home Endocrinology Prerequisites for installing an automated resource accounting system. Systems for technical accounting of resource consumption. Where can the system be used?

Prerequisites for installing an automated resource accounting system. Systems for technical accounting of resource consumption. Where can the system be used?

The database ensures comparability of information and transfer from one file to another.

The set of software tools allows automatic calculation of total amounts, drawing up memorial orders, changing and adjusting information directly in the database of any additional changes to the structure and algorithm of the program, compiling the “Journal-Main” book, drawing up balance sheets and summary reports, fully automated accounting cash transactions, settlement transactions, accounting for funds in a current account, accounting for settlements with accountable persons and other tasks.

Software manufacturers are constantly working to adjust the automated system in accordance with changes in legislation. For example: work was promptly carried out to change the number of characters in the current account and enter a tax identification number (TIN) into the details of legal entities. If any errors or shortcomings were noted in the program, they were quickly eliminated. The database of the automated system ensures data safety for a long period. This allows you to store data on transactions, both the current reporting period and previous years. If necessary, it is possible to search for information and make adjustments.

In a non-automated accounting system, the processing of data on business transactions is easily traced and is usually accompanied by paper documents - orders, instructions, accounts and accounting registers, for example, endless inventory journals. Similar documents are often used in a computer system, but in many cases they exist only in electronic form. Moreover, the main accounting documents (books and journals) in a computer accounting system are data files that cannot be read or modified without a computer.

The computer system includes the following elements:

1. Hardware.

These are the devices that make up a computer, in particular the central processor, hard drive, CD-ROM reader, printers, network cards, etc.

2. Software tools.
a) System programs. These programs, which perform common functions, typically include operating systems that manage hardware and allocate its resources for maximum efficient use, database management systems (DBMS) that provide standard data processing functions, and utility programs that run computer service operations, for example, checking and configuring individual hardware-software interaction nodes. System programs are usually developed by hardware vendors or software firms and modified to suit individual requirements.
b) Application (user) programs are sets of machine commands for solving user problems, which the user organization develops independently or purchases from an external supplier.
3. Documentation - description of the system and control structure (data input, processing and output, message processing, control commands).
4. Personnel - workers who manage the system, design it and provide programs, operate and monitor the data processing system.
5. Data - necessary information that is entered, stored and processed in the system (for example, information about business transactions).
6. Control procedures - in the context of accounting, these are procedures that ensure the correct recording of transactions, preventing or recording errors.

The way business transactions are processed in accounting has a significant impact on the firm's organizational structure as well as internal control procedures and practices. Computer technology has a number of features that should be taken into account when assessing control conditions and procedures. Below are the differences between computer data processing and manual data processing. Consistent execution of operations. Computer processing involves the use of the same commands when performing identical accounting operations, which virtually eliminates the occurrence of random errors usually inherent in manual processing. In contrast, software errors (or other systematic errors in hardware or software) cause all identical operations to be processed incorrectly under the same conditions.

A computer system can carry out many internal control procedures that, in manual systems, are performed by different specialists. This situation leaves specialists with access to the computer the opportunity to interfere with other functions. As a result, computer systems may require additional measures to maintain the required level of control, which in manual systems is achieved by simply separating functions. Such measures may include a password system that prevents actions that are not permissible on the part of specialists who have access to information about assets and accounting documents through the terminal in interactive mode. Potential for errors and inaccuracies. Compared to manual accounting systems, computer systems are more open to unauthorized access, including by persons exercising control. They are also open to covertly changing data and obtaining information about assets directly or indirectly. The less a person interferes with the machine processing of accounting transactions, the lower the possibility of identifying errors and inaccuracies. Errors made during the development or adjustment of application programs may remain undetected for a long period. Potential opportunities for increased control by the administration. Computer systems provide the administration with a wide range of analytical tools that allow them to evaluate and control the activities of the company. The presence of additional tools ensures the strengthening of the internal control system as a whole and, thus, reducing the risk of its ineffectiveness.

Thus, the results of the usual comparison of actual values of the cost coefficient with the planned ones, as well as reconciliation of accounts, are received by the administration more regularly through computer processing of information. In addition, some application programs accumulate statistical information about the operation of the computer, which can be used to monitor the actual progress of processing accounting transactions.

Initiating operations on the computer. A computer system can perform some operations automatically, and their authorization is not necessarily documented, as is done in non-automated accounting systems, since the very fact of acceptance of such a system by the administration implicitly implies the presence of appropriate sanctions. This text will consider such an element of a computer system as application software

On the Russian SABU market there are more than two dozen replicable systems + a huge number of products developed according to specific orders or for small runs and subsequent support by specialists from the manufacturer. Each of them is, to one degree or another, equipped with service capabilities for a specific circle of users. However, a general idea of the current trends in the development of the market for automated accounting systems can be obtained by considering several of the most common systems.

The experience of countries with developed market economies indicates that thanks to the choice of methodological support (technologies) for accounting, organizations have the opportunity to significantly influence the efficiency of the accounting process, the completeness and reliability of the reflection of their property and financial status. As a result, accounting policy as a set of accepted methods of accounting - methods of grouping and assessing the facts of economic activity, repaying the value of assets, organizing document flow, inventory, methods of using accounting accounts, a system of accounting registers, information processing and other relevant methods and techniques - can vary significantly among different economic entities, even in the same field of activity. Reform and liberalization of accounting, the emergence of new objects and concepts, criteria, methods, methods and forms of accounting work, the introduction of interactive information processing technologies into practice, the transition to distributed processing, the uniqueness of user requirements for the functional content of the accounting system - all this necessitates a revision of the concept building automated accounting systems (ABU), highlighting the problem of flexibility, adaptability and customization of ABU.

Typical configuration - ready-made solution.

For many small and medium-sized enterprises, an accounting complex can be built using the capabilities of a standard configuration. The basic principles underlying the development of a standard configuration are:

- maintaining accounting “from the document”;
- integration of tax and accounting systems within a single information base;
- providing flexible configuration of analytics for a specific subject area;
- the ability to take into account innovations in legislation without making changes to the configuration;
- creation of autonomous methodically verified technological cycles for accounting for certain types of property.

A typical configuration should be considered as a universal multifunctional set of ready-made solutions to support automated accounting in those areas that are most often encountered in the practice of business entities. It provides for accounting of settlements with contractors, employees and accountable persons; accounting for calculations of taxes and contributions to extra-budgetary social funds; accounting for cash and bank transactions: accounting for fixed assets, intangible assets, inventories, finished products and goods; cost accounting; accounting for sales of goods, products, works, services, etc. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that the configuration supports the standard methodology for accounting of property, liabilities and transactions in accordance with the current legislation of Russia for commercial enterprises and organizations that use the Chart of Accounts for accounting purposes, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance dated January 1, 2002.

The configuration provides accountant-friendly means for describing elements of accounting policies and setting them up for industry specifics. It allows you to receive most forms of primary accounting documentation using unified standard forms, supports the automatic generation of accounting registers and automated preparation of regulated reporting (accounting, tax, non-budgetary social funds, statistical) using current standard forms. The principle of accounting "from the document" in a standard configuration occupies a central place. It means that the facts of economic activity are reflected in the information base, as a rule, using standard configuration documents, which, in turn, can automatically generate transactions based on the essence of the registered financial and business transaction. Screen forms of documents are as close as possible to the standard unified forms that an accountant is used to working with. For all “outgoing” primary documents, it is possible to obtain “hard” copies on paper. You can work with any document many times during its preparation, saving intermediate information. The details of many documents can be filled in automatically based on other documents previously entered into the information base (copy functions or “entry based on” functions are used). For example, based on an invoice, you can fill out an invoice for the sale of products, which, in turn, is the basis for filling out an invoice. The principle of integration in a standard configuration of tax and accounting systems within a single information base can be illustrated by the example of organizing analytical accounting on account 90 “profit/loss from sales”. Revenue and costs are recorded in this account by type of activity and implementation options. The first section ensures compliance with the requirements of the Instructions for the Chart of Accounts for separate accounting of revenue by type of activity. The user independently determines the list of activities carried out in the “Types of Activities” directory. The second section was introduced to meet the requirements of the tax authorities for separate accounting of revenue with different tax rates. Implementation options are described in the reference book "Implementation options". The name of each element of the directory is a combination of four details: type of sale, value added tax (VAT) rate, tax rate on the sale of fuels and lubricants (fuels and lubricants), due to the fact that the rates of each type of tax are stored in separate directories, it is possible to set any combination of implementation options, both with current tax rates and newly introduced ones, without making changes to the configuration.

The standard configuration provides flexible parametric configuration of individual elements of the organization's accounting policy. In particular, it is possible to establish a method for determining revenue for tax purposes; choose a method for calculating depreciation of fixed assets, intangible assets, low-value and wear-and-tear items; determine to which account exchange rate differences are attributed, etc. The accounting policy elements entered into the system are stored in the constants and details of accounting objects and are used “by default” when generating transactions for registered primary documents. The configuration also provides flexible configuration of analytical accounting for a specific subject area. In particular, the user can independently determine the list of expense items for which he wants (or must) keep analytical records of production and distribution costs (accounts 20, 26, 44, etc.). The list of items is described in the directories “Cost Items” and “Distribution Costs”. Each expense item in the directories has a name and a link to belonging to a specific group of elements according to economic content. In order to effectively use a standard configuration, you need to know its functionality, the purpose of the reference books and documents used, understand the business logic of the generated transactions, etc. Traditionally, these purposes were served by the documentation supplied with the program, in particular the “User Guide” and “Description of a Typical Configuration”. However, due to the fact that many directories, documents, processing and reports are of a universal nature (used in various accounting areas), the documentation describes working with them once, regardless of a specific accounting area, which is quite justified.

The main objective of the Guide is to simplify work with the configuration, make its capabilities clear and transparent, and help you start accounting in the program, even if the accountant has not yet mastered the command menu of the individual user interface and the basic capabilities of the program.

The guide introduces the accountant to the features of using a standard configuration for accounting in various areas, explains the procedure for filling out on-screen forms of documents and the technological sequence of their entry into the information base, explains how to obtain initial information and the procedure for performing routine maintenance provided for by the computer accounting methodology. The “accounting” sections of the Guide describe the sequence of actions of an accountant to reflect business transactions related to a specific area. For example, to hire a new employee, you need to open the “Human Resources Accounting” section, select “Hiring an Employee” and double-click on the icon. The screen form of the document “Employment Order” opens, which must be filled out. After completing work with the document, you return to the Guide. The guide allows you not only to reflect business transactions, but also to generate various reports directly related to the accounting area. It is important that to refer to reference books, documents, journals, reports, it is not necessary to know their names. This greatly facilitates the development of the program, since the user’s communication with the configuration in this case is carried out at the semantic level. In contrast to the traditional construction of a standard configuration menu according to an object attribute (the "Directory" menu, the "Documents" menu, the "Journals" menu, etc.), each "accounting" section of the Guide is built on the principle of full technological support for the accounting task. This means that within a section you can access all objects that are directly or indirectly related to the accounting area. Thus, in the “Accounting for Fixed Assets” section, you can call up the directory “Fixed Assets”, reflect the entire range of business transactions for fixed assets: receipt of the organization, commissioning, movement, write-off or disposal, as well as calculate depreciation and obtain reporting (specialized and standard).

An important place in accounting automation is occupied by consulting, technological and methodological support for users of "1C: Accounting 7.7". For this:

- a telephone consultation line has been organized;
- free updating of the standard configuration is provided as new accounting functions are added to it and changes related to innovations in the field of accounting and taxation are made;
- educational and methodological literature is published;
- training seminars are held;
- standard forms of regulated reporting are updated free of charge on a quarterly basis;
- regular comprehensive information technology support was organized (ITS project).

Thus, a new approach to accounting automation is being formed.

1c accounting. /Accounting component of the 1C: Enterprise system/ A universal accounting program suitable for maintaining both simple and complex accounting at enterprises of various areas of activity and forms of ownership

Analytical accounting is carried out for objects of analytical accounting (subconto) in physical and monetary terms. The program provides the ability to manually and automatically enter transactions. All transactions are recorded in the transaction journal. When viewing transactions in the transaction log, they can be limited to an arbitrary time interval, grouped and searched by various transaction parameters. Based on the entered transactions, the totals are calculated. Results can be displayed for a quarter, a year, a month, or for any period limited to two dates. Calculation of totals can be performed upon request and simultaneously with entering transactions (in the latter case, recalculation is not required).

After calculating the results, the program generates various statements:

1. summary postings;
2. balance sheet;
3. balance sheet for analytical accounting objects;
4. account card;
5. account card for one analytical accounting object;
6. account analysis (analogous to the general ledger);
7. analysis of the invoice by date;
8. analysis of the account for objects of analytical accounting;
9. analysis of the object of analytical accounting for all accounts;
10. analytical accounting object card for all accounts;
11. journal order.

The program has a mode for generating custom reports, which allows you to describe in some accounting language that the program uses the form and content of the report, including balances and turnover on accounts and on analytical accounting objects. The program contains more than 30 regulated reporting forms to tax authorities and extra-budgetary funds; In addition, this mode is used to create internal reports for analyzing the financial activities of the organization in any form. The program has advanced functions for saving database backups and a mode for storing text documents in an archive. The user's work, as in any other similar program, begins with setting up the chart of accounts and entering templates for new standard transactions (in addition to those provided in the basic set). Along with the product, a wide range of fillable forms of primary documents is offered, but if the user is not satisfied with any document, he can change its printed form and filling algorithm. Using the internal macro language, you can describe almost any document. The currency revaluation and depreciation algorithms implemented in the basic package require the user to strictly adhere to the rules for reflecting information on accounts. To expand the functional content of SABU, you can develop your own algorithms for revaluing foreign currency liabilities and assets depending on current legislation, calculating depreciation on intangible assets, creating accounting registers, etc.

In addition to the product described, the 1C company is promoting its new development called “1C: Enterprise” to the market. This software is a universal system for automating accounting in trade, warehousing and related industries of an enterprise. The application is developed on a new technology platform codenamed V7, which includes tools for working with a database, a built-in programming language, a dialog form editor and a text editor, and a unified query processing mechanism.

The "1C: Enterprise" system can be adapted to any accounting features at a specific enterprise using the "1C: Configurator" module, which allows you to configure all the main elements of the software environment, generate and edit documents with any structure, change their screen and printed forms, and generate logs for working with documents with the possibility of their arbitrary distribution among journals. In addition, "1C: Configurator" can edit existing and create new directories of arbitrary structure, create registers for accounting funds in the required sections, set any information processing algorithms, describe the behavior of system elements in the built-in language, etc. It is important to note that for Configuring the product does not require deep programming knowledge. When checking the configured configuration, the Debugger function is activated; it is also used to identify possible failures in the operation of the system as a whole. The "1C: Enterprise" application can be used both independently to manage commodity flows without generating accounting entries, and in combination with the "1C: Accounting" software to register the movement of goods on accounting accounts. In addition, the 1C: Enterprise package includes support for retail equipment (for example, ELECTRONICS-92 AQUARIUS cash registers and barcode scanners connected via the RS-232 interface).

SABU manufactured by "1C" SABU manufactured by "1C" are the most famous and best-selling in Russia. A developed dealer network (more than 1,100 dealers), work using the franchising method, a competent marketing strategy, powerful advertising support and successful functional content have ensured the enormous popularity of these products. Methodological manuals have been published to help users, and authorized training centers have been established in many regions of the country.

SABU from "1C" are implemented for different software and hardware platforms: DOS, Windows, Windows 95, Macintosh (since the beginning of 1996), Power Macintosh (since the summer of 1996). There are several modifications of the system: basic, professional (for solving more complex accounting problems, including elements of analysis of the economic activities of enterprises), network (since the spring of 1996, client/server technology has been implemented). The most common modern version of "1C: Accounting Prof. 8.0" for Windows is, in our opinion, the best of those presented on the Russian market. The basic package includes one or two floppy disks, a user manual and a registration form. To install and operate the program, it is enough to have 3 - 5 MB of free disk space. The user's work, as in any other similar program, begins with setting up the chart of accounts and entering templates for new standard transactions (in addition to those provided in the basic set). Along with the product, a wide range of fillable forms of primary documents is offered, but if the user is not satisfied with any document, he can change its printed form and filling algorithm. Using the internal macro language, you can describe almost any document. The currency revaluation and depreciation algorithms implemented in the basic package require the user to strictly adhere to the rules for reflecting information on accounts. The system generates all reporting submitted to the tax authorities. For this purpose, a report generator is used, in which its own reporting documents are created using an internal macro language. To expand the functional content of SABU, you can develop your own algorithms for revaluing foreign currency liabilities and assets depending on current legislation, calculating depreciation on intangible assets, creating accounting registers, etc. In addition to the described product, 1C is promoting its new development to the market under called "1C: Enterprise". This software is a universal system for automating accounting in trade, warehousing and related industries of an enterprise. The application is developed on a new technology platform codenamed V7, which includes tools for working with a database, a built-in programming language, a dialog form editor and a text editor, and a unified query processing mechanism. The "1C: Enterprise" system can be adapted to any accounting features at a specific enterprise using the "1C: Configurator" module, which allows you to configure all the main elements of the software environment, generate and edit documents with any structure, change their screen and printed forms, and generate logs for working with documents with the possibility of their arbitrary distribution among journals. In addition, "1C: Configurator" can edit existing and create new directories of arbitrary structure, create registers for accounting funds in the required sections, set any information processing algorithms, describe the behavior of system elements in the built-in language, etc. It is important to note that for Configuring the product does not require deep programming knowledge. When checking the configured configuration, the Debugger function is activated; it is also used to identify possible failures in the operation of the system as a whole. The "1C: Enterprise" application can be used both independently to manage commodity flows without generating accounting entries, and in combination with the "1C: Accounting" software to register the movement of goods on accounting accounts. In addition, the 1C: Enterprise package includes support for retail equipment (for example, ELECTRONICS-92 AQUARIUS cash registers and barcode scanners connected via the RS-232 interface). The 1C: Enterprise system runs under Windows 95 and Windows NT. The network version can be installed on the most common local networks. In the latter case, workstations must have a processor class 486DX or higher and RAM of at least 8 MB, and the server must have RAM of at least 16 MB and a Pentium/75 processor or higher.

“AUBI” is the registered name of the integrated software system “Automation of Accounting” for small, medium and large enterprises. The abbreviation of the name of the complex “AUBI” is constructed from a number of letters included in the above phrase, enclosed in apostrophes. Thus, an attempt has been made to reflect the true purpose of the program. "AUBI" can be successfully used to automate the accounting of enterprises of various types of activities. The software package is of equal interest to both trade (commercial) structures and manufacturing enterprises. The flexible system of the program allows you to customize “AUBI” to the needs of a specific user. At the same time, the accountant of each enterprise, based on his own needs, has the opportunity to create a chart of accounts; information directories containing the names of partner enterprises and their bank details; list of financially responsible persons, etc. Depending on the specifics of the enterprise’s activities, “AUBI” allows you to keep records of the following elements of accounting production:

Materials accounting (warehouse);

Fixed assets; accounting of cash transactions - formation of incoming and outgoing cash orders, maintaining a cash book; accounting of banking transactions - payment orders, claims and registers; accounting of accounts; maintaining a journal of business transactions; maintaining the general ledger; formation of chess and turnover sheets; formation of various analytical accounting statements.

Automated resource accounting system (ARS)

Calculating and, most importantly, justifying the costs of operating one system is not the most difficult task. But when it comes to the scale of the entire city, the situation becomes much more complicated. The main problems are caused by the large number of systems, the variety of technologies used and the functions they perform, and the different territorial distribution of information systems. By mid-2005, the Moscow Informatization Department, which is responsible for planning operating costs, was faced with a number of difficulties, the main of which were a significant increase in the number of systems; increased costs for operating systems throughout the city; an ambiguous scheme for justifying operating costs by city organizations, as well as the high labor intensity of the manual process of planning operating costs both in city organizations and in the informatization department.

Solving these issues required an integrated approach. And within the framework of the event “Creation of an information system to support the implementation of the city target program “Electronic Moscow””, it was decided to develop an automated information system “Calculation of operating estimates”. The contractor for this event was NVision Group, which won the open competition.

Priority tasks

Analysis of the current situation revealed a number of priority tasks.

1. The need to adjust the regulatory framework.

The current collection of operating prices is outdated and does not correspond to the current level of IT development. The unclear wording of the names of the works, the absence of a number of necessary and at the same time the presence of unnecessary works, outdated prices and technological standards of work - all this made it difficult to use the existing collection of prices. Let us give a number of examples. On the one hand, the cost of a standard hour, used in the collection of prices and established by the Department of Economic Policy and Development of Moscow in 2003, is 182.8 rubles, which is significantly lower than the market cost of labor for IT specialists and needs to be revised.

On the other hand, technological standards for performing operations are greatly exaggerated. For example, work on support and maintenance of system software for servers is planned at the rate of 1 hour of working time for each server daily, while separate 3 hours are expected weekly for server maintenance. Obviously, modern server equipment does not require that much time for routine maintenance. Another example - the cost of repairing a mouse manipulator in accordance with the collection of prices is 329.04 rubles, although a new mouse costs less. There are many similar examples. Such an imbalance in the collection of prices leads to the fact that preliminary estimates calculated on its basis do not reflect the real costs of operating information systems and, as practice shows, significantly overestimate them.

2. The need to automate the cost planning process

The basis for financing operation are preliminary estimates submitted by city organizations to the information technology department. Estimates were created manually based on a collection of prices and transmitted on paper. The manual process of drawing up estimates entails the appearance of many errors - ranging from duplication of work and deviation of their cost from the reference value and ending with ordinary arithmetic errors. Reconciliation of received estimates, formulation of comments, sending estimates for revision can take several iterations and, in addition to being extremely labor-intensive, take a lot of time.

3. Ensuring transparency of cost justification

A separate estimate was drawn up for each information system, which included both work to maintain the system itself and work to operate the software and hardware complex on which the system is installed. As a result, information about hardware, system and application software was mixed. In cases where several information systems operate in one city organization, deployed on the same hardware, multiple planning of technical and system maintenance work arises. In addition, this approach does not allow us to create a complete picture of the software and hardware complex of a single city organization.

4. Analysis of the use of information systems

The efficiency of an information system is determined by the costs of its operation and the economic effect obtained as a result of its operation. Statistics on the use of an information system, “multiplied” by the importance of the functions performed in it, will provide initial data for assessing the economic feasibility of its use. The availability of such data will help to allocate budget allocations more effectively between different information systems.

To solve the set tasks, a number of measures were taken that affected the current process of planning costs for the industrial operation of information systems, including clarifying the mechanism for planning budget allocations.

Estimates for industrial operation were standardized. As a result, the set of estimates submitted by authorities to the information technology department looks like this:

estimate for system and technical support - one estimate for all hardware and system software; estimates for application support - one estimate for each information system; estimates for spare parts, components and consumables; estimate for additional work.

Work was carried out to analyze the collection of prices: the composition of the work was modified, new technological indicators of the work and the cost of standard hours were calculated. The calculation was carried out on the basis of typical organizations operating information systems of city organizations. For each job, a technological map has been drawn up, on the basis of which indicators such as the standard time for work, the coefficient of complexity of work, and the average annual rate of work performed for each serviced unit are formed. As a result, a modernized version of the collection of prices was formed.

A mechanism has been developed that allows you to automatically calculate estimates for application, system and technical support. For this:

a system of analytical attributes has been developed, with the help of which information systems and software and hardware complex of government bodies are described; the connection between the works of the collection of prices and the system of analytical attributes has been formalized; An algorithm has been created that allows you to automatically generate estimates based on a system of analytical attributes, a collection of prices and information about information systems and software and hardware.

System architecture

Automation of the cost planning process for operating information systems is implemented in the AIS “Calculation of operating estimates.” This system is intended for installation in all Moscow authorities and allows the informatization department to collect operating estimates and conduct the process of approving estimates without the use of paper.

The development of the AIS “Calculation of operating estimates” was carried out in close connection with the event of the State Program “Electronic Moscow”, within the framework of which the modernization of the register of information resources and systems of Moscow was carried out. The modernized registry is a repository of information about city information systems, including the software and hardware complex, and operates with the same set of analytical attributes that are used in the mechanism for automatically generating estimates. To store information in the register in the required analytical context, the form of the IS&R passport was modernized.

Within the framework of the AIS “Calculation of Operating Estimates”, a collection of prices is maintained, in particular, for each job a formula is set up that allows you to individually calculate quantitative indicators when creating an estimate. The formula is set using a system of analytical attributes and represents the criteria by which the necessary information is selected from the register to calculate each specific job. Subsequently, the collection of prices, being a city-level reference book, will be uploaded to the fund of city-wide classifiers (KNSI-M information system). Yul, is the sentence finished?

AIS “Calculation of operating estimates” was created in a three-tier architecture. The client part and application server are implemented in Java. To launch AIS, Java Web Start technology is used, which allows you to launch the system using a standard web browser (for example, Internet Explorer) without first installing the client part on the workstation. The system is launched when accessing a specific Internet address, and the necessary program files are downloaded to the user’s workstation. As a result, the AIS “Calculation of operating estimates” looks like a regular Windows client (“thick client”) and has all the technological capabilities of a thick client, but does not require appropriate technical support on workstations, since all settings and installation of updates are carried out automatically.

Information about information systems and the software and hardware complex of government bodies is loaded into the AIS “Calculation of operating estimates” from the register using web services.

Current situation and assessment of economic effect

Currently, the AIS “Calculation of operating estimates” has been deployed on the platform of the Electronic Moscow Metasystem and has been put into trial operation. The modernized register is also in trial operation, and with its help the process of re-registration of city information systems is being carried out. The presence of information in the register allows for automatic calculation of estimates for applied and system operation for 2008. At the same time, estimates for spare parts, consumables and components and estimates for additional work are being collected.

The need for a unified system

Considering the information aspect, it is worth noting that in the housing and communal services of Moscow, at the time the decision was made to create an automated control system for the EIRC, there were several information systems that were disconnected and often unable to interact with each other. Databases of territorial and sectoral automated systems were developed independently of each other on various technical and software platforms, and the information they contain varies significantly in structure and technology for providing data. In turn, the implementation of the EIRC automated control system provides a number of advantages: integration of existing information systems, creation of a unified ICT space of the EIRC within the city and a unified system of interaction with related city information systems (primarily within the framework of the “Electronic Moscow” metasystem), protection of personal data population in the field of payments for housing, communal and other services and property information, regardless of the organizational and legal form of the management structure.

The social aspect implies transparency of payments for housing, communal and other services, which is an important element in building Muscovites’ trust in the activities of the city administration, protecting the interests of the population when implementing the method of managing an apartment building in accordance with the Housing Code of the Russian Federation through the distribution and transfer of funds to utility service providers.

History of the development of ACS EIRC

The development of the EIRC automated control system was carried out in accordance with regulatory documents within the framework of the city target program “Electronic Moscow”. To implement the project, a consortium was created, which, along with the general contractor, the FORS Development Center company, included a number of companies with extensive experience in working in the EIRC of Moscow: Lidnik, CHIP-N, Borlas Eye -BC", State Unitary Enterprise "EIRC NEAD", "Regional Systems - ERC". The system had to solve a number of problems. This is the automation of the processes of accrual, processing and accounting of housing and utility payments, settlements with enterprises supplying housing and communal services, tenants and owners of non-residential premises, as well as the processes of registering citizens at their place of residence. In addition - providing calculations for the actual consumption of services based on metering devices, minimizing the timing of payments and increasing their collection, interaction with the system of providing housing subsidies and compensation for lost income from the provision of benefits to residents (GCHS), implementation of regulations for the interaction of the EIRC with the systems of housing providers utilities and other services, authorized banks.

At the same time, the EIRC automated control system should become the basis for creating a unified information space for the urban economy, creating more convenient conditions for the population of services and interaction with all participants in the urban economy (the “one window” system). And also to create a corporate IS for the implementation of regulations for the interaction of the EIRTs with other city ISs (prefectures, administrations, State Unitary Enterprise DEZ, MosgorBTI, Moscow Registration Committee, Municipal Internal Affairs Directorate, State Automated System "Elections", Civil Registry Offices, Department of Municipal Housing and Housing Policy, etc.) within the framework of the metasystem " Electronic Moscow" and ensuring analysis for making effective management decisions at all levels and stages of urban management.

Structure of a unified system

The EIRC automated control system has a three-tier architecture in accordance with the current administrative hierarchy of the city. The main components of the system at the city level are the “Unified Primary Data Storage” and the “Multidimensional Data Storage”. Information storage systems are located on a cluster platform, providing a high degree of availability of solutions. The Oracle DBMS is used as a database; the key tools used at this level are Oracle Discoverer and Oracle OLAP technologies. The core of the system at the district level is the district data warehouse. Subsystems for interaction with external systems, service providers, subsystems for accounting for resource consumption and generating reports operate here. A cluster solution is also used as a technical platform. Software implementation at this level is based on the Oracle DBMS, Oracle Application Server and the Java language. Oracle Discoverer is used to ensure the functioning of the reporting system. At the district level, there are workplaces of EIRTs employees who provide access to data stored on the district server and directly support the functions of conducting settlements with individuals and legal entities, registering citizens at their place of residence, etc. Communication between objects of all levels is carried out through the Moscow fiber optic network.

At the city level, the EIRC ACS implements the following main functions: consolidation of information for its subsequent processing, analysis, receipt of regulated and non-regulated reporting (both for the city level and for the district level from remote workplaces), centralized administration of the EIRC ACS, formation of a unified regulatory and reference information. The main functions of the EIRC automated control system at the district level are: ensuring the storage and processing of operational information, including from local and remote workplaces, performing mass operations on data, regulated access to the unified repository of city information from remote district workplaces to obtain regulated reporting, information exchange with adjacent systems. At the district level, the ACS EIRC ensures interaction with consumers of housing and communal services (individuals and legal entities) using and adjusting primary information, as well as the creation on its basis of appropriate printed forms of documents (certificates, notices, payment documents, etc.).

Composition of the EIRC ACS

ACS EIRC consists of seven subsystems. The user interaction subsystem ensures the maintenance of registers of individuals and legal entities, residential and non-residential premises, financial and personal accounts, printing of financial and non-payment documents. The financial and settlement subsystem ensures the formation and storage in the subsystem of information about financial transactions, obtaining balances, turnover, and debt structure for any of the parties to the contractual relationship at any time. Using the messaging subsystem, information exchange is carried out both between individual applications within the system and with external systems and users. The operational information storage subsystem ensures the preservation of data on individuals and legal entities, address objects, residential and non-residential premises, contractual relations, housing and communal services and tariffs, benefits used, subsidies, storage of the history of financial transactions and balances, access to reading and changing information, uploading data for further transmission to the city level.

The city data warehouse ensures the transformation and loading of information received from district servers, long-term data storage, and retrieval of aggregated and detailed information from the warehouse. The main functions of a data transmission network are end-to-end transportation of information between any nodes of the system, protecting data from loss, duplication and unauthorized use during transmission. The information security subsystem provides a unified structure of identification and authentication, authorization of access to system resources, integrity and protection of data from unauthorized access.

One of the important functions of the EIRC automated control system is its interaction with external systems and organizations: city directories, BTI, Moszhilregistration, Department of Housing Policy, passport offices of the Internal Affairs Directorate, State Center for Housing, Civil Registry, social security departments, etc. Today this interaction is very heterogeneous. Thus, cooperation with the State Center for Housing and Internal Affairs and passport offices of the Internal Affairs Directorate is strictly formalized and occurs in accordance with established regulations. The use of citywide directories for maintaining address objects has been implemented, but there are practically no rules for interaction. Currently, the issue of the procedure for interaction with the resource consumption accounting system (ASCAE) is being resolved. There is practically no communication with IS BTI, registry office and other city systems. Solving these issues can significantly improve both the quality of services provided by the EIRC automated control system and the level of analytical information obtained from the system.

ACS EIRC today

Currently, the EIRC automated control system is operated in a number of administrative districts of Moscow. The first stage of implementation, which took place in the South-Eastern District, was quite difficult, which is associated with a number of both objective and subjective factors. Here we can note a large number of heterogeneous systems installed in the districts, and the need to strengthen the technical equipment of the district EIRC. The psychological problems of EIRC employees switching to new software cannot be discounted. Nevertheless, the implementation of the system in the South-Eastern Administrative District was successfully completed, and when installing the EIRC automated control system in other districts of Moscow, the process is already much easier. The implementation is carried out in accordance with the schedule approved by the Moscow Government Decree No. 132-PP dated February 28, 2006 and should be completed at the end of this year.

SAURES is a system for automated control and accounting of housing and communal services resources, available to a wide range of consumers: from the ordinary resident of an apartment building or private building, to an entire management company or representatives of large federal businesses.

Currently, the system records the consumption of water, electricity, heat and gas, and also controls electric ball valves, sensors for water leakage, temperature, gas leakage, etc.

Key features of the system:

compatible with existing water, gas, electricity, heat meters, sensors and other equipment. In most cases, the user does not need to change his metering devices or install any special ones;
Easily scales from one apartment to an apartment complex or an entire residential complex. There is no need to automate the entire house at once; residents can independently install the system for personal use;
To transfer data, the SAURES R1 controller uses any available Wi-Fi network (home, public, etc.). This means that there is no need to lay extra wires or install additional equipment for switching and transmission.

Scheme of operation and main components

Controller SAURES

carries out resource accounting based on data from metering devices;
monitors the status of connected sensors and electric ball valves;
regularly transfers accounting data to the SAURES cloud service;
in an emergency (for example: detection of water by a leak sensor) sends a command to shut off the ball valves and a command to the cloud service to send you an alert about the incident.

Cloud service SAURES

stores data on resource consumption and events recorded by the system;
analyzes water flow to identify hidden leaks in the facility’s water supply system;
sends system PUSH notifications and email alerts;
transmits the readings of your metering devices in the chosen method according to the designated schedule;
provides integration of the SAURES system with third-party systems (for example: "1C: Accounting in management companies of housing and communal services, homeowners' associations and housing cooperatives")

Web interface and mobile applications

present you with data on resource consumption in the form of graphs and absolute values;
make it possible to analyze accounting data for different periods;
provide the ability to configure alert systems and automatic transmission of readings.

Where can the system be used?

In apartments

Any resident of an apartment building can independently install a Saures controller in their apartment.
Popular solutions based on SAURES for accounting of housing and communal services resources:

Hot and cold water metering;
Integrated resource accounting (water + electricity);
Advanced leak protection system with notifications on a smartphone.

In private houses, cottages, town houses, dachas

In addition to the basic capabilities of monitoring and accounting for resources, home owners control:

Operation of the heating system and boiler equipment;
Specific hidden water leaks: flooding with groundwater, malfunction of the irrigation system, etc.

In apartment buildings

Maximum flexibility for scaling, the system is suitable for most management companies, homeowners associations and other operating organizations.

Advantages of SAURES compared to other resource accounting systems:

If already installed metering devices are compatible with SAURES, the cost of implementing a dispatch system is reduced by an order of magnitude.
The SAURES installation does not require “dirty” installation work and wiring, which is important for houses that have already been put into operation.
Due to the use of simple technologies, the implementation and operation of SAURES will cost much less than similar systems;
The management company does not need to purchase, configure and maintain specialized equipment and software; consumption data is collected and processed by a cloud service;
The management company has its own personal account in the system with access to data from residents’ metering devices. At the same time, the resident has his own personal account.
SAURES is integrated with "1C: Accounting in management companies of housing and communal services, homeowners' associations and housing cooperatives", and for exchange with other systems, consumption data can be uploaded to a CSV file.

On commercial real estate sites

For commercial properties, everything that applies to apartment buildings is true, and businesses receive all the benefits provided for management companies. SAURES is perfect for:

Retail chains
Business centers
Restaurant and cafe chains
Offices and shops

What problems does the system solve?

SAURES solves a wide range of problems of accounting for housing and communal services resources and monitoring life support systems:

remote collection of readings from water, electricity, heat and gas meters
monitoring the status of leakage, temperature, gas leakage sensors, etc.
accounting and visualization of resource consumption data
monitoring the temperature conditions of rooms and systems
Water leak protection and leak detection based on water flow data analysis
automatic transmission of meter readings in various ways: PUSH notifications, email, integration with the mos.ru portal.

System capabilities

In order to ensure systematic accounting of the consumption of thermal energy, hot and cold water, electrical energy, gas in multi-apartment residential buildings in the city of Moscow and organizations subordinate to executive bodies, as well as in order to save funds from the budget of the city of Moscow:

1. Create an automated resource consumption accounting system (hereinafter referred to as ASUPR), consisting of a set of software and hardware tools and equipment that ensure the collection, processing, transmission and storage of data on thermal energy, hot and cold water, electrical energy, gas consumed in multi-apartment residential buildings in the city of Moscow and organizations subordinate to executive bodies (hereinafter referred to as resources).

2. Establish that:

2.1. The tasks of the automated control system are:

2.1.1. Providing processes for collecting, processing, transmitting and storing data on resources, including for passport and inventory accounting of heat energy, hot and cold water, electrical energy, gas meters (hereinafter referred to as metering devices).

2.1.2. System accounting of resource consumption.

2.1.3. Monitoring the supply of resources to multi-apartment residential buildings in the city of Moscow and organizations subordinate to executive bodies.

2.1.4. Ensuring the possibility of generating statistical and analytical data, reporting on resource consumption in order to develop and implement energy efficient technologies in the city of Moscow.

2.1.5. Monitoring the implementation of established energy consumption and energy efficiency indicators.

2.2. The main functions of the automated control system are:

2.2.1. Automatic collection, processing, transmission of data from metering devices recording the quantity and quality of resources and installed in multi-apartment residential buildings in the city of Moscow and organizations subordinate to executive bodies.

2.2.2. Automation of payments for resource consumption and commercial accounting of resources.

2.2.3. Providing operational services and authorized bodies with data on the results of dispatch control over the technical condition of technical means that are equipment of automated control systems, collecting and transmitting to automatic control systems data on the quantity and quality of resources consumed in apartment buildings in the city of Moscow and organizations subordinate to executive bodies (hereinafter referred to as technical means of automatic control systems).

2.2.4. Remote dispatch control over resource consumption processes, including in terms of warning and detection of emergency situations.

2.2.5. Ensuring the exchange of data on the volume, quality and cost of consumed resources between executive bodies, organizations subordinate to them and resource supplying organizations.

2.2.6. Ensuring the prompt formation of a database on the quantity and quality of resources, storage of such data.

2.3. The implementation of automated control systems is carried out through the implementation of the following activities:

2.3.1. The first stage of implementation is the installation and connection of automated control system technical means to installed metering devices, the maintenance of which is carried out by executive bodies or organizations subordinate to them.

2.3.2. The second stage of implementation is the installation and connection of automated control system technical equipment to the metering devices installed in apartment buildings in Moscow.

2.3.3. Other stages of implementation - installation and connection of technical means of automatic control systems, carried out based on the results of the implementation of the first and second stages of implementation in accordance with paragraph 3.2 of this order.

2.5.1. Provide support for activities to create automated control systems in terms of installation and connection of technical means of automated control systems to installed metering devices, the maintenance of which is carried out by the specified executive bodies or organizations subordinate to them.

3.1. Implements first-stage implementation measures to account for resource consumption by organizations subordinate to and, including a preliminary examination of metering devices installed in these organizations, installation and connection of technical means of automatic control systems. When developing the first stage of implementation, it provides for the possibility of further development of automated control systems in terms of keeping records of other resources and expanding the list of objects connected to the system.

Every resident of a smart home dreams of it being energy efficient. And if the requirements of a private customer to install a resource consumption control system can be implemented by an integrator, then with apartment buildings that make up the main stock of housing and communal services, things are much more complicated.

Federal Law No. 261 “On Energy Saving and Improving Energy Efficiency” requires rapid measures to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. At the first stage, all houses must be equipped with communal meters. Then meters will appear in each apartment. According to legislators, installing metering devices and paying for energy resources based on consumption will help improve the energy efficiency of the house as a whole and reduce the cost of housing and communal services for residents. In addition, the accounting system will allow you to accumulate data, analyze it, plan measures to improve energy saving and energy efficiency, and also evaluate their results. At the same time, all this can be done both at the level of an individual apartment or HOA, and at the level of a block, microdistrict, city, federal district and the entire country.

How to create an automated accounting system

Any city building is connected to utility networks and equipped with 5 main channels: electricity, gas supply, water supply, heating and hot water supply (DHW), which are of particular importance in terms of energy saving. Accounting for general household resource consumption through these channels is quite simple to organize. An entrance node is formed in the appropriate room of the building, and a meter is installed in this node. It, in turn, is connected to a controller, the data from which is sent to a communication node, usually GSM, and then transmitted to the server where the accounting system is installed. According to this scheme, various automated systems for commercial metering of electricity (ASCAE) and heating are built.

Any city building is connected to utility networks

The advantages of such systems include their maturity and accumulated experience in their installation and operation. There are significantly more disadvantages. As a rule, such systems are not ready for integrated accounting of all resources, and it is obvious that creating 4-5 essentially identical systems will always be more difficult and costly than one universal one. The second disadvantage is related to the high cost. If the cost of a resource metering unit for an entire apartment building is 200-300 thousand rubles. is still justified, then for each apartment it should be significantly lower. The third negative factor is the short period of the verification interval, which can be agreed with in relation to communal meters, but not apartment meters. Ideally, the meter should be simple, reliable, have a long operating mode without verification, and be quickly replaced after failure.

Other disadvantages of ASKUE include the lack of a sufficient regulatory framework and, accordingly, standardized solutions with a unified protocol for transmitting or receiving data to central accounting servers. There is no need to explain what a heterogeneous “zoo” of decisions can lead to, even within the same microdistrict. In addition, to date, specialized software has not been created that would allow taking into account all resources, analyzing this data and generating forecasts and warnings on the scale of a house, block, neighborhood, district and city.

Such software must solve various problems. For example, during peak hours of electricity consumption - to recommend measures to save it, in the event of an accident - to help solve the problem of quickly restoring the system and preserving heat in the housing stock. In addition, the software or its individual packages, which have a common database, should allow users, residents of all apartments and houses, to access their personal resource accounting pages, for example, through a regular browser, and analyze their own consumption, down to daily consumption. Note that it is on the basis of this data that residents would like to receive unified bills for consumed resources. But the question of who exactly will form them has not yet been resolved.

The last and perhaps most important, but not yet so obvious, disadvantage is that such systems do not offer a unified concept for building apartment accounting systems, their integration and subsequent development towards automation of the entire building.

All of the listed shortcomings make it possible to create a table of requirements for automated resource accounting systems (ARMS) at both the general building and apartment level.

Table of parameters of ASUR components

№	Name	Options to select
№	Name	Cost, thousand rubles.	Service life, thousand hours	Verification period, years	Payback, years	Notes
1	Apartment electricity meter	Up to 1.5	90	7-10	2-4	Three-tariff operating mode is provided by the controller
2	Water meter	1,5-2	60	5-7	Until 3	Wireless, with battery >3 years
3	Heat meter	2-3	60	5-7	2-3	Wireless, with battery >3 years
4	Gas meter	1,5-2,5	50	5-6	2-4	With leak sensor
5	Controller - floor computer	6-7	> 100	-	Up to 5	Standard protocols KNX, LonTalk, Modbus, ZigBee
6	UPS source - floor	3-4	> 100	-	-	Providing work up to 12 hours.
7	Controller - brownie server	7-10	> 110	-	Up to 7	Standard protocols
8	UPS source - house	5-7	> 110	-	-	Providing work up to 48 hours.
9	Modem	2-3	50	-	2-3	GSM, GPRS, WiMAX, 4G

The table presents the average requirements that apply to systems installed in urban apartment buildings. The cost of installing and connecting one sensor-meter with a comprehensive solution should be 200-300 rubles, and annual maintenance should not exceed 50-100 rubles. per year per meter.

Developing common approaches is a state task

The federal program for increasing energy efficiency and similar regional programs, taking into account the scale of specific cities and local weather conditions, would allow each city to develop its own options for building an automated control system based on a unified approach. Unfortunately, such an approach does not exist yet.

Apparently, the current situation suits all parties involved in the resource supply process. However, difficult times are coming for ordinary citizens, homeowners' associations and other consumers: there are government orders on the introduction of energy-saving technologies, but there are no clear recommendations on how to do this comprehensively and effectively. At this time, the market is dominated by disparate solutions, which are not possible to evaluate in the absence of transparent quality criteria.

Unfortunately, recognizing the need to modernize production and housing and communal services from the point of view of resource consumption, the state has not fully come to understand that this requires rules, technical regulations, GOSTs, the development costs of which Russia lags behind Germany by 100 times.

The lack of unified principles for constructing modern automated control systems for housing and communal services is only the visible part of the iceberg of problems that need to be solved by everyone - politicians who are not indifferent to the opinion of citizens regarding the rise in tariffs, and investors who are ready to perceive the prospects of innovative areas, and companies involved in the construction of houses and their operation.

How to automate an apartment building

Below is one of the optimal options for building an automated control system in an apartment building, which takes into account not only the current tasks of energy saving and energy efficiency, but also issues of safety and increased comfort when integrated with automated building management systems (ABMS).

The scheme for accounting for common house resources (on the right) is almost no different from what currently exists, with some exceptions. Firstly, building automated control system data can also be transferred to an integrated security system (ICSS), so the server provides their representation in a standard format and protocol, for example XML and SOAP. Secondly, to increase the reliability of the system, two controllers - servers, which are included in a single data exchange network, can be used in each home. If we take into account that the failure of the controller-server in this system, for example, for a day, will not lead to loss of data by the floor controllers - computers, then you can install one controller-server per house, but at the same time have several in the replacement stock with the possibility of quick replacement. Thirdly, to increase fault tolerance and maintain operability even during emergency outages of external power supply, server, data transmission and modem nodes must be provided with uninterruptible power supplies (UPS).

Modern energy metering system in an apartment building

Source: CNews Analytics, 2010

Let's take a closer look at the left side of the diagram - the apartment accounting system. Note that not only wireless meters, but also more reliable wired solutions can be used for its operation. This will not change the presented general concept of the ASUR system. But, it is necessary to clearly understand that the use of wired sensors leads to the need to lay cables and routes and, accordingly, to construction work, and therefore an increase in the cost of the system. Wireless meters can be of various types, the main thing is to provide power using a battery and/or a small solar panel for a period of at least 3 years.

Such modern meters can form a reconfigured dynamic network that, with minimal radio power from each transmitter, ensures the reliability of the data acquisition and control system. Moreover, the frequency of data transmission per day from such a counter can be different - from once for simple systems to transmission several times per hour for the purpose of real-time analysis. All data collected by meters goes to the controller - a floor computer, which is connected to all apartments on the floor and has the ability to process data with a margin of at least 10% in terms of the number of connected meters and computing power.

To ensure reliable operation of controllers on floors, small UPSs should be used. After processing, information from each floor is sent to a controller, which performs the functions of a home server and guarantees the required degree of data archiving, converts it into a standard format and provides modem control for receiving/transmitting it further to central resource accounting servers. To ensure duplication, it is possible to include 2 or more servers in the building ring network. And to reduce the cost of individual parts of the system, it is possible to use one server for several entrances.

It is necessary to pay attention to the presence of two modems that can operate in a single home network, so that any data from the ASUR system, even in the event of an accident with one modem, can be transmitted through another device. The functioning of modems may vary depending on the tasks assigned to the system. For example, to take readings from apartment meters, once a month it is enough for the central accounting server to “call” the house controller - server and take all the readings at one time, and for operational online household accounting, it is enough to transmit this data to the central server several times an hour. At the same time, it is important to choose the most acceptable conditions and tariffs of telecom operators for transmitting this information. In homes that are connected to the Internet, it makes more sense to transmit information using it. The same system can be used to transmit emergency information to residents who are away from home in the form of electronic messages. Moreover, such an automated control system can be easily expanded in the future and integrated with video surveillance, security and fire systems to ensure safer and more comfortable living in an apartment building.

Ideally, I would like to create a data collection system subordinate to a centralized city independent organization, which, on the one hand, provides data to the consumer so that he can analyze and reduce resource consumption, and on the other hand, sends it to the resource supplier for prompt settlements with the consumer . In this case, the answer to the question of how the user finds out the amount of resources consumed by him for payment becomes obvious: all calculations are carried out in a single transaction in accordance with the data generated using the archives of central servers.

Unfortunately, there are no companies yet that would be completely ready to switch to such a system for accounting for resource consumption, but if there is an automated management system, not only resource supplying enterprises, but also homeowners' associations and management companies can do this. In an emergency, data can be obtained from the website of the accounting organization or directly from the LCD screen of the floor computer after simple manipulations with the control buttons.

There are about 40 million households and apartments in Russia. To equip them with a minimum set of electricity meters, it will require about 1.5-1.7 billion dollars, and taking into account the creation of the control system as a whole, with installation and configuration at the rate of approximately 100 dollars per metering point, the minimum cost of the project can be 5. 5-5.7 billion dollars. Leading companies are beginning to understand the promise of this area and are trying to secure their share in the developing market in advance. Thus, AFK Sistema and Rusnano plan to become participants in the state program to equip Russian apartments with wireless “smart” meters - the Housing and Communal Services Reform Assistance Fund sent a corresponding letter to the Russian government. Perhaps the active participation of the state in the introduction of energy-saving technologies will finally force this process to become more efficient.