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Speech styles in fiction. Literary and artistic style: characteristics, main stylistic features, examples

The artistic style of speech, as the name implies, is characteristic of the language of fiction.

Literary scholars and linguists call it one of the most important means of artistic communication. We can say that it is a linguistic form of expressing figurative content. We should not forget that when we consider the artistic style of speech, we are talking at the intersection of literary criticism and linguistics. It should be noted that the norms of a literary language are just a kind of starting point for qualitatively different language norms.

Features of artistic style of speech

This style of speech can include colloquial, colloquial, clerical, and many other styles. Every writer's language obeys only those laws that the author himself creates. Many linguists note that in recent decades the literary language has gradually removed restrictions - it has become open to dialects, jargon, and colloquial vocabulary. The artistic style of speech presupposes, first of all, freedom in the choice of words, which, however, must be associated with the greatest responsibility, expressed in a sense of proportionality and conformity.

Artistic style of speech: main features

The first sign of the described style is the original presentation of the word: it seems to be torn out of its schematic connections and placed in “unusual circumstances.” Thus, a presentation of the word arises in which it becomes interesting in itself, and not in context. Secondly, it is characterized by a high level of linguistic organization, that is, additional ordering. The degree of organization of speech in prose consists in dividing the text into chapters and parts; in a dramatic work - on acts, scenes, phenomena. The most complex level of linguistic organization in poetic speech seems to be metrication, stanza, and the use of rhymes. By the way, one of the most striking properties of artistic speech in a poetic work is a high degree of polysemy.

In literary prose, as a rule, ordinary human speech comes to the fore, which is one of the means of characterizing characters (the so-called speech portrait of the hero).

Comparison

Comparison is of great importance in the language of almost any work. This term can be defined as follows: “Comparison is the main way of forming new ideas.” It serves mainly to indirectly characterize the phenomenon and contributes to the creation of completely new images.

Language of the work of art

Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude that the artistic style of speech is characterized primarily by imagery. Each of its elements is aesthetically significant: not only words are important, but also sounds, rhythm, and melody of the language. You can find examples of artistic style of speech by opening any literary work. Every writer strives, first of all, for freshness and originality of the image - this explains the widespread use of special means of expression.

Literary-artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, a word not only carries certain information, but also serves to have an aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger its impact on the reader. In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also outdated dialect and colloquial words. The emotionality of an artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; All language means are used to create images. A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, which add color to the narrative and the power of depicting reality.

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personification, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litotes, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.

Trope - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative meaning in order to enhance the imagery of language and the artistic expressiveness of speech.

Main types of trails:

Metaphor is a trope, word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common characteristic. Any part of speech in a figurative meaning.

Metonymy is a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object that is in one way or another connected with the object that is denoted by the replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity,” and metaphor by “by similarity.” A special case of metonymy is synecdoche.

An epithet is a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love dearly”), a noun (“fun noise”), and a numeral (“second life”).

An epithet is a word or an entire expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) gain color and richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose.

Synecdoche is a trope, a type of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them.

Hyperbole is a stylistic figure of obvious and deliberate exaggeration, with the aim of enhancing expressiveness and emphasizing the said thought.

Litotes is a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, and significance of what is being described. Litotes is called an inverse hyperbola. (“Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, is no bigger than a thimble”).

Comparison is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new properties in the object of comparison that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as the devil”; “My home is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture”).

In stylistics and poetics, it is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept using several.

Periphrasis is an indirect mention of an object by description rather than naming.

Allegory (allegory) is a conventional depiction of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

1. Historically established system of speech means used in one or another sphere of human communication; a type of literary language that performs a specific function in communication:
1) Functional style of speech.
2) Scientific style of speech.

The functional style of speech is a historically established system of speech means used in one or another sphere of human communication; a type of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

2. The functional style of speech of a literary language, which is characterized by a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of linguistic means, tendency towards standardized speech:
1) Scientific style of speech.
2) Functional style of speech.
3) Official business style of speech.
4) Journalistic style of speech.

The scientific style of speech is a functional style of speech of a literary language, which is characterized by a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection of linguistic means, and a tendency towards standardized speech.

3. If possible, the presence of semantic connections between successive units (blocks) of text:
1) Logic.
2) Intuition.
3) Sensory.
4) Deduction.

Logicity is, if possible, the presence of semantic connections between successive units (blocks) of text.

4. Functional style of speech, a means of written communication in the field of business relations: in the field of legal relations and management:
1) Scientific style of speech.
2) Functional style of speech.
3) Official business style of speech.
4) Journalistic style of speech.

The official business style of speech is a functional style of speech, a means of written communication in the field of business relations: in the field of legal relations and management.

5. Functional style of speech, which is used in the following genres: article, essay, report, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory:
1) Scientific style of speech.
2) Functional style of speech.
3) Official business style of speech.
4) Journalistic style of speech.

The journalistic style of speech is a functional style of speech that is used in the following genres: article, essay, report, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.

6. The desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible:
1) Information function of journalistic style.
2) Information function of the scientific style.
3) Information function of official business style.
4) Information function of the functional style of speech.

The informational function of the journalistic style is the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible.

7. The desire to influence people's opinions:
1) The influencing function of the journalistic style of speech.
2) The influencing function of the scientific style.
3) The influencing function of the official business style.
4) The influencing function of the functional style of speech.

The influencing function of the journalistic style of speech is the desire to influence people's opinions.

8. Functional style of speech, which serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting:
1) Conversational speech.
2) Literary speech.
3) Artistic speech.
4) Report.

Colloquial speech is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting.

9. Functional style of speech, which is used in fiction:
1) Literary and artistic style.
2) Official business style.
3) Scientific style.
4) Functional style.

Literary-artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction.

10. Formal business speech is characterized by:
1) strict compliance with literary norms.
2) lack of expressive elements.
3) use of colloquial syntactic structures.
4) use of professional slang words.

Official business speech is characterized by: strict compliance with literary norms and the absence of expressive elements.

Literary and artistic style serves the artistic and aesthetic sphere of human activity. Artistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in fiction. A text in this style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery, emotionality, and specificity of speech. The emotionality of an artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; All language means are used to create images. A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech can be called the use of special figures of speech, the so-called artistic tropes, which add color to the narrative and the power of depicting reality. The function of the message is combined with the function of aesthetic impact, the presence of imagery, a combination of the most diverse means of language, both general linguistic and individual author's, but the basis of this style is general literary language means. Characteristic features: the presence of homogeneous members of the sentence, complex sentences; epithets, comparisons, rich vocabulary.

Substyles and genres:

1) prose (epic): fairy tale, story, story, novel, essay, short story, essay, feuilleton;

2) dramatic: tragedy, drama, comedy, farce, tragicomedy;

3) poetic (lyrics): song, ode, ballad, poem, elegy, poem: sonnet, triolet, quatrain.

Style-forming features:

1) figurative reflection of reality;

2) artistic and figurative concretization of the author’s intention (system of artistic images);

3) emotionality;

4) expressiveness, evaluativeness;

6) speech characteristics of characters (speech portraits).

General linguistic features of literary and artistic style:

1) a combination of linguistic means of all other functional styles;

2) subordination of the use of linguistic means in the system of images and the author’s intention, figurative thought;

3) fulfillment of an aesthetic function by linguistic means.

Linguistic means of artistic style:

1. Lexical means:

1) rejection of stereotyped words and expressions;

2) widespread use of words in a figurative meaning;

3) deliberate clash of different styles of vocabulary;

4) the use of vocabulary with a two-dimensional stylistic coloring;

5) the presence of emotionally charged words.

2. Phraseological means- conversational and bookish.

3. Word-forming means:

1) the use of various means and models of word formation;

4. Morphological means:

1) the use of word forms in which the category of concreteness is manifested;

2) frequency of verbs;

3) passivity of indefinite-personal forms of verbs, third-person forms;

4) insignificant use of neuter nouns compared to masculine and feminine nouns;

5) plural forms of abstract and real nouns;

6) widespread use of adjectives and adverbs.

5. Syntactic means:

1) use of the entire arsenal of syntactic means available in the language;

2) widespread use of stylistic figures.

8.Main features of conversational style.

Features of conversational style

Conversational style is a speech style that has the following characteristics:

used in conversations with familiar people in a relaxed atmosphere;

the task is to exchange impressions (communication);

the statement is usually relaxed, lively, free in the choice of words and expressions, it usually reveals the author’s attitude to the subject of speech and the interlocutor;

Characteristic linguistic means include: colloquial words and expressions, emotional and evaluative means, in particular with the suffixes - ochk-, - enk-. - ik-, - k-, - ovat-. - evat-, perfective verbs with the prefix for - with the meaning of the beginning of action, appeal;

incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences.

contrasts with book styles in general;

inherent function of communication;

forms a system that has its own characteristics in phonetics, phraseology, vocabulary, and syntax. For example: phraseology - escaping with the help of vodka and drugs is not fashionable these days. Vocabulary - high, hugging a computer, getting on the Internet.

Colloquial speech is a functional type of literary language. It performs the functions of communication and influence. Colloquial speech serves a sphere of communication that is characterized by informality of relations between participants and ease of communication. It is used in everyday situations, family settings, at informal meetings, meetings, informal anniversaries, celebrations, friendly feasts, meetings, during confidential conversations between colleagues, a boss and a subordinate, etc.

The topics of conversation are determined by the needs of communication. They can vary from narrow everyday ones to professional, industrial, moral and ethical, philosophical, etc.

An important feature of colloquial speech is its unpreparedness and spontaneity (Latin spontaneus - spontaneous). The speaker creates, creates his speech immediately “completely”. As researchers note, linguistic conversational features are often not realized and not recorded by consciousness. Therefore, often when native speakers are presented with their own colloquial utterances for normative assessment, they evaluate them as erroneous.

The next characteristic feature of colloquial speech: - the direct nature of the speech act, that is, it is realized only with the direct participation of speakers, regardless of the form in which it is realized - dialogical or monological. The activity of the participants is confirmed by statements, replicas, interjections, and simply sounds made.

The structure and content of conversational speech, the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication are greatly influenced by extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) factors: the personality of the addresser (speaker) and the addressee (listener), the degree of their acquaintance and proximity, background knowledge (the general stock of knowledge of the speakers), the speech situation (context of the utterance). For example, to the question “Well, how?” depending on the specific circumstances, the answers can be very different: “Five”, “Met”, “Got it”, “Lost”, “Unanimously”. Sometimes, instead of a verbal answer, it is enough to make a gesture with your hand, give your face the desired expression - and the interlocutor understands what your partner wanted to say. Thus, the extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication. Without knowledge of this situation, the meaning of the statement may be unclear. Gestures and facial expressions also play an important role in spoken language.

Colloquial speech is uncodified speech; the norms and rules of its functioning are not recorded in various kinds of dictionaries and grammars. She is not so strict in observing the norms of literary language. It actively uses forms that are classified in dictionaries as colloquial. “The litter does not discredit them,” writes the famous linguist M.P. Panov. “The litter warns: do not call a person with whom you are in strictly official relations a darling, do not offer to shove him somewhere, do not tell him that he is lanky and sometimes grumpy. In official papers, do not use the words look, to your heart's content, away, penny. Sound advice, isn't it?"

In this regard, colloquial speech is contrasted with codified book speech. Colloquial speech, like book speech, has oral and written forms. For example, a geologist writes an article for a special magazine about mineral deposits in Siberia. He uses bookish speech in writing. The scientist gives a report on this topic at an international conference. His speech is bookish, but his form is oral. After the conference, he writes a letter to a work colleague about his impressions. Text of the letter - colloquial speech, written form.

At home, with his family, the geologist tells how he spoke at the conference, which old friends he met, what they talked about, what gifts he brought. His speech is conversational, its form is oral.

Active study of spoken language began in the 60s. XX century. They began to analyze tape and manual recordings of relaxed natural oral speech. Scientists have identified specific linguistic features of colloquial speech in phonetics, morphology, syntax, word formation, and vocabulary. For example, in the field of vocabulary, colloquial speech is characterized by a system of its own methods of nomination (naming): various types of contraction (evening - evening newspaper, motor - motor boat, enroll - in an educational institution); non-word combinations (Do you have something to write with? - pencil, pen, Give me something to cover myself with - blanket, rug, sheet); single-word derivative words with a transparent internal form (opener - can opener, rattle - motorcycle), etc. Colloquial words are highly expressive (porridge, okroshka - about confusion, jelly, sloppy - about a sluggish, characterless person).

Art style serves a special sphere of human activity - the sphere of verbal and artistic creativity. Like other styles, artistic style performs all the most important social functions of language:

1) informative (by reading works of art, we gain information about the world, about human society);

2) communicative (the writer communicates with the reader, conveying to him his idea of the phenomena of reality and counting on a response, and unlike a publicist who addresses the broad masses, the writer addresses the addressee who is able to understand him);

3) influencing (the writer strives to evoke an emotional response to his work in the reader).

But all these functions in the artistic style are subordinated to its main function -aesthetic , which consists in the fact that reality is recreated in a literary work through a system of images (characters, natural phenomena, setting, etc.). Every significant writer, poet, playwright has his own, original vision of the world, and to recreate the same phenomenon, different authors use different linguistic means, specially selected and reinterpreted.V.V. Vinogradov noted: “...The concept of “style” when applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles and even journalistic and scientific styles... The language of fiction is not entirely correlated with others styles, he uses them, includes them, but in original combinations and in a transformed form..."

Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete imaginative representation of life, in contrast, for example, to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and the re-creation of reality. The author strives to convey, first of all, his personal experience, his understanding and comprehension of a particular phenomenon. The artistic style of speech is characterized by attention to the particular and random, followed by the typical and general.The world of fiction is a “recreated” world; the reality depicted is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech the subjective element plays the most important role. The entire surrounding reality is presented through the author's vision. But in an artistic text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, etc. Associated with this is the emotionality, expressiveness, metaphor, and meaningful diversity of the artistic style. As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-fiction, constitute two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function.

The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The number of words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, includes figurative means of literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of usage. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity when describing certain aspects of life. For example, L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” used special military vocabulary when describing battle scenes. We will find a significant number of words from the hunting vocabulary in “Notes of a Hunter” by I. S. Turgenev, in the stories of M. M. Prishvin, V. A. Astafiev. In “The Queen of Spades” by A. S. Pushkin there are many words related to card games, etc.

In the artistic style, the polysemy of the word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and shades of meaning, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, thanks to which it becomes possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meaning. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to create a bright, expressive, figurative text. The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in a literary text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech act as concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, adjective "lead" in scientific speech it realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech an important role is played by phrases that create a kind of figurative representation.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative and emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find a whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, that is, the author’s highlighting of some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. This technique is especially often used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image.

In terms of diversity, richness and expressive capabilities of linguistic means, the artistic style stands above other styles and is the most complete expression of the literary language. A feature of the artistic style, its most important feature is imagery and metaphor, which is achieved by using a large number of stylistic figures and tropes.

Trails – these are words and expressions used in a figurative meaning in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language and the artistic expressiveness of speech. The main types of trails are as follows:

Metaphor - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other based on their common feature: And my tired soul is enveloped in darkness and cold. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Metonymy - a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) that is in one or another (spatial, temporal, etc.) connection with the object that is denoted by the replaced word: The hiss of foamy glasses and the blue flame of punch. (A.S. Pushkin). The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class, etc.), metaphor is based on the replacement “by similarity "

Synecdoche – one of the types of metonymy, which is the transfer of the meaning of one object to another based on the quantitative relationship between them: And you could hear the Frenchman rejoicing until dawn. (M. Yu. Lermontov).

Epithet - a word or an entire expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) gain color and richness. The epithet is expressed primarily by an adjective, but also by an adverb (to love dearly), noun (fun noise), numeral (second Life).

Hyperbola - a trope based on obvious and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the said idea: Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers with such wide folds that if they were inflated, the entire yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them (N.V. Gogol).

Litotes – a figurative expression that diminishes the size, strength, or meaning of what is being described: Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, is no bigger than a thimble... (A.S. Griboyedov). Litotes is also called an inverse hyperbola.

Comparison - a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new properties in the object of comparison that are important for the subject of the statement: Anchar, like a formidable sentinel, stands alone in the entire universe (A.S. Pushkin).

Personification – trope, which is based on the transfer of properties of animate objects to inanimate ones:Silent sadness will be consoled, and joy will be playful and reflective (A.S. Pushkin).

Periphrase – a trope in which the direct name of an object, person, phenomenon is replaced by a descriptive phrase, where the characteristics of an object, person, or phenomenon not directly named are indicated: king of beasts (lion), people in white coats (doctors), etc.

Allegory (allegory) – a conventional depiction of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

Irony - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (contrasted) with the explicit meaning: Where can we fools drink tea? Irony creates the feeling that the subject of discussion is not what it seems.

Sarcasm - one of the types of satirical exposure, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the enhanced contrast of the implied and the expressed, but also on the deliberate exposure of the implied: Only the Universe and human stupidity are infinite. Although I have doubts about the first one (A. Einstein). If the patient really wants to live, doctors are powerless (F. G. Ranevskaya).

Stylistic figures – These are special stylistic turns that go beyond the necessary norms for creating artistic expressiveness. It must be emphasized that stylistic figures make speech informationally redundant, but this redundancy is necessary for the expressiveness of speech, and therefore for a stronger impact on the addressee.Stylistic figures include:

Rhetorical appeal – giving the author's intonation solemnity, irony, etc..: And you, arrogant descendants... (M. Yu. Lermontov)

A rhetorical question – this is special construction of speech in which a statement is expressed in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, but only enhances the emotionality of the statement:And will the desired dawn finally rise over the fatherland of enlightened freedom? (A.S. Pushkin).

Anaphora - a stylistic figure consisting of the repetition of related sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning of each parallel series, that is, the repetition of the initial parts of two or more relatively independent segments of speech (hemistymes, verses, stanzas or prose passages):

It was not in vain that the winds blew,
It was not in vain that the thunderstorm came (S. A. Yesenin).

Epiphora - a stylistic figure that consists of repeating the same words at the end of adjacent segments of speech. Epiphora is often used in poetic speech in the form of identical or similar stanza endings:

Dear friend, and in this quiet house
The fever hits me
I can't find a place in a quiet house
Near the peaceful fire (A. A. Blok).

Antithesis - rhetorical opposition, a stylistic figure of contrast in artistic or oratory speech, consisting in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common design or internal meaning: Who was nobody will become everything!

Oxymoron – a stylistic figure or stylistic error, which is a combination of words with the opposite meaning (that is, a combination of the incompatible). An oxymoron is characterized by the deliberate use of contradiction to create a stylistic effect:

Gradation – grouping of homogeneous members of a sentence in a certain order: according to the principle of increasing or decreasing emotional and semantic significance: I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry... (S. A. Yesenin)

Default – deliberate interruption of speech in anticipation of the reader’s guess, who must mentally complete the phrase:But listen: if I owe you... I own a dagger, I was born near the Caucasus... (A.S. Pushkin).

Polyunion (polysyndeton) - a stylistic figure consisting of a deliberate increase in the number of conjunctions in a sentence, usually to connect homogeneous members. By slowing down speech with pauses, polyunion emphasizes the role of each word, creating unity of enumeration and enhancing the expressiveness of speech: And for him they were resurrected again: deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love (A.S. Pushkin).

Asyndeton (asyndeton)– stylistic figure: construction of speech in which conjunctions connecting words are omitted. Asyndeton gives the statement speed and dynamism, helps to convey the rapid change of pictures, impressions, actions: Swede, Russian, chops, stabs, cuts, drumming, clicks, grinding... (A.S. Pushkin).

Parallelism – a stylistic figure representing the arrangement of identical or similar in grammatical and semantic structure elements of speech in adjacent parts of the text. Parallel elements can be sentences, their parts, phrases, words:

The stars shine in the blue sky,
In the blue sea the waves are lashing;
A cloud is moving across the sky,
A barrel floats on the sea (A.S. Pushkin).

Chiasmus – a stylistic figure consisting of a cross-shaped change in the sequence of elements in two parallel rows of words: Learn to love art in yourself, and not yourself in art (K. S. Stanislavsky).

Inversion – a stylistic figure consisting of a violation of the usual (direct) word order: Yes, we were very friendly (L.N. Tolstoy).

In the creation of artistic images in a literary work, not only visual and expressive means are involved, but also any units of language, selected and organized in such a way that they acquire the ability to activate the reader’s imagination and evoke certain associations. Thanks to the special use of linguistic means, the described, designated phenomenon loses the features of the general, is concretized, turns into an individual, particular - that unique idea of which is imprinted in the mind of the writer and recreated by him in a literary text.Let's compare two texts:

Oak, a genus of trees in the beech family. About 450 species. It grows in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere and South America. The wood is strong and durable, with a beautiful cut pattern. Forest-forming species. English oak (height up to 50 meters, lives from 500 to 1000 years) forms forests in Europe; sessile oak - in the foothills of the Caucasus and Crimea; Mongolian oak grows in the Far East. Cork oak is cultivated in the subtropics. English oak bark is used for medicinal purposes (contains astringents). Many types are decorative (Encyclopedic Dictionary).

There was an oak tree on the edge of the road. Probably ten times older than the birch trees that made up the forest, it was ten times thicker and twice as tall as each birch tree. It was a huge oak tree, two branches wide, with branches that had apparently been broken off long ago and with broken bark overgrown with old sores. With his huge clumsily, asymmetrically splayed arms and fingers, he stood like an old, angry and suspicious freak between the smiling birch trees. Only he alone did not want to submit to the charm of spring and did not want to see either spring or the sun (L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”).

Both texts describe an oak tree, but if the first one talks about a whole class of homogeneous objects (trees, the general, essential features of which are presented in a scientific description), then the second one talks about one specific tree. When reading the text, an idea arises of an oak tree, personifying self-absorbed old age, contrasted with the birch trees “smiling” at spring and the sun. Concretizing the phenomena, the writer resorts to the device of personification: at the oak tree huge hands and fingers, he looks old, angry, contemptuous freak. In the first text, as is typical in the scientific style, the word oak expresses a general concept, in the second it conveys the idea of a specific person (the author) about a specific tree (the word becomes an image).

From the point of view of the speech organization of texts, the artistic style is opposed to all other functional styles, since the fulfillment of an aesthetic function, the task of creating an artistic image, allows the writer to use the means of not only the literary language, but also the national language (dialectisms, jargon, vernacular). It should be emphasized that the use of extra-literary elements of language in works of art must meet the requirements of expediency, moderation, and aesthetic value.Writers’ free use of linguistic means of different stylistic colors and different functional-style correlations can create the impression of “multiple styles” of artistic speech. However, this impression is superficial, since the involvement of stylistically colored means, as well as elements of other styles, is subordinated in artistic speech to the fulfillment of an aesthetic function : they are used for the purpose of creating artistic images, realizing the ideological and artistic concept of the writer.Thus, artistic style, like all others, is formed on the basis of the interaction of extralinguistic and linguistic factors. Extralinguistic factors include: the very sphere of verbal creativity, the peculiarities of the writer’s worldview, his communicative attitude; to linguistic: the ability to use various units of language, which in artistic speech undergo various transformations and become a means of creating an artistic image, embodying the author's intention.

The stylistic stratification of speech is its characteristic feature. This stratification is based on several factors, the main one being the spheres of communication. The sphere of individual consciousness - everyday life - and the unofficial environment associated with it give rise to a conversational style, while the spheres of social consciousness with the accompanying formality feed book styles.

The difference in the communicative function of language is also significant. For the presenter is for book styles - a message function.

Among book styles, the artistic style of speech especially stands out. Thus, his language acts not only (and perhaps not so much) but also as a means of influencing people.

The artist summarizes his observations with the help of a specific image, through the skillful selection of expressive details. He shows, draws, depicts the subject of speech. But you can only show and draw what is visible, concrete. Therefore, the requirement for specificity is the main feature of the artistic style. However, a good artist will never describe, say, a spring forest directly, so to speak, head-on, in the manner of science. He will select a few strokes and expressive details for his image and with their help he will create a visible image, a picture.

Speaking about imagery as the leading stylistic feature of artistic speech, one should distinguish between “image in words”, i.e. figurative meanings of words, and “image through words.” Only by combining both, we get an artistic style of speech.

In addition, the artistic style of speech has the following characteristic features:

1. Scope of use: works of art.

2. Speech tasks: create a living picture depicting what the story is about; convey to the reader the emotions and feelings experienced by the author.

3. Characteristic features of the artistic style of speech. The statement basically happens:

Figurative (expressive and lively);

Specific (this particular person is described, and not people in general);

Emotional.

Specific words: not animals, but wolves, foxes, deer and others; didn’t look, but paid attention, looked.

Words are often used in a figurative meaning: an ocean of smiles, the sun is sleeping.

The use of emotionally evaluative words: a) having diminutive suffixes: bucket, swallow, little white; b) with the suffix -evat- (-ovat-): loose, reddish.

The use of perfective verbs with the prefix za-, denoting the beginning of an action (the orchestra began to play).

Using present tense verbs instead of past tense verbs (I went to school, suddenly I see...).

Use of interrogative, imperative, exclamatory sentences.

Use of sentences with homogeneous members in the text.

Speeches can be found in any fiction book:

Shined with forged damask steel

The rivers are a icy stream.

Don was scary

The horses snored

And the backwater foamed with blood... (V. Fetisov)

Quiet and blissful is the December night. The village sleeps peacefully, and the stars, like guards, vigilantly and vigilantly watch that there is harmony on earth, so that unrest and discord, God forbid, do not disturb the unsteady harmony, do not push people into new quarrels - the Russian side is already sufficiently fed with them ( A. Ustenko).

Note!

It is necessary to be able to distinguish between the artistic style of speech and the language of a work of art. In it, the writer resorts to various functional styles, using language as a means of speech characterization of the hero. Most often, the characters’ remarks reflect a conversational style of speech, but if the task of creating an artistic image requires it, the writer can use both scientific and business in the hero’s speech, and the failure to distinguish between the concepts of “artistic style of speech” and “language of a work of art” leads to perceiving any excerpt from a work of art as an example of an artistic style of speech, which is a gross mistake.