My struggle translation into German. The meaning of Mein Kampf in the encyclopedia of the Third Reich

The Hofmanns invited Hitler to celebrate the new year, 1925, with them. He initially refused, however, yielding to the insistent request of the photographer, he agreed to come, “but only for half an hour.” The celebration had already begun, and everyone was looking forward to his appearance, especially those ladies who had never met the Fuhrer. They were delighted to see an impeccably dressed, gallant man; the women especially liked his neatly trimmed mustache.

One of the pretty girls led Hitler to the Christmas tree and unexpectedly kissed him. “I will never forget the expression of amazement and horror on Hitler’s face! – Hoffman later wrote. “The coquette also realized that she had made a mistake. There was an awkward silence. Hitler stood angry, biting his lip.” Hofmann tried to turn everything into a joke: “You’re lucky with the ladies, Herr Hitler.” But the Fuhrer was not inclined to joke, he said a cold goodbye and left.

Hitler was in no hurry to return to politics. He bided his time, rethinking the political and economic changes that had taken place in the country and the world during the year he was in prison.

The introduction of the stable mark stopped the collapse of the German economy. With the change of government in France, hopes arose for a peaceful settlement of controversial issues related to the occupation of the Ruhr. The Allied Powers revised the terms of Germany's payment of reparations, making them fairer. All this deprived Hitler of the political assets that he had successfully used before the putsch.

But the social base of Nazism practically remained the same - the middle class, whose well-being was completely undermined by inflation, equating it in terms of living standards to the working class. Small traders, burghers and rural owners - the Bauers - lived in a constant state of uncertainty and fear. Many blamed the Reds and Jews for all their misfortunes, and the anti-Semitism of the Nazis responded to their sentiments.

On January 4, 1925, Hitler took the first step towards his political future: he paid a visit to the new Prime Minister of Bavaria, Heinrich Held. He promised Held to cooperate with the government in the fight against the Reds, assured that from now on he would use only legal means, and made such an impression on the prime minister that he remarked with satisfaction: “The wild beast has been tamed. You can loosen the chain."

First of all, Hitler decided to put an end to internal party strife, but he intended to do it in his own way. On February 26, ten days after the state of emergency was lifted, Völkischer Beobachter appeared in newsstands again. This issue, the first after the ban on the activities of the Nazi Party was lifted, contained a lengthy article by Hitler entitled “A New Beginning.” In it, he called on all healthy forces of the party to “unite against the common enemy - Jewish Marxism.” A completely new Adolf Hitler appeared before the readers, ready to make any compromises for the sake of party unity. At the same time, he made it clear that he would lead the party as he saw fit.

On February 27, Hitler’s first public speech after prison took place in the very Bürgerbräukeller beer hall where the putsch began. The start of the rally was scheduled for eight in the evening, but immediately after lunch huge queues formed here. By six o'clock, when the hall, which could seat up to four thousand people, was full, the police closed the doors. National Socialists from all over the country came to Munich that day, but Rehm, Strasser and Rosenberg did not want to come.

When Hitler appeared in the aisle, he was enthusiastically greeted by admirers, knocking beer mugs on the tables. In his skillfully constructed speech, even the most biased person would not have found attacks on one faction or another. Hitler called Ludendorff “the most faithful and selfless friend” of the movement, calling on all who “at heart remain old National Socialists” to rally under the swastika banner in the fight against Germany’s mortal enemies - Marxists and Jews. His appeal “to the party leaders sitting at the front tables was significant. He did not demand loyalty and support from them, did not offer to compromise, but simply ordered them to take part in the crusade or get out. “I am the one leading the movement,” he said. “No one should impose conditions on me while I am personally responsible for everything.”

His passion rubbed off on the audience. “Heil!” thundered from everywhere. Women were crying, men were jumping on chairs and tables, yesterday's enemies were hugging. “When the Fuhrer spoke, all my doubts disappeared,” said the leader of the German nationalists, Rudolf Buttmann, who spoke later. In these words of Butman there was official recognition of the title “Führer” for Hitler. Previously, only like-minded people and friends in their circle called him that.

Hitler's return to the political arena coincided with the country's presidential elections. On February 28, he elected seventy-eight-year-old Field Marshal von Hindenburg, whose sympathies were entirely on the side of the right. Under him, government crises became more frequent, often arising, so to speak, on trifles - for example, because of the conservatives' proposal to pay compensation to the Hohenzollerns. When it was adopted, despite the strong resistance of the socialists, the right introduced another similar bill - on compensation for all princes of the imperial house deprived of their property. It was also approved, again despite the objections of the socialists. And a heated discussion on the issue of the colors of the German national flag forced Chancellor Hans Luther to resign altogether. All this, of course, increased Hitler's chances of success in his struggle for power. But his rise in popularity frightened the Bavarian government. The Führer breathed new life into the party too quickly and energetically, and the police found nothing other than to ban him from speaking at five mass rallies scheduled for early March. He was accused of inciting violence because in the Bürgerbräukeller he declared that he would “fight against Marxism and Jewry not according to the standards of the middle class, but would go over corpses if necessary.”

Hitler repeated the same thing at the police, where he came to express his protest. He declared that he would “lead the German people in the struggle for freedom” and would act, if necessary, not by peaceful means, but “by force.” This was too much, and in response to the demarche of the Nazi Fuhrer, he was generally banned from speaking publicly throughout Bavaria. Soon the same bans were introduced in almost all German states, and Hitler was forced to limit himself to occasional speeches in the private homes of his wealthy like-minded people. One eyewitness recalled: “It was terrible. He screamed and waved his arms, talked, talked like a record, for hours until he was exhausted.”

Now Hitler devoted all his time to restoring the party. He rushed from one closed meeting to another, restored previously broken ties, and reconciled opponents. Soon the entire Nazi organization in Munich came under his strict control. In the provinces, these tasks were successfully solved by Esser and Streicher, loyal to him. In Northern Germany the situation was different. There Hitler was forced to hand over the fate of the party to Gregor and Otto Strasser. If Gregor, a good organizer and member of the Reichstag, pledged to remain faithful to Hitler, then the young talented journalist Otto was not at all sure that the Fuhrer should be supported. “How long will this honeymoon with Hitler last?” - he asked.

Hitler took the forced removal from public appearances in the same way as imprisonment, and did not waste any time. He set himself the goal of creating a powerful apparatus entirely devoted to him. The Fuhrer was greatly assisted in this by two inconspicuous but capable bureaucrats - Philip Bowler and Franz Schwartz. Hitler made the first executive secretary of the party, the second - party treasurer. Having handed over the internal organization of the party to the pedant Bowler and the “curmudgeon” Schwartz, who, as they said about him, had the abilities of a computer, Hitler had the opportunity to focus on strategic problems, write articles, and travel around Germany. He reinstated Rosenberg as editor of the Völkischer Beobachter.

At the same time, the “personal” problem that worried Hitler was resolved - the threat of his deportation to Austria was lifted. He wrote a letter to the municipality of Linz asking to revoke his Austrian citizenship and received a positive response three days later. And although the Nazi leader was not yet a German citizen, and therefore could not participate in elections or hold public office, he was now sure that the question of his citizenship was just a matter of time.

It took Hitler a lot of time and effort to eliminate the conflict with Captain Rehm. Rehm, while the Fuhrer was in prison, united the remaining stormtroopers into a new military organization called the Front Brotherhood. On April 16, Rehm presented Hitler with a memorandum, which stated that its 30 thousand members “could become the basis of a national political organization,” but on one condition: the “Front Brotherhood” must obey not the party, not Hitler, but him, Rehm. Only for him. He, however, swore personal loyalty to the Fuhrer and recalled their long-standing friendship.

Hitler understood perfectly well the danger of dependence on an organization that you do not control yourself. Deciding to make the new SA an instrument of his own policy, he demanded that the Front Brotherhood submit to him unconditionally. The enraged Rehm, wanting to put pressure on the Fuhrer, threatened to resign and demanded a written response from him. But Hitler was silent. Having lost patience, Rem officially announced his resignation and departure from politics in general on May 1. By remaining silent, Hitler thus forced the captain to remain without the party and the Front Brotherhood, and he himself received the opportunity to reorganize the SA as he saw fit. Rehm was offended to the core and complained to close friends about Hitler’s willfulness and arbitrariness, about his unwillingness to take into account the opinions of others.

This spring, Hitler finally managed to fulfill his old dream - to buy a car, a new red Mercedes, in which he and his friends traveled all over Bavaria. Frequently visiting Berchtesgaden, he decided to create his auxiliary headquarters in this mountain village. In this picturesque corner, he always felt a surge of strength and creative inspiration and simply enjoyed life, wandering for hours through the hills in leather shorts. “Changing into long trousers,” he said, “has always been torture for me. Even at minus ten degrees, I walked around in leather shorts. They gave me a wonderful feeling of freedom.”

Hitler settled in the Obersalzberg mountainous area, where he occupied a small house on the territory of a local boarding house. Here, in rural silence, he finished work on the first volume of his book. His main assistant was still Hess, whom the Fuhrer made his personal secretary. But others also actively helped him, especially Hanfstaengl, who took upon himself the stylistic editing. Hitler, however, almost always rejected his remarks. Hanfstaengl advised him to expand his horizons - to visit America, Japan, India, France, England. “What will happen to the movement in my absence?” Hitler insisted. After all, it was enough for him to go to prison for a year for the party to practically disintegrate. Hitler reacted with irritation to Hanfstaengl's remark that he would return with “new plans for the future.” “Your thoughts are strange,” he said. – What can I learn from them? Why should I learn a foreign language? I'm too old and busy." And even Helen Hanfstaengl's influence noticeably waned. When she offered to teach Hitler to dance the waltz, he refused, saying that this was an inappropriate activity for a statesman. Hanfstaengl, who recalled that Washington, Napoleon, and Frederick the Great all loved to dance, Hitler responded rather rudely, calling dancing “a stupid waste of time.” “And all those Viennese waltzes,” he added, “are too feminine for a real man. This stupidity is not the last factor in the decline of their empire."

Helen's reluctance to accept advice may have been due to the fact that she rejected him that Christmas evening. The Fuhrer found consolation in other women. In Berchtesgaden, opposite the house where Hitler lived, there was a store where two sisters, Anni and Mitzi, worked. According to Moritz, Mitzi caught Hitler's attention while he was walking with his shepherd dog. The friendship between his Prince and his dog Mitzi led to flirting between their owners. Once Hitler invited Mitzi to a concert, but Anna was against their meetings, because Hitler was twenty years older than her sixteen-year-old sister. Nevertheless, young Mitzi and the Fuhrer saw each other quite often, and many years later Mitzi claimed that her admirer did not limit himself to flirting. They became lovers. The girl seriously thought about marriage, but Hitler only promised to rent an apartment in Munich where they could live together.

Hitler experienced a different kind of inspiration in the company of Winifred Wagner, for whom he was an ideal. In her house, he played the role of some mysterious person fleeing from enemies. Hitler could appear at the Wagner villa even in the middle of the night. As Winifred's son Friedelind Wagner recalled, “no matter how late it was, he always came into the nursery and told us scary stories about his adventures. We listened, and a chill went down our spines when he pulled out a gun.” It was then that Hitler told the children that the bags under his eyes appeared after being poisoned by poisonous gases during the war. The Wagners called him Wolf (Wolf). Everyone liked him, even the dog, who usually barked at strangers. The children adored him. “He attracted us with his hypnotic power. His life seemed exciting to us, because it was completely different from ours, it was somehow fabulous.”

On July 18, the first volume of Hitler's book was published in Munich. At Amann's suggestion, it was called "Mein Kampf" ("My Struggle"). It sold, for those times, very well - by the end of 1925, 10 thousand copies were sold. Detractors sharply criticized it for its pomposity, bombast, and ugly style, but could not deny the main thing: it traced in detail, although very subjectively, the evolution of the views of a young German, which were formed in the wake of the nationalist sentiments that swept Germany in those years; Hitler made it clear that hatred of Jews is the goal of his life. At the end of the chapter describing his stay in the hospital, the Fuhrer defiantly declared: “We cannot bargain with the Jews, we give them a stark choice: either-or. And I decided to become a politician." And as a politician, he intended to put an end to the Jewish question in the so-called radical way. “Therefore I am now convinced,” he wrote, “that I am acting as an agent of God’s will in fighting the Jews. I am doing the work of the Creator." Racists in Germany took Mein Kampf as a revelation, as a call to action.

Mein Kampf" - "My Struggle"), Hitler's book in which he outlined his political program in detail. In Hitler's Germany, Mein Kampf was considered the bible of National Socialism, it became famous even before its publication, and many Germans believed that the Nazi leader is capable of realizing everything that he outlined on the pages of his book. Hitler wrote the first part of “Mein Kampf” in Landsberg prison, where he was serving a sentence for an attempted coup (see “Beer Hall Putsch” 1923). Many of his comrades, including including Goebbels, Gottfried Feder and Alfred Rosenberg, had already published pamphlets or books, and Hitler was eager to prove that, despite his insufficient education, he was also capable of making his contribution to political philosophy.

Since the stay of almost 40 Nazis in prison was easy and comfortable, Hitler spent many hours dictating the first part of the book to Emile Maurice and Rudolf Hess. The second part was written by him in 1925-27, after the re-establishment of the Nazi party.

Hitler originally entitled his book "Four and a half years of struggle against lies, stupidity and cowardice." However, publisher Max Aman, not satisfied with such a long title, shortened it to “My Struggle.” Loud, raw, pompous in style, the first version of the book was oversaturated with length, verbosity, indigestible phrases, and constant repetitions, which clearly revealed Hitler as a half-educated man. The German writer Lion Feuchtwanger noted thousands of grammatical errors in the original edition.

Although many stylistic corrections were made in subsequent editions, the overall picture remained the same. Nevertheless, the book was a huge success and turned out to be very profitable. By 1932, 5.2 million copies were sold; it has been translated into 11 languages. When registering their marriage, all newlyweds in Germany were forced to purchase one copy of Mein Kampf. Huge circulations made Hitler a millionaire.

The main theme of the book was Hitler's racial doctrine. The Germans, he wrote, must recognize the superiority of the Aryan race and maintain racial purity. Their duty is to increase the size of the nation in order to fulfill their destiny - to achieve world domination. Despite the defeat in World War I, it is necessary to regain strength. Only in this way will the German nation be able to take its place as leader of humanity in the future.

Hitler described the Weimar Republic as “the greatest mistake of the 20th century,” “a monstrosity of life.” He outlined three main ideas about government. First of all, these are those who understand the state as simply a more or less voluntary community of people with the government at its head. This idea comes from the largest group - the “crazy”, who personify “state power” (StaatsautoritIt) and force the people to serve them, instead of serving the people themselves. An example is the Bavarian People's Party. The second, not so numerous group recognizes state power subject to certain conditions, such as “freedom”, “independence” and other human rights. These people expect that such a state will be able to function in such a way that everyone's wallet will be filled to capacity. This group is replenished mainly from among the German bourgeoisie, from liberal democrats. The third, weakest group places its hopes on the unity of all people speaking the same language. They hope to achieve national unity through language. The position of this group, controlled by the Nationalist Party, is the most precarious due to the obvious false manipulation. Some peoples of Austria, for example, will never be Germanized. A Negro or a Chinese can never become a German just because he speaks German fluently.

"Germanization can only happen on land, not in language." Nationality and race, Hitler continued, are in the blood, not in the language. The mixing of blood in the German state can be stopped only by removing from it everything inferior. Nothing good happened in the eastern regions of Germany, where Polish elements, as a result of mixing, polluted German blood. Germany found itself in a stupid position when it became widely believed in America that immigrants from Germany were all Germans. In fact, it was a “Jewish fake of the Germans.”

Title of the original edition of Hitler's book, submitted to the Eher publishing house under the title "Four and a half years of struggle against lies, stupidity and cowardice" Title of the original edition of Hitler's book, submitted to the Eher publishing house under the title "Four and a half years of struggle against lies, stupidity and cowardice" All three of these views on government are fundamentally false, Hitler wrote. They do not recognize the key factor that artificially created state power is based ultimately on racial foundations. The first duty of the state is to preserve and maintain its racial foundations. “The fundamental concept is that the State has no boundaries, but implies them. This is precisely the precondition for the development of the highest Kultur, but in no way the reason for it.

The reason lies solely in the existence of a race capable of improving its own Kultur." Hitler formulated seven points of the "duties of the state": 1. The concept of "race" must be placed in the center of attention.

2. It is necessary to maintain racial purity.

3. Introduce the practice of modern birth control as a priority. Those who are sick or weak should be prohibited from having children. The German nation must be prepared for future leadership.

4. Youth should be encouraged to take up sports to unprecedented levels of fitness.

5. It is necessary to make army service the final and highest school.

6. Special emphasis should be placed on teaching race in schools.

7. It is necessary to awaken patriotism and national pride among citizens.

Hitler never tired of preaching his ideology of racial nationalism.

Echoing Huston Chamberlain, he wrote that the Aryan or Indo-European race and, above all, the Germanic or Teutonic race, are exactly the “chosen people” that the Jews spoke about, and on which the very existence of man on the planet depends. "Everything that we admire on this earth, be it achievements in the field of science or technology, is the creation of the hands of a few nations and, probably, most likely, of one single race. All the achievements of our Kultur are the merit of this nation." In his opinion, this only race is the Aryan. “History shows with utmost clarity that any mixing of Aryan blood with the blood of lower races leads to the degradation of the Kultur bearer.

North America, whose vast population is composed of Germanic elements, and which is only in a small degree mixed with the lower, colored races, represents a model of civilization and Kultur, in contrast to Central or South America, where the Roman immigrants were largely assimilated with the native population." Germanized North America, on the other hand, managed to remain "racially pure and unmixed." Some country boy who failed to understand racial laws could get himself into trouble. Hitler encouraged Germans to join the victory parade (Siegeszug) of the "chosen races."

It is enough to destroy the Aryan race on earth, and humanity will plunge into yawning darkness comparable to the Middle Ages.

Hitler divided all of humanity into three categories: the creators of civilization (Kulturbegr?nder), the bearers of civilization (KulturtrIger) and the destroyers of civilization (Kulturzerstirer). To the first group he included the Aryan race, that is, the Germanic and North American civilizations, as being of paramount importance. The gradual worldwide spread of the Aryan civilization up to the Japanese and other “morally dependent races” led to the creation of the second category - the bearers of civilization. Hitler included mainly the peoples of the East in this group. Only in appearance do the Japanese and other carriers of civilization remain Asians; in their inner essence they are Aryans. Hitler included Jews in the third category - destroyers of civilization.

Hitler repeated again that as soon as geniuses appear in the world, humanity will immediately classify among them the “race of geniuses” - the Aryans. Genius is an innate quality because “it originates in the brain of a child.” By coming into contact with lower races, the Aryan subjugates them to his will. However, instead of keeping his blood pure, he began to mingle with the natives until he began to take on the spiritual and physical qualities of the lower race.

The continuation of this mixing of blood would mean the destruction of the old civilization and the loss of the will to resist (Widerstandskraft), which belongs exclusively to those of pure blood. The Aryan race occupied its high place in civilization because it was aware of its destiny; the Aryan was always ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of other people. This fact shows who is the crown of the future of humanity and what is the “essence of sacrifice.”

Many pages of the book are devoted to Hitler's contemptuous attitude towards the Jews. “The sharp opposite of the Aryan is the Jew. Hardly any nation on earth possessed the instinct of self-preservation to the extent that the so-called “chosen people” developed it. The Jews never had their own Kultur, they always borrowed it from others and "developed their intellect by coming into contact with other peoples. Unlike the Aryans, the Jewish desire for self-preservation does not go beyond the personal." The Jewish sense of "belonging" (Zusammengehirigkeitsgef?hl) is based on "a very primitive herd instinct." The Jewish race was "downright selfish" and possessed only an imaginary Kultur. You don't have to be an idealist to be convinced of this. The Jews were not even a race of nomads, because the nomads at least had an idea of ​​the word "labor".

“The black-haired Jewish youth waits for hours with satanic joy in the eyes of unsuspecting [Aryan] girls, whom he will disgrace with his blood and thus rob the nation... By any means at his disposal, he seeks to destroy the racial characteristics of the Germans... Jews They even brought blacks to the banks of the Rhine with a certain clear goal in mind - to destroy the hated white races through “hybridization,” pushing them from cultural and political heights in order to climb to the vacated place themselves.”

In addition to hatred of Jews, Hitler did not ignore Marxism. He blamed the Marxists for the ongoing decomposition of national blood and the loss of national ideals in Germany. Marxism will suppress German nationalism until he, Hitler, takes on the role of savior.

Hitler attributed the diabolical influence of Marxism to Jews who would like to uproot “the bearers of the national intellect and make them slaves in their own country.” The most gruesome example of such efforts is Russia, where, as Hitler wrote, “thirty millions were allowed to starve to death in terrible agony, while educated Jews and stock market swindlers achieved dominance over a great people.”

A racially pure people, Hitler wrote, could never be enslaved by Jews. Everything on earth can be corrected, any defeat can be turned into victory in the future. The revival of the German spirit will come if the blood of the German people is kept pure. Hitler explained the defeat of Germany in 1918 by racial reasons: 1914 was the last attempt of those interested in the national preservation of forces to resist the impending pacifist-Marxist deformation of the national state. What Germany needed was a “Teutonic state of the German nation.”

Hitler's economic theories set out in Mein Kampf completely repeat the doctrines of Gottfried Feder. National self-sufficiency and economic independence must replace international trade.

The principle of autarky was based on the assumption that economic interests and the activities of economic leaders should be entirely subordinated to racial and national considerations. All countries of the world constantly raised tariff barriers to reduce imports to a minimum. Hitler recommended much more radical measures. Germany must cut itself off from the rest of Europe and achieve complete self-sufficiency. A sufficient amount of food for the existence of the Reich can be produced within its own borders or on the territory of the agricultural countries of Eastern Europe. Terrible economic upheaval would have occurred if Germany had not already been under extreme stress and had not become accustomed to it. The fight against international finance capital and loans became the main point of the program to achieve independence and freedom for Germany. The hard line of the National Socialists eliminated the need for forced labor (Zinsknechtschaft). Peasants, workers, bourgeoisie, large industrialists - the entire people were dependent on foreign capital. It is necessary to free the state and people from this dependence and create national state capitalism. The Reichsbank must be brought under government control. Money for all government programs such as hydropower development and road construction must be raised through the issuance of government interest-free bonds (Staatskassengutscheine). It is necessary to create construction companies and industrial banks that will provide interest-free loans. Any fortunes accumulated during the 1st World War should be considered acquired through criminal means. Profits received from military orders are subject to confiscation. Trade credits should be under government control. The entire system of industrial enterprises must be restructured in such a way as to ensure the participation of workers and employees in profits.

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From the book Collected Stories, essay by Orwell George

Review of “Mein Kampf” by Adolf Hitler Translation from English: 1988 A. Shishkin Symbolic for the current rapid development of events was the publication a year ago by Hearst and Blackett of the full text of “Mein Kampf” in a clearly pro-Hitler spirit.

George Orwell Review of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf

From the book Review of “Mein Kampf” by Adolf Hitler by Orwell George

George Orwell Review of Adolf Hitler's "Mein Kampf" Symbolic of the current rapid development of events was the publication a year ago by Hearst and Blackett of the complete text of "Mein Kampf" in a clearly pro-Hitler spirit. Preface by the translator and

Two volumes and 500 pages of repetitive, pompous and primitive denunciations - that's what Mein Kampf is. However, the book has its own logic. The ideas - which at first served as election statements, and became cold reality after Hitler came to power - were anti-Versailles, anti-Weimar, anti-communist and anti-Semitic. In this article we will look at such anti-ideas, as well as others, such as the “unity of the German people” and the idea of ​​​​racial superiority.

Autobiography and Worldview

In addition to expressing the essence of Nazism, Mein Kampf contains interesting outside statements and, thanks to the amazing frankness of the author, sheds some light on the worldview of one of the most hated dictators of the twentieth century. Adolf of Austria had enough self-confidence to become dictator of a neighboring country.

Mein Kampf shows Hitler's obvious arrogance. He writes that during his school years he was an unusually gifted boy, with “innate oratorical talent...<и>obvious talent for drawing." Moreover, he “became a little leader. Classes were given at school<ему>very easy". However, the truth is that Hitler left school at 16 without a diploma. Still, he showed some modesty when he declared that “every great movement on this earth owes its rise to great orators, not great writers.” Without a doubt, Hitler was not an outstanding writer.

How then did the book see the light of day? Hitler's coup attempt in November 1923 in Munich ended in failure and his imprisonment. Ironically, the Beer Hall Putsch definitely played into the hands of the Nazi leader. Hitler became known as a man of action: the putsch brought him national fame and attracted the attention of the elites, who only slapped Hitler on the wrist, sentencing him to five years in prison, of which he served only 9 months. Hitler's revolutionary efforts led to him increasingly becoming a representative, or rather even an exponent, of the political rights of Germany. Hitler undoubtedly became part of the conservative and nationalist hostility against the post-war Weimar Republic.

James Murphy, the translator of Mein Kampf into English, noted in a 1939 edition that Hitler “wrote under emotional stress caused by the historical events of the time.” Murphy is referring to the specific circumstances of 1923 that put Germany in a desperate situation - hyperinflation, difficulties in paying reparations, the Ruhr conflict and the desire of Bavaria to secede and form an independent Catholic state.

Despite the failure of the coup, imprisonment provided Hitler with the time and space to write down—or at least dictate—his ideas. The imprisonment allowed Hitler “to work on the book that many of my friends have long asked me to write and which I myself think is useful for our movement.” It was Rudolf Hess, a party comrade, also imprisoned in Landsberg prison, who recorded Hitler's statements. How much he participated in writing the book, no one knows. Hitler dedicated his book to the 18 martyrs, the “fallen heroes” of the Beer Hall Putsch; while the second volume (under the title "The National Socialist Movement") was written in memory of his close friend Dietrich Eckhart.

Mein Kampf describes Hitler's early years in Lambach, his time spent in the coffee shops of Vienna, and his participation in the First World War. Between 1907 and 1913 Hitler accomplished nothing in Vienna except to become a caustic political commentator. During these six years, he observed the work of the Austrian parliament - the Reichsrat - criticized the deputies for the use of Slavic languages, criticized the apparent chaos, but most of all criticized the "bargaining and deals around the appointment of heads of individual ministries."

Be that as it may, the great war filled his life with light. Indeed, he writes that when war broke out: “I immediately applied to be accepted as a volunteer into one of the Bavarian regiments.” Here Hitler notes that he was going to serve Germany, and not the multinational, fragile Austrian Empire into which he was born.

Apart from autobiographical information and obvious anger, Hitler demonstrates a certain consistency of thoughts and themes. First, “a person develops for himself, so to speak, a common platform, from the point of view of which he can determine his attitude to this or that political problem. Only after a person has developed the foundations of such a worldview and has acquired solid ground under his feet can he more or less firmly take a position on topical issues.” The search and expression of such a worldview became his main work - Mein Kampf. For his views on reality, Hitler turned to such 19th-century ideas as social Darwinism, eugenics and anti-Semitism - a concept introduced by Wilhelm Marr to denote hatred of Jews.

Hitler, as a social Darwinist, regarded life (and the existence of a nation) as a struggle for survival. In contrast to his Marxist rivals, who focused on class struggle, Hitler focused on interracial conflict. He believed that peoples and races were in inevitable competition with each other and only the fittest could survive. It is interesting that he originally called his work “Four and a half years of struggle against lies, stupidity and cowardice.” The man who suggested the much simpler title of Mein Kampf - "My Struggle" - was the publisher Max Amann, disappointed by the small amount of autobiographical information described by Hitler.

His book expresses a passionate and turbid nationalism that seeks to revive ancient Germanic myths. Mein Kampf is the work of a staunch anti-Semite who managed to link hatred of Jews with his views on the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919, the Weimar Republic and Marxism. In this sense, it can be said that Hitler's writing fueled, and perhaps shaped, the main campaign statements of the Nazis. In addition to his conservative views, Hitler expressed his racial-nationalist beliefs.

Hitler's obsessive nationalism is confirmed by one of the most interesting passages of Mein Kampf - Hitler's incredible obsession with the anthem "Deutschland über Alles" (Germany Above All). He tells how he and his comrades sang this song loudly in the trenches, at party meetings and at any opportunity to raise their spirits. Adolf was undoubtedly the best singer: after all, he had been a church choir boy as a child.

Adolf not only drew out notes for a long time, he also harbored a grudge for a long time. Nationalists and many German soldiers returning from the war were convinced that the victory of the Entente was ensured by workers' strikes (during the revolutionary unrest in the fall of 1918) and the surrender of the government. Mein Kampf supports this "Legend of the Stab in the Back", but also unwittingly demonstrates Hitler's ignorance of the shortages and the plight of the military in Germany, which was in the grip of an influenza epidemic ("Spanish Flu"). It was impossible to continue to maintain military tension, moreover, if the Weimar government did not capitulate, Germany would face invasion and occupation.

Against the Treaty of Versailles

Mein Kampf focuses on the German surrender and peace terms. In the very first paragraph of the book, Hitler defends the violation of the Versailles terms and claims that Anschluss (union) with Austria for the sake of Greater Germany is “a goal that must be achieved by all means.” He goes on to say:

“Only after the German Empire includes within its borders the last German, only after it turns out that such a Germany is not able to sufficiently feed its entire population, does the emerging need give the people the moral right to acquire foreign lands. Then the sword begins play the role of a plow, then the bloody tears of war will water the land, which should provide the daily bread for future generations."

The book calls for the violation of international law, especially the overcoming of the Versailles conditions and the losses that Germany suffered. For this purpose, Hitler is ready to advocate the use of “all the power of the sword.” However, a return to the previous situation is not enough for Hitler. First he wants Anschluss, and then “living space”:

“To become a world power, Germany must certainly acquire those dimensions that alone can provide it with its due role under modern conditions and guarantee life for all residents of Germany.”

Hitler believed that such security would be ensured by the conditions reached by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. This agreement, concluded with defeated Russia, cut off from it the western territories - from the Baltic states to the Caucasus - which contained half of Russian industry and agricultural land.

Strangely, Hitler considered the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to be “incredibly humane” and the Treaty of Versailles to be “a robbery in broad daylight.” Undoubtedly, territorial losses, reparations and responsibility for starting the war were a heavy burden, but no less difficult were the conditions of the German “peace” imposed on defeated Russia.

Hitler believed that Germany's territory was unacceptably small compared to Great Britain, Russia, China and America. Mein Kampf does not hide the military goals and conquests that the Nazi leader sought. Moreover, he made his ambitions public. And such sincerity should have warned the Allies against appeasement in the 1930s.

Against the Weimar Republic

Post-war Germany was bound by a parliamentary constitution and a proportional electoral system. This marked a complete break with the Kaiser's Germany. Hitler treated this system with contempt: “The democracy that exists today in Western Europe is the harbinger of Marxism.” Moreover, he did not particularly trust the voters: “The people for the most part are stupid and forgetful.”

He showed no less inclination when criticizing the Weimar Republic, calling the Reichstag a “puppet theater.” Of course, Weimar democracy had growing pains, and short-lived, fragile political coalitions did not strengthen that democracy at all. However, Hitler was indignant at the democratic system itself: “The majority<избирателей>are not only representatives of stupidity, but also representatives of cowardice.”

Against communism

Fear of the chaos of the bloody Russian Revolution of 1917 added another theme to the list of hatreds of Hitler, who became an unapologetic anti-communist and anti-socialist. Hitler mourned the fall of the tsarist regime, whose ruling elite he considered “German.” While the new Bolshevik system was just a manifestation and platform of Jewish aggression. He believed that the communists are “a human scum that took a huge state by surprise, carried out a wild and bloody massacre of millions of advanced intelligent people, actually exterminated the intelligentsia and now, for almost ten years, has been carrying out the most cruel tyranny that has ever known story". Remembering the unrest of the workers, whom Hitler blamed for the surrender of Germany in 1918, and further socialist unrest, he confidently believed that “the closest bait for Bolshevism at the present time is precisely Germany.”

Hitler hated the draft dodgers, deserters and scoundrels who escaped the “battles of Flanders Fields” and instead precipitated the November Revolution of 1918. “Because of Marxist machinations, the Social Democratic Party, with its vocal commitment to the new republic, helped suppress the radicals (independent socialists and Spartacists) and effectively crushed the Weimar Republic."

Hitler saw Russia not only as a hotbed of communism, he also saw it as a hotbed of influential Jews and, most importantly, as a source of limitless resources and land. “When we talk about the conquest of new lands in Europe, we, of course, can primarily mean only Russia and those peripheral states that are subordinate to it.” And further: “Russia, having lost its supreme German layer, has already ceased to have any significance as a possible ally of the German nation... in order to carry out a successful struggle against Jewish attempts to Bolshevize the whole world, we must, first of all, take a clear position on attitude towards Soviet Russia." Total hostility! Nothing changed for Hitler from the time he wrote Mein Kampf until the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Only naked pragmatism forced him to sign a short-term and cynical non-aggression pact with the USSR on August 23, 1939.

National unity

In contrast to international Bolshevism, which appealed to the working class, Hitler advocated a nationalism that permeated all levels of society. The idea of ​​popular unity (Volksgemeinschaft) became a logical continuation of the wartime unity when the combat experience of soldiers first reflected the cohesion of Germany. “We soldiers at the front and in the trenches did not ask a wounded comrade: “Are you a Bavarian or a Prussian?” Catholic or Protestant? We felt national unity in the trenches."

Just as Italian soldiers were willing to pull on black fascist shirts in opposition to the corrupt post-war government, so German soldiers joined the ranks of the Freikorps, and some also joined the Assault Detachments (SA).

Strongly envious of the ancient, fantastic-looking empires of Britain and France, German nationalists decided to rely on their 19th-century philosophers, who brought back to life the heroic legends of the past. After all, Germany, one way or another, was a separate European community, and which had its own “special path” (Sonderweg). Hitler was certainly convinced of the inextricable connection of the German people with the Holy Roman Empire, the Prussia of Frederick the Great and Bismarck's Germany. German individuality was clearly visible in the writings of Goethe, Hegel and Nietzsche. The identity of the Germans and their characteristic self-examination were reflected in the music of Richard Wagner, whom Hitler adored.

Ideas of national unity and German individuality were not so rare at that time. However, Hitler took nationalism to its most radical form - the superiority of the Aryan race over all others. Hitler argued that Germany was an integral part of the superior Aryan culture and race. This is how he reflected during his conclusion: “Everything that we have now in the sense of human culture, in the sense of the results of art, science and technology - all this is almost exclusively the product of the creativity of the Aryans.” Noting such obvious qualities of the Aryans, he demanded their preservation: “The state is a means to an end,<которая>consists, first of all, in preserving only that core that truly belongs to a given race and ensures for it the development of those forces that are inherent in this race.”

Hitler defended outdated, anti-scientific ideas of racial purity. He was afraid of the dissolution of Aryan qualities among the Germans and drew parallels with the animal world: “Each animal mates only with its mate in kind and species. Titmouse goes to titmouse, finch to finch! Hitler warned that France's strength was being sacrificed to its colonial and social policies, which would sooner or later lead to "the last vestiges of Frankish blood disappearing, dissolving into a new European-African mulatto state."

In Mein Kampf, Hitler pays tribute to another obvious racial quality: “The Greek ideal of beauty remained immortal because here we had an amazing combination of physical beauty with the nobility of the soul and the broad flight of the mind.”

Hitler advocates two hours of daily physical education at school. “At the same time, in no case should we give up one important sport, which, unfortunately, in our own environment is sometimes looked down upon - I’m talking about boxing... We do not know of any other sport that would produce to such an extent in a person the ability to attack, the ability to make decisions with lightning speed, and which in general would contribute to the hardening of the body to such an extent.” Despite Hitler's admiration for boxing, the German world heavyweight champion of the early 1930s, Max Schmeling, nevertheless neatly avoided joining the NSDAP and never became an Aryan icon. Instead, Schmeling continued to train under a Jewish coach, and later even harbored Jews.

It is clear that Hitler's racial nationalism and passion for popular unity were superimposed on the false idea of ​​Aryan superiority. Germany was to become a pure national community based on an idealized idea of ​​the Aryans. It is in the interests of the nation, he writes, “that people with beautiful bodies marry, for only this can provide our people with truly beautiful offspring.”

Later, Nazi policies and organizations such as the Hitler Youth and the KDF (Leisure Institute) promoted the image of blond, healthy children and their families. The Nazi system even proclaimed the idea of ​​artificial selection: schoolchildren studied eugenics, and girls followed the “Ten Commandments of choosing a groom.” Healthy, partnerless women were encouraged to use Lebensborn (“source of life”) clinics to produce the next generation of Aryans.

Against the Jews

Hitler's idealized ideas of Germanness and Aryanism are most easily understood against the backdrop of a caricature of Jewry. Throughout the book, he returns repeatedly to the "Jewish question." He is practically obsessed with this topic.

From one perspective, Hitler describes the Jewish inhabitants of the Viennese slums: “These people don’t particularly like to wash... At least I often began to feel sick from the mere smell of these gentlemen in long caftans. Add to this the untidiness of the costume and the unheroic appearance.” From other positions, he notes the Jewishness of Social Democrats and journalists. Moreover, for him they were Marxists who wanted to destroy the national economy and tried to create for themselves “a certain independent base, not subject to any control of other states, so that from there it would be possible to continue the policy of global fraud even more unchecked.”

Hitler's description of Jewish bankers and political leaders is even more unfortunate: both groups strive for their goal of Zionism - the establishment of Jewish dominance. From his Social Darwinist point of view, Hitler believed that race war was inevitable and sought an opportunity to stop the “conquest of the world by the Jews.” That is, he attributed his own base goals to the Jews!

Ominously and prophetically, Hitler laments: “If at the beginning of the war we had decided to suffocate with poisonous gases 12-15 thousand of these Jewish leaders who were destroying our people... then the millions of sacrifices we made on the fields of war would not have been in vain.” In these terms, Mein Kampf offers a possible solution to the “Jewish question.”

Conclusion

Against the backdrop of the majestic projects of conquest and theories of superiority presented in Mein Kampf, Hitler also included quite earthly details in his work - in a sense, these are the most interesting passages in the book. Hitler mentions dates, numbers of visitors and even the weather during party meetings. He cites his successful arguments at large-scale meetings in coffee shops. He also talks about Nazi posters: “We chose the red color for our posters, of course, not by chance, but after mature reflection. We wanted to irritate the Reds as much as possible, arouse their indignation and provoke them to start attending our meetings.”

However, in addition to the fundamental opposition to Versailles, Weimar, communism, the USSR and Jewry, Mein Kampf contains Nazi campaign statements (in such slogans as “Break the chains of Versailles” and “Down with weak Weimar democracy”) and predictions of the main directions of domestic and Hitler's foreign policy in the 1930s. Admittedly, he subsequently tried to downplay the significance of the ideas revealed in Mein Kampf. As Reich Chancellor, he even insisted that his book reflected only “fantasies behind bars.” In the same way, he tried to distance himself in the eyes of foreign audiences from his most radical and aggressive ideas: this is evidenced by the non-aggression treaties with Poland (1934) and with the Soviet Union (1939).

In 1939, translator Murphy reported to English readers of Mein Kampf that Hitler stated that his actions and public statements should be regarded as a partial revision of certain provisions of his book.

The problem with this optimistic view was that by this time Hitler had already spurred the widespread use of concentration camps, approved of the bloodshed of Kristallnacht, eliminated the demilitarization of the Rhineland, provided military aid to General Franco's fascists, captured Austria and annexed the Sudetenland. Without any doubt, Hitler was preparing for a big war. According to historian Alan Bullock: “The goal of his international policy never changed, from the opening lines of Mein Kampf in the 1920s until the attack on the USSR in 1941: Germany must expand east.”

Mein Kampf allowed Hitler's "blueprint" for the Third Reich to become public knowledge. Shortly before his death, in his farewell political statement, Hitler stuck to the same problems that he expressed in 1924. In the destruction of Berlin, Adolf wrote: “From the ashes of our cities and monuments will arise hatred of international Jewry, which is most responsible for everything.”

Hitler's main work did not die with him and did not lose its real meaning: as usual, evil outlives its parents for a long time. Nowadays, Hitler's writing is banned in most of Europe and this is probably why it became an underground and illegal cult classic for all the Nazis in modern Germany and Austria.

Britain has its own home-grown racist, John Tyndale, inspired by the words of Hitler. Tyndale was chairman of the National Front before the founding of the British National Party: he unabashedly declared that "Mein Kampf is like the Bible to me." He advocated the expulsion of immigrants from Britain and, in Nazi style, demanded the introduction of “racial laws prohibiting marriage between Britons and non-Aryans: medical measures should be used to prevent the reproduction of those with hereditary diseases.” Shortly before his death in July 2005, he was belatedly arrested on charges of racial hatred.

Anti-Israeli sentiment in the Arab world often turns to anti-Semitism; hence the popularity of Hitler's writing in this world. At the turn of 2005, 100 thousand copies of Mein Kampf were sold in Turkey in two weeks. And in Palestine, denunciations of Hitler have long topped the bestseller list. Earlier, Egyptian President Nasser, who was trying to lead the Arab world against Israel, found a great way to motivate army officers - to give them a pocket edition of the Arabic translation of Mein Kampf. Whether they read Hitler's pompous prose or not - that is the question!

In 1979, when Tanzanian troops successfully repelled the onslaught of the Ugandan army and in turn captured the enemy capital, a copy of Mein Kampf was discovered on the table in the office of dictator Idi Amin. The notorious African firebrand dictator of Uganda was also an outspoken critic of the British Empire. He even proclaimed himself King of Scotland! The influence that Hitler's writing had on a man like Idi Amin clearly shows what the book represents and who its readers are.

From the translator: If you, dear reader, are not satisfied with the content of the article, you . And if you are dissatisfied with the quality of the translation, then write where it is more convenient for you: in the comments, private messages, by mail.

(this is a quick reference article,
fragments of the book itself were deleted on June 19, 2009,
see details here - Mein Kampf )

"Mein Kampf" ("My Struggle"), book Hitler , in which he outlined his political program in detail. In Hitler's Germany, Mein Kampf was considered the bible of National Socialism; it became famous even before its publication, and many Germans believed that the Nazi leader was capable of realizing everything he outlined on the pages of his book. First part Hitler wrote Mein Kampf in Landsberg prison, where he served time for attempting coup d'etat . Many of his associates, including Goebbels , Gottfried Feder And Alfred Rosenberg , had already published pamphlets or books, and Hitler was eager to prove that, despite his insufficient education, he was also capable of making his contribution to political philosophy. Since the stay of almost 40 Nazis in prison was easy and comfortable, Hitler spent many hours dictating the first part of the book Emile Maurice And Rudolf Hess . The second part was written by him in 1925-1927, after the re-establishment of the Nazi party.

Hitler originally entitled his book "Four and a half years of struggle against lies, stupidity and cowardice." However, publisher Max Aman, not satisfied with such a long title, shortened it to “My Struggle.” Loud, raw, pompous in style, the first version of the book was oversaturated with length, verbosity, indigestible phrases, and constant repetitions, which clearly revealed Hitler as a half-educated man. German writer Lion Feuchtwanger noted thousands of grammatical errors in the original edition. Although many stylistic corrections were made in subsequent editions, the overall picture remained the same. Nevertheless, the book was a huge success and turned out to be very profitable. By 1932, 5.2 million copies were sold; it has been translated into 11 languages. When registering their marriage, all newlyweds in Germany were forced to purchase one copy of Mein Kampf. Huge circulations made Hitler a millionaire.

The main theme of the book was Hitler's racial doctrine ( see chapter XI. People and race . - Ed.). The Germans, he wrote, must recognize the superiority of the Aryan race and maintain racial purity. Their duty is to increase the size of the nation in order to fulfill their destiny - to achieve world domination. Despite the defeat in First World War , you need to gain strength again. Only in this way will the German nation be able to take its place as leader of humanity in the future.