Lymphatic system its structure. The vital role of the lymphatic system. Organs of the lymphatic system

If we talk about the work of the body and in particular about the fluids that flow in the body, then not many people immediately call lymph.

However, lymph has great importance for the body and has very significant functions that allow the body to function normally.

What is the lymphatic system?

Many people know about the body's need for blood circulation and the work of other systems, but not many people know about the high importance of the lymphatic system. If the lymph does not circulate through the body for only a couple of hours, then such an organism can no longer function.

Thus, every human body experiences continuous need in the functioning of the lymphatic system.

It is easiest to compare the lymphatic system with the circulatory system and isolate the following differences:

1. openness, unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is open, that is, there is no circulation as such.
2. Unidirectional If the circulatory system provides movement in two directions, then the lymph moves in the direction only from the peripheral to the central parts of the system, that is, the fluid first collects in the smallest capillaries and then moves into larger vessels, and the movement goes only in this direction.
3. There is no central pump. In order to ensure the movement of fluid in the right direction, only a system of valves is used.
4. More slow motion fluid compared to the circulatory system.
5. The presence of special anatomical elements- lymph nodes that perform a significant function and are a kind of warehouse for lymphocytes.

The lymphatic system is of the greatest importance for metabolism and for provide immunity. It is in the lymph nodes that the bulk of the foreign elements that enter the body are processed.

If any virus appears in the body, then it is in the lymph nodes that work begins to study and expel this virus from the body.

You yourself can notice this activity when you have, which indicate the body's fight against the virus. In addition, lymph regularly cleanses the body and removes unnecessary elements from the body.

Learn more about the lymphatic system from the video:

Functions

If we talk in more detail about the functions, then it should be noted the connection of the lymphatic system with the cardiovascular system. It is thanks to the lymph that delivery of various items, which cannot be immediately in the cardiovascular system:

• proteins;
• fluid from the tissue and interstitial space;
• fats, which come primarily from the small intestine.

These elements are transported to the venous bed and thus end up in the circulatory system. Further, these components can be removed from the body.

At the same time, many inclusions that are unnecessary for the body are processed at the stage of lymph, in particular, we are talking about viruses and infections that neutralized by lymphocytes and destroyed in the lymph nodes.

It should be noted the special function of the lymphatic capillaries, which are larger in comparison with the capillaries of the circulatory system and have thinner walls. Due to this, from the interstitial space to the lymph proteins and other components can be supplied.

Additionally, the lymphatic system can be used to cleanse the body, since the intensity of the flow of lymph largely depends on the compression of blood vessels and muscle tension.

Thus, massage and physical activity can make the movement of lymph more efficient. Thanks to this, additional cleansing and healing of the body becomes possible.

Peculiarities

Actually the word "lymph" comes from the Latin "lympha", which translates as moisture or clean water. Only from this name it is possible to understand a lot about the structure of the lymph, which washes and cleanses the entire body.

Many could observe lymph, since this liquid exudes on the surface of wounds on the skin. Unlike blood, the liquid is almost completely transparent.

According to the anatomical structure, lymph belongs to connective tissue and contains a large number of lymphocytes in the complete absence of erythrocytes and platelets.

In addition, lymph, as a rule, contains various waste products of the body. In particular, the previously noted large protein molecules that cannot be absorbed into the venous vessels.

Such molecules are often may be viruses therefore, the lymphatic system is used to absorb such proteins.

The lymph may contain various hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands. From the intestines, fats and some other nutrients come here, from the liver - protein.

Direction of lymph flow

The figure below shows a diagram of the movement of lymph in the human lymphatic system. It does not display every lymph vessel and all of the lymph nodes that about five hundred in the human body.

Pay attention to the direction of travel. Lymph moves from the periphery to the center and from the bottom up. Fluid flows from small capillaries, which then join into larger vessels.

The movement goes through the lymph nodes, which contain a huge number of lymphocytes and purify the lymph.

Usually to the lymph nodes more vessels come in than leave, that is, lymph enters through many channels, and leaves one or two. Thus, the movement continues to the so-called lymphatic trunks, which are the largest lymphatic vessels.

The largest is the thoracic duct., which is located near the aorta and passes lymph through itself from:

• all organs that are located below the ribs;
• left side of chest and left side of head;
• left hand.

This duct connects with left subclavian vein, which you can see marked in blue in the picture on the left side. This is where the lymph from the thoracic duct enters.

It should also be noted right duct, which collects fluid from the right upper side of the body, in particular from the chest and head, arms.

From here, lymph enters right subclavian vein, which is located in the figure symmetrically to the left. Additionally, it should be noted such large vessels that belong to the lymphatic system as:

1. right and left jugular trunks;
2. left and right subclavian trunks.

It should be said about the frequent location of the lymphatic vessels along the blood, in particular venous vessels. If you look at the picture, you will see some the similarity of the arrangement of the vessels of the circulatory and lymphatic systems.

The lymphatic system has great importance for the human body.

Many doctors consider lymph analysis to be no less relevant than a blood test, since it is lymph that can indicate some factors that are not found in other tests.

In general, lymph, in combination with blood and intercellular fluid, constitutes the internal liquid medium in the human body.

The lymphatic system is part of the vascular system, which successfully supplements the venous system and takes part in metabolism.

An important function of the lymphatic system is the removal of foreign bodies from the circulatory system, as well as the cleansing of tissues and cells. From the tissues of the organs, the fluid first enters the lymphatic system, where it is filtered by the lymph nodes, and then the lymph through the large vessels enters the thoracic lymphatic duct, where it flows from the chest into a large vein.

The lymphatic system consists of:

• Capillaries that form networks in all organs and tissues and are designed to remove fluid;
• Vessels formed from connections of capillaries. The vessels have valves, due to which the lymph moves in only one direction;
• Nodes that interrupt the vessels and divide them into vessels entering the node and leaving it. In the nodes, the lymph leaves all foreign bodies and microbes, and is also enriched with lymphocytes and is sent through other vessels to the thoracic lymphatic current and the right lymphatic current.

Other functions of the lymphatic system include:

• Retention of toxins and bacteria;
• Return of electrolytes and proteins from tissues to blood;
• Withdrawal of foreign bodies and red blood cells;
• Production of lymphocytes and antibodies;
• Transfer of products absorbed with food;
• Excretion of products through urine.

Organs of the lymphatic system:

• Bone marrow. All blood cells are created in it. Stem cells created in the myeloid tissue of the bone marrow enter the organs of the immune system.
• The spleen, which contains a large collection of lymph nodes. It breaks down dead blood cells. It reacts sharply to foreign bodies and produces antibodies.
• Thymus. It takes stem cells, turning them into T-lymphocytes (cells that destroy malignant cells and foreign bodies).

What does enlarged lymph nodes indicate?

Lymphadenopathy, or swollen lymph nodes, is quite common. For a healthy person, the norm is a slight increase in submandibular lymph nodes (no more than 1 cm), as well as an increase in inguinal lymph nodes (no more than 2 cm).

If the increase exceeds the allowable limits, a biopsy and additional research may be required. Enlarged lymph nodes of the lymphatic system may indicate the following diseases:

• On the sides of the neck - sarcoidosis, mononucleosis, tuberculosis and vaccination against it, as well as lymphoma and infections of the upper respiratory tract;
• In front and behind the auricles - rubella;
• Above the collarbone - tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, stomach cancer (above the left collarbone);
• Under the lower jaw - gum problems or chronic tonsillitis;
• Under the armpits - hand infections, breast cancer, sarcoidosis;
• On the bends of the elbows - sarcoidosis;
• In the groin - inflammation of the genitourinary system or the presence of a specific infection (herpes, syphilis), infection of the legs.

Enlargement and inflammation of all groups of lymph nodes is an early symptom of HIV infection.

With lymphoma, the nodes become mobile and painless, and with metastases, they become soldered and dense.

Diseases of the lymphatic system

Any disease does not pass without a trace for all body systems. The lymphatic system reacts to the disease primarily by increasing the lymph nodes.

The main diseases of the lymphatic system are:

• Adenoids and chronic tonsillitis, when the tonsils cease to perform a protective function, becoming a source of infection. As a rule, with a long infectious process, they are removed.
• Acute lymphadenitis is an inflammation of the lymph node caused by bacteria. The disease is accompanied by redness, soreness, and sometimes suppuration. The disease rarely occurs alone, more often it occurs as a result of inflammation of the area through which the lymph flows.
• Chronic lymphadenitis. As a rule, this disease is a companion of other infectious diseases (syphilis, tuberculosis).
• Tumors of the lymphatic vessels. They can be either malignant (lymphangiosarcoma) or benign (lymphangioma).

Cleansing the lymphatic system

For the full functioning of the lymphatic system, at least a lot of movement is necessary. If a person leads a sedentary lifestyle, breathing exercises, exercises and long walks can help well. It is important to know that movement cleanses the body and eliminates lymph stagnation.

Cleansing of the lymphatic system is carried out through saliva, since the salivary glands are part of the general lymphatic system. The salivary glands draw out all dead cells and toxins from the body and bring them out through the gastrointestinal tract.

The easiest way to cleanse the lymphatic system daily is ginger. To do this, after eating, you need to dissolve, chew and swallow a piece of ginger. For the lymphatic system, this method is much more useful than a glass of water. Ginger irritates the mucous membrane and causes increased salivation.

The second way to cleanse the lymphatic system is juice. It is necessary to drink juice for several weeks, consisting of four parts of apple and carrot juice and one part of beetroot. It will be useful to add ginger root or ginger infusion to the juice.

Lymphatic system - an integral part of the vascular system that drains tissues by forming lymph and conducting it into the venous bed (additional drainage system).

Up to 2 liters of lymph are produced per day, which corresponds to 10% of the volume of fluid that is not reabsorbed after filtration in the capillaries.

Lymph is a fluid that fills the vessels of the lymphatic channel and nodes. It, like blood, belongs to the tissues of the internal environment and performs trophic and protective functions in the body. In its properties, despite the great similarity with blood, lymph differs from it. At the same time, lymph is not identical to the tissue fluid from which it is formed.

Lymph consists of plasma and formed elements. Its plasma contains proteins, salts, sugar, cholesterol and other substances. The protein content in the lymph is 8-10 times less than in the blood. 80% of the formed elements of the lymph are lymphocytes, and the remaining 20% ​​are the share of other white blood cells. There are no normal erythrocytes in the lymph.

Functions of the lymphatic system:

Tissue drainage.

Ensuring continuous fluid circulation and metabolism in human organs and tissues. Prevents the accumulation of fluid in the tissue space with increased filtration in the capillaries.

Lymphopoiesis.

Transports fats away from the site of absorption in the small intestine.

Removal from the interstitial space of substances and particles that are not reabsorbed in the blood capillaries.

Spread of infection and malignant cells (tumor metastasis)

Factors that ensure the movement of lymph

Filtration pressure (due to the filtration of fluid from the blood capillaries into the intercellular space).

Permanent formation of lymph.

Availability of valves.

Contraction of the surrounding skeletal muscles and muscle elements of the internal organs (they squeeze the lymphatic vessels and the lymph moves in the direction determined by the valves).

The location of large lymphatic vessels and trunks near the blood vessels (the pulsation of the artery squeezes the walls of the lymphatic vessels and helps the lymph flow).

Suction action of the chest and negative pressure in the brachiocephalic veins.

Smooth muscle cells in the walls of lymphatic vessels and trunks .

Table 7

Similarities and differences in the structure of the lymphatic and venous systems

Lymph capillaries- thin-walled vessels, the diameter of which (10-200 microns) exceeds the diameter of blood capillaries (8-10 microns). The lymphatic capillaries are characterized by tortuosity, the presence of constrictions and expansions, lateral protrusions, the formation of lymphatic "lakes" and "lacunae" at the confluence of several capillaries.

The wall of the lymphatic capillaries is built from a single layer of endothelial cells (there is a basement membrane in the blood capillaries outside the endothelium).

Lymph capillaries No in the substance and membranes of the brain, cornea and lens of the eyeball, spleen parenchyma, bone marrow, cartilage, epithelium of the skin and mucous membranes, placenta, pituitary gland.

Lymphatic postcapillaries- an intermediate link between the lymphatic capillaries and blood vessels. The transition of the lymphatic capillary to the lymphatic postcapillary is determined by the first valve in the lumen (the valves of the lymphatic vessels are paired folds of the endothelium and the underlying basement membrane lying opposite each other). Lymphatic postcapillaries have all the functions of capillaries, but lymph flows through them in only one direction.

Lymphatic vessels are formed from networks of lymphatic postcapillaries (capillaries). The transition of a lymphatic capillary to a lymphatic vessel is determined by a change in the structure of the wall: in it, along with endothelium, there are smooth muscle cells and adventitia, and in the lumen - valves. Therefore, lymph can flow through the vessels in only one direction. The area of ​​the lymphatic vessel between the valves is currently referred to by the term "lymphangion" (Fig. 58).

Rice. 58. Lymphangion - morphofunctional unit of a lymphatic vessel:

1 - segment of the lymphatic vessel with valves.

Depending on the localization above or below the superficial fascia, the lymphatic vessels are divided into superficial and deep. Superficial lymphatic vessels lie in the subcutaneous adipose tissue above the superficial fascia. Most of them follow to the lymph nodes located near the superficial veins.

There are also intraorganic and extraorganic lymphatic vessels. Due to the existence of numerous anastomoses, intraorganic lymphatic vessels form wide-looped plexuses. The lymphatic vessels emerging from these plexuses accompany the arteries, veins and exit the organ. Extraorgan lymphatic vessels are sent to nearby groups of regional lymph nodes, usually accompanying blood vessels, more often veins.

On the path of the lymphatic vessels are located The lymph nodes. This determines that foreign particles, tumor cells, etc. linger in one of the regional lymph nodes. The exceptions are some lymphatic vessels of the esophagus and, in isolated cases, some vessels of the liver, which flow into the thoracic duct, bypassing the lymph nodes.

Regional lymph nodes organ or tissue - these are the lymph nodes that are the first in the path of the lymphatic vessels that carry lymph from this area of ​​​​the body.

lymph trunks- These are large lymphatic vessels that are no longer interrupted by lymph nodes. They collect lymph from several areas of the body or several organs.

There are four permanent paired lymph trunks in the human body.

jugular trunk(right and left) is represented by one or more vessels of small length. It is formed from the efferent lymphatic vessels of the lower lateral deep cervical lymph nodes located in a chain along the internal jugular vein. Each of them drains lymph from the organs and tissues of the corresponding sides of the head and neck.

subclavian trunk(right and left) is formed from the fusion of the efferent lymphatic vessels of the axillary lymph nodes, mainly the apical ones. It collects lymph from the upper limb, from the walls of the chest and mammary gland.

Bronchomediastinal trunk(right and left) is formed mainly from the efferent lymphatic vessels of the anterior mediastinal and upper tracheobronchial lymph nodes. It carries lymph away from the walls and organs of the chest cavity.

The efferent lymphatic vessels of the upper lumbar lymph nodes form the right and left lumbar trunks, which divert lymph from the lower limb, walls and organs of the pelvis and abdomen.

Inconsistent intestinal lymphatic trunk occurs in about 25% of cases. It is formed from the efferent lymphatic vessels of the mesenteric lymph nodes and flows into the initial (abdominal) part of the thoracic duct with 1-3 vessels.

Rice. 59. Basin of the thoracic lymphatic duct. 1 - superior vena cava; 2 - right brachiocephalic vein; 3 - left brachiocephalic vein; 4 - right internal jugular vein; 5 - right subclavian vein; 6 - left internal jugular vein; 7 - left subclavian vein; 8 - unpaired vein; 9 - semi-unpaired vein; 10 - inferior vena cava; 11 - right lymphatic duct; 12 - cistern of the thoracic duct; 13 - thoracic duct; 14 - intestinal trunk; 15 - lumbar lymphatic trunks

Lymphatic trunks flow into two ducts: the thoracic duct (Fig. 59) and the right lymphatic duct, which flow into the veins of the neck in the so-called venous angle formed by the union of the subclavian and internal jugular veins. The thoracic lymphatic duct flows into the left venous angle, through which lymph flows from 3/4 of the human body: from the lower extremities, pelvis, abdomen, left half of the chest, neck and head, left upper limb. The right lymphatic duct flows into the right venous angle, through which lymph is brought from 1/4 of the body: from the right half of the chest, neck, head, from the right upper limb.

thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus) has a length of 30-45 cm, is formed at the level of the XI thoracic -1 lumbar vertebrae by the fusion of the right and left lumbar trunks (trunci lumbales dexter et sinister). Sometimes at the beginning of the thoracic duct has extension (cisterna chyli). The thoracic duct is formed in the abdominal cavity and passes into the chest cavity through the aortic opening of the diaphragm, where it is located between the aorta and the right medial crus of the diaphragm, the contractions of which help to push the lymph into the thoracic duct. At the level of the VII cervical vertebra, the thoracic duct forms an arc and, having rounded the left subclavian artery, flows into the left venous angle or the veins that form it. At the mouth of the duct there is a semilunar valve that prevents the penetration of blood from the vein into the duct. The left bronchomediastinal trunk (truncus bronchomediastinalis sinister), which collects lymph from the left half of the chest, flows into the upper part of the thoracic duct, as well as the left subclavian trunk (truncus subclavius ​​sinister), which collects lymph from the left upper limb and the left jugular trunk (truncus jugularis sinister), which carries lymph from the left half of the head and neck.

Right lymphatic duct (ductus lymphaticus dexter) 1-1.5 cm long, formed at the confluence of the right subclavian trunk (truncus subclavius ​​dexter), which carries lymph from the right upper limb, the right jugular trunk (truncus jugularis dexter), which collects lymph from the right half of the head and neck, and the right bronchomediastinal trunk (truncus bronchomediastinalis dexter), which brings lymph from the right half of the chest. However, more often the right lymphatic duct is absent, and the trunks forming it flow into the right venous angle on their own.

Lymph nodes of certain areas of the body.

Head and neck

There are many groups of lymph nodes in the head region (Fig. 60): occipital, mastoid, facial, parotid, submandibular, submental, etc. Each group of nodes receives lymphatic vessels from the area closest to its location.

So, the submandibular nodes lie in the submandibular triangle and collect lymph from the chin, lips, cheeks, teeth, gums, palate, lower eyelid, nose, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. In the parotid lymph nodes, located on the surface and in the thickness of the gland of the same name, lymph flows from the forehead, temple, upper eyelid, auricle, walls of the external auditory canal.

Fig.60. Lymphatic system of the head and neck.

1 - anterior ear lymph nodes; 2 - rear ear lymph nodes; 3 - occipital lymph nodes; 4 - lower ear lymph nodes; 5 - buccal lymph nodes; 6 - chin lymph nodes; 7 - posterior submandibular lymph nodes; 8 - anterior submandibular lymph nodes; 9 - lower submandibular lymph nodes; 10 - superficial cervical lymph nodes

There are two main groups of lymph nodes in the neck: deep and superficial cervical. Deep cervical lymph nodes in large numbers accompany the internal jugular vein, and superficial lie near the external jugular vein. In these nodes, mainly in the deep cervical ones, there is an outflow of lymph from almost all the lymphatic vessels of the head and neck, including the efferent vessels of other lymph nodes in these areas.

Upper limb

There are two main groups of lymph nodes on the upper limb: elbow and axillary. The ulnar nodes lie in the ulnar fossa and receive lymph from part of the vessels of the hand and forearm. Through the efferent vessels of these nodes, the lymph flows into the axillary nodes. Axillary lymph nodes are located in the fossa of the same name, one part of them lies superficially in the subcutaneous tissue, the other - in depth near the axillary arteries and veins. Lymph flows into these nodes from the upper limb, as well as from the mammary gland, from the superficial lymphatic vessels of the chest and the upper part of the anterior abdominal wall.

chest cavity

In the chest cavity, the lymph nodes are located in the anterior and posterior mediastinum (anterior and posterior mediastinal), near the trachea (peritracheal), in the bifurcation of the trachea (tracheobronchial), in the hilum of the lung (bronchopulmonary), in the lung itself (pulmonary), and also on the diaphragm. (upper diaphragmatic), near the heads of the ribs (intercostal), near the sternum (peripheral), etc. Lymph flows from the organs and partially from the walls of the chest cavity into these nodes.

lower limb

On the lower extremity, the main groups of lymph nodes are popliteal and inguinal. The popliteal nodes are located in the fossa of the same name near the popliteal arteries and veins. These nodes receive lymph from part of the lymphatic vessels of the foot and lower leg. The efferent vessels of the popliteal nodes carry lymph mainly to the inguinal nodes.

Inguinal lymph nodes are divided into superficial and deep. Superficial inguinal nodes lie below the inguinal ligament under the skin of the thigh on top of the fascia, and deep inguinal nodes lie in the same area, but under the fascia near the femoral vein. Lymph flows into the inguinal lymph nodes from the lower limb, as well as from the lower half of the anterior abdominal wall, perineum, from the superficial lymphatic vessels of the gluteal region and lower back. From the inguinal lymph nodes, lymph flows to the external iliac nodes, which are related to the nodes of the pelvis.

In the pelvis, the lymph nodes are located, as a rule, along the course of the blood vessels and have a similar name (Fig. 61). So, the external iliac, internal iliac and common iliac nodes lie near the arteries of the same name, and the sacral nodes lie on the pelvic surface of the sacrum, near the median sacral artery. Lymph from the pelvic organs flows mainly to the internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes.

Rice. 61. Lymph nodes of the pelvis and the vessels connecting them.

1 - uterus; 2 - right common iliac artery; 3 - lumbar lymph nodes; 4 - iliac lymph nodes; 5 - inguinal lymph nodes

abdominal cavity

There are a large number of lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity. They are located along the course of the blood vessels, including the vessels passing through the gates of the organs. So, along the course of the abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava near the lumbar spine, there are up to 50 lymph nodes (lumbar). In the mesentery of the small intestine along the branches of the superior mesenteric artery lies up to 200 nodes (superior mesenteric). There are also lymph nodes: celiac (near the celiac trunk), left gastric (along the greater curvature of the stomach), right gastric (along the lesser curvature of the stomach), hepatic (in the region of the gate of the liver), etc. Lymph from the organs flows into the lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity, located in this cavity, and partly from its walls. Lymph from the lower extremities and pelvis also enters the lumbar lymph nodes. It should be noted that the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine are called lactiferous, since lymph flows through them, containing fat absorbed in the intestine, which gives the lymph the appearance of a milky emulsion - hilus (hilus - milky juice).

The lymphatic system is a drainage system that purifies the fluid that surrounds the cells in our body, removing impurities and waste.

Usually people are well aware of the functions of various systems in the body, however, the role of the lymphatic system is not known to many. Some people do not even know that there are lymph nodes in their body; others know about them, but are completely unaware of their vital role.

Functions of the lymphatic system

The lymph node is small, resembling a pea in shape and size. Their size can increase significantly if more power is needed to fight bacteria and viruses. If it happened, it means that they are fighting an infection.

In a review of the lymph nodes, only 39% of the interviewees were aware of some of their functions. The lymph nodes are actually the filters of the lymphatic system, which are responsible for cleansing the lymph fluid and lymphocytes, removing bacteria, viruses, etc. The nodes are also responsible for the production and storage of lymphocytes, the infection-fighting cells of the lymphatic system.

Lymph nodes can be found anywhere, but they predominate in areas of the body where bacteria are most common.

Lymph nodes are often incorrectly referred to as "glands" or "lymph glands". In fact, they do not secrete anything and therefore are not glands. They act as filters in the internal connective tissue filled with lymphocytes that collect and destroy bacteria and viruses.

The lymphatic system looks like a tree. It contains many branches called lymphatic vessels, which act as channels that contain a colorless lymphatic fluid.

The human tonsils, the best known part of the lymphatic system, are actually lymphatic organs that work with the immune system to help prevent infections.

While our lymphatic system plays a vital role in maintaining overall health, it remains the most misunderstood and neglected system in the body, with the possible exception of our liver!

The lymphatic system is a complex network of blood vessels that permeate the entire body (with the exception of the central nervous system). The lymphatic system is a drainage system that cleanses the fluid that surrounds the cells in our body, removing impurities and waste to protect us from toxins that can cause irreparable harm to the body.

Unlike the blood system, lymph is a one-way street. Lymph is drained and filtered from the tissues and intestines and returned in a purified form to the blood. Lymph fluids are composed of water, proteins, salt, glucose, urea, lymphocytes (white blood cells), and other substances. The major lymphatic components include the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. Lymph nodes, like chemical processing stations, are strategically located throughout the lymphatic system and are especially concentrated in the armpits, abdomen, and neck. Lymph vessels protect the body from disease by producing lymphocytes and by absorbing lipids (fats) from the gastrointestinal tract and delivering them to the blood.

Poor or overloaded lymphatic function is associated with many conditions, but especially with fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, muscle pain, bloating, poor digestion, cellulitis, body fat, obesity, and lymphoma (cancer).

Since the lymph fluid flows to the fluid returning to the blood from the tissues of the body, the excess fluid does not have the opportunity to return to the blood, the tissues swell. Swollen lymph nodes occur because the lymphatic vessels collect this excess fluid and carry it in the veins through the lymphatic system. This inflammation is detrimental to health as waste, proteins and other molecules continuously leak from tiny blood capillaries into the surrounding tissues of the body.

We cannot live without the lymphatic system. Yet most people are unaware of the vital role of the lymphatic system in improving health and improving immune responses.

Circulatory and lymphatic - two vascular systems in the body

The lymphatic system is closely related to the cardiovascular system and is sometimes referred to as the body's secondary circulatory system. The lymphatic system includes lymphatic vessels (four times as many as blood vessels), lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus. Lymph is a colorless fluid containing white blood cells that bathes tissues and drains through the lymphatic system.

The role of the lymphatic system in the disposal of cellular waste

The substances formed as a result of cellular metabolism pass from the cells into the lymphatic fluid for removal. In other words, the lymphatic system gets rid of cellular waste. The blood also removes toxins from the gastrointestinal tract and into the lymphatic system via the liver. When the lymphatic system becomes congested, its filtering and neutralizing functions are drastically reduced, an increase in toxin levels creates an increased risk of inflammation, a reduced immune response, and later cancer (lymphoma) may develop.

Deposition of fat in the body

Also, when toxins are produced faster than the body can process and eliminate them, the body traps these toxins by depositing fat in the interstitial spaces in an attempt to protect the organs. The accumulation of toxins leads to inflammation and further disorders (such as fibromyalgia). These are the results of toxic accumulation in the soft and connective tissues of inflammation, as well as excessive accumulation of lymphatic fluid. This leads to a range of immune system disorders. Therefore, lymphatic congestion should be considered as the main cause of pain and inflammation.

Unlike the blood system, which uses the heart as a pump, the lymphatic system relies on skeletal muscle for pumping. The following are methods that help improve lymph flow and cleanse the lymphatic system, as well as increase the overall immune response.

1) Dry cleansing of the skin is a very effective method of cleansing the lymphatic system. A sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise, and the use of antiperspirants block the sweating process. As a result, toxins and metabolic waste are trapped in the body (instead of being released through sweat). Dry skin brushing stimulates the sweat glands and opens the pores, allowing your body to breathe and increase proper organ function, as well as improve blood circulation to the underlying organs and tissues of the body. In addition, dry skin brushing reduces cellulite and promotes weight loss.

Use a dry brush with natural bristles. Massage gently over the skin, starting from the limbs towards the center of the body. Best results are achieved by brushing twice a day and before bathing or showering. You will feel an invigorating tingle. As a bonus, the skin will become softer and more elastic, with a healthy glow. To sterilize the brush, put it in the microwave for 3-4 minutes. Make sure the brush does not contain metal or plastic; it should be made of wood and natural bristles!

Dry cleansing of the skin is good to do simultaneously with cleansing the intestines (with the help of dietary fiber). It is estimated that the skin has the ability to eliminate more than 370 grams of waste per day, not counting the excess toxins due to a sluggish colon.

2) Lymphatic massage is done in the same way as dry cleaning of the skin, only with gentle kneading movements, starting from the outer points and working inside. At home, you can lift your legs for five minutes every day and also gently massage the lymph node areas. Lymphatic massage should be done by a professional massage therapist.

3) Jump on the trampoline! Gently jump for 3-6 minutes without toes or walk - only on your heels. Best results are achieved if these exercises are performed 2-4 times a day. Learn the principles of deep breathing, which helps eliminate toxins and improves circulation.

4) Avoid food preservatives and additives. In addition to being toxic, these substances also cause swelling and fluid retention. Be especially careful if products contain monosodium glutamate. Neurologists classify this substance as a neurotoxin because it has a degenerative and deadly effect on the brain and nervous system; leads to excessive stimulation of neurons, resulting in cell death. Avoid all hydrolyzed, natural flavors, commercial seasonings, soups, spices, broths, gelatin, and aluminum cookware.

5) Products for cleansing the lymphatic system. Squeeze the juice of 0.5 fresh lemon into a cup of warm clean water and drink every morning. This remedy helps cleanse the blood and alkalize the body.

Supporting the lymphatic system is vital to good health and is a natural way to help prevent pain, inflammation, circulation, and immune disorders. A healthy lymphatic system boosts the body's overall immune responses.

The fluid that enters the tissue is lymph. The lymphatic system is an integral part of the vascular system that provides the formation of lymph and lymphatic circulation.

Lymphatic system - a network of capillaries, vessels and nodes through which lymph moves in the body. Lymphatic capillaries are closed at one end, i.e. blindly end in tissues. Lymphatic vessels of medium and large diameter, like veins, have valves. Lymph nodes are located along their course - "filters" that trap viruses, microorganisms and the largest particles in the lymph.

The lymphatic system begins in the tissues of organs in the form of an extensive network of closed lymphatic capillaries that do not have valves, and their walls are highly permeable and have the ability to absorb colloidal solutions and suspensions. Lymphatic capillaries pass into lymphatic vessels equipped with valves. Thanks to these valves, which prevent the reverse flow of lymph, it flows only towards the veins. Lymphatic vessels flow into the lymphatic thoracic duct, through which lymph flows from 3/4 of the body. The thoracic duct drains into the cranial vena cava or jugular vein. Lymph through the lymphatic vessels enters the right lymphatic trunk, which flows into the cranial vena cava.

Rice. Diagram of the lymphatic system

Functions of the lymphatic system

The lymphatic system performs several functions:

• The protective function is provided by the lymphoid tissue of the lymph nodes, which produces phagocytic cells, lymphocytes and antibodies. Before entering the lymph node, the lymphatic vessel divides into small branches that pass into the sinuses of the node. Small branches also depart from the node, which are combined again into one vessel;
• the filtration function is also associated with the lymph nodes, in which various foreign substances and bacteria are mechanically retained;
• the transport function of the lymphatic system is that through this system the main amount of fat that is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract enters the bloodstream;
• the lymphatic system also performs a homeostatic function, maintaining the constancy of the composition and volume of the interstitial fluid;
• The lymphatic system performs a drainage function and removes excess tissue (interstitial) fluid located in the organs.

The formation and circulation of lymph ensure the removal of excess extracellular fluid, which is created due to the fact that filtration exceeds the reabsorption of fluid into the blood capillaries. Such drainage function The lymphatic system becomes apparent if the outflow of lymph from some area of ​​the body is reduced or stopped (for example, when squeezing the limbs with clothing, blockage of the lymphatic vessels during their injury, crossing during a surgical operation). In these cases, local tissue edema develops distal to the compression site. This type of edema is called lymphatic.

Return to the bloodstream of albumin, filtered into the intercellular fluid from the blood, especially in organs with highly permeable (liver, gastrointestinal tract). More than 100 g of protein returns to the bloodstream per day with lymph. Without this return, the loss of protein in the blood would be irreplaceable.

Lymph is part of the system that provides humoral connections between organs and tissues. With its participation, the transport of signaling molecules, biologically active substances, and some enzymes (histaminase, lipase) is carried out.

In the lymphatic system, the processes of differentiation of lymphocytes transported by the lymph along with immune complexes that perform body's immune defense functions.

Protective function The lymphatic system also manifests itself in the fact that foreign particles, bacteria, remnants of destroyed cells, various toxins, and also tumor cells are filtered out, captured and in some cases neutralized in the lymph nodes. With the help of lymph, red blood cells that have left the blood vessels are removed from the tissues (in case of injuries, damage to blood vessels, bleeding). Often, the accumulation of toxins and infectious agents in the lymph node is accompanied by its inflammation.

Lymph is involved in the transport of chylomicrons, lipoproteins and fat-soluble substances absorbed in the intestine into the venous blood.

Lymph and lymph circulation

Lymph is a blood filtrate formed from tissue fluid. It has an alkaline reaction, it is absent, but contains fibrinogen and, therefore, it is able to coagulate. The chemical composition of lymph is similar to that of blood plasma, tissue fluid and other body fluids.

Lymph flowing from different organs and tissues has a different composition depending on the characteristics of their metabolism and activity. The lymph flowing from the liver contains more proteins, the lymph contains more. Moving along the lymphatic vessels, the lymph passes through the lymph nodes and is enriched with lymphocytes.

Lymph - a clear, colorless liquid contained in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, in which there are no erythrocytes, there are platelets and many lymphocytes. Its functions are aimed at maintaining homeostasis (the return of protein from tissues to the blood, the redistribution of fluid in the body, the formation of milk, participation in digestion, metabolic processes), as well as participation in immunological reactions. The lymph contains protein (about 20 g/l). Lymph production is relatively low (most of all in the liver), about 2 liters are formed per day by reabsorption from the interstitial fluid into the blood of the blood capillaries after filtration.

Lymph formation due to the transition of water and dissolved substances from the blood capillaries to the tissues, and from the tissues to the lymphatic capillaries. At rest, the processes of filtration and absorption in the capillaries are balanced and the lymph is completely absorbed back into the blood. In the case of increased physical activity in the process of metabolism, a number of products are formed that increase the permeability of capillaries for protein, its filtration increases. Filtration in the arterial part of the capillary occurs when the hydrostatic pressure rises above the oncotic pressure by 20 mm Hg. Art. During muscular activity, the volume of lymph increases and its pressure causes the penetration of interstitial fluid into the lumen of the lymphatic vessels. Lymph formation is facilitated by an increase in the osmotic pressure of tissue fluid and lymph in the lymphatic vessels.

The movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels occurs due to the suction force of the chest, contraction, contraction of the smooth muscles of the wall of the lymphatic vessels and due to the lymphatic valves.

Lymphatic vessels have sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. Excitation of the sympathetic nerves leads to a contraction of the lymphatic vessels, and when the parasympathetic fibers are activated, the vessels contract and relax, which increases the lymph flow.

Adrenaline, histamine, serotonin increase the flow of lymph. A decrease in the oncotic pressure of plasma proteins and an increase in capillary pressure increase the volume of outflowing lymph.

Formation and amount of lymph

Lymph is a fluid that flows through the lymphatic vessels and is part of the internal environment of the body. The sources of its formation are filtered from the microvasculature into the tissues and the contents of the interstitial space. In the section on microcirculation, it was discussed that the volume of blood plasma filtered into tissues exceeds the volume of fluid reabsorbed from them into the blood. Thus, about 2-3 liters of blood filtrate and fluid of the intercellular medium that are not reabsorbed into the blood vessels per day enter the lymphatic capillaries, the system of lymphatic vessels through the interendothelial clefts, and return to the blood again (Fig. 1).

Lymphatic vessels are present in all organs and tissues of the body, with the exception of the superficial layers of the skin and bone tissue. The largest number of them is found in the liver and small intestine, where about 50% of the total daily volume of the body's lymph is formed.

The main constituent of lymph is water. The mineral composition of the lymph is identical to the composition of the intercellular environment of the tissue in which the lymph was formed. Lymph contains organic substances, mainly proteins, glucose, amino acids, free fatty acids. The composition of the lymph flowing from different organs is not the same. In organs with a relatively high permeability of blood capillaries, such as the liver, lymph contains up to 60 g/l of protein. The lymph contains proteins involved in the formation of blood clots (prothrombin, fibrinogen), so it can clot. The lymph flowing from the intestines contains not only a lot of protein (30-40 g/l), but also a large amount of chylomicrons and lipoproteins formed from aponrotheins and fats absorbed from the intestines. These particles are in suspension in the lymph, transported by it into the blood and give the lymph a similarity to milk. In the composition of the lymph of other tissues, the protein content is 3-4 times less than in the blood plasma. The main protein component of tissue lymph is the low molecular weight fraction of albumin, which is filtered through the wall of capillaries into extravascular spaces. The entry of proteins and other large molecular particles into the lymph of the lymphatic capillaries is carried out due to their pinocytosis.

Rice. 1. Schematic structure of a lymphatic capillary. The arrows show the direction of lymphatic flow.

Lymph contains lymphocytes and other forms of white blood cells. Their number in different lymphatic vessels varies and is in the range of 2-25 * 10 9 / l, and in the thoracic duct is 8 * 10 9 / l. Other types of leukocytes (granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages) are contained in the lymph in a small amount, but their number increases with inflammatory and other pathological processes. Red blood cells and platelets can appear in the lymph when blood vessels are damaged and tissue injuries.

Absorption and movement of lymph

Lymph is absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries, which have a number of unique properties. Unlike blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries are closed, blindly ending vessels (Fig. 1). Their wall consists of a single layer of endothelial cells, the membrane of which is fixed with the help of collagen filaments to extravascular tissue structures. Between endothelial cells there are intercellular slit-like spaces, the dimensions of which can vary widely: from a closed state to a size through which blood cells, fragments of destroyed cells and particles comparable in size to blood cells can penetrate into the capillary.

The lymphatic capillaries themselves can also change their size and reach a diameter of up to 75 microns. These morphological features of the structure of the walls of the lymphatic capillaries give them the ability to change the permeability over a wide range. Thus, during contraction of skeletal muscles or smooth muscles of internal organs, due to the tension of collagen filaments, interendothelial gaps can open, through which the intercellular fluid, the mineral and organic substances contained in it, including proteins and tissue leukocytes, freely move into the lymphatic capillary. The latter can easily migrate into the lymphatic capillaries also due to their ability to amoeboid movement. In addition, lymphocytes, which are formed in the lymph nodes, enter the lymph. The flow of lymph into the lymphatic capillaries is carried out not only passively, but also under the influence of negative pressure forces that arise in the capillaries due to the pulsating contraction of the more proximal parts of the lymphatic vessels and the presence of valves in them.

The wall of the lymphatic vessels is built of endothelial cells, which, on the outside of the vessel, are covered in the form of a cuff by smooth muscle cells located radially around the vessel. Inside the lymphatic vessels there are valves, the structure and principle of functioning of which are similar to the valves of the venous vessels. When smooth myocytes are relaxed and the lymphatic vessel is dilated, the valve leaflets open. With the contraction of smooth myocytes, which causes narrowing of the vessel, the pressure of the lymph in this area of ​​the vessel increases, the valve flaps close, the lymph cannot move in the opposite (distal) direction and is pushed through the vessel proximally.

Lymph from the lymphatic capillaries moves into postcapillary and then into large intraorgan lymphatic vessels that flow into the lymph nodes. From the lymph nodes, through small extraorganic lymphatic vessels, lymph flows into larger extraorganic vessels that form the largest lymphatic trunks: the right and left thoracic ducts, through which lymph is delivered to the circulatory system. From the left thoracic duct, lymph enters the left subclavian vein near its junction with the jugular veins. Most of the lymph moves into the blood through this duct. The right lymphatic duct delivers lymph to the right subclavian vein from the right side of the chest, neck, and right arm.

Lymph flow can be characterized by volumetric and linear velocities. The volumetric flow rate of lymph from the thoracic ducts to the veins is 1-2 ml / min, i.e. only 2-3 l / day. The linear speed of lymph movement is very low - less than 1 mm/min.

The driving force of the lymph flow is formed by a number of factors.

• The difference between the hydrostatic pressure of the lymph (2-5 mm Hg) in the lymphatic capillaries and its pressure (about 0 mm Hg) at the mouth of the common lymphatic duct.
• Contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of lymphatic vessels that move lymph towards the thoracic duct. This mechanism is sometimes called the lymphatic pump.
• Periodic increase in external pressure on the lymphatic vessels, created by contraction of the skeletal or smooth muscles of the internal organs. For example, the contraction of the respiratory muscles creates rhythmic pressure changes in the chest and abdominal cavities. The decrease in pressure in the chest cavity during inhalation creates a suction force that promotes the movement of lymph into the thoracic duct.

The amount of lymph formed per day in a state of physiological rest is about 2-5% of body weight. The rate of its formation, movement and composition depend on the functional state of the organ and a number of other factors. Thus, the volumetric flow of lymph from the muscles during muscular work increases by 10-15 times. After 5-6 hours after eating, the volume of lymph flowing from the intestine increases, its composition changes. This occurs mainly due to the entry of chylomicrons and lipoproteins into the lymph.

Clamping the veins of the legs or standing for a long time leads to difficulty in returning venous blood from the legs to the heart. At the same time, the hydrostatic pressure of blood in the capillaries of the extremities increases, filtration increases and an excess of tissue fluid is created. The lymphatic system under such conditions cannot provide sufficient drainage function, which is accompanied by the development of edema.