The study of the fund in the rural library. Library statistics indicators. Economic performance of the library
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The purpose of studying the library fund is to assess the quality of this fund or sub-fund, identify its strengths and weaknesses, timely identify violations, flaws, errors in its creation, in order to prevent the occurrence of crisis situations in time by taking the correct corrective action.
Methods for collecting control information - Quick familiarization with the content of documents when processing documents, preparing exhibitions, before issuing and placing documents in the fund; - monitoring the intensity of demand for various topics, for certain types of documents, as well as for individual documents; - observations of failures on various topics; - monitoring the state of the material basis of individual documents.
Conclusions. § Positive aspects of the method: with low labor, time and material resources, the method allows you to identify and correct a variety of shortcomings and errors made in the formation of the fund. Disadvantages of the method: the subjectivity of the information received about the fund and its relevance.
The bibliographic method is that the library catalog reflecting the composition. fund is compared with bibliographic indexes, which reflect documents on the profile of this fund. Thus, the documents missing from the fund are identified.
The sources of information are: - state bibliographic publications issued by the Russian Book Chamber; - current indexes or abstract journals of institutes of scientific information; - specialized bibliographic indexes of a recommendatory nature; - recommendation lists in specialized publications (textbooks, teaching aids, etc.; - Critical reviews and reviews in trade journals;
- recommendatory lists of publications by profile on the websites of individual organizations; - Literature offered on various thematic sites and portals.
The method is designed to improve the composition of the fund, especially its core. Its main disadvantage is labor intensity. However, this is the only method that can ensure the completeness of the acquisition.
Sociological methods are aimed at identifying users' opinions about this fund, their reading preferences, and serve to assess their satisfaction with the library fund. Methods used to study the collection survey observation Possibility for readers to make their suggestions sampling observation method analysis of the reader's form expert survey analysis of book forms and return sheets rating compilation experimental method
2. Statistical analysis of the library stock. The method of statistical analysis involves the consideration and comparison of various quantitative data on the state and use of the library fund. The advantages of statistical analysis are relative objectivity, since it is based on quantitative data collected as a result of complete accounting of the fund and the results of its use; - cost-effectiveness - statistical analysis is based on library statistics and does not require special collection of information, special mathematical training; - efficiency - with its help, you can quickly diagnose problems in the fund to make appropriate management decisions;
- efficiency - allows you to simultaneously solve several problems: to determine the compliance of a given fund or subfund with user requests; identify passive, little-asked parts of the fund; regulate the sectoral or type-specific structure of the fund, achieve the optimal ratio between sub-funds allocated according to various criteria; define baselines for planning the activities of the library, taking into account the identified problems and trends; identify hidden reserves to improve the efficiency of the use of the fund.
In the statistical analysis of the fund, two main types of quantitative indicators are used: Absolute indicators Formed as a result of summing up accounting data. Relative (calculated) indicators Calculated on the basis of absolute ones using special formulas.
The sources for obtaining absolute indicators of the library fund are: Book of total accounting: Library diary: § volume of the fund in copies; § volume of fund in titles; § Volume of subfunds by types of documents, by industry, by language; § volume of new receipts. As well as the volume of receipts for certain types of documents, industries, languages, sources of acquisition; § the number of documents withdrawn from the fund, including by industry, language, and reasons for withdrawal. § lending. Shows the demand for documents from the fund; § private lending – issuance of certain types of documents from various sectoral sub-funds; § total number of indicators; § number of separate user groups (by gender, age, etc.).
Relative indicators are obtained by dividing one of the indicators by another, taken as the basis of comparison, and are expressed in coefficients (short ratios) or percentages, and in some cases - named numbers (for example, the number of copies per user). For many relative indicators, standards are established, which determine the acceptable level of ratios. Deviations from the standard indicator indicate the existing problems in the fund.
All relative indicators associated with the library fund are divided into three groups: 1. Relative indicators of the library fund Name of indicators Book supply (Ko) Essence of indicators Calculation formula User Regulatory Limits 8
Name of indicators Essence of indicators Calculation formula Regulatory boundaries Coefficient of completeness of acquisition (Pset) Degree of representation in the fund of documents from the core document flow, i.e. all issued core documents (usually for a certain period) (Fname: DPpr) * 100% From 20% to 100% - depending on the tasks of the fund. Requests satisfaction ratio (Uz), or the share of satisfied demand The share of requests satisfied by the own fund, from all incoming user requests according to the fund-subfund profile (Zdv. : Ztot) * 100%, Where Zdv. - the number of satisfied requests; Ztot. - received Fnav - the volume of the fund semi-fund in names for the last 3-5 years; DPpr - the number of titles in the profile document flow for the last 3-5 years. Relative indicators of the use of the library fund 80%
Name of indicators Tradeability (R) Readability (H) Share of the industry in book lending (Uv. B) Essence of indicators Calculation formula Average number of V: F, where the issuance of each V is the volume of the document in the fund for book lending from the year of the subfund fund; F – volume of the subfund's fund. Average number of documents issued from the subfund fund to each user per year V: P, where V – in the amount of books issued from the subfund fund; Share of book lending out of (GPF: B) * 100%, where the given subfund in GPF is the book lending out of the total book lending of the given subfund; (i.e. from the fund to B - the total overall), expressed in lending. percent Regulatory limits 1, 3
Correspondence coefficient (Кс) The indicator of commensurability of the shares of the branch of knowledge in the fund and in the lending of books Uv. Vp. F: Uv Fp. F, where SW. Vpf - the share of lending from this subfund; SW. Fp. F is the share of the subfund in the total volume of the fund. 0.70
Fund growth rate Growth of the subfund fund for a certain period, expressed as a percentage (Ex. F: Fpred) * 100%, where Ex. Ф – absolute growth of the subfund's fund for the period under review; Фpred = the initial value of the fund for the period under review. From 2% to 10%
Growth rates of the fund (Tr. F), lending (Tr. B), users (Tr. P) Degree of growth of the base indicator for a certain period (several years) Tr. F = Ftek: Fpred Tr. B = Inc: Forward Tr. P = Ptek: Ppred, where Ftek, Vtek, Ptek are indicators of the volume of the fund, book lending and the number of users for the current year; Fpred, Pred, Pred - indicators of the volume of the fund, book lending and the number of users for the previous year. Fund renewal Degree of renewal (Fn: F) * 100%, where (N) fund for Fn - the volume of new receipts for a certain period; (1-5 years) F - the volume of the fund. Tr. F = Tr. B = Tr. P From 3% to 10%
Relative indicators of the composition (state) of the fund Book availability shows how many documents in the fund, on average, account for one user. The share of the subfund reflects its share in the total volume of the fund, expressed as a percentage. The acquisition completeness ratio quantitatively characterizes the share in the fund or subfund of documents from the profile document flow. At the same time, the volume of the fund or subfund, calculated in names, and not in copies, is used in the calculation of the indicator.
Relative indicators of the use of the fund The share of satisfied demand (request satisfaction rate) is calculated to assess the optimality of the completeness of the library fund; indicators of fund circulation and readability characterize the intensity of the use of the library fund, and, consequently, its demand; Relative indicators of the fund's development The absolute growth of the fund is formed by subtracting the absolute indicators of the fund's volumes for the current and previous years; The growth rate of the fund shows by what share, expressed as a percentage, the fund has increased or decreased.
Proportionality of the growth rates of collections with the growth rates of users and book loans is estimated in library collections, focused primarily on the use of documents, and not on their preservation as a cultural heritage. In recent years, the index of fund renewal has become increasingly important. To maintain the compliance of the composition of the collection with the modern needs of consumers of information, it is necessary to continuously update the library collections.
Approaches to the calculation of the index of fund renewal: - Renewability as a share (share) of receipts in the total volume of the fund. Allows you to control the volume of new receipts, which should not be significantly reduced; - renewal as a period of time for which the fund must be completely updated. For various funds, it can vary from 10 to 30 years; - Renewability as a share of new documents in the fund (in%). the standard may vary depending on the tasks of the fund and the characteristics of its profile.
Almost all standards of relative indicators are advisory in nature. First of all, they are developed for libraries of a certain type. Therefore, each library collection develops its own standard for assessing the quality of the collection. During the analysis, the obtained statistical data are compared: - with standard indicators; - with similar indicators for previous periods; - with similar indicators of funds of other libraries; - All absolute and relative indicators are compared with each other (comprehensive analysis of the library fund).
The library fund includes literature on various branches of knowledge, fiction, reference and educational. In addition to traditional sources of information, the fund contains electronic educational publications on various subjects. The collection contains books of various years of publication, from 1950 to 1950. until 2012 Most of the books were published in the 70-90s of the last century. Modern literature is present in the fund. Fund renewal is average.
^
Receipt of literature for 2012-2013 academic year. year.
| Fund | Arrived | dropped out | It became |
| Main literature | 23 | 0 | 23 |
| Electronic editions | |||
| Periodicals | 15 copies | 0 | 15 copies |
| Total | 38 copies | copy. | 38 copies |
The number of periodicals has decreased. In the last academic year, 16 titles of newspapers and magazines were issued: for pupils - 11, for teachers and administration - 4 copies, for library science - 1 copy. This academic year, due to the reduction in funding, 10 titles of newspapers and magazines were issued in the second half of the year. Including for pupils - 7, for teachers - 2, library science - 1.
Encyclopedias, reference books, dictionaries number more than two hundred copies. These are modern encyclopedias of the Avanta+ series, school encyclopedias in all subjects, and many others. Children mainly work with reference literature in the library on a subscription basis, and are partially issued for work in groups.
^
The quantitative composition of the fund:
| Socio-political literature | 139 copies |
| Natural science, mathematics and medicine | 143 copies |
| Technique | 41 copies |
| Arts and sports | 69 copies |
| Fiction | 543 copies |
| Literature for younger readers | 180 copies |
| Methodical literature | 159 copies |
| Reference literature | 206 copies |
| Non-traditional media | 250 copies |
| Total | 1730 copies |
Typological composition of the fund:
book fund
Methodical Fund
reference fund
Electronic Media Foundation
Foundation of periodicals
local history
Reference publications
Publications in various fields of knowledge
Fiction
Periodicals ("Khabarovsk News", "Pacific Star", "Khabarovsk Week")
^ To ensure accounting when working with the fund, the following documentation is maintained :
The book of the total accounting of the library fund;
Inventory books (2 pieces);
Folder "Acts for write-off" (2 pieces);
Alphabetical catalog of the main fund;
Reading Forms.
Entries in documents are made in a timely and accurate manner.
The fund is arranged according to the LBC tables. The main part of the fund is open for free access. The main part of the fund is technically processed.
^ Reader Service
The library systematically maintains a “Diary of work”, which takes into account information about the number and composition of readers, the volume of issued publications and their distribution by library classification departments; additionally, columns were introduced into the diary that characterize the volume of issued non-traditional media, visits and lending.
Book lending
Socio-political literature - 296 units.
Natural science, mathematics, medicine - 197 units.
Technique - 42 units.
Arts and sports - 55 units.
Fiction - 869 units.
Children's literature - 1095 units.
Non-traditional media - 72 units.
Other literature - 1070 units.
Periodicals - 1295 units.
The demand for literature on pedagogy has decreased. This is understandable: in recent years, the fund has not been updated, teachers purchase literature at their own expense, and they also actively use Internet resources.
The demand for periodicals by teachers in pedagogical activity is noted: newspaper periodicals, "Head teacher", "Education of a schoolchild", "Pedagogical Council", "Orphanage", "Home encyclopedia", "Boys and girls", "We read, study, play", " Education and training for children with developmental disabilities, etc. (Gorshkova E.P., senior teacher of additional education, Paramonova S.V., teacher-speech therapist, teachers of the Service: Plotnikova E.V., Popova V.S. ., administration of the institution: Perelyakina N.L., director, Zholobova E.V., deputy director for water resources management, Bychkova N.I., educator).
Book lending shows that the most requested literature:
natural sciences, including periodicals
fiction
children's literature
the question is literature on history and social science, information on non-traditional media.
library service
Basic forms of individual service:
conversation when registering in the library,
conversation during the issuance of documents,
conversation about reading;
analysis of reader forms,
private reading hour
diagnostic questionnaire, etc.
Basic forms of group and queuing:
book exhibitions,
open screenings of new literature,
thematic folders,
bibliographic lists,
competitions (“Test of the pen”, “Readers”, presentation competition, etc.),
book reviews,
literary meetings as holidays of communication "(Book Week", "BiblioNoch"),
quizzes, etc.
participation in the general activities of the orphanage,
in the works of the Moscow Region, teachers' councils, etc.
"Peace Day". The exhibition was designed for readers on a subscription (September).
"75 years of the Khabarovsk Territory". The exhibition is dedicated to the anniversary of our region, its culture and literature. (permanent exhibition).
"Creativity of S. Marshak" (November). For younger readers.
"Your favorite magazines" (January). The exhibition is dedicated to the Press Day (January).
What does it mean to defend the motherland? By the Defender of the Fatherland Day, at the subscription (February).
About feat, about valor, about glory. For pupils of group 5, an educational hour (at the request of the teacher Lisakovskaya N.G.)
Cosmonautics Day (April). On a subscription.
And the saved world remembers. The exhibition is dedicated to the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The exhibition is issued on a subscription (May).
The library constantly has thematic folders, booklets are designed that help in choosing literature, when working on a computer: “Annotated and recommendatory lists” (for different groups of readers), “Good advice”, “Advice from a psychologist”, “How to prepare a retelling of a literary work ”, “Tips for the reader”, “Tips for working on a computer”, “How to prepare a presentation”, etc. 
^ Education of the information culture of the individual students through library lessons. As well as thematic collections: “The book and its creators”, “How to choose a book in the library”, “About ancient libraries”, “How to prepare a retelling”, “How to write a review”, “Your first encyclopedias”, etc.
^ Forms of work of the library for the dissemination of KBZ and the development of a culture of reading:
individual consultations on bibliographic research and methods of working with literature.
group consultations, talks about the information system of the library.
tour of the library.
conducting practical individual Internet hours on the use of traditional and electronic information resources (including the Internet).
The library organizes public events aimed at attracting students to reading, broadening their horizons: library hours, Book Week, "BiblioNight", etc. are held.
The information environment of our orphanage begins to take shape with a subscription to periodicals. Thanks to periodicals, book exhibitions are arranged in the library, thematic selections of literature for educational and library hours are made, information and recommendation lists of literature for teachers' councils and MOs are compiled. Only it is a pity that less and less funds are allocated for periodicals every year. 
Topic 2. Study of the library fund for management purposes.
One of the most important aspects of managing activities for the formation of a documentary fund is the problem of ensuring the quality of a documentary fund as its end result.
In library practice, the analysis of the quality of the document fund has been carried out for a long time. It is customary to call it ʼʼthe study of the library stockʼʼ. In the course of studying the fund, information is collected and analyzed about its condition and use, and on this basis an assessment is made of the optimal composition of the document fund, deviations are identified and decisions are made to regulate them.
To study documentary funds, it is customary to use the following methods:
‣‣‣ daily monitoring when working with the fund;
‣‣‣ statistical analysis;
‣‣‣ sociological methods;
‣‣‣ bibliographic method.
Daily observation is the least expensive method of studying the fund. It is carried out by employees working with the fund in different technological areas - in the divisions for the acquisition and processing of documents, in storage facilities for user service. The method assumes:
‣‣‣ quick familiarization with the content of the document when processing receipts, preparing exhibitions, before issuing and when placing documents. This allows the employee to better know the composition of the fund, freely navigate the fund, quickly find a document on request, recommend documents from the fund in response to an indefinite user request. On the basis of such familiarization, a lot of operational decisions are made to adjust the placement and promote the document to the user;
‣‣‣ monitoring the intensity of demand for various topics, for certain types of documents, as well as for departments of documents. Thanks to this, it is possible to identify documents of increased demand, insufficient or excessive copies of documents, little-sought and undeservedly forgotten publications in order to regulate the processes of fund replenishment, secondary selection and redistribution of funds. At the same time, employees who issue documents from the fund can personalize the demand for individual documents, track which user groups are interested in any part of the document fund. All this provides important information for adjusting the composition of the fund;
‣‣‣ monitoring of refusals for various reasons (issued, not in place, not in the fund, etc.). Daily monitoring helps to track various situations that lead to failures, identify typical failures and errors at various stages of fund formation, leading to failures for individual documents, as well as promptly correct them, diagnose and remove user dissatisfaction in a timely manner;
‣‣‣ monitoring the state of the material basis of individual documents, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ allows you to take timely measures to restore dilapidated or damaged documents of cops, to replace documents that have become unusable. At the same time, it helps to quickly identify emerging problems with the safety of documents in the fund in order to prevent the actions of malicious factors.
The method of daily observation is simple and effective, because at low costs of labor, time and material resources it makes it possible to identify and correct various shortcomings and errors made in the formation of the fund. At the same time, its indispensable condition is the desire of employees to carry out observations and adjustments, to strive to improve the quality of the documentary fund. For this reason, the effectiveness of this method directly depends on the professionalism and motivation of employees. Its disadvantage is the subjectivity of the information received about the fund and its relevance. It is important to note that in order to reduce subjectivity, it is extremely important to simultaneously apply other methods for assessing the quality of the fund.
The method of statistical analysis, which is based on quantitative data on the state and use of the documentary fund, collected as a result of a complete accounting of the fund and the facts of its use, has a much greater objectivity.
Quantitative data obtained as a result of summing up accounting data͵ are called absolute (basic) indicators. Absolute indicators include all quantitative data recorded in the Fund's Book of Summary Accounts:
‣‣‣ volume of the fund in copies, or the total number of documents in the fund;
‣‣‣ the volume of the fund in the names, which characterizes the informational diversity of the fund;
‣‣‣ volumes of subfunds by types of documents, by industry, by language, etc.;
‣‣‣ the volume of new receipts, i.e. the number of documents received by the fund during a certain period, as well as the volume of receipts by certain types of documents, by industry, by language, source of acquisition, etc.;
‣‣‣ number of documents withdrawn from the fund, incl. by types of documents, by industry, by language, reasons for leaving, etc.
Absolute indicators also include statistical data obtained as a result of taking into account the facts of the use of documents from the fund. The main indicator of the use of the document fund is the issue (book issue, document issue) - this is the number of documents issued from the fund to users. Loan volumes are also divided by types of documents, by industry, by language and other characteristics (private lending) - by analogy with the volume of subfunds. This allows you to analyze the status and use of individual sub-funds and fine-tune each section of the fund.
In the analysis of the document fund and its use, the indicator of the number of users is also used, which characterizes the range of its demand. In addition to the total number of users, it is desirable to track quantitatively the flows of consumers applying to individual sub-funds. Thanks to this, it is possible to assess the demand for each subfund. Differentiation of these indicators on various grounds (sex, age, level of education, categories of specialists, etc.) helps to identify the ratio of user groups that prefer certain sections of the fund.
Absolute indicators of the same type can be compared with each other, build graphs on their basis, identifying growth or decline trends in the performance of the fund and its use. At the same time, it is impossible to assess the quality of the fund and the optimality of its composition directly by absolute indicators. For this reason, relative indicators are also used in statistical analysis.
Relative indicators are calculated on the basis of absolute ones using special formulas, in this regard, they are sometimes called ʼʼcalculatedʼʼ. They are called “relative” because they quantify the ratio of two comparable indicators, for example, the volume of the fund and the number of users or the volume of the fund and the volume of new receipts, etc. As a rule, relative indicators are obtained as a result of cases The ratios of one of the indicators to another, taken as the base of comparison, are expressed in coefficients (multiple ratios) or percentages, and in some cases - named numbers (for example, the number of copies per user).
Their advantage over absolute indicators is that they establish correlations between different phenomena and allow one to observe and compare their correlations across funds or sub-funds. With significant differences in absolute indicators (a situation of incompatibility), relative indicators may turn out to be close in value. For example, in one of the documentary funds with a volume of 2 thousand copies. 4 thousand copies are issued per year, in another fund the volume is 100 thousand copies, and 200 thousand copies are issued per year. Which of these funds is the best? With all the difference in absolute values characterizing the fund and the issuance of documents (by 50 times!), the ratio of values in each of them turns out to be the same: the volume of book lending is 2 times higher than the volume of the fund. This means that each document from the fund was issued on average 2 times during the year (the fund's turnover rate).
Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, relative indicators not only help to see the relationship between the volume of the fund and book lending (or other indicators), but also allow you to compare the state and use of various funds. For many of them, standards are being developed that establish an acceptable level of ratios. Deviations from the standard indicator indicate the existing problems in the fund. So, if the fund's turnover rate is below the norm, then this indicates that the fund has a low demand, a significant part of the documents in it is not in demand. If the fund's turnover rate is higher than the norm, then this indicates an overactive use of the fund. This situation not only leads to the rapid deterioration of documents, but also encourages employees to strictly limit the period of use of the document. Ultimately, this is a signal that documents are not enough to fully serve consumers. There are relative indicators composition (state), development and use of the document fund.
The composition of the documentary fund is characterized by the availability of books, the indicators of the share of each subfund and the coefficient of completeness of acquisition. The book availability shows how many documents from the fund are accounted for by one user on average. If this indicator is low, then restrictions are imposed on the use of documents due to the fact that they are not enough to satisfy incoming requests. All this reduces consumer satisfaction and, accordingly, the quality properties of the fund. A large excess of the book supply standard reduces the effectiveness of the formation of a documentary fund, since a large share of the passive fund does not bring benefits, but requires costs for its maintenance.
The share of the subfund reflects its share in the total volume of the fund, expressed as a percentage. The calculation of the share of each of the sub-funds allows you to get an idea of the structure of the fund, the quantitative ratio between the sub-funds, provides for a comparison of the structure of different sub-funds. When compared with the share of lending from this fund, it becomes possible to assess its staffing, ability to satisfy requests in its profile. Thanks to this analysis, the most problematic and most qualitative sections of this document fund are identified. Calculation of the share of receipts / disposals by industry, types of documents or other structuring grounds will allow you to study the structure of new receipts or analyze the flows of outgoing documents. The structure of new receipts and / or the structural distribution of retiring documents according to various criteria is compared with each other or with the structure of the document fund as a whole, which makes it possible to observe the proportionality of the development of different sub-funds.
The acquisition completeness ratio quantitatively characterizes the share in the fund or subfund of documents from the profile document flow. As is known, only a limited number of documentary funds/subfunds strive for exhaustive completeness, and, accordingly, this indicator in them should be 100%. In other funds, the degree of completeness ranges from reference (20%) to the most relevant (75%). In accordance with the characteristics of the profile, this indicator can be calculated for certain types/types of documents and even individual topics, since in different funds/sub-funds, the accents of completeness can be placed with a significant degree of detail.
To obtain quantitative indicators of the document flow, its statistical monitoring study is carried out on the basis of current bibliographic publications according to the profile of the fund. It is important to note that for the comparability of the indicators of the fund and the document flow, one and the same period for study should be chosen. The most relevant are new documents that have been published over the past 3-5 years, which should be identified in the fund and in the document flow. But if desired, the chronological boundaries of the study can be expanded.
It is important to note that for the statistical assessment of the quality of the documentary fund, the relative indicators of the use of the fund are of great importance.
As already known, one of the indicators of the completeness of the fund is the satisfied user demand. To assess the optimality of completeness as an important consumer property of the document fund, the proportion of satisfied demand (query satisfaction rate) is calculated. In accordance with the Pareto optimality criterion, the ratio of satisfied requests and refusals should be 80% : 20%. If such a ratio is maintained in the document fund, then it is of optimal quality.
The indicators of fund circulation and readability characterize the intensity of the use of the documentary fund, and, consequently, its demand. In this sense, they are classified as indicators of the quality of the fund.
Relative indicators of the development of the document fund characterize the pace and proportions of the renewal of its composition. The document fund should change in accordance with the development of information needs and demand trends. For this reason, the evaluation of the indicators obtained is carried out in comparison with the dynamics of changes in other indicators - primarily with the number of users. Great importance is attached to the even progression of growth, the absence of sharp fluctuations in growth and growth rates, which serve as evidence that all emerging situations are under control, are manageable.
Consumer properties of the documentary fund reflects the indicator of fund renewal. The traditional approach to understanding renewability interprets it as the share (share) of new receipts in the total volume of the fund. This indicator will allow you to control the volume of new revenues, which should not decrease significantly. Another approach to determining renewal considers the period of time over which the fund must be completely renewed. For various funds, it can vary from 10 to 30 years. But this approach is not applicable to funds, which include documents of ʼʼperpetual storageʼʼ.
The quality of the document fund is also characterized by the level of representation of new documents in the fund. The Public Library Model Standard defines the proportion of new documents in the collection, which must be at least 50% of the volume of the collection. At the same time, this standard can also fluctuate based on the tasks of the fund and the characteristics of the profile.
Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, almost all the standards for the relative indicators of the document fund are currently advisory, orienting.
Hosted on ref.rf
When choosing existing standards, one should keep in mind the limitations of their action. First of all, they are developed for documentary funds of a certain type. The most widespread standards for public (previously - mass libraries). This is due to their numerical predominance and the wide audience of their users. The standards for the collections of mass libraries were primarily focused on the efficiency of the use of funds. It is important to note that for modern public libraries, the tasks of significantly improving their material and technical base and increasing the amount of funding from state and municipal bodies are relevant. For this reason, the new standards set increased requirements, first of all, to the resource side of the formation of documentary funds. In this regard, there is a tendency towards the growth of some normative indicators, for example, the standard of book supply.
For other document collections, the standards of public libraries are unacceptable. For example, the book supply of educational funds is calculated on the basis of other bases (the number of textbooks per 1 student), in connection with this, the traditionally calculated book supply here will be many times exceeded. In the reference and bibliographic fund, the book availability indicator is not of fundamental importance, because the use of documents in them is short-lived. To assess its quality, the coefficient of completeness of acquisition is more important.
The turnover rate in the scientific fund is objectively lower than in the public library, since the demand for documents in them is more individualized; there are fewer typical requests, and at the same time they are not massive. In the collection of periodicals, readability is always higher than in the book collection or in the music library. When using network resources, it increases many times due to the high level of information noise when searching on demand.
All of the above leads to the conclusion that for each individual fund, its own quality assessment standard can be developed, which should take into account the target features of the fund, its profile and the requirements of users of this fund.
The method of statistical analysis involves comparing the indicators of the document fund obtained as a result of accounting and / or calculation with others taken as a standard: the base level. As a result, deviations from the optimal state and functioning of the fund are revealed.
Normative indicators are usually used as a benchmark of comparison, which become ideal quantitative models of the fund. For this reason, first of all, the assessment of the quality of the fund is carried out by comparing real indicators with standards and regulations.
A comparative analysis of current indicators and similar indicators of this fund for previous periods (year, quarter, month, etc.) has become widespread. It allows you to draw conclusions about what changes have been taking place in the fund in recent years. If these changes are positive, then it is extremely important to support and strengthen them; if there are negative trends in the development of the fund, then decisions are required to counteract them.
Comparison of the statistical indicators of this collection with similar indicators of the collection of other libraries and information services provides interesting information. When compared with the indicators of the same type of funds, the possibilities of increasing the efficiency of activities in the formation of the use of the fund are revealed. Comparison with the indicators of funds that have other tasks and composition contributes to a deeper understanding of the ongoing processes and mechanisms for the demand for documentary funds.
At the same time, the most profound conclusions can be drawn from a comprehensive analysis of the document fund. To do this, all the absolute and relative indicators of the fund are compared with each other. As a result, the most influential factors that determine the situation are identified.
Especially significant is the comparison of the values of negotiability (About), readability (H) and availability of books (Ko). For example, as a result of calculations, the following ratio of these indicators was obtained: R = 6.5; H = 16; Ko = 8.4. As you can see, the level of book supply corresponds to the minimum norm, readability also meets the regulatory requirements, but the rate of circulation is high. It is obvious that there is a catastrophic shortage of documents in this fund and restraining restrictions are applied on the number of issued documents and on the terms of their use. Conclusion: additional staffing of this fund is required.
Another example: R = 0.7; H = 21; Ko = 31. As you can see, the reader activity is quite high, but the fund is clearly oversaturated (high availability of books and low level of circulation of the fund). We can say that a significant part of the fund is passive. This situation is usually typical for scientific foundations. The main problem in this fund is the shortage of premises for storing the fund.
Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, statistical analysis is a means of recognizing problem situations in the fund, which reduce its qualitative properties. Statistical analysis can diagnose the following problems:
‣‣‣ non-compliance of the fund/subfund with the needs of users (scale of unsatisfied demand);
‣‣‣ the presence of passive parts of the fund;
‣‣‣ discrepancy between the sectoral structure of the fund and the structure of demand;
‣‣‣ violations in the normal development of the fund, etc.
At the same time, statistical analysis can serve as a rationale for determining planned performance indicators and identifying hidden reserves to improve the efficiency of fund use.
In assessing the quality of the document fund, sociological methods are becoming increasingly important. Οʜᴎ involve studying the opinions of users about this fund, serve to identify their satisfaction with the documentary fund. Thanks to these methods, unique information is revealed that cannot be obtained in other ways, but without it, the understanding of the problems of the quality of the document fund would be incomplete.
The most common sociological methods are surveys - questionnaires, interviews. Their advantage is that the consumer has the opportunity to directly express his opinion about what he likes or dislikes. It takes great skill to induce him to do this frankly and to the point. It is generally accepted that the main drawback of survey results is the subjectivity of judgments, which in sociology is reduced by expanding the circle of respondents, when statistical errors become not too significant. When evaluating the quality of a fund, individual opinions are as important as the answers of the majority, since, when answering questions from a questionnaire or an interviewer, only a few users are ready to formulate the reasons for their dissatisfaction. The majority of respondents hide the shadow sides of their opinions behind standard and polite answers or excuses. For this reason, it is very common for the response statistics to paint a positive picture of user satisfaction, but the real quality assessment, remaining outside the boundaries of the surveys, determines undesirable consumer behavior towards this fund.
Another way to get the opinion of users about the fund is to provide them with the opportunity to make their own proposals for acquisition. In some automated information systems for libraries and information services, a special module is created in the electronic catalog, where users can write down the name of those documents on various media that they need, but which are not in the collection. This approach to identifying failures gives a more objective picture of unsatisfied demand than their accounting by employees.
A variation of the survey is an expert survey, in which experts act as respondents and subjects of assessment. i.e. highly qualified specialists competent in the field related to the profile of this document fund. As a rule, expert evaluation is resorted to when it is impossible to directly measure processes or phenomena, or when users are not competent enough to evaluate the document fund. For example, to assess the fund of children's literature, leaders of children's reading are involved as experts; to assess the educational fund - teachers of these subjects. Expert assessments of the content of the document allow you to make a decision on the inclusion or, on the contrary, the exclusion of a particular document from the fund. It is advisable to use this method also for assessing the quality of the core of the fund or its modeling.
The expert evaluation procedure involves filling in an evaluation sheet, which lists the documents and/or some of the most important parameters for evaluating a given fund/subfund: for example, ease of placement of documents, legibility of documents, frequency of demand for a particular document, user service culture, aesthetics environments, etc.
To assess the severity of qualitative properties according to these parameters, various rating scales can be used:
‣‣‣ dichotomous scale, fixing the presence or absence of a particular property and providing for the choice of options - ʼʼ/noʼʼ,ʼʼ+/-ʼʼ. For example, ʼʼconvenient/uncomfortableʼʼ, ʼʼcorresponds/does not correspondʼʼ;
‣‣‣ rank scale used in cases where a certain attribute should not be measured, but objects can be compared with each other and ordered from higher quality to lower quality. In this case, the expert is invited to order the proposed list of objects, concepts or judgments according to a certain criterion - for example, documents in terms of value;
‣‣‣ spherical scale, in which qualitative properties are evaluated according to the degree of their expression in an object. For example, when assessing the intensity of demand for a particular document, an expert chooses one of the options characterizing this parameter: ʼʼalwaysʼʼ, ʼʼoftenʼʼ, ʼʼsometimesʼʼ, ʼʼrarelyʼʼ, ʼʼneverʼʼ. Each option must be assigned a certain number of points, which are then summed up. Due to this, it becomes possible to determine how much this feature, according to experts, is more or less pronounced in one object compared to another. A variation of the spherical scale is a 5-10-100-point assessment of the properties of the fund.
Expert assessments are based on the judgments of individuals, although highly professional, in this regard, they are largely subjective. The objectivity of expert evaluation is achieved through special methods formed by groups of experts, thoughtful forms of questions and answers, computer processing of results, etc.
Electronic catalogs open up new possibilities for monitoring real demand. Search statistics by subject headings, authors, titles, series and other search features, which is collected automatically, gives an objective picture of what is really of interest to users. It is important to note that in order to improve the quality of the fund, it is possible to trace how many and what documents the user can actually find in the catalog under any heading. Similarly, it is possible to identify the leaders of demand among individual documents that were selected during the search by request, and evaluate the correspondence of their number of instances to real demand.
In some situations, it is advisable to use the sampling method. For example, during a certain period, take into account requests and lending on a certain topic, which is not included in the parameters of the complete accounting of lending. The information obtained will clarify the state of affairs in any atypical situation and help make an informed decision to correct it.
Similar goals are achieved through the analysis of user forms, since this allows the issuance of certain topics or types of documents to be identified and at the same time to be related to specific groups of users. Thanks to this, it becomes possible to identify the preferences of certain user groups and the frequency of demand for individual documents, if no other methods of accounting are used. The advantage of form analysis over sampling is that longer observation periods are available, allowing trends to be identified and reliable conclusions to be drawn.
In identifying user preferences, you can use the experimental method. In science, this method (from lat. experimentum - test, experience) is used to identify cause-and-effect relationships or test a hypothesis by trial reproduction of an object or situation. As an experiment, you can use the permutation, the allocation of a temporary sub-fund, the organization of an exhibition with documents of a certain type or content in order to observe the information behavior of users, and then make decisions on improving the fund. The reliability of the conclusions is ensured by taking into account the observed facts before and after the introduction of changes or on the basis of a comparison of the behavior of the experimental and control groups.
The bibliographic method of studying the collection is that the composition of the collection is checked against the external specialized document flow and lacunae and desiderats are identified. In practice, there is a comparison of current bibliographic indexes (including state, scientific, auxiliary, publishing and bookselling), which display documents on the profile of the fund, with a catalog that reflects the composition of the fund. As a result, a list of those documents that are extremely important to acquire for the fund is compiled. The method is designed to improve the composition of the fund, especially its core. The main disadvantage is its complexity. Some document flows are not fully registered and reflected bibliographically. Often such information is difficult to access. At the same time, this is the only method that is able to ensure the completeness of acquisition.
Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, all the considered methods solve a wider range of tasks, in addition to assessing the quality of the fund. Their effectiveness is enhanced if, in addition to performing a controlling function, they are also focused on timely corrective actions. At the same time, the limitations inherent in each of the methods make it extremely important to use them in combination, and the relative nature of the quality of the fund requires a systematic use of them.
Literature:
1. Moreva O.N. Document collections of libraries and information services. SPb. : Profession, 2010. S. 270-285.
Topic 2. Study of the library fund for management purposes. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Theme 2. The study of the library fund for management purposes." 2017, 2018.
The methodological manual will acquaint its readers with the methods of studying the library fund, as well as various types of analysis on this topic, and teach how to correctly compose and conduct questionnaires and surveys. The publication covers a variety of issues...
The methodological manual will acquaint its readers with the methods of studying the library fund, as well as various types of analysis on this topic, and teach how to correctly compose and conduct questionnaires and surveys. The publication reveals a variety of preservation issues: document storage, accounting, conservation, cataloging, etc. The methodological manual contains a list of recommended literature, which will help to orientate in professional publications studying this topic. The methodological guide is aimed at librarians.
1 State institution “Centralized library system of Osakarovskiy district of Karaganda region STUDY AND PRESERVATION OF THE LIBRARY FOUNDATION methods of studying the library fund preservation of the library fund analysis of documentation Osakarovka, 2015 (methodological guide)
2 LBC 78.36 I39 Study and preservation of the library fund [Text]: methodological manual / State Institution “Centralized Library System of the Osakarovsky District of the Karaganda Region”, acquisition; comp. S.V. Rapsh.-Osakarovka, 2015. The methodological guide will acquaint its readers with the methods of studying the library fund, as well as various types of analysis on this topic, and teach how to correctly compose and conduct questionnaires and surveys. The publication reveals a variety of preservation issues: document storage, accounting, conservation, cataloging, etc. The methodological manual contains a list of recommended literature, which will help to orientate in professional publications studying this topic. The methodological guide is aimed at librarians. © State Institution "Centralized Library System of Osakarovskiy District of Karaganda Region"
3 CONTENTS Introduction 4 Chapter 1. Methods for studying the library fund 5 § 1. Everyday observation 6 § 2. Statistical method 7 § 3. Bibliographic method 10 § 4. Analytical method 11 § 5. Sociological methods 12 § 6. Suggestions for improving the study of library fund 19 Chapter 2. Analysis of documentation 20 § 1. Analysis of reader forms 20 § 2. Analysis of sheets of reader requirements 22 § 3. Analysis of book forms 22 § 4. Analysis of library statistics materials 23 § 5. Analysis of materials of library reference and bibliographic work 24 Chapter 3. Preservation of library stock 24 § 1. The role and importance of preservation 24 § 2. Factors affecting preservation 25 § 3. Social factors 25 § 4. Physical and chemical factors 29 § 5. Biological factors 32 § 6. Restoration and conservation of publications 33 § 7. Fire safety of the library fund 34 § 8. Hygiene of the fund 36 § 9. Administrative and legal responsibility for the safety of the library fund 37 § 10. Storage conditions C D-ROM and DVD-ROM 38 Chapter 4. From the experience of the State Institution “Centralized Library System of the Osakarovsky District of the Karaganda Region” 39 Conclusion 43 List of used literature 44 List of recommended literature 44 Appendix 46 Questionnaire 53
4 Introduction “There may not be universities, institutes, scientific institutions, but if there are libraries and they do not burn, books are not flooded with water ... culture will not perish in such a country” D. S. Likhachev Acquaintance with the contents of the fund, with the individual members of it works of the press - is called the study of the library collection. When studying the fund, it turns out whether its composition meets the tasks of the library and the needs of readers, whether its volume corresponds to the objective possibilities of mastering it by readers, which specific departments of the fund satisfy reader demand and which do not. At the same time, when studying the library fund, the fund is being cleared of obsolete, unnecessary (doublet) literature, dilapidated, as well as the discovery of books that are not in demand. Analysis and study of the use of the library fund should be included annually in the work plan of the CLS. It outlines the terms and approximate scope of work, the structural divisions of the Central Bank, branches, the names of the departments and subsections of the fund that will be analyzed, and defines the responsibilities between them.
5 Chapter 1. Methods of studying the library fund The whole essence of studying the library fund lies in the good orientation of the librarian in the literature reflected in the fund, knowledge of the readers' requests. The better a librarian knows his collection, the more purposefully he completes it, the more actively readers will use it. The study of the fund requires constant attention from the librarian, because, in accordance with the property of dynamism, the fund is constantly in motion. Every year, a statistical study of the library fund is carried out on the basis of district, regional and republican libraries, where the control indicators of the composition, development and use of the library fund are summarized. However, this is not enough. It is necessary to apply the methods of everyday study of the library fund: when arranging documents on the shelves, when organizing exhibitions, when conducting conversations and bibliographic reviews, when receiving new receipts. And for a complete and in-depth study of the library fund, it is necessary to resort to special study methods, the number of which is increasing year by year. Usage data (readability, document issuance, number of unfulfilled requests, etc.) is analyzed independently or in relation to the parameters of the library fund, in each case receiving answers to the most diverse questions of quality, library policy, etc. About negotiability, readability, document support the fund as a whole or part of it is judged by the Statement of the library fund, the Library Diary and similar accounting and reporting documentation. These data provide evidence of trends in the needs of library users, allow comparison of the work of this library with the work of its sister libraries. Before studying the composition and use of the book fund, preparatory work is carried out, including: - checking the correctness of filling out accounting documentation, materials on refusals; - checking the correct placement of the book fund; - preparation of fund analysis tables; - selection of bibliographic aids and compilation of lists of references to identify gaps in the fund; - briefing of librarians (familiarization with the methodological recommendations and the calendar plan of work). One of the most important aspects of managing activities for the formation of a documentary fund is the problem of ensuring the quality of a documentary fund as its final result. In library practice, the analysis of the quality of the document fund has been carried out for a long time. It is called "the study of the library stock".
6 In the course of studying the fund, information is collected and analyzed about its condition and use, and on this basis an assessment is made of the optimal composition of the documentary fund, deviations are made and decisions are made on their regulation. There is a whole range of methods for studying the library fund, which allows you to study the fund, or a certain section of the fund quite deeply: daily observation when working with the fund; statistical analysis; analytical analysis: sociological analysis; Bibliographic analysis. § 1. Everyday observation The least expensive method of studying the library stock is everyday observation. It is carried out by employees who work with the fund in different technological areas - in the divisions for the acquisition and processing of literature, in storage facilities for user service. The method assumes: - quick familiarization with the content of the document when processing receipts, preparing exhibitions, before issuing and when placing documents. This allows the employee to better know the composition of the fund, freely navigate the fund, quickly find a document upon request, recommend documents from the fund in response to an indefinite user request. Based on such familiarization, a lot of operational decisions are made to adjust the placement and promote the document to the user; - monitoring the intensity of demand for various topics, for certain types of document, as well as for departments of the document. Thanks to this, it is possible to identify documents of increased demand, insufficient or excessive copies of documents, little-sought and undeservedly forgotten publications in order to regulate the processes of replenishment of the fund, secondary selection or redistribution of funds. In addition, employees who issue documents from the fund can personalize the demand for individual documents, track which user groups are interested in one or another part of the document fund. All this provides important information for adjusting the composition of the fund; - observation of refusals for various reasons (issued, not in place, not in the fund, etc.). Daily monitoring helps to track various situations that lead to failures, identify typical failures and errors at various stages of fund formation, leading to failures for individual documents, as well as promptly correct them, diagnose and remove user dissatisfaction in a timely manner;
7 - monitoring the state of the material basis of individual documents, which allows timely acceptance of the restoration of dilapidated or damaged documents, the replacement of documents that have become unusable. In addition, it helps to quickly identify emerging problems with the safety of documents in the fund in order to prevent the actions of malicious factors. The method of daily observation is simple and effective, since, with little labor, time and material resources, it makes it possible to identify and correct various shortcomings and errors made in the formation of the fund. However, its indispensable condition is the desire of employees to carry out observations and adjustments, to strive to improve the quality of the document fund. Therefore, the effectiveness of this method directly depends on the professionalism and motivation of employees. Its disadvantage is the subjectivity of the information received about the fund and its relevance. To reduce subjectivity, it is necessary to simultaneously apply other methods for assessing the quality of the fund. § 2. Statistical method The method of statistical analysis, which is based on quantitative data on the state and use of the document fund, collected as a result of complete accounting and the factors of its use, has a significantly greater objectivity. With this method, with the help of quantitative calculations, the librarian receives a general summary, expressed in numbers, of: - the library fund itself (the total number of books in the entire fund and in each of its sections); - on the use of the library fund by readers (the total number of loans from the fund as a whole and from each of its sections). This information makes it possible to draw conclusions about the qualitative state of the book fund as a whole and its individual parts. Statistical study of the fund, for example, new acquisitions, disposals - in comparison with the lending, the number of users, helps to identify its growth rate, compliance with user requests and contributes to making the right management decisions on working with the fund. The study of the fund's renewal, comparison with readability, availability of books, negotiability allows drawing conclusions about its quality and making a decision on the formation and increase in the efficiency of the use of the fund. Studying the sectoral structure of the fund and lending helps to identify the most actively requested and passive funds and make a decision on completing or clearing the ballast.
8 For the convenience of conducting a statistical study of the library fund, it is advisable to assign the appropriate designations to the indicators and give formulas for calculating individual indicators: Ф - the value of the document fund; P is the volume of new receipts; H - updateability; N is the standard value of shortage; B - lending; A is the number of users; OB - convertibility; OBOPT - optimal negotiability; K - book supply; KOPT - book availability is optimal; H - readability; TR is the growth rate. The volume of the library fund is calculated in accordance with the following book supply standards (K): - in cities - from 5 to 7 copies. per 1 inhabitant; - in rural settlements - from 7 to 9 copies. per 1 inhabitant. To determine exemplarity, one must be guided by the relevance of the topic, the number of possible requests, the structure of the library (number of users, etc.), financial capabilities, the chronological depth of document storage, and the availability of copying equipment. Practice has established that books (meaning special literature) lose their relevance after 2-3 years. You should not purchase new editions of the same type if there are similar ones from later years, creating the so-called hidden doublet. One copy can be purchased for the fund if there are 8-9 users who need it. The library fund can be considered optimally staffed both in terms of composition and size if it satisfies about 75% of the total number of requirements for the profile of the library fund. The turnover is calculated according to the formula: OB Shows the intensity of the use of the library fund. From this formula, you can derive the dependence of OBot Ch and K. Since V \u003d A * H, and F \u003d K * A, then OB Depending on the readability, the indicators of OBiOBOPT vary. But in any case, circulation below the lower limit (2) indicates insufficient use of the library fund, which may be due to the lack of information about books, poor quality
9 acquisition and study of the fund, non-systematic secondary selection and exclusion of documents from the fund. If OB is higher than the upper optimal limit (3), this is evidence of either an insufficient margin of fund reliability, or inaccuracies in accounting for data on the library fund or book supply. Negotiability above the upper limit is allowed only for the overactively requested part of the fund. The inevitable result of the overactive use of the fund is the premature deterioration of documents. So, the most requested part of the educational literature in the reading rooms becomes unusable 1-3 years after the start of its use. Especially these terms are reduced today due to the small number of copies and the release of printed materials in paperbacks. ABOUT OPT -2-3 Renewability (N) for a certain period (t) reflects the ratio of the volume of receipts (P) to the volume of the fund at the end of the study period in percent. Н(t)= *100% Reliability of the fund can be ensured only if there is a strong tendency for the volume of input of publications to predominate over the volume of output. The reduction of new arrivals, of course, cannot contribute to the satisfaction of readers' needs. This is an extremely undesirable phenomenon. According to IFLA's recommendation, the public library fund should be updated within 10 years and it should contain 10% of books published in the last 2 years, 30-40% of books published in the last 5 years. Thus, it is desirable that at least 5% of publications of the current year fall into the fund every year. The renewal of the book fund is based on the number of residents registered in the territory served by the library. Information for statistical analysis is obtained from the book of the total account of the library fund (library fund record sheet), from the library work diary, in which the lending of books is taken into account daily, and from the library reports. For analysis, it is necessary to calculate indicators of average values and relative values: percentages, book supply, readability and negotiability, which are entered in a certain table (see Table 1.). Indicators The size of the fund (copy) The main departments of the library fund General political. Natural science of vennoscience. Technical esc. Rural farming vein. Art, physical. and sports Art Abs. Abs: % Abs: % Abs: % Abs: % Abs: % Abs: % Total Books
10 Book lending Availability of books Readability Negotiability The percentage of sectoral sections makes it possible to judge the thematic structure of the fund and its compliance with the profile of the region. It is necessary to compare the indicators of circulation and readability, as this will help the librarian to determine how the size of the collection corresponds to the number of readers and their requests. So, with high readability, the low circulation of the fund will indicate that the size of the fund exceeds the possibilities for its development by readers, therefore, it is necessary to reduce the availability of books (by reducing the number of copies of publications, exemption from unused ones). High negotiability with low readability indicates an insufficient volume of the fund. Based on the data in the table, it is possible to calculate not only the general relative indicators, but also for each sectoral department of the fund. This will identify the departments of the fund, actively or underused by readers. Statistical analysis data are the basis for deciding how to further collect the fund, which books to purchase, statistical analysis does not provide. This is possible only as a result of the use of other methods of studying the fund, with the help of which problems in the fund are identified and specific books are outlined that are necessary for purchase in the library. § 3. Bibliographic method The study of the fund by content is of great importance for improving the quality of acquisition. For this, the bibliographic method is used. It is carried out by comparing each section of the systematic catalog with recommended bibliographic manuals. With the help of this method, the scientific and aesthetic value of the library fund, its completeness is determined, and the problems that exist in it are identified. Only by comparing the disclosure in the systematic catalog of sections of the book fund with the corresponding bibliographic aids, it is possible to find out whether important, topical topics, individual authors and books are missed in a particular section.
11 It is important to consider whether the fund is sufficiently staffed with socially significant publications, to check to what extent they correspond to the economic profile of the region, meet its current level. The results of reconciliation of the fund with one or another bibliographic index will show that the fund contains many books that are not mentioned in the bibliographic indexes, and on the other hand, some of the books indicated in it are not in the library. It is not necessary that all the books recommended by the index be in the collection. It is important that there are books needed for a given region. Based on the results of the reconciliation, a decision is made on which issues and topics and which publications should be purchased for the fund or excluded from it. § 4. Analytical method Analytical method - allows you to study the use of the fund by readers and determine the quality of the fund, the degree of compliance of the printed works collected in it with the requests of readers. This method is more efficient and allows you to determine the negotiability of each individual book that is part of any section of the collection of a given library. An important place here is given to a continuous review of books on the shelves, by the method of individual selection of each edition. The analysis is carried out on the basis of marks on the sheets for the return of the book, on the book forms, by which it is possible to establish how many times each book was issued during the period under study. In the process of studying, the librarian must look through each book, familiarize himself with its content, readership, compare the number of loans with the year of publication of the book and enter all the data in the table: Department of the fund Number of books Number of viewing. Used % 1-2 times 3-5 times 6-10 times Asked in total The table is filled in as books are viewed. After filling in the table, you can make calculations. For comparison, it is necessary to calculate what percentage of literature from the total number of books of the corresponding department of the fund was issued 1-2 times, 3-5 times, etc. Based on these calculations, a conclusion is made about how this department of the fund was used by readers, which literature was actively issued, and which was weak. When studying, it is especially important to pay attention to the unused part of the fund, to carefully understand why this or that
12 another book did not reach readers, to establish the reason for not claiming each book. Further work with the unused part of the fund: - obsolete and dilapidated publications are removed from the shelves and included in the write-off acts; - non-core and redundant (doublet) copies are selected from the fund and prepared for transfer to other libraries; - noteworthy literature is actively promoted. In the process of analytical study, an analysis is made of the section of the fund by year of publication in order to establish how much the fund is equipped with new, modern books, as well as by types and types of publications - textbooks, manuals, reference books, etc. § 5. Sociological methods Sociological methods give an idea of the actual use of funds, the information needs of readers, their relationship to the publications collected in the library. Sociological methods allow you to look at the fund through the eyes of readers. They are carried out through questionnaires, interviews, conversations, analysis of readers' forms, etc. Special library methods: A survey is a method of collecting primary verbal (verbal) information for studying such mass (mainly socio-psychological) phenomena as the reader's public opinion about certain books or periodicals, reader ratings, the attitude of readers to library work, in general or to certain types of it, to individual events, the attitude of readers to each other and to librarians, etc. The types of demand used to study readers can be reduced to other main ones: a questionnaire survey that involves self-completion by respondents (the person being interviewed is a librarian or reader) of a special questionnaire; interviewing is a face-to-face oral survey conducted by the interviewer according to a special plan. Questioning. They are used, as a rule, to collect oriented material, the processing of which makes it possible to establish certain statistical facts, to identify typical phenomena (for example, public opinion, interests, etc.). Thus, with the help of questionnaires it is possible to obtain data on the content of the interests of different reader groups, but it is impossible to deeply study the sources of these interests, the reasons for their occurrence and the history of development.
13 Questionnaires are mostly anonymous, but they always include questions about age, profession, education, etc. Otherwise, it is impossible to systematize and process the material according to group characteristics. When questioning, it is usually assumed that the statements of the respondent fully or at least approximately correspond to the truth. At the same time, the researcher should always take into account the possibility of distortion, strive to create such a system of interrelated questions that would help to find out the true opinion of the respondent. The social pattern, manifesting itself in individual specific facts, is of a statistical nature, and therefore, when processing the completed questionnaires, the researcher always observes a certain scatter in the questionnaires. In each questionnaire, the statement of the 1st respondent is recorded, and only the summary judgment of all respondents can serve as the 1st indicator. So that false answers do not affect objectivity, the law of large numbers must be taken into account: the survey must be massive enough and cover the required number of people from the survey groups. Interviewing. Here, the interaction between the interviewer and the respondent is decisive. Success largely depends on whether the interviewer manages to create a friendly atmosphere. The advantage of an interview over a questionnaire is the possibility of direct observation. For library science, this method is of particular value, since it is very close to individual work with readers. Interviewing is equally effective when studying highly or poorly qualified groups of readers (while questionnaires for the latter may be too difficult). Questionnaires and interviews are usually organized by scientific and methodological centers to study reader interests, demand for literature, etc. a number of libraries. In a separate library, they are held only occasionally: for example, to take into account the wishes of readers about the acquisition of funds as a service in the library, to collect feedback on a mass event or information about topics of interest to readers. If the questionnaires are nominal, then the information contained in them, after statistical processing, is sometimes used in individual work with readers. In cases where librarians are interested in the relationship of readers to a particular book or a particular author, the analysis of readers' forms is combined with the analysis of return sheets or book forms. This method is very objective, since it captures the real picture of the reader's demand for a book, it is able to reveal readers' preferences, the life of books in the reader's environment, and its popularity. It is most expedient to record the interest of readers with the help of a special file of interests. Library practice confirms it
14 reality. The headings of the card index are topics, questions, genres of literature identified as reader interests. According to the headings of the card index, one can judge the predominance of certain interests, the birth of new genres in connection with changes in public life and, accordingly, with the reader's orientation, the fall of interest in some problem, issue, genre. In a number of research methods that allow penetrating into the minds and psyches of people, the survey is one of the main ones, and is usually carried out in two forms: oral (or face-to-face) - interviews and written (or correspondence) - questionnaires. Both forms are based on a certain set of questions on the topic under study, i.e. questionnaire, questionnaire, questionnaire, with its help, information is collected. This is a kind of script for a conversation with the respondent, regardless of whether it is a face-to-face or correspondence conversation. A questionnaire survey is one of the two main types of survey methods used to obtain empirical information regarding objective facts, knowledge, opinions, assessments, and behavior. The questionnaire is the main survey tool and is a sociological document containing a structurally organized set of questions, each of which is related to the objectives of the study. This relationship is expressed in the need to obtain information that reflects the characteristics of the object under study. Each questionnaire has a certain structure, the important elements of which are: the introductory part, the "passport", the main part. Introductory part. Any registration of the questionnaire begins with an introductory part, where it is mandatory to design a title page with the name of the questionnaire, reflecting the topic or problem of the survey, the place and year of issue of the questionnaire, as well as the name of the organization conducting the survey. For example: State Institution "Centralized Library System of the Osakarovskaya District of the Karaganda Region" QUESTIONNAIRE "Study and use of the library fund of the Osakarovskaya Central Library Library" Osakarovka, 2015.
15 Also, in the introductory part, the goals and objectives of the survey, its significance and prospects for researching the results are usually briefly explained. It also explains the rules for filling out the questionnaire, the anonymity of the survey must be indicated. Introductory example: Hello! We ask you to take part in the discussion of the problems of studying and using the library fund of the Osakarovskaya Central Library Library. We appeal to you, because no one can convey deeper and more accurately how this happens. We also hope to receive answers to similar questions from representatives of the various population groups covered by the services of our library system. Your sincere answers will contribute to solving problems related to this topic. Attention! To fill out the questionnaire, you need to choose the answer option that corresponds to your opinion and circle the number that indicates this option. You can also add your answer on the line provided for this. It is not necessary to sign the form. We thank you in advance for your cooperation! Some rules for filling out and registering answers can be placed separately, in the text itself, consisting of separate questions of the main part of the questionnaire. For example, it could be an indication of how many response options can be selected in a particular question (“Please select one answer” or “Check all that apply”). The main part of the questionnaire consists of questions related to the goals and objectives of the study, as well as the procedure for filling out the questionnaire itself. Of great importance is the order of questions, their wording, graphic design. Questions and answer options, as a rule, are proposed to be highlighted in font, number, frames. The text of the aket is usually adapted. It includes the actual questions, in the sequence of which the content of the topic under study is revealed. This is the largest part in volume and the most difficult in content. A good questionnaire requires attention, painstaking work, knowledge of the types of questions, the ability to accurately formulate them and arrange them in a certain sequence. Certain rules also apply here. So, in order to be understood, you need to speak in the language of the respondent: try not to use foreign words, avoid fanciful verbal phrases and expressions. Everything must be translated from the language of the researcher into the language of the interviewees (respondents). The procedure for constructing a questionnaire is, first of all, operating with concepts and their specific logical relationship. Developed by one researcher, the questionnaire obeys his logic and to some extent sets the logic of the respondent's reasoning. In principle, it is possible to construct an absolutely neutral questionnaire in which the influence of the researcher would be completely excluded.
16 Questionnaire questions should be clear and concise. Understandable to all respondents without exception. You should be especially careful and careful when choosing initial questions, among which there should not be too difficult or scrupulous. More complex questions requiring analysis, reflection, memory activation are placed in the middle of the questionnaire. By the end of it, the difficulty of the questions should decrease. All questions are combined into blocks according to thematic and problematic principles. Moreover, the transition from one semantic segment to another should be carried out smoothly. For example, in order for the respondent to be able to more fully and better answer the question about making changes to the work of the library, he is preceded by a question on imagining himself as a “library manager”. In this case, he will think more seriously about specific proposals for changing the work of the library. According to the content, the questions in the questionnaire are divided into two groups: the main ones - those that directly work to collect material for the hypothesis, and auxiliary - confirming the reliability of the answers. Questions can be closed, open or semi-closed. Closed questions. The main questions in the questionnaire work on the hypothesis; they have a strictly defined set of alternatives. From which the respondent is asked how to choose the right one. By asking such a question, the researcher takes the initiative to prompt the respondent with answers. It is assumed that the compiler of the questionnaire is more competent in the topic under study. Such questions set out the brevity of the answer. The most common type of closed question is the yes-no answer. For example: Do you have a home library? 1) Yes, 2) No; Are you enrolled in the library? 1) Yes, 2) No. In addition, sociologists often use alternative closed questions: How often did you turn to a book, magazine? 1) Daily, 2) Several times a week, 3) About once a week, 4) About once a month or less. Here the set of answers is strictly defined, and only one of the options must be chosen. Another type of closed question is the menu question.
17 A feature of it is the ability to select multiple answers. For example: Do you think the reading room is...? 1) A place to study in the library, 2) A call center, 3) A place to watch newspapers and magazines, 4) A place to listen to sound recordings. Such questions are indicated in brackets or in smaller print: “Please tick one or more items”. Closed questions, unlike others, provide more accurate and premeditated information. Open questions. They present a wide story to the user, give scope to the reader's imagination. Usually they start with the words: “Who”, “What”, “Where”, “When”, “Why”, etc. The respondent in this case is looking for a more detailed and accurate answer, formulated without the prompts of the questionnaire (interviewer). It is recommended to ask them when it is important to have the interlocutor's judgments and conclusions, stimulate him to talk, get an original answer, avoid suggestions and initiatives to take everything into your own hands. Asking an open question, the researcher, as it were, relieves himself of the controlling function, for example: “Tell me, please, what could you suggest for organizing the work of your library?”. Resist the temptation to turn an open question into a closed one by sketching out possible answers. Semi-closed questions - differ from closed ones in that in the alternative answers offered to the respondent, the position is introduced: “Other _________”, “Your dissenting opinion _________”. In some cases, if “in your opinion” the respondent may not answer the question of the questionnaire for any reason, or not everything is indicated in the alternative, then it is necessary to include the item “I find it difficult to answer”. When formulating the questions of the questionnaire, one must remember that it is impossible to put the answer you need in the first place in the alternatives. Phrases of alternatives should be approximately the same in length, duration. In addition, when compiling a questionnaire, it is necessary to choose either direct or indirect forms of questions. For example, replace the question “Have you read such and such a book?” to “Are you going to read…?” etc. Use filter questions in the questionnaire: Are you enrolled in the library? 1) Yes, 2) No, then go to question number... Include control questions to check the veracity of the answers: Please tell me what kind of books do you like to read? Please name the book you are reading.
18 present? As well as situational and figurative questions, which describe a certain situation, approximate examples from life are given. Such questions are easily perceived and do not present much difficulty in understanding the meaning of the question and answer, most often begin with the words: "Imagine ...". But in their formation, one should try to avoid verbosity, and the described situation should be typical, familiar to all respondents. A good questionnaire includes all types of questions. Their skillful selection and combination allows increasing the accuracy, completeness and reliability of the information received. Questionnaire questions are like links in one chain - each of them must be connected with the previous and subsequent ones, this is a special whole with its own properties. "Passportichka" - the final part of the questionnaire, consists of questions relating to the socio-demographic and other characteristics of the respondent. As a rule, it is placed either at the beginning of the questionnaire or at its end, and in the latter case ends with an expression of gratitude to the respondent for participating in the survey. Some researchers believe that the "passport" at the very beginning of the questionnaire can cause distrust in the sociologist and doubt the actual anonymity of the survey and, accordingly, affect the sincerity of the answers. At the same time, the location of the “passport” at the beginning of the questionnaire is justified psychologically, since it allows you to gradually increase the complexity of the questions. Usually "passport" begins with the words: And now some information about yourself; or, And now a little about yourself… It can include such factors as: geographical: region, country, administrative divisions, population, city, suburb, climate; demographic (basic): age, gender, family size, marital status, income level, profession, education level, religion, race, nationality; psychographic: social stratum, lifestyle, personal qualities. The questionnaire ends with the words: “Thank you”, “Thank you for your help!”. The graphic design of the questionnaire must meet such requirements as: a clear font, sufficient space for recording free answers, the mandatory location of the entire list of possible answers on one page. The questionnaire should be as short and concise as possible. The number of questions in it cannot be infinite. Practice shows that large questionnaires, which take more than 40 minutes in time, tire the respondents. As a result, the effectiveness of the survey decreases: the activity of the respondents decreases, their interest in the work, and as a result, we get a poorly filled questionnaire.
19 Ways of distribution. There are several ways to distribute questionnaires: 1. Press (publication in print); 2. Postal (sending by mail); 3. Handout (delivery personally into the hands of the respondent - can be carried out right on the spot or with filling at home with their subsequent return on time) Most often, the handout method is used. Optimally, one questionnaire works with a group of 15-20 people. At the same time, ensuring 100% return of questionnaires and the questionnaire can control the quality of their filling. § 6. Proposals for improving the study of the library fund 1. Strengthened propaganda of undeservedly forgotten publications (at exhibitions, reviews, individual conversations, etc.). Organization of the study of the fund by librarians, constant bibliographic reviews for library staff. 2.Regular publication of the fund, its assessment by industry experts, the timeliness of the withdrawal of publications. 3. Studying the profile of the fund, the needs of readers, the return of unordered publications. 4. Binding, restoration of publications. If the publication is not accepted for binding, it will be written off. Organization of a set of events to promote respect for the book. Resupply. 5. Strengthen the propaganda of publications. With significant duplication, transfer of some publications to other libraries. Science-based pre-order exemplar definition. 6.Transfer of publications to another level of storage. The library can conduct a study of those books that have not found their reader by placing these publications on exhibitions, for example, with the following titles: “These books are exhibited in the library for the last time” or “Your opinion, reader, about these books.” In this case, readers are offered a feedback card with the following evaluation criteria: 1. There was no information about the book 2. The book was undeservedly forgotten 3. The book was of limited demand 4. The topic of the book did not arouse interest 5. The topic is important, but the material is presented primitively, uninteresting 6. The topic has lost its relevance 7. The publication is outdated in content
20 8. The book did not attract attention due to poor printing design 9. It contains complex, difficult to understand material. Analysis of feedback cards with rating numbers noted by readers will allow you to make informed decisions about the future fate of the book in the library. Chapter 2. Documentation analysis. Library research makes extensive use of document analysis techniques to study readers. When properly formulated, this method allows one to obtain objective information about the composition of readers, about the mass events of the library, about the dynamics of lending in general, about the significance of certain books, etc., as well as about the manifestations of public opinion among readers. Documentation analysis methods are diverse. Old methods are constantly improved, new methods appear. This process is caused by practical needs, features of documents, directions and goals of the study. All methods of studying documentation can be divided into two large groups: traditional and formalized, quantitative. Differing from each other, they do not exclude, but complement each other. Traditional methods are divided into general (understanding, instruction, comprehension) and special (source study, psychological, legal, etc.). This also includes library science methods of document analysis used to study readers. Of the general methods for analyzing documentation in library research of readers, the analysis of readers' autobiographies (biographies) and reviews is used. § 1. Analysis of readers' forms It is a special library method for studying readers. Although in the vast majority of libraries forms are the main means of recording information about work with readers, such records are not always made in them. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of their analysis as a method of studying readers largely depends on this. The issued literature is registered in the reader's form and information about the content of the reading is accumulated. But of course they are limited. The form does not reflect the unsatisfied survey of the reader and the literature that he uses outside of this library (takes it from other libraries or from acquaintances, etc.). According to the notes, it is impossible to establish which literature the reader requested, and which he took on the recommendation.
21 librarians, or from a book fair, whether his demand is satisfied, whether the books taken are read. Information about the form only partially reflects the content of reading and does not at all reflect the motives for demand, the goals and results of reading, and attitudes towards the books read. To overcome this limitation, the record of books issued is sometimes accompanied by conventional signs, indicating the reason for the demand (for example, underlining the inventory number of a book taken by the reader on the recommendation of a librarian, or putting the letter “P”). In some mass libraries, additional columns are introduced into the forms of readers of a certain group. Here, conventional signs indicate the reasons that led to the choice of a particular book, the motives of demand, the reader's reaction to the books read. Sometimes special, analytical forms are also used, in which records of issued literature are grouped by branches of knowledge or by leading topics, characteristic requests, refusals are noted on separate pages, the results of conversations with readers, observations on them, individual reading plans are recorded. But maintaining forms takes a lot of time. Analysis of reader forms can be focused and in-depth; the first is an integral part of serving readers (for example, viewing the form during a reader's visit to the library or statistical processing of a number of forms). In-depth analysis is carried out periodically or episodically. It is individual and group. An individual analysis of the forms of individual readers is carried out annually or once every six months. Looking through the entries in the form, it is established how many books there are, for which departments of knowledge, types of literature, which books, in what sequence the reader took during the analyzed period, how many books he took on average during a month or a year. This allows you to judge the direction of the content of reading, its system, character. But the records of books issued cannot serve as the only basis for a serious judgment about the reader. As stated, the information in the form is limited. They need to be analyzed simultaneously with records of observations and with other materials about the reader (reviews of books, statements taken into account during public events, etc.). As a result of comparing the content of reading with its motives, conclusions are drawn about the range of reader interests, their content, development and sustainability, and a plan for further guidance on reading is outlined. It is recorded on a card that is inserted into the form, and sometimes in the librarian's personal diary. Group analysis of forms is carried out in different ways. To identify the readability of literature on a particular topic, they calculate according to the forms how many people in the group took one book on this topic for six months or a year, how many - two, three, and so on.
22 In some large scientific libraries, instead of reader forms, registration questionnaires on cards (and recently on reuter cards, on punched cards) are used. They record information about readers, but do not register issued publications. Statistical analysis of registration questionnaires makes it possible to identify the leading reader groups, clarify the goals of reading and the main directions in which readers conduct scientific and self-educational work. § 2. Analysis of sheets of reader requirements This is a special technique for observing reader demand. It is used as a standalone method in large libraries where requirement sheets are required. Distinguish between the analysis of satisfied requirements and the analysis of failures on the required literature. They complement each other and are aimed at identifying the needs of readers in literature: the first allows you to determine which literature is in greatest demand among certain reader groups; the second one supplements information about readers' requests and, in addition, shows gaps in the acquisition. § 3. Analysis of book forms A special library method for studying the circulation of books among readers. The book form is usually used to record the issuance of a given book. Sometimes in a number of libraries it is introduced specifically for research purposes. The combination of the analysis of the forms of some books with the analysis of reader reviews about them helps to find out the social value of a particular book: the high or low circulation of a book among a certain group of readers is explained in reader ratings and public opinion about it. The reliability of these conclusions is achieved only by comparison with other materials characterizing the reader's interest and the effectiveness of the promotion of these books in the library and beyond. It is almost impossible to study the negotiability of each work, and librarians use a selective analysis of book forms. Having picked up the forms of all copies of the work, the time of purchase of the books is determined by the inventory numbers. Knowing the acquisition of books, the number of copies and the total number of books issued, determine its negotiability for a certain period of time (for example, for a year).
23 To clarify the circulation of books among different groups of readers, book forms are analyzed together with reader forms. According to the reader's written down in the book form. They select readers' forms and count how many times the book was given out to one or another group. The information contained in the analysis cards helps to judge the requests of readers, the results of book promotion. They also provide fund acquisition planning. § 4. Analysis of library statistics materials It can serve as a special method for studying readers, since statistical accounting of work and library reporting serve as ways of fixing, accumulating and systematizing quantitative data about readers and literature issued to them. The library diary and annual reports record information about the number and composition of readers by main group, by the volume of this literature and its distribution by library classification departments. This information characterizes in general terms the contingent and requests of readers. The analysis of library statistics materials should be comparative: it is necessary to compare data on the composition of readers, lending, circulation of funds by divisions of classification for different periods of time. The longer the period of time is taken for storage, the more the time analysis is taken for comparison, the more the analysis of quantitative data is able to show the qualitative changes that are taking place. This is the reason for the widespread use of the analysis of library statistics materials in methodological centers. Comparison of the statistical reports of libraries for long periods of time makes it possible to judge the results of the work of these libraries, the trends in their development. In other respects, the analysis of quantitative data is also useful when comparing indicators over short periods of time, especially when, in order to subordinate this analysis to the specific tasks of studying readers (to organize differentiated services, the correct acquisition of funds, etc.), they resort to additional statistical accounting. Librarians expand the minimum information provided in the library diary by introducing additional columns; it is more convenient to group the composition of readers and issued books; take into account the issuance of individual works; keep a separate statistical record of issuance by reader groups and by subject matter of literature. Methodological centers combine the analysis of library statistics materials and library information reports.
24 § 5. Analysis of materials of library reference and bibliographic work Analysis of materials of reference and bibliographic work can serve as a special library method of studying readers, since bibliographic requests reflect the needs of readers in literature, reveal readers' interests and goals of reading. The volume of reference and bibliographic work and the means of their accounting are different. In mass libraries, bibliographic requests are recorded in the diary, and in the bibliographic departments and reading rooms of large libraries - on registration forms. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of thematic queries. Mass libraries usually analyze the content and design of each bibliographic request. In science, statistical analysis of materials is more often used. Here it is one of the leading methods of studying readers, on the basis of which bibliographic information is organized. Chapter 3. Preservation of the Library Fund § 1. The Role and Importance of Preservation Library funds are of exceptional spiritual and material value. Therefore, one of the main functions of the library is to ensure the long-term storage of book wealth accumulated by society. The completeness of satisfaction of readers' requests, the reduction in the number of refusals, the reduction of unproductive costs for premature repair, binding and restoration of publications, as well as for the repetition of their acquisition, largely depend on the safety of the fund formed by the library. The preservation of book wealth is of great social and cultural significance for all peoples of the world. An intergovernmental conference, convened at the initiative of UNESCO in 1954 in The Hague, adopted the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property. According to this Convention, library collections, along with other cultural property, are subject to international protection in case of threat of their destruction or misappropriation in any form. The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) in its long-term program and Memorandum notes that ensuring the safety of library collections is one of the important problems in the activities of national library centers. The safety of funds is achieved by their protection, proper storage and elimination of damage factors. Protection is understood as a system of measures to ensure the prevention and protection of the library fund
25 against encroachments on its integrity. Proper storage is the maintenance of the fund in a specially equipped room under conditions of optimal physico-chemical and biological conditions. Since the funds are public and state property, their comprehensive protection has been and remains one of the important tasks of the country. The constitution of each country obliges every citizen to protect and strengthen state property, to take care of the preservation of cultural values. Persons encroaching on state and public property are punished by law. Library funds in our country are protected by the norms of various branches of law - labor, administrative, civil, financial, criminal. In 1962, the "Instruction on the Preservation of Book Collections" obligatory for all libraries was adopted. Nevertheless, the problem of the safety of funds is still very far from being resolved. Knowledge of the rules for long-term savings of funds is of particular importance. § 2. Factors Affecting Preservation Long-term preservation of a library collection presupposes at the same time the presence of mechanical strength, biological stability of the materials from which books and other documents are made, and their protection from theft and destruction. To do this, the library provides: - educating librarians and readers of a sense of responsibility for the safety of the library fund; - the correct microclimatic mode of storage; - timely accounting and control over the receipt, issuance and return of literature; - constant supervision over the correct operation of engineering equipment (electrical installations, heating, ventilation, water supply and sewerage systems, etc.) and fire safety; - biological protection of the fund from insects, rodents and other pests of the book. In other words, the safety of the library fund is influenced by social, physico-chemical and biological factors. § 3. Social factors At present, the role of the social factor is very high. Only a conscious, responsible attitude of readers to library collections as public property can create a reliable guarantee of the safety of printed works, keeping them in good physical condition. As a result, there is a need for ongoing and in-depth
26 educational work among readers of all ages and socio-demographic groups. The duty of a librarian is to instill in each reader an understanding of the social significance of library collections, to explain the rules for using the library and books, to convince of the need to follow these rules, to cultivate a personal interest in the safety of the library book, to help master the appropriate skills, abilities and habits of careful handling of the book. A beautifully published book also keeps readers from mishandling it, so it is very important to monitor the external condition of each book and the collection as a whole. The librarian must continuously educate the reader's respect for the book, gradually complicating the tasks and methods of this process. At the same time, the pedagogical expediency of the chosen means, forms and methods is important: they must correspond to the specific characteristics of the reader groups, the position and situations, they must be maximally differentiated and individualized. In conditions of wide access to funds, their safety is impossible without high moral consciousness of people. This awareness is made up of a deep conviction of readers in the enormous role of libraries and their funds for the development of society, as well as their awareness of their role in preserving spiritual wealth for present and future generations. However, there may be a gap between consciousness and human behavior. It is necessary that the readers' conscious understanding of the careful attitude to library books be manifested in their correct behavior. It is important to remember that if indifferent or incorrect attitudes towards library books are not overcome at an early age, over time it can become ingrained and become a bad habit. In this case, the librarian has to deal with re-education, and this is more difficult than correct education from the very beginning of the reader's life. The eradication of bad habits and skills is possible only with continuous active influence on the reader. The upbringing of a careful attitude to the book is laid in preschool and primary school age. The child must be aware that each book is the result of a great collective work and this work must be protected. One of the effective examples of persuading this is to show the child the process of “birth” of a book, to demonstrate how much work and care has been invested in it. It is very important that they learn about the measures that the state is taking to ensure the safety of library books, and that they themselves take part in their repair and restoration. Emotions play an important role at this age. Thus, drawing an analogy between careless handling of books and immoral acts, or showing books loved but spoiled by children, causes
27 other readers outraged. This emotion helps to form a conscious understanding of the harm that can be caused to the fund due to careless handling of it. With age, the importance of elementary teachings gradually decreases. In middle and senior school age, another ethical and pedagogical aspect is intensified - the demands on readers. Of particular importance is the education of a sense of duty, responsibility to other readers, a deeper understanding of the social significance of books at the present stage of development of society. In order for the consciousness of the importance of careful attitude to library books to be transformed in the reader into the appropriate behavior, the librarian brings up the necessary skills and habits in him. The earlier this process is started, the greater the effect it gives. Each reader is obliged to know the rules for using the library. In his reader's form, he signs that he is familiar with them and undertakes to fulfill them. Therefore, the entry into the library should not be a formal act. The rules for using the library and the rules for the careful handling of books are best placed at the entrance to the library in the most visible place. The basic rules for the careful handling of library books are aimed at preventing their deterioration and wear. They come down to the following: do not bend the book, do not make any notes and underlining in it, carefully take it and put it in its place, make sure that it does not get dirty, do not put “bookmarks” from various kinds of objects in the book, correctly (for the upper right corner with dry fingers) turn the pages. In educating an adult reader, a librarian focuses on the moral and legal aspect of careful attitude to library funds, emphasizes the responsibility of library books, and, if necessary, helps him overcome the contradiction between his own selfish interests and the interests of society. The result of pedagogical efforts depends on the right tone in the relationship between the librarian and the reader. The best way is soft but persistent demands. Positive progress in the education of readers is achieved when the educational process takes place not only within the walls of the library, but merges with the efforts of the family, kindergarten, school, university, production team. In all spheres of its work, the library relies heavily on the reader's asset. Improper handling of books that make up the library fund most often leads to damage to them, untimely return to the library, non-return (loss, misappropriation, transfer to other persons) and theft. Legislative acts stipulate that the perpetrators bear both moral and material liability, and in the most dangerous cases, criminal liability for damage caused to library funds.
28 To combat damage, the reader and librarian must have a culture of handling the book. When receiving a used book from a reader, the librarian checks the external condition of the pages, the presence of graphs, drawings, photographs and illustrations. The reader is obliged to replace the spoiled book with an equivalent one or pay five times (or more) its cost. Measures to combat the untimely return of books taken for reading come down mainly to verbal or written reminders (demands) to debtor readers about the need to urgently return books to the library. According to the rules of using the library, a double reminder is allowed. If it does not have due attention, the book belonging to the library is collected through the notary's office. Depending on the reasons for the late return, the library may apply more stringent measures: contacting public organizations at the place of work or residence, calling the reader to discuss his behavior on the library's asset, using the press, radio and television. In case of loss of the book, the reader is obliged to return to the library an identical or equivalent edition, or pay five times its cost according to the used inscription of the notary's office. The reasons for the theft of books lie, on the one hand, in the low consciousness of individual readers, on the other hand, in the shortcomings of the work of some libraries: accounting errors, improper placement of funds (especially with open access), poor control over the safety of books. Books are most often lost in those libraries where there is no climate of intolerance towards abuse committed by readers. Negatively affect the overcoming of private property views are cases when readers who have appropriated a library book - public property, remain unpunished. As a rule, petty theft is committed in libraries by unconscious readers, and much less often by librarians. The fight against petty theft is mainly within the competence of the public. In especially serious cases, those who committed theft are punished in accordance with the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. However, the main direction in the fight against the theft of printed works belonging to the library is educational work with readers, the creation of an atmosphere of public intolerance around encroachments on the library fund, a detailed analysis of the causes and conditions conducive to theft, and the education of a responsible attitude to the protection of state property.
29 § 4. Physical and chemical factors Important for the preservation of funds is the timely elimination of the causes that cause the material base (hereinafter referred to as the information carrier) of the publications concentrated in the fund to lose mechanical, optical and chemical properties, for example, brittleness, fragility, warping, yellowing , gelatin hydrolysis, emulsion peeling, etc. The mechanical strength of the materials from which the books contained in the collection are made is achieved by their careful handling during use and transportation. It is especially important to monitor the transportation of books in mechanized and automated systems, when there is a high risk of mechanical damage to the publication, ingress of lubricating oil, etc. The information carrier serves the more, the stronger its components are. So, many old books made of rag paper parchment have survived in good condition to our time. At the same time, modern newsprint turns yellow and becomes brittle after a very short time, as it contains wood pulp and glue, which decompose extremely quickly under the influence of light. At present, a search is underway to create high-strength paper. The necessary strength of the materials that make up the library fund is achieved by providing them with protective coatings. The role of such coatings is usually performed by hardcover, cover, super-cover, folder, box, case, transparent films pressed to the cover (laminating1), impregnation of pages with reinforcing compounds (impregnation2), as well as containers in which books are transported. The normal physical condition of publications is maintained by the correct method of storage. The vast majority of types of publications are stored in an upright position, with an air gap between them. If there is free space on the shelf of the rack, holders of various designs are used. Storage of publications in a horizontal position is allowed only for folios, newspapers and other large format materials, as well as for documents such as leaflets. The latter are usually put into boxes or stored in folders. The longevity of funds is determined by a number of factors; the most important of them is the natural and artificially created conditions of the environment in which the library fund is located. The main indicator of the external environment is air with its physical properties (temperature, humidity, movement), constant chemical composition of parts and impregnation of wood, fabric, etc. materials with special solutions or emulsions in order to impart certain properties: anti-rottenness, impermeability, etc.
30 foreign gases, mechanical impurities (dust, smoke, soot) and microflora (the presence of bacterial contamination). The optimal parameters of these properties in relation to the safety of funds are as follows. The best temperature is 16-18o C+/-2o C. Its sharp fluctuations have an adverse effect on the physicochemical properties of information carriers. Too high temperature causes their deformation, brittleness, brittleness, loss of elasticity, etc.; low air temperature is always associated with an increase in its relative humidity, which predisposes to the intensive development of mold fungi both on the material basis of the funds and on the wooden parts of the equipment. The required temperature is set mainly by heating devices. They must evenly heat the room, provide air frequency, fire safety. For all types of publications, the most favorable humidity is 50-60% + / 5%. Air humidity is measured with a hygrometer or an electric moisture meter. In libraries, the August psychometer is most often used to determine the relative humidity of the air. Humidifiers of various designs are used to increase humidity, as well as green spaces both inside and outside the storage facility. Plants not only humidify the air, but also purify it of dust and increase the concentration of oxygen. An important factor in the air environment surrounding the funds is the degree of air mobility between the premises and the external environment. Air must circulate evenly throughout the storage facility. The air of storage facilities can be polluted with chemical and mechanical substances harmful to the fund. In the air, the most common gases are: sulfuric, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and chlorine; vapors of sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acid, as well as resinous substances. Mechanical air pollution includes dust and fumes near located industrial enterprises and boiler houses. All this negatively affects the safety of the library fund. The reduction of the level of gas contamination of the premises is achieved by filtering the air entering them, which is best provided by air conditioning. To exclude internal sources of gas pollution, special attention is paid to the health of the solid fuel heating system located in the library building. General dedusting of the entire fund is carried out with a vacuum cleaner and manually 2-3 times a year. In addition, dust is removed monthly, during sanitary days. In projects of large and largest libraries, automatic dust removal. The degree of destruction of funds is also in direct proportion to the strength and duration of the action of the light flux on it. Therefore, lighting should: function only at a time when in
31 depositories are people; be directed to the part of the fund that is currently being used; have a level no higher than necessary to perform specific operations with the fund; be dispersed and fire-safe. There are two types of lighting in the storage facility: natural and artificial. Natural lighting - sunlight or diffused daylight. The fund must be protected as far as possible from direct sunlight, which, carrying light and solar radiation, cause irreversible optical, mechanical and chemical changes in the material basis of information carriers, reduce their strength: the paper turns yellow, the photolayer of micro-, dia-, films is destroyed. The intensity of the photochemical effect of light energy on the fund depends on a number of factors: the light climate of the area, the orientation of the light openings of the outer walls to the cardinal points, as well as their sizes and structures, the darkening of windows (buildings, trees), lighting sources, the size of the fund storage area, the color of the color internal walls, ceiling, floor and equipment, light protection products. The access of light entering the storage facility through windows may be limited by sun protection devices. These include external (canopies, vertical ribs, cellular sun protection, blinds, curtains, shutters and light-diffusing blocks), inter-pane and internal ways to limit the degree of intensity of the sun's rays. A similar, but less powerful effect is exerted by radiant energy emitted by sources of artificial lighting - fluorescent3 lamps, incandescent lamps, etc. Incandescent lamps are used in rooms where paper-based funds are stored, and in art libraries - fluorescent fluorescent lamps that correctly convey color. Taking into account the negative impact of the light flux on the fund and one of the essential hygiene requirements for librarians - to see the fund steadily and clearly, diffused light lamps are installed in the repository, located taking into account the lighting of the places where the fund is stored and common passageways. The simplest and most radical means of protecting the fund from harmful rays of light is to use compact mobile racks for its placement, the constructive use of which helps to limit the penetration of the light flux to the fund to a minimum. Back in the 1920s. Soviet scientists substantiated the advantages of dark vaults (i.e., completely devoid of natural light). Such storages not only provide reliable protection of the fund from solar radiation, they are extremely economical and convenient in construction and operation. Since the 1930s has become widespread in the world 3 A fluorescent lamp is a gas-discharge light source in which an electric discharge in mercury vapor creates ultraviolet radiation, which is converted into visible light using a phosphor - for example, a mixture of calcium halophosphate with other elements.
32 building practice for the largest and largest dark vault libraries. In connection with the increase in the share of information sources on non-traditional media in the funds, their electromagnetic protection became necessary, which guarantees against accidental or deliberate erasure of the information recorded on them. For these purposes, non-traditional storage media are stored in metal safes. For the same reasons, it is not allowed to use electromechanical devices for storing or transporting non-traditional storage media. Readers are given not the originals of single copies, but their copies. § 5. Biological factors Biological factors of resolution include damage to the fund by microorganisms (bacteria, mold fungi), insects, rodents. The biostability of the fund is ensured by the creation of such an environment that completely eliminates or significantly reduces their destructive impact. Material carriers of information in terms of their chemical composition are most often of organic origin. Therefore, they may be susceptible to microbiological degradation. Bacteria and fungi settle in the paper and binding materials of the book, destroying the structure and chemically changing the substances that make them up. Prevention of the harmful effect of microorganisms on the safety of the fund is achieved by maintaining a normal sanitary condition and climatic regime in the fund depository. If necessary, librarians apply to the local sanitary and epidemiological station with a request to carry out disinfection (destruction of bacteria and fungi) in the storage facility. This requires: the complete destruction of the infectious principle, the harmlessness of the methods used for people and the material basis of publications, the efficiency of the disinfection operation. The most effective disinfection of funds with ethylene oxide gas. It can be used for any funds, as it not only blocks the development of microbial spores (like all methods known for this), but completely destroys them. The most common of more than a hundred species of insects that damage prints are grinders, pretenders, leather beetles, silverfish, house moths, and book lice. Sometimes temporary pests appear in libraries: barbel beetles and peduncle caterpillars. Insects enter the fund from the outside. However, their rapid development occurs only when there are deviations from the optimal conditions for storing funds, especially with sharp fluctuations in temperature, unsatisfactory premises (the presence of dust, debris, cracks in them), when the fund is too densely arranged or when it is stored in piles. Yes, at
Moisture-loving insects appear with an increase in relative humidity of the air, cold-resistant species, etc. in a cold room. Therefore, maintaining cleanliness and the correct meteorological regime of storage facilities is doubly important - to prevent negative physical-chemical and biological factors. The following mouse-like rodents are found in libraries: house (or domestic) mouse and gray rat (pasyuk). Mice and rats enter the library room mainly through passages nailed into the walls of the building for sewer, water, gas pipes, through ventilation ducts, as well as through holes in the cracks in the floors, especially at the points of contact between the walls and the floor. Rodent control is very difficult and requires special attention and perseverance. Measures to combat rodents must be absolutely reliable and radical, because it is enough to stay alive at least one pair of rats, so that in a few months a new large colony of rodents will form. In no case should you create conditions favorable for their life and reproduction (in particular, bring food products into the storage facility). In the event of the appearance of rodents, the library also immediately seeks help from the local sanitary and epidemiological station. As an auxiliary measure, various kinds of traps, traps and similar mechanical devices are used. Good results are obtained by the chemical method of exterminating rodents - the use of poisoned baits. In science, chemical and bacteriological means of exterminating rodents (rats and mice) are usually called deratization4. § 6. Restoration and conservation of publications Over time, under the influence of air and light, material carriers of information undergo physical and chemical changes. This process is called natural aging. In addition, as the publications are used, they lose their mechanical strength, and parts of the text may be lost. Books can be damaged by insects, soprophytes5 and rodents. To restore the properties lost by the publication, they are immediately repaired and restored. Minor repairs - correction and elimination of damage - are usually carried out by community members under the guidance of a librarian. Restoration (from Latin conservatio - preservation) of the most valuable publications - primarily those intended for eternal storage. To this end, the observance of the regime of storage and protection is observed especially strictly, publications for use are issued as rarely as possible or not issued at all. If you still need 4 Deratization (fr. dératisation - literally "destruction of rats") - comprehensive measures for the destruction of rodents (rats, mice, voles, etc.). 5 Saprophytes - heterotrophic organisms that do not directly depend on other organisms, but need ready-made organic compounds.
34 original, the reader is admitted directly to the depository. Works of unique value are stored in safes with automatic maintenance of the set temperature and humidity. § 7. Fire safety of the library fund The above measures to ensure the long-term preservation of funds may be ineffective if the library does not ensure the fire safety of the fund. A fire in a library not only leads to the destruction of material and spiritual values, sometimes of enduring importance, but also poses a threat to the lives of people in it. The library fund is a constant source of increased fire danger. The presence of a combustible substance, an oxidizing agent and an ignition source contributes to the occurrence of a fire. A combustible substance in the library can be floors, ceilings, furniture, paper, photo cardboard, film, etc. The oxidizing agent - atmospheric oxygen - is available anywhere in the room. Sources of ignition - faulty electrical wiring, improper use of the heating system, smoking in the storage facility, etc. Since a fire is much easier to prevent than to extinguish, fire protection includes, first of all, the necessary preventive measures. These include: proper design and construction of library buildings and premises, compliance with the fire regime by library staff and readers. The fire safety of libraries largely depends on the correct placement and operation of electrical lines. The larger the library, the more electricity it consumes and, therefore, the more important the reliability of the insulation and the correct use of electric current. When designing electric power lines, it is important to keep in mind the trend of a constant increase in the electric capacity of libraries of all types and types, which is due to the ever-expanding use of technical means (from office equipment to computers inclusive). Electrical cables must therefore be designed for a multiple increase in load. Electrical wiring is carried out in a hidden way, and lighting fixtures, switchboards and switchgears are used in a closed type. In libraries, it is obligatory to install electric fuses (preferably automatic action), knife switches to fully ensure electrical equipment during non-working hours. It is strictly forbidden to use open flames, various types of electric heaters, portable current receivers, temporary electrical wiring, etc. in storage facilities. Rechargeable batteries are installed in the library to power emergency lighting. When the working lighting is turned off, the emergency lighting must be automatically switched on in the entire building at the same time.
35 Gas heating can form explosive mixtures. When the library is heated with wood, coal, peat and other solid combustible materials, the most common causes of fires are cracked chimneys, faulty oven doors, chimneys passing through the building's wooden instructions without proper insulation, and irregular cleaning of soot from chimneys. Heating stoves can only be used in libraries up to two floors high, with reading buildings up to 100 seats. It is impossible to arrange furnace openings in the storage rooms, as well as to place book funds closer than 1.5 m from the stoves. Of the electric heating systems in the storage facility, it is permissible to use only hermetically sealed heating devices with automatic maintenance of the set temperature. Central heating systems (steam, water, air) have moderate temperatures of heat-releasing surfaces and are therefore the safest in terms of fire. The fire safety of libraries also depends on compliance with fire safety requirements for technological equipment. Racks for storage of funds are made of fireproof materials. In cases where wooden racks are used, they should be subjected to fire retardant treatment. It is advisable to divide the storage facility into compartments with fireproof curtains, partitions, etc. Rare books and other particularly valuable publications are placed in removable non-combustible shelves-boxes that can be easily evacuated from a burning building. Repositories of rare books and manuscripts, the area of which exceeds 450 m2, are divided into compartments by fireproof walls. The availability of fire alarms in the library is of great importance, because it is easier to put out a fire, the earlier the fight against fire is started and the more effective the means used in this case. Fire alarms are designed to quickly report a fire that has arisen in a particular room of the library. Electrical fire alarm systems can be automatic or manual. Depending on the sensors that notify of a fire, they are divided into thermal (regulating an increase in the temperature in the room), smoke (reacting to the appearance of smoke), light (reacting to the appearance of a flame) and combined. The most effective means of extinguishing a fire is the use of non-combustible gases - carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Water used for this purpose can cause damage to books and equipment in automated libraries. Storage facilities with a volume of more than 1.2 million accounting units are recommended to be equipped with volumetric automatic extinguishing installations. In the storage facility, it is necessary to have primary means of extinguishing fires that can be used by any person who finds himself in the place
36 fire or fire. Among such primary means are internal fire hydrants, felt mats (coarse wool or asbestos), sand. The storage facility must be equipped with manual carbon dioxide (OU-2, OU-5, OU-8) and carbon dioxide-bromoethyl fire extinguishers (ОУБ-3, ОУБ-7). The latter have a number of advantages over carbon dioxide ones: their charge is four times more efficient; the weight of a fire extinguisher without charges is three times less than carbon dioxide. Responsibility for the fire-fighting condition rests with the head of the library, who by order appoints responsible persons for the good condition of automatic fire detection and extinguishing equipment, water supply networks, smoke hatches and other fire-fighting equipment. For the maintenance of automatic systems, an agreement can be concluded with a specialized organization. Responsibility for the fire-prevention condition of the structural divisions of the library is their heads. Good knowledge of fire safety rules by all library workers, their conscious and active participation in fire prevention activities is a reliable guarantee of fire prevention and success in fighting fire. The first duty of those responsible for fire safety is to conduct an initial briefing for all employees without exception. In the largest libraries and giant libraries, paramilitary fire departments are allocated to ensure the fire protection of buildings, premises and equipment. In libraries of all types and inputs with a staff of 15 or more people, voluntary fire brigades (VFS) can be created from the library staff. The numerical composition of the DPD is determined by the head of the library. § 8. Fund Hygiene When caring for the safety of the fund, one should not forget about the working conditions of the fund custodian, especially since the unfavorable microclimatic environment sharply worsens its productivity. Violation of the physico-chemical and biological regime of storage of funds can become a source of occupational diseases for a librarian. The presence of dust in the storage facility, lack of light, high and low humidity, and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the microflora adversely affect health. Therefore, the state provides for sanitary and hygienic measures aimed at improving working conditions and improving the health of fund custodians. Norms of illumination, temperature and humidity of the storage facility take into account the physiological needs of a person. In order to preserve the health of people whose work is associated with staying in storage facilities located in the basement or underground premises, the sanitary and hygienic rules establish the time of their work in these
37 rooms - no more than four hours. Employees who have to deal with harmful substances - phenolic and mercury-containing antiseptics, nitric, sulfuric, phosphoric acids, acetone, toluene, etc. (most often this applies to specialists in the restoration and conservation of funds) receive free milk, which neutralizes the effects of toxic substances . The Foundation's hygiene contributes to the preservation of people's health. Pathogenic bacteria do not harm books, but for humans they can serve as a source of the spread of infectious diseases. The librarian cannot ignore this information. He must take measures to prevent the spread of pathogenic bacteria of domestic insects through the book. Sources of information that were in use (or obtained from book exchange funds, according to the IBA, etc.) are disinfected. In addition, it is necessary to carefully monitor the sanitary and hygienic condition of the library fund, i. regularly remove dust, prevent the presence of birds (especially pigeons) near the depositories and reading rooms of the library, systematically carry out disinfection, disinfestation, and, if necessary, deratization of the premises in which the library fund is located. The control of stock hygiene is especially important in libraries serving children, as well as in libraries of medical institutions. § 9. Administrative and legal responsibility for the safety of the library fund The obligatory professional quality of the custodian librarian must be exceptional honesty, a high level of consciousness and conscientious use of all the conditions on which the safety of the fund depends. The librarian constantly instills in readers a sense of respect for the library book, competently plans the room with open access, striving not only to ensure the intensive use of the fund, but also to control the behavior of readers at the shelves and exhibitions. Store storage should not be passable; not only readers, but also employees of other structural divisions of the library are not allowed to enter it. At the end of the working day, the depository is sealed. The high trust given to the librarian also implies his responsibility for the fund. The shortage in the fund entrusted to the librarian entails disciplinary liability or liability to public organizations. It applies to all employees with access to the funds, unless the specific culprit is known. According to Article 165 of the Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the cost of
38 shortage, but in an amount not exceeding a third of his monthly salary, and not in a judicial, but in an administrative manner. Under current legislation, a librarian cannot conclude an agreement on full liability for the fund - such an agreement has no legal force. Knowledge of their rights and obligations is especially important for employees of departmental libraries, where, as practice shows, the greatest number of violations of the rights of librarians occur. If the fact of theft of books belonging to the library by a librarian is established (This shameful phenomenon is becoming less common, but it still happens in libraries), he is criminally liable under Article 380-1 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan and may be imprisoned for a period of five to ten years. The same measures are applied to persons who, without participating in the theft themselves, created by their actions (or inaction) the conditions for its accomplishment. The librarian is also sanctioned for damage or destruction of the library fund, which occurred as a result of his inaction or dishonest attitude to his duties. The duty of a librarian is to resolutely suppress all attempts to steal books, by his example to cultivate a careful attitude towards library books, to actively conduct educational work with readers, making it as effective as possible. § 10. Storage conditions for CD-ROM and DVD-ROM Optical CDs as a material carrier are not very critical to thermal and humidity storage conditions, however, there are the most optimal conditions for their preservation - dust-free, cool room (below 29 C), dry (relative humidity 40%) room. It is believed that warmer and more humid air can cause oxidation of the reflective metal, degradation of the polymer base and coating. Do not leave discs in direct sunlight or near heaters. Much more dangerous for optical CDs is exposure to dust and dirt, including greasy fingerprints on the work surface. Librarians should teach their readers how to properly remove a disc from a box. Holding it in your right hand, open the lid with your left hand, take the disc by the edges at the slots on the box with the thumb and middle fingers of your right hand, press the plastic holder in the middle of the package with your index finger and easily pull the disc up. When returning the disc to the package, you have to lightly press on its upper surface near the hole. Optical media is inherently unstable and easily damaged. The biggest danger is bending and scratching on its working side. As a result of physical damage, notches are erased, and reading becomes impossible.
39 information from entire sections of the disc. Even pressure with a ballpoint pen can cause compression of the base polycarbonate and the metallic reflective layer. Moreover, not any complete fragment is lost (like a torn page from a book), but due to the fact that the information on the CDROM is recorded spirally, almost everything is damaged. Disks should not be left in the drive after you have finished working with them. Immediately after use, they must be placed in a case to avoid damage, dust and deformation. With active use, the disk will still have to be cleaned over time, but not with soap, not with some other cleaning solutions, including alcohol. A thin layer of dust or dirt can be gently wiped away with a soft optical lens tissue. Wiping an optical CD should be done with light movements from the center to the outer edge along the radius, and not along the circumference. When caring about the safety of a CD-ROM, one should not forget that it largely depends on the state of the drive. Which must also be kept clean at all times. Optical CDs are stored in special standard plastic boxes. Discs without cases cannot be stacked on top of each other. Do not place heavy objects on them. Chapter 4. From the experience of work on the safety of the library fund of the State Institution "Centralized Library System of the Osakarovsky District of the Karaganda Region" The issue of the preservation of the library fund in the State Institution "Centralized Library System of the Osakarovskiy District of the Karaganda Region" has always been given due attention. Work plans are drawn up annually to ensure the safety of the fund in the process of its formation, storage and use. In many large libraries, acquisition departments develop programs for the preservation of the library fund, but in our library, due to the lack of an acquisition department, each library employee ensures the preservation of the fund. In terms of the preservation of the library fund, the Osakarovka Central Library Library is guided not only by the documents of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, but also by a number of documents developed in our library (“Instructions for the Preservation and Use of the Library Fund”). The main document regulating the entire range of issues related to the library fund - the composition and structure, formation, accounting, storage and use - is the "Regulations on the Fund of the State Institution" Centralized Library System of the Osakarovsky District of the Karaganda Region ".
40 The completeness of meeting readers' requests, reducing the number of refusals, reducing the cost of repairs and binding of publications largely depends on the preservation of the fund formed by the library. The main reasons for the loss of library collections are: natural physical aging; intensity of use; inaccuracy of readers; Unauthorized removal of publications. In the reader services department, more than in any other, the problem is finding a reasonable balance between the preservation of documents and their availability to the reader. Due to underfunding for several decades, the library did not receive enough literature. As a result, the value of the publications available in the library, despite their dilapidation and obsolescence, has increased. Compensation for losses in the fund requires serious financial costs and, as a result, the demands on the reader to preserve the publications received in the library increase. The central regional library of the village of Osakarovka provides methodological guidance on the accounting and preservation of the CLS fund. These issues are constantly discussed at seminars, the administration and employees of the Central District Hospital regularly travel to the libraries of the system with the provision of methodological and practical assistance. In order to ensure the safety of the library collections of the Central Library Library, traditional work is carried out to combat debtors, in particular, visits are organized to collect books from readers, calls are made to remind library debtors. A strict record of debtors is maintained, compensation for material losses caused in case of loss or damage to library documents by an equivalent replacement. Minor repairs of the most requested books are being carried out. As a preventive measure, new paperback editions with weak adhesive binding are stitched by librarians. It is very important to monitor the external condition of each book and the fund as a whole, because a beautifully published book in good condition keeps the reader from mishandling it. The librarian's confidence that the reader was given a book or magazine in good condition allows for increased requirements for the type of literature upon admission. If the defect is small, employees often ask the reader to repair the book or magazine on their own, explaining to him how to do it more efficiently and efficiently. If the documents are significantly damaged, then the reader is obliged to replace them with equivalent ones. When registering readers in the library and annually when re-registering readers, explanatory and preventive conversations are held to prevent violations of the procedure for working with library documents. First of all, the new reader will get acquainted with the "Rules
41 Library Uses". Particular attention is paid to the points where obligations are prescribed, including in relation to the fund, and the user's responsibility for the damage caused. In the service department, the "Rules for Using the Library" are posted on a stand near the service department. In a conversation with a new reader, the librarian necessarily stipulates the conditions for issuing literature, the timeliness of the return, and careful attitude to the book. Employees of the Osakarovskaya Central Library Library instill in the reader a careful attitude towards library documentary funds and consider this work as a single continuous process. Unfortunately, most of the fund of the Osakarovskaya CBS is in the public domain for readers, which does not exclude the facts of theft. Having an on-duty librarian nearby is not enough, but funds for modern theft prevention technologies are not allocated either. All measures to provide documents in the process of servicing are implemented through one or another restriction of the reader's rights or are associated with certain inconveniences for him. The rules for using the library state that the reader is given no more than 5 copies of books per reader's form. The period of use of literature is limited to 10 days, with the right to extend, but not more than two terms at the discretion of the librarian. The issuance of valuable or actively requested literature in the "Rules for using the library" is limited to 7 days. The fulfillment by the reader of the deadline for returning the book is an important condition for ensuring its safety. Gifts and donations from readers help to replenish and maintain the funds. All receipts are divided into several areas: those publications that are in demand are made out as donations (gifts) and transferred to acquisition for processing; part of the gifts is used to replace identical publications; in the personal libraries of readers there are many classics, popular publications of the 70-80s; the part that does not correspond to the above directions is handed over to waste paper. The former forms of work are being restored - this is cooperation with the administrations of educational institutions. Letters are sent with a request to include the library in the bypass lists of graduates. The protection of the fund is ensured by its regular inspection. Fund inspections are carried out on a scheduled basis - once every five years. In addition, it is mandatory to check the fund when changing a library worker. In addition, the fund of the Osakarovskaya Central Library Library is annually cleared of old and outdated literature. The library regularly conducts wet cleaning of the premises, cleaning of books from dust, and a sanitary day is held monthly.
42 The Osakarovka central library has developed and implemented a system of measures to save funds in case of emergencies: there are instructions, an evacuation plan, fire extinguishers, the room is equipped with an automatic fire warning system. The Central District Hospital of Osakarovka is equipped with modern fire safety equipment, classes are regularly held for employees. The librarian faces a difficult task - to provide the modern reader with the most comfortable conditions for using documents, while maintaining the fund for future generations of users.
43 Conclusion The considered methods for studying the library fund in this methodological manual solve a wider range of tasks, in addition to assessing the quality of the fund. Their effectiveness is enhanced if, in addition to performing a controlling function, they are also focused on timely corrective actions. However, the limitations inherent in each of the methods necessitate their use in combination, and the relative nature of the quality of the fund requires a systematic approach to their solution. In conclusion, it should be emphasized that the task of preserving the library fund at all times is relevant and does not always require large investments. Compliance with the optimal conditions for the storage of the library fund will serve as a guarantee of the library's effective performance of its social functions. Full-fledged measures to protect library collections will reduce the likelihood of theft and damage.
44 List of used literature 1. Stolyarov, Yu.N. Library stock: textbook / Yu.N. Stolyarov. - M.: Prince. chamber, 1991. - 271s. 2. Reference book of the librarian / scientific. ed. A.N. Vaneev, V.A. Minkin. - St. Petersburg: Profession, 2004. - 448 p. - (Series "Library"). 3. Library fund a / ed. Yu.N. Stolyarov and E.P. Arefieva.-M.: "Book", 1979.-295 p. 4. Moreva O.N., Organization of the library fund: a training manual, O. Moreva, St. Petersburg: Profession, 2012, 128 pp. - (ABC of the library profession). List of recommended literature 1. Kislovskaya, G. A stock of ageless documents. Fund: preservation problems // Library. - 2006. - No. 3. - P.46. 2. Laptev, G.G. New in ensuring the safety of library funds and catalogues. Biblioteka. - 2005. -№1. - S.29-32. 3. Logvinenko, N. International exchange fund and its actualization // Library light. - 2011.- №1. - S. 18-19. 4. Motulsky. R. The Library Fund of the Republic as a National Value: Problems of Formation and Use // Library Light. 2002. - No. 4. - S. 20-25. 5. Rastsvetaeva, N. Maintaining the connection of times…: preservation of funds // Library. - 2008. - No. 1. - P.24-25. 6. Stolyarov, Yu. Intellectual memory of mankind: problems of preservation of the book fund // Library. - 2006. - No. 5. - S. 43. 7. Stolyarov, Yu.N. How to save library collections / Yu.N. Stolyarov. - M.: Liberia, 1995. - 128s. 8. Strelnikova, L. How vaults die: problems of preservation of book stocks // Library. - 2006. - No. 6. - P.25.
45 9. Eidemiller, I. Sphere of Special Attention: About Priorities, Quality and Actual Problems of Formation of Funds // Library. - 2010. - No. 4. P.14. 10. Grikhanov Yu. On the problem of studying book stocks with the help of mathematical methods / Yu. Grikhanov // Library science and bibliography abroad. - M., 1972. - Issue. 41. - P. 80–95. 11. Instructions on the accounting of the library fund // Library and law: a reference book. - M., 1998. - Issue. 5. - S. 242-265. 12. Kovalenko N. I. Fund renewal. Methods of evaluation and calculation / N. I. Kovalenko // Nauch. and tech. b-ki. - 2002. - No. 5. - S. 17–25. 13. Lokhvitskaya S. L. Formation of the library fund: study guide / S. L. Lokhvitskaya, G. V. Tarachenko. - L., 1989. - S. 16–25. 14. Tereshin V. I. Library fund: textbook / V. I. Tereshin. - 2nd ed., Spanish. and additional - M., 2003. - S. 46–47. 15. Petrova T. A. Library fund: teaching aid / T. A. Petrova. - M., Liberea-Bibinform, 2007. - S. 30–35. 16. Shilov V. V. Methodological and mathematical aspects in measuring the completeness of the library fund / V. V. Shilov // Nauch. and tech. b-ki. - 2001. - No. 8. - P. 17–27. 17. Shilov VV Accounting and revaluation of library funds. Shortage rationing // Library and Law: Ref. - M., 2000. - Issue. 8. - S. 203-205.
46 Annex 1 Statistical analysis of the fund * branch No. _______ for 20____. Book fund Total By industry By type By language Regional studies OPL Est. Tech. Agricultural lawsuit, sports Lit.ved. Artistic Books Brochures Rus. Kaz. In. copy. % copies % copies % copies % copies % copies % copies % Amounted at the beginning of the year Received during the year Dropped out during the year Amounts at the end of the year Published during the year Book availability Readability Based on the findings of this analysis, further work is planned to study the use of the book fund.
47 Annex 2 Book stock turnover by field of knowledge * Branch No. _______ for 20_____ Total OPL Est.scient. Tech. Agricultural Claim., Sports Lit.Ved. Artistic litera Rus. Kazakh language Foreign language. Book lending Book fund Applicability Head of branch No. _____ _____________________________ (full name) Date * This analysis is carried out annually and allows you to identify departments of the book fund that should be studied. Based on the findings of this analysis, further work is planned to study the use of the book fund.
48 Appendix 3 Flowchart for Writing a Book Research Analysis 1. Identify the book collection department or topic of the analysis. 2. Determine the purpose of this analysis. 3. Determine the methods for studying the fund. 4. Make a table(s). 5. Analyze. 6. Draw conclusions. 7. Outline a work plan based on the results of the analysis.
49 Appendix 4 Study on the use of individual books No. p.p. Code Author, title Year of publication Number of copies. Number of times issued Causes Comment Obsolete Non-core Large number of copies. Lack of copies
50 Appendix 5 Analysis of the intensity of use of the book fund __3_ department of subdivision 32.97 "Computer Engineering" Year of publication Total books Never issued 1 - 3 p. Up to 5 p. Up to 10 p. Over 10 r. Until 1995 7 - 1 5 - 1 1995-2005 70 12 17 18 4 19 2006-2010 5 - - 1 - 4 Total 82 12 (14.6%) 18 (22%) 24 (29.3%) 4 (4.9) %) 24 (29.3%)
51 Appendix 6 Study of the Book Fund Department by Content Analysis No. p.p. Name of the department and topics Total in the catalog Types of publications By language Use of official scientific popular scientific educational reference books Russian Ukrainian Crimean Tatar viewed on the shelves never issued 1-2 times 3-5 times 6-10 times more than 10 times
52 Annex 7 Analysis of the reasons for the formation of an unused part of the book fund of the subdivision _______ "_________________________________" Total books viewed Little used For reasons non-core doublet obsolete undeservedly forgotten
53 Dear readers! We ask you to take part in the discussion of the problems of studying and using the library fund of the Osakarovskaya Central Library Library. We appeal to you, because no one can convey deeper and more accurately how this happens. We also hope to receive answers to similar questions from representatives of the various population groups covered by the services of our library system. Your sincere answers will contribute to solving problems related to this topic. Attention! To fill out the questionnaire, you need to choose the answer option that corresponds to your opinion and circle the number that indicates this option. You can also add your answer on the line provided for this. It is not necessary to sign the form. We thank you in advance for your cooperation! Questionnaire 1. How often do you visit the library? a) every week B) every month B) several times a year D) in exceptional cases. 2. How much time do you usually spend in the library? A) less than 30 minutes; b) about an hour C) more than one hour, but less than 3 hours; D) more than 3 hours. 3. For what purpose do you apply to the library? A) raising the level of education and qualifications; B) expanding horizons; C) to help the learning process; D) recreation, entertainment. 4. Do you find the information you need in the library? A) yes; B) no; B) partially; 5. In what form do you prefer to read books? A) traditional (paper); B) electronic. 6. With what area of knowledge are your reader's requests mainly related? A) natural sciences; B) literature and art; B) medicine; D) technology; D) social and economic sciences. 7. Does the library stock meet your needs? A) yes; B) no;
