly noted, which usually occurs together with infectious inflammation of the liver - hepatitis, and cholelithiasis.

Acute liver failure. Hepatic coma. Acute liver failure syndrome is a violation of numerous vital organ functions under the influence of toxic substances (poisoning) or infections. The disease develops within several hours or days immediately after the onset of the pathological factor. Toxic substances destroy liver cells - hepatocytes, and the liver ceases to neutralize toxins that enter the body or are produced by pathogens. The most toxic to the liver are the waste products of intestinal bacteria that are not neutralized, especially ammonia, phenols, which are normally neutralized by the liver, and other substances. If the activity of the liver almost completely stops, severe self-poisoning of the body develops, which leads to hepatic coma - the dog loses consciousness or is in a state of prostration, incessant vomiting is observed (vomit is dark in color with a fetid, sweetish odor and the mucous membranes are pale or yellow.

With liver failure, the pain metabolism is disrupted, the body begins to wear out and lack vital substances - glucose, potassium and sodium, vitamins, etc. As a result, the dog dies not so much from self-poisoning, but from a lack of important and irreplaceable substances.

Acute liver failure can occur suddenly if the cause is poisoning or acute infection. More often, chronic liver diseases are observed in dogs, which are accompanied by various symptoms (this will be discussed below). Under the influence of unfavorable factors in the liver, whose functions are already impaired, acute failure may develop. Conversely, a dog that has suffered acute liver failure will suffer from chronic liver disease for life. Therefore, the dog owner needs to monitor the dog’s proper nutrition and note any changes in its health.

To diagnose the state of acute failure, a biochemical blood test is used. It is recommended, however, to remember that changes in the biochemical composition of the blood can sometimes be detected only with repeated tests. In acute liver diseases, the content of aminotransferases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin in the blood serum significantly increases (according to Nieman, 1980). Radiographically, the size of the liver is not changed (unlike chronic diseases, in which an increase or decrease in the visible size of the liver is noted).

Treatment of acute liver failure is aimed at maintaining the life of the body until liver regeneration occurs (liver cells can recover within 10 days if the cause of the disease is eliminated). If symptoms of acute liver disease are detected, the dog must be taken to a veterinary clinic as quickly as possible, since hepatic coma usually ends in the death of the animal. It is necessary to stop the acute illness before it develops into a coma. If this cannot be done immediately, the dog’s intestines are cleansed (a deep enema with a warm solution of potassium permanganate is given), antibiotic injections (gentamicin 1 ml 2 times a day) and prednisone (1 ml 1-2 times a day), and heart medications are prescribed. Treatment of acute deficiency should be long-term and continuous; the dog is given intravenous saline solutions and substances that reduce intoxication (Reogluman, Hemodez, choline chloride, glutamic acid) for several days. Injections of Sirepar or Hepatocel, cocarboxylase and choleretic drugs (Silibilin) are also recommended. Acute liver failure is a life-threatening disease for a dog that cannot be cured with home remedies.

When the condition improves, herbal decoctions (immortelle, corn silk, St. John's wort, chamomile) and dietary food are prescribed (after recovery, the diet is the same as for chronic diseases).

Phonic liver diseases. Unlike acute, chronic insufficiency increases over weeks and months and is sometimes complicated by jaundice. Jaundice occurs due to impaired production and utilization of bile in the liver and the appearance of bile pigments (bilirubin) in the blood. The following types of jaundice are distinguished: mechanical (caused by blockage of the bile ducts), hemolytic (occurs due to increased destruction of red blood cells) and parenchymal (due to dysfunction of the liver cells, bile pigments are not neutralized in the blood). Normally, excess bile pigments are excreted from the body in urine and feces, some of them are neutralized by the liver. Long-term dysfunction of the liver leads to intoxication of the body and diseases of other organs, primarily the kidneys. The blood is not sufficiently cleared of bile components, which leads to their accumulation in the blood, internal organs, and skin. Since excess bile pigments are poisonous to the body, their accumulation in the blood is dangerous for the dog’s life. Yellowness of the mucous membranes does not always appear (for example, with infectious hepatitis or tumors), but only when the outflow of bile is impaired.

In chronic diseases, blood circulation is impaired, which is manifested by swelling in the chest area and abdominal dropsy (ascites). Protein metabolism is also disrupted, exhaustion of the body develops and blood clotting worsens (sometimes pinpoint hemorrhages on the mucous membranes - hemorrhages) are noted.

Symptoms of chronic liver failure are varied and not always noticeable. Mild forms of dysfunction may be accompanied by compensatory (restorative) processes in the liver itself and are not of great importance for the life of the animal, provided normal nutrition and maintenance). At the onset of the disease, the development of liver dysfunction is indicated by digestive disorders: lack of appetite, vomiting and yellow diarrhea. These symptoms especially appear after the dog receives fatty food or unsuitable food (fried meat or fish, eggs, smoked meats, butter). Sometimes, with digestive disorders, an increase in body temperature (fever) is noted. Skin lesions (dry and weeping eczema) are often observed, the coat becomes dull and falls out easily. If a chronic disease develops over a long period of time, an X-ray examination reveals an enlarged liver. In case of chronic liver diseases, symptoms of a nervous disorder (so-called hepatic encephalopathy) are sometimes observed: depression, weakness and drowsiness, the dog learns poorly, becomes irritable and aggressive. In a biochemical study of blood serum (in dynamics), a gradual increase in the values of some indicators (bilirubin, ALT and AST aminotransferases), sometimes creatinine (with kidney damage) is noted. An increase in the level of bilirubin and urobilin is also noted in the urine (urine containing bile pigments is yellowish-brown, sometimes with a greenish tint).

Without appropriate treatment of chronic liver diseases, hepatic coma may develop. The dog's body temperature drops, it refuses food, and is in a depressed state. The mucous membranes become jaundiced, and hemorrhages are sometimes observed. The feces become yellow-gray, clayey, often mixed with blood. A laboratory blood test reveals leukocytosis, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and low platelet count.

The final diagnosis is difficult to establish without a biochemical blood test, since it is important to determine the cause and extent of liver damage. The most important indicators are AST, ALT, bromsulfalein, thymol tests, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and ammonia. It is also recommended to determine what reason caused the jaundice. Thus, obstructive jaundice, caused by blockage of the biliary tract (for example, a tumor or, less commonly, stones), does not disappear with drug treatment, unlike other types of jaundice.

Treatment is primarily aimed at eliminating the cause of the disease. Since the most common cause is poor nutrition, prescribing a special diet significantly reduces painful symptoms and, in some cases, reduces the need for certain expensive medications.

Dietary therapy is an essential element in the treatment of dogs with liver and biliary tract diseases. Special nutrition is prescribed in order to support the body's needs and create optimal conditions for the regeneration of liver cells and normal functions of the organ. The diet should be easily digestible and tasty, since a sick dog’s appetite is impaired. The dietary diet differs from the usual one in the modified content of protein, fiber, vitamins and minerals (fat content is limited only for dogs with impaired bile flow). Although the causes of liver disease and the severity of the pathological process are varied, general recommendations can be made for the diet of dogs with liver disease.

Nutrient
	The amount of protein in the diet is limited to 2.1 g/kg of dog weight per day (10–14% of total calories). Too much or too little protein is equally harmful to a dog with liver disease.	High-quality and easily digestible proteins are found in dairy products (milk, cheese), diets based on meat products (boiled meat) and soy proteins are possible
	2–3 g/kg per day (30–50% of total calories), i.e. in dogs with unimpaired bile flow (cholestasis), fat may make up 25–35% of the diet	Vegetable (sunflower) oil contains all important fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. Dogs with cholestasis require special oils or supplements (eg palm oil)
Carbohydrates	5–8 g/kg per day (30–50% of total calories). Fiber is necessary for normal digestion (preventing constipation), protein absorption and removal of toxins from the intestines.	Cereal flakes and flour
vitamins and microelements	subgroup B vitamins are prescribed in increased (2 times) quantities; it is recommended to add vitamin C (25 mg/kg), E (6 mg/kg), as well as zinc preparations (2–3 mg/kg) to the feed daily. Vitamins A, D, K are not prescribed to dogs with lipid metabolism disorders	No salt is added to the food; vitamin and mineral supplements are prescribed in the form of medications so that their dosage can be calculated

The diet should be high in calories and have high taste. Food should only be fresh, heated to body temperature. A sick dog will feel better if the food is monotonous. It is better to feed the dog in small portions, but often throughout the day. With a properly selected diet, the dog’s body weight should not decrease

Ready-made food: “XniBi c-u/d”, “Pedigri 4 – low protein diet” and others. The “regular” diet consists of dairy (cheese, cottage cheese) or meat products (boiled turkey or veal), boiled rice or barley, wheat flakes, add fresh herbs, raw grated potatoes

When prescribing dietary food, it is recommended to keep in mind that “everything that is not permitted is prohibited.” You should not give your dog table scraps, fried foods, egg yolks, raw fish, or sausages, especially smoked ones. In order to make food more attractive, this especially applies to the “regular” diet, you can warm it up or add a little ready-made food (canned food).

If the dog's condition is severe, first rehabilitation treatment is carried out, which includes intravenous infusions of saline solutions and substances that reduce intoxication (see treatment of acute liver diseases).

Among the special medications, in addition to vitamins, for chronic liver diseases, a course of treatment with an antibiotic is prescribed (if putrefactive processes in the intestines are suspected), prednisolone or dexamethasone (1 ml, or 1-2 tablets, which is 30-40 mg per day for an adult dog, at the end of the course of treatment, the dose is gradually reduced, first by half, then by 5 mg every 5 days, the total course of treatment is 4–6 weeks), choleretic drugs (Holosas, Kholagol, Silibinin). To improve liver function and increase appetite, Liv-52 is prescribed (1-2 tablets 3 times a day, 2-3 weeks, herbal decoctions: corn silk, immortelle, appetizing or choleretic infusions.

As a rule, the course of treatment with herbs, Liv-52 and choleretic agents is repeated at least twice a year.

Cirrhosis of the liver. This is a chronic liver disease in which the cells and structure of the organ change. Liver cirrhosis is not often observed in dogs, since it is the final stage of serious diseases: acute or chronic liver failure, metabolic disorders in which the liver and some others are affected, and the animals simply die before cirrhosis develops.

Depending on the cause, primary and secondary cirrhosis are distinguished. Primary ones develop with a lack of certain vitamins and microelements (for example, vitamin B6 or selenium), which is quite rare. More often, primary cirrhosis is observed as a consequence of chronic intoxication (for example, heavy metals), as well as with chronic infections and allergies. Secondary cirrhosis is the consequences of chronic liver failure, hepatic circulatory disorders, infections and invasions.

Symptoms of cirrhosis are generally the same as those of other chronic diseases (digestive disorders, vomiting, skin lesions). In most cases, the disease is hidden and difficult to recognize without special studies. Suspicion of liver cirrhosis may arise from a combination of symptoms of liver failure and hormonal disorders (usually manifested by ovarian dysfunction in bitches), as well as the development of edema and ascites. With long-term disease, jaundice (mechanical and parenchymal) is observed. Additionally, diuretics (Triampur) are prescribed to prevent the development of edema and dropsy of the abdominal cavity (ascites). Prescribe a diet common for liver diseases.

Gallstone disease. This disease (veterinarians call it cholelithiasis) is not as common as liver failure. The disease progresses slowly, and the animal dies, since it is very difficult to stop the pathological process.

Fluoroscopy reveals a decrease or increase in the size of the liver. A biochemical blood test shows a characteristic change in indicators, for example, a decrease in the amount of urea and ALT (alanine aminotransferase).

In severe cases, dogs are prescribed special treatment - prednisolone, Sirepar, Kholagol, vitamins (as with liver failure). If the stones are large and can block the bile ducts, obstructive jaundice and symptoms associated with impaired outflow of bile are observed (digestion problems, vomiting with bile, diarrhea or constipation with mucus, yellowish-brown urine). A biochemical blood test reveals a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, while AST and ALT levels may be normal. To confirm the diagnosis, special studies are carried out - ultrasound (ultrasound) and cholecystography. The disease can be asymptomatic, or manifest itself in attacks (with symptoms of bile stagnation).

If the diagnosis is confirmed, treatment is prescribed aimed at removing and destroying the stones. However, most often conservative treatment is ineffective. If symptoms of obstructive jaundice occur, surgery is indicated - cholecystotomy (extraction of stones) or removal of the gallbladder. -

This article is for your general development

DO NOT SELF-medicate

SEEK YOUR VETERINARIAN FOR ADVICE, TREATMENT PRESCRIPTIONS AND DOSAGES.

Maltese is a decorative dog. She captivates with her luxurious snow-white fur, proud gait and endless optimism. But even such a cutie has her drawbacks.

Before a Maltese appears in your home, you need to take into account the pros and cons of the breed, the characteristics of care and education.

The Maltese is the oldest decorative breed. The dog is cheerful, cheerful and gives love to everyone who comes into view.

Due to its high cost, the Maltese is not adopted as often as other small dogs, such as Yorkies and toy terriers. Therefore, there are many times fewer unscrupulous owners who breed puppies just for profit.

The genotype also underwent little change. And fans of the breed have a higher chance of getting a physically and mentally healthy pet.

Many owners choose the Maltese because of its appearance. It's impossible not to fall in love with her.

A white fur coat (some dogs have an ivory shade), a miniature muzzle with black beady eyes and a button nose, aristocratic poise and refined movements can instantly win the hearts of lovers of decorative breeds.

Positive and negative character traits

The Maltese's sweet appearance is complemented by an almost angelic character. She has many positive traits:

non-conflict, gets along easily with children, other dogs, cats, birds, rodents;
playful, but in moderation - knows when to stop;
devoted to family;
non-aggressive - adult dogs never bite, puppies can bite, but not too much: while playing or by accident;
Despite its good-natured nature, in a critical situation the Maltese is able to protect itself and its owner;
not inclined to dominate, easy to train, suitable for novice dog breeders;
senses the owner’s mood and adapts to it.

However, there are also negative aspects to the character of the Maltese dog:

easily excitable nervous system - the Maltese is sensitive, often takes offense, can get angry or cry if it is punished or not given what it wants;
some representatives are truly stubborn, you will have to look for a special approach to them;
often manipulates kind-hearted owners, begging for a tasty morsel or violating prohibitions;
very noisy - the lapdog is a watchdog by nature, she barks loudly and loudly at the slightest provocation;
obsessive and need constant attention.

The Maltese tends to love the whole family. She is devoted to everyone and does not single out anyone in particular. This point should be taken into account if you want to get a “one owner” dog.

Some owners prefer other decorative breeds. Despite its innate playfulness, the Maltese is not very active. She quickly gets tired of active activities. And her favorite thing is to sleep not far from her owner.

Good health is one of the main advantages of the breed

The Maltese is a physically resilient breed. Lives 14 – 16 years. Some individuals crossed the threshold of 18 years.

The dog has a well-developed bone structure and strong immunity, which is quite rare among decorative breeds. However, the Maltese, although not often, still gets sick.

The main scourge of the charming dog is eye pathologies and dislocation of the knee joint. The most common are distichiasis, glaucoma, retinal atrophy, and disruption of the tear ducts. It is also necessary to ensure that the pet does not jump from high surfaces, especially before six months.

In addition, the Maltese is prone to:

chronic heart disease;

colds;

dermatitis;

hypoglycemia;

deafness;

gastrointestinal diseases;

hydrocephalus.

A separate topic is nutrition. You cannot overfeed your dog, even a little and occasionally. No decorative breed gains weight as quickly as the Maltese.

Difficulty in caring for is the main disadvantage of the Maltese.

The main disadvantage in caring for a Maltese is maintaining the condition of the coat. Without proper care, the dog will become like a mongrel.

The first step on the path to an ideal coat is a complete diet with super-premium food or a balanced diet. It is important to give your pet special vitamin complexes.

To care for the coat, you will need several types of combs (with sparse and fine combs, massage), special shampoos, conditioners, and oils. Be sure to get your haircuts done by professionals. It is also necessary to constantly collect the hair on the face in ponytails so that it does not get into the eyes.

Brush your Maltese dog at least every other day. But you shouldn’t be afraid of the lengthy procedure. She has no undercoat, the hairs are soft and do not tangle. The dog hardly sheds. The only critical point is changing the puppy's coat to an adult one.

Good news for allergy and asthma sufferers - Maltese is hypoallergenic.

Otherwise, care is not complicated and standard for many breeds:

eyes often become watery and sour, they are wiped with lotion daily and examined after each walk;

regularly check the dog for ticks and fleas;

claws are trimmed as they grow;

ears and teeth are cleaned once a week with special products for dogs;

bathe once every one and a half to two weeks;

it is advisable to trim the hair between the paws and pluck long hairs from the ears;

After eating, wipe the face with a damp cloth.

During hygiene procedures, special attention is paid to the areas around the eyes and genitals. Traces of discharge can ruin the snow-white fur.

Positive aspects of the content

In general, keeping a Maltese is not difficult. She doesn't need a lot of space and easily gets along in small apartments. All you need is a cozy place, a lounger, toys and a couple of bowls.

The advantages of keeping lapdogs include cleanliness. Often dogs themselves ask to wipe their faces after eating, obediently wait for their paws to be washed, and happily let them brush and bathe.

Another positive side is easy upbringing. Maltese is smart and tries to please family members. She quickly gets used to the toilet, is naughty only in puppyhood, and learns the rules of behavior and basic commands without any problems. It is enough to explain several times what needs to be done. If desired, she can be taught tricks.

Maltese is ideal for families with children. She is calm and non-aggressive. However, it is not worth getting a dog for a child under 10 years old. The baby does not yet know how to properly handle the animal and may injure the fragile dog.

Often the Maltese is purchased by older people and those who have little time. The dog does not need frequent and long walks. He easily learns to go to the toilet in the cat litter box. A one-hour walk once a day will be enough. And if the weather is inclement, you can skip the daily ritual.

“Fly in the ointment”: what problems may arise?

Sometimes the Maltese uses its intelligence to manipulate its owner. She makes a pitiful expression on her face, refuses to obey, violates prohibitions. But this behavior only appears in a spoiled pet.

The disadvantage of the Maltese breed is spending on clothes. The dog will have to be dressed and put on shoes during the cold season. Therefore, a potential owner, when choosing a Maltese breed, should be prepared for considerable expenses.

The Maltese is considered an elite dog. It is often brought up to emphasize one’s status, wealth or position in society. But the pet is not cheap. For a pet class puppy you will have to pay at least 20 thousand rubles. And the cost of an exhibition animal can reach 80 thousand rubles.

The Maltese is a good-natured little dog, a favorite of the whole family.

She can be trusted to play with children, is usually in good health and remains cheerful for the rest of her long life.

The name of the breed does not mean that the breed originates on the island of Malta, because The adjective "maltese" comes from the Semitic word "malat", which means "refuge".

This root gave the basis to a number of sea places, for example: the name of the Adriatic island of Meleda, the Sicilian city of Melita and also the island of Malta.

Ancestors of these small dogs lived in ports and coastal cities of the central Mediterranean, where they hunted mice and rats, which were found in abundance in the warehouses of harbors and the holds of sea ships.

In his treatise on dogs, Aristotle (384-322 BC) mentions a breed of small dogs, which he gave the name “Canis melitenses”.

This dog was known in ancient Rome as the favorite of matrons; The Latin poet of the first century AD Strabo dedicated his poems to this breed.

During the Renaissance, a large number of artists depicted the Maltese with the beautiful ladies of that time.

Today it is an exclusively decorative breed, included in

Description of the breed

Standard of the International Cynological Federation FCI No. 65 dated December 17, 2015 “Maltese”.

Group 9 “Indoor decorative dogs and companions.” Section 1 “Bolognese and related breeds”.

The FCI standard states:

height at withers for males from 21 to 25 cm; for females from 20 to 23 cm;
weight from 3 to 4 kg.

The average life expectancy is from 13 to 16 years.

Maltese: the description of the breed is, first of all, long, dense and silky coat that flows down and forms a “mantle”. Such babies are called "".

The head is wide, half the height at the withers.

The Maltese is aristocratic and proud, which is facilitated by its straight and long neck.

Eyes with a smart expression, round. The iris is dark brown.

Triangular ears are close to the head. The nose is black and large. The tail, thin at the base, thickens at the end and is curved towards the spine.

The color of the Maltese is exclusively white, only a shade of ivory is allowed. Other colors, including reddish, are considered a fault.

There are two varieties of Maltese: English and American. The “American” has a smaller muzzle and short hair. Maltese: photos of an adult dog clearly reflect the characteristics of the exterior.

Characteristics, abilities, skills

The dog's appearance matches its character - she is kind, affectionate and aristocratic. At the same time, she is fearless, and, sensing danger, will protect her master.

Maltese is an excellent psychologist and will try to save his owner from loneliness.

She is sociable and loves to frolic outside, running and jumping on the lawn.

He treats other animals, including cats, calmly.

Maltese are friends with their relatives, regardless of their breed and size.

Positive traits

By nature, the Maltese is good-natured, cheerful and playful, and does not enter into conflicts with other pets. The pet eats little and does not bark for no reason. With regular grooming, there is no shedding. In addition, the Maltese gets along well with children and will become a wonderful friend for both children and adults.

Negative qualities

The main disadvantage of the breed is the need for complex coat care: it requires constant grooming, otherwise, the pet’s appearance will be untidy. In addition, such a dog is too emotional: if you offend it or raise a hand against it, it can become upset and even cry.

The Maltese's stomach is very finicky. Therefore, you should approach catering with all responsibility and stop any attempts to “beg” from the table.

The Maltese breed has fairly good health, which does not cause any particular concern, but there are still a number of ailments to which this type of pet can be susceptible.

Maltese dogs also have a whole list of diseases that are quite typical for this breed. Thus, they often suffer from diseases associated with the organs of vision: glaucoma, retinal atrophy, blindness and blockage of the tear ducts, distichiasis. These dogs are also prone to abnormalities in other body systems; they are susceptible to chronic heart disease, yeast dermatitis, hydrocephalus, hypoglycemia, cryptorchidism, deafness and pyloric stenosis.

All of these ailments are hereditary or congenital, so their diagnosis in an early period of life is quite successful. Treatment of diseases is quite effective.

In the first year of a puppy's life, close attention to its health and sensitive care is necessary. The most dangerous diseases for lap dogs at an early age are viral hepatitis, distemper, and parvavirus. All experienced dog breeders who offer them for sale vaccinate their puppies in the first months after birth. Vaccinations against viral diseases can also be done without problems at a veterinary clinic.

You need to take special care of your Maltese's eyes, as they are characterized by tearing and the appearance of dark smudges. The eyes should be regularly cleaned of secretions with a clean napkin or cloth. You should also be careful when walking your dog in tall grass, as the breed is short and the cornea of the eye can be damaged.

Lap dogs are the happy owners of fairly strong and good teeth, but still, for their safety and health, it is recommended to hygienically brush their teeth once a week using a special brush and paste. Puppies must be accustomed to such manipulations from childhood.

Ticks and fleas pose a great health hazard not only to Maltese dogs, but to absolutely all other breeds.

Ticks carry a number of dangerous diseases, but piroplasmosis is deadly for dogs. Unfortunately, there is no effective way to prevent bites from infected ticks.

Piroplasmosis is treated with special drugs that relieve poisoning and maintain the general tone of the dog’s body. The disease is considered one of the most dangerous, since without proper treatment, sometimes less than 7 days pass from the moment of the bite to the death of the animal.

You need to especially carefully inspect the fur of animals for the presence of ticks in the period from April to June and August to October, and also monitor the behavior and well-being of the pet in cases where ticks are detected and removed.

A dog that begins to refuse food, is lethargic, inactive, with a possibly high temperature, orange-colored urine and excrement - all this is a sure signal that you should immediately consult a veterinarian!

Now let’s take a closer look at some of the diseases that Maltese dogs are susceptible to.

Maltese dogs do not have any particular predisposition to diseases, but they can still get sick. Like other small breed dogs, the Maltese can suffer from a luxated patella. This disease, although serious, is highly treatable, and dogs generally recover completely.

Diagnosis and treatment of a luxated patella in Maltese

Displacement of the kneecap relative to the femur bone is one of the surest symptoms. As a rule, the disease is transmitted through recessive (received) inheritance. In almost 75% of cases, doctors diagnose medial displacement, and in half of them they note bilateral dislocation.

Treatment of dislocation in Maltese is mainly done conservatively. It all depends on the complexity of your pet’s dislocation. As a rule, such dislocations in Maltese dogs are of the second degree of complexity. And the treatment ends with the pet’s complete recovery. But if it so happens that the dislocation turns out to be very serious, and the doctor diagnoses it as a third or fourth degree of difficulty, then surgical intervention is simply necessary for treatment. After all, if the optimal moment is missed, everything can end in tears for the dog. Therefore, immediately after determining the diagnosis, it is necessary to exclude, if possible, all physical activity of the dog. Also, when keeping a Maltese dog, you need to know that dislocation can be caused not only by hereditary predisposition, but also by physical trauma.

Hydrocephalus

This is a very rare disease in dogs of this breed, but every breeder should know what symptoms it is accompanied by. This is a brain disorder that in some cases can lead to a stroke. The main signs of this disease are deterioration of the dog’s vision, impaired orientation in space, as well as a change in behavior. With timely treatment, the disease can be treated with medications. And in severe cases, you have to resort to surgery.