The history of the emergence and development of the bodies of the federal security service of the Russian Federation. The history of the emergence and development of the FSB

In the first month and a half after the victory of the October armed uprising, the task of suppressing the resistance of the exploiters was carried out mainly by the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. It was a temporary, emergency body that worked under the leadership of the Central Committee of the RSDLP and the Council of People's Commissars. The Military Revolutionary Committee created new authorities, organized the supply of food to the cities and the army, requisitioned goods from the bourgeoisie, and sent emissaries and agitators to the provinces. One of its most important functions was the protection of the revolutionary order and the fight against counter-revolution.

As the Soviet state apparatus improved, the functions of the Military Revolutionary Committee were increasingly transferred to various people's commissariats. The activities of the Military Revolutionary Committee gradually reduced mainly to the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage. On December 1, 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee considered the question of reorganizing the Military Revolutionary Committee and forming instead of it a department for combating counter-revolution. Four days later, on December 5, the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee published an announcement about the dissolution and transfer of functions to the department for combating counter-revolution under the Central Executive Committee.

The liquidation of the committee coincided with the aggravation of the political situation. On December 6, the Council of People's Commissars considered the question "On the possibility of a strike of employees in government institutions on an all-Russian scale." It was decided to create a special commission to find out the possibility of combating such a strike through the most vigorous revolutionary measures. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, who was instructed by the Council of People's Commissars to present a list of future members of this commission for the next meeting. In accordance with the decision of the Council of People's Commissars, Dzerzhinsky set about organizing a commission to combat counter-revolution and sabotage. He invited prominent Bolsheviks to join the commission - V.K. Averina, V.N. Vasilevsky, D.G. Evseeva, N.A. Zhideleva, I.K. Ksenofontov, G.K. Ordzhonikidze, Ya. X. Peters, K.A. Peterson, V.A. Trifonova.

On December 7, all the invitees, except for Zhidelev and Vasilevsky, gathered at Smolny to discuss the issue of the competence and structure of the commission to combat counter-revolution and sabotage. The tasks of the commission were defined as follows: "To nip in the bud all counter-revolutionary and sabotage cases and attempts to them throughout Russia, to bring counter-revolutionaries and saboteurs to trial by the revolutionary tribunal, to work out measures to combat them and ruthlessly carry them out. The commission should conduct only a preliminary investigation ". The commission was supposed to monitor the press and counter-revolutionary parties, sabotaging officials and other criminals Isaev I.A. History of the state and law of Russia. - M., 2004. - S. 235 ..

It was decided to create three departments - informational, organizational, and a department for combating counter-revolution and sabotage. After the end of the organizational meeting of the commission, Dzerzhinsky reported to the Council of People's Commissars about the composition of the commission for combating counter-revolution and sabotage, about its tasks and rights. In its activities, the commission had to pay attention, first of all, to the press and sabotage. It should have been empowered to carry out confiscations, evict criminal elements, deprive food cards, publish lists of enemies of the people, and so on. Council of People's Commissars after hearing the report of F.E. Dzerzhinsky, decided to name the commission - the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission under the Council of People's Commissars for the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage and approve it.

At that time, the Cheka had only the right to arrest, search, seizure and other preventive measures against counter-revolutionaries and saboteurs. After the preliminary investigation, she had to transfer the cases to the Revolutionary Tribunal, or stop them.

The structure of the Cheka subsequently changed several times. So in March 1918, after moving to Moscow, the Cheka had departments: the fight against counter-revolution, speculation, crimes ex officio, non-resident, as well as an information bureau. At the end of 1918-1919, secret operational, investigative, transport, military (special), operational, instructor departments, an information bureau and a control and audit board were created in the Cheka. At the end of 1920-beginning of 1921, a department of affairs, an administrative-organizational, secret-operational and economic department, as well as a foreign department were formed under the Cheka.

The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission in the first months of its existence, before moving to Moscow, was a small institution with only 40 employees and employees. At the disposal of the Cheka was a team of soldiers of the Sveaborzh regiment and a group of Red Guards. On January 14, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars instructed F.E. Dzerzhinsky to organize detachments of "energetic and ideological" sailors to combat profiteering. By the spring of 1918, the Cheka already had several detachments. In addition to the Sveaborsk team, there was a detachment of scouts, a detachment of scooters, a detachment of sailors and a combat team Abdullaev R.A. History of the state and law of Russia. - Volgograd, 2006. - P.34 ..

The activities of the Cheka in December 1917 - February 1918 were distributed mainly to Petrograd. The Cheka was one of many commissions that performed the functions of combating counter-revolution, profiteering, banditry and other dangerous crimes. Thus, the Bureau of Military Commissars and the Investigative Naval Commission under the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs fought against counter-revolutionary elements in the army. The issues of combating speculation were in charge of the Central Requisition and Unloading Commission. The investigation of counter-revolutionary and major criminal offenses was carried out by the Investigative Commission under the Revolutionary Tribunal.

After a long series of reorganizations in 1922, 1934, 1941 and 1946, through the GPU-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD, the security agencies were transformed into the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. According to the then existing order, an important political decision to separate the structures of state security agencies from the Ministry of Internal Affairs into an independent department was made by the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU on February 8, 1954 on the basis of a note by the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR S.N. Kruglova Lubyanka: Bodies of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB/ www.fsb.ru..

In particular, it noted that the Ministry of Internal Affairs "... is not able to provide the proper level of intelligence and operational work in the light of the tasks assigned to Soviet intelligence by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Soviet government," and contained in this regard a proposal to allocate operational security officers departments and departments - there were 16 of the 40 structural divisions of the ministry in total - and on their basis to form the Committee on State Security Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR The history of the creation of state security bodies / www.fsb.ru ..

By order of the chairman of the KGB on March 18, 1954, the structure of the new department was determined, in which, apart from auxiliary and support units, the following were formed: the First Main Directorate (PGU, intelligence abroad); Second Main Directorate (VGU, counterintelligence); Third Main Directorate (military counterintelligence); Eighth Main Directorate (encryption and decryption); Fourth Directorate (fight against the anti-Soviet underground, nationalist formations and hostile elements); Fifth Directorate (counterintelligence work at especially important facilities); Sixth Directorate (transport); Seventh Directorate (surveillance); Ninth Department (protection of the leaders of the party and government); Tenth Directorate (Department of the commandant of the Moscow Kremlin); Investigation department, as well as 5 independent special departments, a department (hereinafter - department) of government communications and an accounting and archival department 2. Lubyanka: Bodies of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB // www.fsb.ru. .

On April 2, 1957, the border troops were transferred from the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and the Main Directorate of Border Troops (GUPV) was formed to manage them.

In February 1960, by a decree of the Council of Ministers, the 4th, 5th and 6th directorates were abolished, and their functions were transferred to the VGU KGB. It, and in fact - the entire counterintelligence of the country, from the moment the KGB was formed until its abolition, was consistently headed by P.V. Fedotov, O.M. Gribanov (1956-1964), S.G. Bannikov, G.K. Tsinev, G.F. Grigorenko (1970-1984), I.A. Markelov (1984-1985), V.F. Grushko).

At the same time, under the chairman of the KGB, a group was organized to study and generalize the experience of the security agencies and data on the enemy with a staff of 10 people, which became the backbone of the future Analytical Department, formed in 1990.

In 1967, the KGB authorities prosecuted 738 people, 263 of them for especially dangerous crimes and 475 for other state crimes. Among those brought to criminal responsibility, 3 people who committed sabotage, 121 people are traitors and punishers of the period of the Nazi occupation, 34 people were accused of treason and attempted treason, 96 people - of anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda, 221 people - of illegal crossing borders, 100 people - in the theft of state and public property on a large scale and bribery, 148 people - in smuggling and violation of the rules on foreign exchange transactions, one foreigner and one Soviet citizen were arrested for espionage.

The investigating apparatuses of the KGB reviewed 6,732 archival criminal cases for 12,376 people on the basis of citizens' applications, and conclusions were issued on their termination in 3,783 cases.

Great importance was attached to preventive measures aimed at preventing state crimes. In 1967, 12,115 people were prophylacticized by the KGB, most of whom allowed, without hostile intent, manifestations of an anti-Soviet and politically harmful nature.

In 1967, about 30 kg of gold in ingots and coins, items made of precious metals and stones, foreign currency and various goods totaling 2,645,000 rubles were confiscated from smugglers and currency traders by checkpoints of the border troops and investigative apparatuses of the KGB in 1967. FSB / www.fsb.ru..

On March 13, 1969, the 15th Directorate was created, the main task of which was "to ensure constant readiness for the immediate reception of sheltered (Soviet leadership - O. Kh) in protected points (objects) and the creation in them of the conditions necessary for normal work in special period.

In August 1969, the 7th Department was formed, in which the functions of identifying the authors of anonymous anti-Soviet documents containing threats of a terrorist nature, as well as the operational development and prevention of hostile activities of persons who harbored terrorist intentions, were removed from the 5th Department.

In June 1973, the 8th department was formed to combat the subversive activities of foreign Zionist centers, and the following year - the 9th (development of anti-Soviet groups with ties to foreign centers of ideological sabotage) and the 10th departments. The latter, together with the PGU, dealt with the issues of penetration, revealing the plans of foreign special services and ideological centers and paralyzing their activities.

In June 1977, on the eve of the XX Olympic Games in Moscow, the 11th department was formed, designed to carry out operational security measures to disrupt the ideological actions of the enemy and hostile elements. This department closely contacted its work with the 11th department of the VSU, which was also involved in the fight against international terrorism.

The 12th Department of the 5th Directorate was entrusted with the task of ensuring the safety of holding mass public events in Moscow - festivals, forums, etc.

In February 1982, the 13th department was formed to identify and suppress "negative processes that tend to develop into politically harmful manifestations", including the study of unhealthy youth formations - mystical, occult, pro-fascist, rockers, punks, football "fans "and the like.

The 14th department was engaged in the prevention of ideological sabotage actions aimed at journalists, employees of the NSR, and socio-political organizations.

In connection with the formation of new departments, the management staff by 1982 increased to 424 people.

In total, as F.D. Bobkov, 2.5 thousand employees served in the USSR through the 5th Directorate. On average, 10 people worked in the 5th service or department in the region. The undercover apparatus was also optimal, on average, there were 200 Lubyanka agents per region: Bodies of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB/www.fsb.ru..

• November 28, 1991 USSR President M.S. Gorbachev signed the Decree "On Approval of the Interim Regulations on the Inter-Republican Security Service". V.V. was appointed the head of this service. Bakatin (from November 1991 to December 1991).
• May 6, 1991 Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin and Chairman of the KGB of the USSR V.A. Kryuchkov signed a protocol on the formation in accordance with the decision of the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia of the State Security Committee of the RSFSR, which has the status of a union-republican state committee. V.V. was appointed its head. Ivanenko.
• November 26, 1991 President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin signed a decree on the transformation of the KGB of the RSFSR into the Federal Security Agency of the RSFSR.

• December 21, 1993 President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin signed a decree on the abolition of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation and the creation of the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK of Russia) Judiciary and law enforcement agencies in the Russian Federation / Ed.V.I. Shvetsov. - M., 2000. - P.62.. On January 5, 1994, the regulation on the service and the structure of its central office (18 departments, the secretariat and the Center for Public Relations) were approved.
• On April 3, 1995, Yeltsin signed the Federal Law "On the Organs of the Federal Security Service in the Russian Federation", which entered into force on April 12, 1995. In accordance with it, the FSK was renamed the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, while no organizational and staff measures were taken, the employees of the service (including the director and his deputies) remained in their positions without reappointments and recertifications. On June 23, 1995, the corresponding changes "back number" were included in the structure of the federal executive authorities. The same decree approved the regulation on the service and the structure of its central office, which, with few exceptions, repeated the structure of the FSK.

In May 1997, a major reorganization of the central office was carried out: out of 22 departments, 5 remained, the rest were grouped into 5 departments Judicial and law enforcement systems / / Collection of normative acts. - M., 2009. - S.340 ..

On March 11, 2003, the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, by his Decree, transferred the functions of the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation and FAPSI to the FSB of Russia. Since May 2008, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation has been headed by A. S. Bortnikov. In July 2004, the following major reorganization of the central office was carried out: instead of departments, services of the Federal Security Service were created, the number of deputy directors was reduced from twelve to four (including the first two) 3. Vodko N. Delineate the competence of law enforcement agencies. // Russian justice. - 2007. - No. 17. - S. 31. .

The main legal act regulating the activities of the FSB of Russia is the Federal Law of April 3, 1995 N 40-FZ "On the Federal Security Service". This Federal Law defines "the purpose, composition, legal basis and principles of the activities of the federal security service, the areas of activity, powers, forces and means of the federal security service, as well as the procedure for control and supervision over the activities of the federal security service" Federal Law of April 3, 1995 . N 40-FZ "On the Federal Security Service" / Reference and legal system "ConsultantPlus".".

The legal basis for the activities of the Federal Security Service is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On the Federal Security Service", other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. The activities of the Federal Security Service are also carried out in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation Mokhov E.A. FSB: the fight against organized crime. - M., 2006. - P. 36 ..

On the basis of Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 11, 2003 No. 960 “Issues of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation”, the President of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, directs the activities of the FSB of Russia, approves the Regulations on the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and the structure of the federal security service.

The Government of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, coordinates the activities of the FSB of Russia insofar as it concerns the interaction of the FSB of Russia with federal executive authorities.

The activities of the FSB of Russia are carried out on the basis of the principles of legality, centralization of management of the federal security service, respect and observance of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, humanism, respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity of states and the inviolability of their borders, peaceful resolution of border disputes, mutually beneficial cooperation with the competent authorities of foreign states, conspiracies, combinations of overt and covert methods and means of activity Ushakov I.N. Legal regulation of the activities of the Federal Security Service to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation. - M., 2006. - S. 192 ..

On the basis of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 7, 2000 N 318 "On approval of the Regulations on the departments (departments) of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies (security agencies in the troops)" "Departments ( Departments) of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies (security agencies in the troops) are part of a single centralized system of federal security service bodies and are directly subordinate to the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 07.02 .2000 No. 318 "On approval of the Regulations on the departments (departments) of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies (security agencies in the troops)" / Reference and legal system "ConsultantPlus" .. The security agencies in the troops, within their powers, ensure security in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, in the border troops, in the federal body for special communications and information, in the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, in the Railway Troops of the Russian Federation, civil defense troops, engineering and technical and road-building military formations under the federal executive authorities, in the federal body for providing mobilization training of state authorities of the Russian Federation, as well as in special formations created for wartime "Sumin A.A. Commentary on the Federal Law "On the Federal Security Service". - M., 2001. - P.75.

The participation of security agencies in the troops in ensuring the security of a part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation that is part of the joint armed forces or is under joint command, as well as ensuring the security of associations, formations and military units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, deployed outside the territory of the Russian Federation, is regulated by federal legislation and international treaties of the Russian Federation Ushakov I.N. Legal regulation of the activities of the Federal Security Service to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation. - M., 2006. - S. 225 ..

Security agencies in the troops that ensure the security of associations, formations and military units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies deployed outside the territory of the Russian Federation in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, in their activities are also guided by the legislation of states, in the territories of which the said associations, formations and military units are located. in the troops)"/ Reference and legal system "ConsultantPlus" ..

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Security" establishes the legal framework for ensuring the security of the individual, society and the state, defines the security system and its functions, establishes the procedure for organizing and financing security agencies, as well as monitoring and supervising the legality of their activities. The security system is formed by legislative, executive and judicial authorities, state, public and other organizations and associations, citizens participating in ensuring security in accordance with the law, as well as legislation regulating relations in the field of security. The creation of security bodies not established by the law of the Russian Federation is not allowed Belokrylova E.A. Commentary on the Law of the Russian Federation "On Security". - M., 2007. - S. 83 ..

Federal Law No. 144-FZ of August 12, 1995 “On Operational-Investigative Activities” establishes that “on the territory of the Russian Federation, the right to carry out operational-search activities is granted to operational units of the FSB of Russia. Federal Law No. 144-FZ of August 12, 1995” On operational-search activity" / Reference and legal system "ConsultantPlus".".

Bodies of the federal security service carry out operational searches for the purposes of combating crime, combating terrorism, counterintelligence and intelligence purposes, ensuring border activities, and ensuring information security.

For these purposes, they have the right to carry out the entire range of operational-search measures; establish, on a confidential basis, cooperative relationships with persons who have given their consent; use special methods and means in carrying out counterintelligence and intelligence activities, as well as in carrying out measures to combat terrorism; to infiltrate special services and organizations of foreign states conducting intelligence and other activities aimed at damaging the security of the Russian Federation, as well as into criminal groups; to take measures to ensure their own security, including to prevent the penetration of special services and organizations of foreign states, criminal groups and individuals using technical means to information protected by federal security service bodies constituting a state secret; use documents of other ministries, departments, enterprises, institutions and organizations for the purpose of encrypting the identity of employees of the federal security service, the departmental affiliation of their units, premises and vehicles. Vagin O.A., Isichenko A.P. Commentary on the Federal Law "On Operative Investigative Activities". - M., 2007. - S. 94 ..

The use by the bodies of the federal security service of the rights granted to them to perform duties not provided for by federal laws is not allowed.

According to Art. 5 of the Federal Law of May 27, 1996 N 57-FZ "On State Protection" "in ensuring the security of objects of state protection and protection of protected objects, within their powers, the federal security service, the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation and the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs participate of the Russian Federation, foreign intelligence agencies of the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other state security agencies” Shlyapnikov A.V. Commentary to the Federal Law of May 27, 1996 N 57-FZ "On State Protection" / Legal Reference System "ConsultantPlus" .. Thus, in accordance with paragraphs. 29, paragraph 9, section 3 of the regulation on the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 11, 2003 N 960, “The Federal Security Service organizes the participation of bodies and troops in ensuring the security of state security facilities on the state border within the border territory” Commentary on the Federal Law "On the Federal Security Service" / Ed. Kiseleva I.K. / Reference and legal system "Garant" ..

Federal Law No. 35-FZ of March 6, 2006 “On Combating Terrorism” stipulates that “the suppression of a terrorist act is carried out by the forces and means of the federal security service, as well as the grouping of forces and means being created. To conduct a counter-terrorist operation, by decision of the head of the counter-terrorist operation, a grouping of forces and means is created” Saprykin S.Yu. Commentary on the Federal Law "On Combating Terrorism"./Reference and legal system "Garant"..

In accordance with the order of the FSB of the Russian Federation of January 11, 2009 No. 1 “On approval of the Administrative Regulations of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation on the performance of the state function of ensuring the protection of marine biological resources and exercising state control in this area and recognizing as invalid the order of the FSB of Russia dated 26 September 2005 N 568” “administrative regulation of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation on the performance of the state function of ensuring the protection of marine biological resources and the exercise of state control in this area determines the procedure and sequence of actions (administrative procedures) of the federal security service in the exercise of powers to ensure protection of marine biological resources in internal sea waters, in the territorial sea, in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, in the Caspian and Azov seas, protection outside the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation of stocks of anadromous fish species formed in the rivers of the Russian Federation, and also on the implementation of state control in this area "Order of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation dated January 11, 2009 N 1 "On approval of the Administrative Regulations of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation for the performance of the state function to ensure the protection of marine biological resources and the exercise of state control in this area and recognition as lost force of the order of the FSB of Russia of September 26, 2005 N 568 "// Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive bodies. - 2009. - No. 12. - P. 198 ..

Order of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation of September 26, 2005 N 569 "On approval of the Regulations on the procedure for exercising state control in the field of protection of marine biological resources" establishes that "state control in the field of protection of marine biological resources is carried out by units of the FSB of Russia, territorial security agencies, border agencies within the powers determined by the regulations (charters) on the relevant divisions, bodies Order of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation of September 26, 2005 N 569 "On approval of the Regulations on the procedure for exercising state control in the field of protection of marine biological resources" / Reference and legal system "ConsultantPlus". The Border Service of the FSB of Russia is the head unit of the FSB of Russia for the implementation of state control in the field of protection of marine biological resources "Boshuk V.A. Theoretical foundations of Russia's criminal law policy in the sphere of state security. - Krasnodar, 2006. - S. 203 ..

Thus, having analyzed the legal basis for the activities of the FSB of Russia, we have established that the Federal Security Service is a single centralized system of federal security service bodies that, within the limits of its authority, performs tasks to ensure the security of the Russian Federation.

The activities of the Federal Security Service are managed by the President of the Russian Federation. The management of the Federal Security Service is carried out by the head of the federal executive body in the field of security through the said federal executive body and its territorial bodies. The head of the federal executive body in the field of security is appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation. The legal basis for the activities of the Federal Security Service is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. The activities of the Federal Security Service are also carried out in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation Commentary on the Federal Law "On the Federal Security Service" / Ed. Kiseleva I.K. / Reference and legal system "Garant" ..

The system of federal executive bodies, designed to carry out the relevant functions of state power on the territory of the Russian Federation, is a set of state bodies organized on the basis of common principles, common tasks and goals, headed by the Government of the Russian Federation and endowed with state power to exercise state administration.

The system of federal executive authorities in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Government of the Russian Federation” based on its provisions and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation includes the Government of the Russian Federation, federal ministries, as well as other federal executive authorities, the list of which is entitled to determine the President of the Russian Federation Malinovskaya V.M. Commentary on the Constitution of the Russian Federation. - M., 2005. - S. 217. .

The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB of Russia) is “the federal executive body, within its powers, exercising state administration in the field of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation, combating terrorism, protecting and protecting the state border of the Russian Federation, protecting internal maritime waters, the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf of the Russian Federation and their natural resources, ensuring the information security of the Russian Federation and directly implementing the main areas of activity of the federal security service bodies, determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as coordinating the counterintelligence activities of the federal executive authorities entitled to carry it out " Ushakov I.N. Legal regulation of the activities of the Federal Security Service to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation. - M., 2006. - S. 22 ..

Interestingly, the legal status of federal services in terms of its target content is determined by the functions of state control and supervision in a certain area (ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population, protecting the rights of consumers and the consumer market; health care and social development; labor, employment, alternative civil service , insurance business, transport, communications, industry, etc.). As general provisions, it is established that the Federal Security Service is under the jurisdiction of the relevant ministry and carries out its activities both directly and through its territorial bodies.

Along with the function and at the same time the authority of state control and supervision, the following functions are defined: state registration of certain types of activities; licensing; organization of the service system; informing, monitoring in a certain area; issuance of permits; other functions.

As the powers of the federal service, along with such powers common to all federal executive bodies as obtaining the necessary information, attracting organizations and scientists to study issues related to the conduct of the service, and creating advisory and expert bodies, specific powers are provided specifically for control and supervision. We are talking about the right to organize the necessary studies, tests, examinations and evaluations; provide legal entities and individuals with clarifications on issues within the competence of the service; control the activities of territorial bodies and subordinate organizations, as well as stop violations of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the established field of activity, take restrictive, preventive and preventive measures provided for by the legislation aimed at preventing and / or eliminating the consequences of violation by legal entities and citizens of generally binding requirements in the established for this services in the field of activity Tobol E. Law and order: the main directions and ways to ensure them // Bulletin of the Borders of Russia. - 2005. - No. 4. - S. 14 ..

We also note that each provision stipulates that the Federal Security Service is not entitled to carry out regulatory legal regulation, except in cases established by presidential decrees and government decrees, as well as manage state property and provide paid services. Thus, the powers of the Federal Security Service are delimited from the powers of ministries and federal agencies Ushakov I.N. Legal regulation of the activities of the Federal Security Service to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation. - M., 2006. - S. 102 ..

In the administrative and legal status of state collective entities, three main blocks can be distinguished:

• * target;
• * structural and organizational;
• * Competence (competence).

The first element of the administrative-legal status of the state collective subject is its legally fixed goals, tasks and functions. In general terms, its goal can be understood as providing a certain social need, and in the regulations, charters and other legal acts, the goal is specified in the list of tasks, functions performed.

All the tasks that are set for the structural units of the state mechanism can be grouped into three groups:

Thus, the main tasks of the FSB of Russia are:

• 1) management of security agencies, as well as the organization of their activities;
• 2) informing the President of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as, on their instructions, federal state authorities and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation about threats to the security of the Russian Federation;
• 3) organizing the detection, prevention and suppression of intelligence and other activities of special services and organizations of foreign states, individuals, aimed at causing damage to the security of the Russian Federation;
• 4) coordination of counterintelligence measures and measures taken by the federal executive authorities to ensure their own security;

The second, organizational and structural component of the legal status itself is a rather complex system. It includes normative regulation of the formation, legalization, reorganization, liquidation of entities, their subordination and transfer from the jurisdiction of some organizations to the subordination of others, the establishment and change of their organizational structures, the right to organizational self-determination, activity procedures and the right to official symbols.

The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, which includes services, departments, directorates and other units that directly implement the areas of activity of the federal security service, as well as units that perform managerial functions:

Directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia for individual regions and constituent entities of the Russian Federation (territorial security agencies);

Directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations, as well as in their governing bodies (security agencies in the troops);

Directorates (detachments, departments) of the FSB of Russia for the border service (border agencies);

Other directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia exercising certain powers of the FSB of Russia or ensuring the activities of federal security service organs (other security agencies);

Aviation units, special training centers, special purpose units, enterprises, educational institutions, research, expert, forensic, military medical and military construction units and other institutions and units designed to ensure the activities of the federal security service.

Competence is the third and main part of the legal status of state collective subjects of law and consists of a set of powers in relation to certain subjects of jurisdiction. Its first element includes obligations and rights related to the exercise of power, participation in power relations, including the right to issue certain acts. The second element of competence is jurisdiction, the legal consolidation of the range of objects, objects, cases that are subject to authority.

Competence can be considered in a functional context (in the field of planning, control, etc.), in relation to certain subjects (other state, municipal bodies, enterprises and institutions, public associations, citizens). And the competence of the bodies of general competence must be considered in the sectoral context, for example, in the field of security Mokhov E.A. FSB: the fight against organized crime.- M., 2006.- P. 83..

Thus, the bodies of the federal security service, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, carry out operational-search measures to identify, prevent, suppress and disclose not only espionage, terrorist activities, but also organized crime, corruption, illicit trafficking in weapons and drugs, smuggling Vagin O. A., Isichenko A.P. Commentary on the Federal Law "On Operative Investigative Activities". - M., 2007. - S. 144 ..

It should be noted that the FSB of Russia has been given a special status, since according to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 N 724 “Issues of the system and structure of federal executive bodies”, the FSB is directly subordinate to the President of Russia.

Thus, from the analysis of Russian legislation, we found out that the FSB of Russia is a federal executive body, which is a single centralized system that carries out the solution of tasks to ensure the security of the Russian Federation within its powers.

The FSB of Russia carries out executive and administrative activities, the content of which is the direct, daily organization of the implementation of the internal and external functions of the state, the tasks facing it.

Regarding the FSB of Russia, the legal literature defines a function as a connection with the object of administrative influence (subject approach). Accordingly, such functions of the state administration are distinguished as ensuring the security of the individual, society, state (ensuring defense, ensuring public order, carrying out intelligence and counterintelligence, ensuring the protection of the state border, etc.)

Functions are general, typical ways of information interaction between subjects and objects of social management. These are stable, relatively independent, specialized types of administrative activity in general. Every common function is objectively necessary. They differ from each other in their immediate purpose, content, implementation procedures, information used by Malko A.V. Legal Dictionary. - M., 2008. - S. 295 ..

General functions include: forecasting, planning, regulatory regulation, methodological guidance, work with personnel, accounting, control, etc. Organizing, exercising executive power means predicting, planning, controlling, etc. Each subject of administrative power exercises several or at least one function.

So, let's analyze some of the functions of the FSB of Russia. To solve the main tasks of the FSB of Russia, it performs the following functions:

organizes the implementation of federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts of federal government bodies and international treaties of the Russian Federation in the security agencies;

organizes counter-intelligence activities within its powers; determines the procedure for the implementation by security agencies of penetration into special services and organizations of foreign states and other counterintelligence activities, as well as the use of covert methods and means in their implementation;

organizes the activities of security agencies to monitor compliance by individuals and legal entities with the regime of the state border, the border regime, the regime at checkpoints across the state border and federal legislation on internal sea waters, the territorial sea, on the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, and also on the use and protection of wildlife and their habitats. So, according to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2007 N 963 “On the procedure for establishing a regime at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation” “regime rules at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation are approved by the Federal Agency for the Development of the State Border of the Russian Federation upon agreement with the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and the Federal Customs Service "Vorobiev A.S. Special services of the Russian Federation. - Kaliningrad, 2008. - S. 114 ..

Within its powers, develops measures to protect information constituting a state secret, exercises control over ensuring the safety of information constituting a state secret in federal state authorities, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, military formations and organizations, takes measures related to the admission of citizens to information constituting a state secret, as well as with the admission of enterprises, institutions and organizations to carry out work related to the use of information constituting a state secret, with the creation of means of protecting information and with the implementation of measures and (or) the provision of services for the protection of state secrets;

carries out and organizes, in accordance with federal legislation, the licensing of certain types of activities;

organizes and carries out encryption work in security agencies;

organizes and ensures the operation, security, development and improvement of open and classified communications, warning and sound amplification systems at the facilities of security agencies;

carries out regulation in the field of development, production, sale, operation, import into the Russian Federation and export from the Russian Federation of encryption (cryptographic) means and telecommunications systems and complexes protected using encryption tools, as well as in the field of providing information encryption services on the territory of the Russian Federation and detection of electronic devices intended for secretly obtaining information in premises and technical facilities;

carries out the development and production of key documents for encryption tools and manual ciphers, supplying federal government bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with them; sells encryption documents and encryption tools, regulatory and technical documentation for the production and use of encryption tools, with the exception of encryption tools intended for federal state authorities, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

ensures the detection on the territory of the Russian Federation of radio emission from transmitting radio-electronic means, the operation of which poses a threat to the security of the Russian Federation, as well as radio emission from transmitting radio-electronic means used for illegal purposes; intercepts transmissions and stops the operation on the territory of the Russian Federation of radio communications and other transmitting radio-electronic means that pose a threat to the security of the Russian Federation; carries out registration and centralized accounting of radio data and radio emissions of transmitting radio-electronic means Kovaleva N.N., Kholodnaya E.V. Commentary on the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ "On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection". - M., 2007. - S. 79 ..

The FSB of Russia receives citizens, considers their proposals, applications and complaints on issues related to the powers of the security agencies. In accordance with the Order of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation of January 22, 2007 N 21 "On approval of the Instruction on the organization of consideration of applications of citizens of the Russian Federation in the bodies of the federal security service" officials within their competence. Chiefs are personally responsible for the proper organization of work on the consideration of applications and on the reception of citizens in the security agencies. All written appeals are registered in the Book of Recording of Written Appeals (proposals, statements or complaints) within three days from the date of receipt by the security body "Order of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation dated January 22, 2007 N 21 "On approval of the Instruction on organizing the consideration of appeals of citizens of the Russian Federation in bodies of the federal security service" // Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities. - 2007. - No. 16. - C. 91..

The main directions of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation are strategic national priorities, which determine the tasks of the most important social, political and economic transformations to create safe conditions for the implementation of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation, the implementation of the country's sustainable development, the preservation of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the state "Slobodanyuk I. A. Legal aspects of ensuring national interests in the security system of the state and international security. - M., 2007. - P. 274. The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 is an officially recognized system of strategic priorities, goals and measures in the field of domestic and foreign policy that determine the state of national security and the level of sustainable development of the state in the long term. The strategic goals of ensuring national security in the field of state and public security are the protection of the foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation, the fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the protection of the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and territorial integrity, as well as the preservation of civil peace, political and social stability in society The judiciary and law enforcement agencies in the Russian Federation / Under the editorship of V.I. Shvetsov. - M., 2000. - S.159 ..

The Russian Federation, while ensuring national security in the field of state and public security in the long term, proceeds from the need to constantly improve law enforcement measures to identify, prevent, suppress and disclose acts of terrorism, extremism, and other criminal infringements on human and civil rights and freedoms, property, public order and public security, the constitutional order of the Russian Federation. The main sources of threats to national security in the sphere of state and public security are: intelligence and other activities of special services and organizations of foreign states, as well as individuals, aimed at damaging the security of the Russian Federation;

activities of terrorist organizations, groups and individuals aimed at forcibly changing the foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation, disrupting the normal functioning of state authorities (including violent actions against state, political and public figures), destroying military and industrial facilities, enterprises and institutions that provide the vital activity of society, intimidation of the population, including through the use of nuclear and chemical weapons or dangerous radioactive, chemical and biological substances; extremist activities of nationalist, religious, ethnic and other organizations and structures aimed at violating the unity and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation, destabilizing the internal political and social situation in the country; activities of transnational criminal organizations and groups associated with illegal trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, weapons, ammunition, explosives; the continuing growth of criminal encroachments directed against the person, property, state power, public and economic security, as well as those related to corruption Ushakov I.N. Legal regulation of the activities of the Federal Security Service to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation. - M., 2006. - S. 192 ..

In my opinion, the main subject opposing the designated destructive processes is the FSB of Russia.

The activities of the federal security service bodies are carried out in the following main areas:

counterintelligence activities;

fight against terrorism;

fight against crime;

intelligence activities;

border activities;

ensuring information security.

The fight against terrorism is today the most important area of ​​activity of the FSB. Committed at the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX century. large-scale acts of international terrorism forced the international community and national government bodies to develop and take effective measures to combat terrorism, related to the introduction of changes in national legislation and the inevitable, within the framework of this struggle, the restriction of the rights and freedoms of citizens. A fundamental change in approaches in this area is generally characteristic of the entire world community, given that for a long time the prevailing position was that, according to the exact expression of the former Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, “with a relatively low intensity of terrorism, any restriction of democratic freedoms in society was perceived extremely negatively, as the use by the state of an unfavorable situation in order to increase its interference in the personal lives of citizens, to facilitate control over their actions and to lower the bar of requirements for themselves” Ustinov V.V. International experience in combating terrorism: standards and practice. - M., 2002. - S. 64 ..

The fight against terrorism is “the activity carried out by the bodies of the federal security service and (or) their subdivisions, as well as officials of these bodies and subdivisions to identify, prevent, suppress, disclose and investigate terrorist acts through operational combat and other measures” Saprykin S .YU. Commentary on the Federal Law "On Combating Terrorism" / Reference and Legal System "Garant" ..

The grounds for carrying out anti-terrorism measures by the anti-terrorism authorities are:

• a) the need to suppress a terrorist act;
• b) the need to identify persons involved in the preparation and commission of a terrorist act;
• c) the need to obtain information about events or actions that create a threat of terrorism.

In the fight against terrorism, overt and covert, operational-combat and other measures are carried out, the special nature of which is determined by the conditions of the fight against terrorism. The procedure for carrying out these measures is established by regulatory legal acts of the federal executive body in the field of security.

Bodies for the fight against terrorism carry out their activities in accordance with the legislation on operational-search activities, criminal and criminal procedure legislation and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation Dolgova A.I. Terrorism in Russia and problems of systemic response. - M., 2004. - S. 69 ..

Carrying out measures to combat terrorism that restrict the rights of citizens to the inviolability of their homes, the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraphic and other messages of citizens, is allowed only on the basis of a judge's decision received in the manner prescribed for obtaining a court decision on the admissibility of conducting counterintelligence measures, limiting the constitutional rights of citizens to the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraph and other messages transmitted over electric and postal networks, to the inviolability of the home, and on the basis of a reasoned petition of the head of the anti-terrorism body or his deputy. The list of categories of heads of anti-terrorism agencies and their deputies authorized to file a petition for anti-terrorism measures that restrict the constitutional rights of citizens specified in this article is established by regulatory legal acts of the federal executive body in the field of security Lopashenko N.A. Criminal -legal policy and problems of combating modern crime / Collection of scientific papers. - Saratov, 2006. - S. 373 ..

In urgent cases, when delay may lead to the commission of a terrorist act and endanger the life and health of citizens, or when there is evidence that suggests that a terrorist act is being committed or committed in a residential area, or when a person suspected of involvement in the commission is being pursued terrorist act, employees of the anti-terrorism body have the right to freely enter the premises, as well as suspend the provision of communication services to legal entities and individuals or restrict the use of communication networks and means of communication. The anti-terrorism body within 24 hours from the moment of restriction of the right of citizens to the inviolability of the home or from the moment of suspension of the provision of communication services to legal entities and individuals or restriction of the use of communication networks and means of communication is obliged to notify the court of this.

The results of measures to combat terrorism may be used in criminal proceedings in accordance with the procedure established by the criminal procedural legislation for the use of the results of operational-search activities.

Submission of materials to the prosecutor's office for the exercise of prosecutorial supervision over the implementation of laws by counter-terrorism agencies when carrying out counter-terrorism measures is carried out in accordance with Article 9 of the Federal Law "On the Federal Security Service" Federal Law of April 3, 1995 N 40-FZ "On the Federal Security Service" / Reference and legal system "ConsultantPlus" ..

"Special purpose units of the federal security service, by decision of the President of the Russian Federation, can be used against terrorists located outside the territory of the Russian Federation and (or) their bases to eliminate the threat to the security of the Russian Federation" Saprykin S.Yu. Commentary on the Federal Law "On Combating Terrorism" / Reference and Legal System "Garant" ..

Ensuring the rule of law and strengthening the rule of law cover, as you know, a wide range of activities. These are social and economic transformations, and measures of a political and organizational nature, and educational and preventive efforts, including the encouragement of relevant public and religious associations, and, of course, the use of state coercion against persons who do not want to reckon with the requirements of laws and other legal acts.

Congratulations to the FSB officers on their 90th anniversary!
I dedicate the picture below to thousands of Chekists who watch Ekaba every day, tracking the comments of all users of our site;)))!

The history of creation under the cut.

FSB short history of creation..

(7) December 20, 1917 By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) was formed to combat counter-revolution and sabotage in Soviet Russia. F.E. Dzerzhinsky was appointed its first chairman. He held this post until February 6, 1922. July to August 1918 the duties of the chairman of the Cheka were temporarily performed by Ya.Kh. Peters

GPU
February 6, 1922 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution on the abolition of the Cheka and the formation of the State Political Directorate (GPU) under the NKVD of the RSFSR.

The badge of 5 years of the VChK-GPU with the inscription: "VChK-GPU. 1917-1922" was established in 1923. The badge was awarded for a merciless fight against counter-revolution. The holder of the badge was awarded the title of Honorary Worker of the Cheka-GPU. He had the right to bear arms, to enter all GPU buildings. The first to be awarded were employees of the Cheka and the State Political Administration, who participated in the defeat of the "Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom", "National Center", "Tactical Center", in the operations "Trust" and "Syndicate", which ended in the arrests of B. Savinkov and S. Reilly.

OGPU
November 2, 1923 The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR created the United State Political Administration (OGPU) under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Until the end of his life (July 20, 1926), F.E. Dzerzhinsky remained the chairman of the GPU and the OGPU, who was replaced by V.R. Menzhinsky, who headed the OGPU until 1934.

On December 17, 1927, by order of the OGPU, a sign with the profile of F.E. was established for the 10th anniversary of the security agencies. Dzerzhinsky against the background of a red banner. The place for wearing the "anniversary token" was determined by the left breast pocket.

On November 23, 1932, the OGPU issued an order stating: "In commemoration of the 15th anniversary, establish the badge" VChK-OGPU. 1917-1932", which should be given the significance of the highest award of the OGPU collegium" The badge was presented until the end of 1940 to employees of the OGPU, and since 1934 - to the Main Directorate of State Security of the NKVD of the USSR, who distinguished themselves "in the fight against counter-revolution" and the suppression of hostile intrigues of foreign intelligence as in Russia and in Republican Spain.

NKVD
July 10, 1934 in accordance with the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the state security bodies were included in the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the USSR. After the death of Menzhinsky, the work of the OGPU, and later the NKVD, from 1934 to 1936. led by G.G. Yagoda. From 1936 to 1938. The NKVD was headed by N.I. Yezhov. November 1938 to 1945 L.P. Beria was the head of the NKVD.

The badge "Honored Worker of the NKVD", put into effect by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on December 31, 1940, was awarded to employees "for merits in the management or direct performance of work to protect state security and for the successful completion of special tasks of the government." This sign was also awarded to employees who distinguished themselves on the fronts of World War II, who managed to neutralize the efforts of the Abwehr and the Gestapo. The award was made until 1946, when the NKVD was transformed into the Ministry of State Security.

NKGB
USSR
February 3, 1941 The NKVD of the USSR was divided into two independent bodies: the NKVD of the USSR and the People's Commissariat of State Security (NKGB) of the USSR. People's Commissar of Internal Affairs - L.P. Beria. People's Commissar for State Security - VN Merkulov. In July 1941 The NKGB of the USSR and the NKVD of the USSR were again merged into a single people's commissariat - the NKVD of the USSR. In April 1943 The People's Commissariat for State Security of the USSR was re-formed, headed by V.N. Merkulov.

MGB
March 15, 1946 The NKGB was transformed into the Ministry of State Security. Minister - V.S. Abakumov. In 1951 - 1953. the post of Minister of State Security was held by S.D. Ignatiev. In March 1953 a decision was made to merge the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security into a single Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR headed by S.N. Kruglov.

The badge "Honored Chekist of the MGB" repeated in appearance the badge "Honored Worker of the NKVD". Established in 1946.

MIA March 7, 1953 a decision was made to merge the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security into a single Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR headed by S.N. Kruglov.

KGB
USSR
March 13, 1954 The State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR was created.
From 1954 to 1958 the leadership of the KGB was carried out by I.A. Serov,
from 1958 to 1961 - A.N. Shelepin,
from 1961 to 1967 - V.E. Semichastny,
from 1967 to 1982 - Yu.V.Andropov,
from May to December 1982 - V.V. Fedorchuk,
from 1982 to 1988 - V.M. Chebrikov,
from 1988 to August 1991 - V.A. Kryuchkov,
August to November 1991 - V.V. Bakatin.
December 3, 1991 The President of the USSR MS Gorbachev signed the Law "On the reorganization of state security agencies". On the basis of the Law, the KGB of the USSR was abolished and, for the transitional period, the Inter-Republican Security Service and the Central Intelligence Service of the USSR (currently the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation) were created on its basis.

KGB - STEPS OF FORMATION

SME
November 28, 1991 The President of the USSR MS Gorbachev signed the Decree "On the Approval of the Provisional Regulations on the Inter-Republican Security Service".
Head - V.V. Bakatin (from November 1991 to December 1991).

KGB
RSFSR
May 6, 1991 Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin and Chairman of the KGB of the USSR V.A. Kryuchkov signed a protocol on the formation in accordance with the decision of the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia of the Committee for State Security of the RSFSR, which has the status of a Union-Republican State Committee. V.V. Ivanenko was appointed its leader.

In 1957, three years after the formation of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the badge "Honorary State Security Officer" was established for the 40th anniversary of the state security agencies. The award was made "for specific results achieved in operational performance" in accordance with the decision of the Board of the Committee. This award marked 7375 people.

AFB
November 26, 1991 President of the Russian Federation Boris N. Yeltsin signed a Decree on the transformation of the KGB of the RSFSR into the Federal Security Agency of the RSFSR.
The AFB was headed by V.V. Ivanenko from November 1991 to December 1991.

MB
January 24, 1992 The President of the Russian Federation Boris N. Yeltsin signed a Decree on the formation of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation on the basis of the abolished Federal Security Agency of the RSFSR and the Inter-Republican Security Service.
Minister - V.P. Barannikov since January 1992 to July 1993,
N.M. Golushko since July 1993 to December 1993

FSK
December 21, 1993 Russian President B.N. Yeltsin signed a Decree on the abolition of the Ministry of Security and the creation of the Federal Counterintelligence Service.
Director - N.M. Golushko since December 1993. to March 1994,
S.V.Stepashin since March 1994 to June 1995

By order of the FSB of March 22, 1994, the badge "Honorary Counterintelligence Officer" was established. They were awarded for special merits in operational activities and for their initiative and perseverance. The awarded were provided with benefits in the field of medical, sanatorium and housing, they were assigned a monthly bonus to their official salary and were given the right to wear a military uniform upon dismissal, regardless of length of service.

FSB
April 3, 1995 The President of the Russian Federation Boris N. Yeltsin signed the Law "On the Bodies of the Federal Security Service in the Russian Federation", on the basis of which the FSB is the legal successor of the FSK.
Director - M.I.Barsukov since July 1995. to June 1996,
N.D. Kovalev since July 1996 to July 1998,
V.V. Putin since July 1998 to August 1999,
N.P. Patrushev since August 1999

The badge of three degrees "For service in counterintelligence" was established by order of the FSB No. 256 of July 12, 1994. This badge is awarded to servicemen and civilian personnel of the FSB of the Russian Federation "for the positive results achieved in their official activities and having at least 15 years of work experience in security agencies." As of December 2000, 16 working employees of the FSB Directorate in the Yaroslavl Region were awarded the badge "For Service in Counterintelligence".

FSB MEDAL "FOR DIFFERENCE IN MILITARY SERVICE" I DEGREE

) Russia celebrates its 20th anniversary. On April 3, 1995, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed the law "On Federal Security Service Bodies in the Russian Federation". In accordance with the document, the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) was transformed into the Federal Security Service.
In 2014, terrorist crimes were committed 2.6 times less than in 2013. Last year, the Service stopped the activities of 52 cadres and 290 agents of foreign intelligence services, in the same period it was possible to prevent damage to the state from corruption in the amount of about 142 billion rubles

Cheka(1917–1922) The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) was established on 7 December 1917 as an organ of the "dictatorship of the proletariat". The main task of the commission was the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage. The body also performed the functions of intelligence, counterintelligence and political search. Since 1921, the tasks of the Cheka included the elimination of homelessness and neglect among children.

Chairman Council of People's Commissars The USSR Vladimir Lenin called the Cheka "a striking weapon against countless conspiracies, countless attempts on Soviet power by people who were infinitely stronger than us."

The people called the commission "emergency", and its employees - " Chekists". Felix Dzerzhinsky headed the first Soviet state security agency. The building of the former mayor of Petrograd, located at Gorokhovaya, 2, was assigned to the new structure.
In February 1918, employees of the Cheka received the right to shoot criminals on the spot without trial or investigation in accordance with the decree "The Fatherland is in danger!".
The death penalty was allowed to apply to "enemy agents, speculators, thugs, hooligans, counter-revolutionary agitators, German spies", and later "all persons involved in White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions."
The end of the civil war and the decline of the wave of peasant uprisings made the continued existence of the expanded repressive apparatus, whose activities had practically no legal restrictions, meaningless. Therefore, by 1921, the party faced the question of reforming the organization.
OGPU (1923-1934) On February 6, 1922, the Cheka was finally abolished, and its powers were transferred to the State Political Administration, which later became known as the United (OGPU). As Lenin emphasized: "... the abolition of the Cheka and the creation of the GPU does not simply mean a change in the name of the bodies, but consists in changing the nature of all the activities of the body during the period of peaceful state building in a new situation ...".
Until July 20, 1926, Felix Dzerzhinsky was the chairman of the department, after his death this post was taken by the former People's Commissar for Finance Vyacheslav Menzhinsky.
The main task of the new body was still the same fight against counter-revolution in all its manifestations. Subordinate to the OGPU were special units of the troops necessary to suppress public unrest and combat banditry.
In addition, the following functions were assigned to the department:
◦protection of railway and waterways; ◦fighting smuggling and border crossing by Soviet citizens); ◦Fulfillment of special instructions of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars.

May 9, 1924 powers OGPU have been significantly expanded. The department began to obey the police and the criminal investigation department. Thus began the process of merging the state security agencies with the internal affairs agencies.

The FSB generals, who are currently in charge of this service, form the basis of this key structure, which is designed to ensure the national security of the state. in its current state was formed in 1995, since then the closest attention has been riveted to its leaders.

Director of the FSB of Russia

Only FSB generals are currently in key leadership positions in this department. There are no lower-ranking military men in the positions of either first deputies or deputy directors of the service.

The head of the FSB of Russia is currently Bortnikov Alexander Vasilyevich. He has been in this post since May 2008, after his predecessor Nikolai Platonovich Patrushev resigned.

Bortnikov was born in 1951 in the city of Molotov, as Perm was called at that time. He is a graduate of the Institute of Railway Engineers from which he graduated in Leningrad. In 1975 he graduated from the Higher School of the KGB. At the same time, he began to serve in the state security bodies. Supervised units for counterintelligence operations. He remained in this line of service even after the liquidation of the KGB and the formation of the FSB of Russia.

In 2003, Bortnikov Alexander Vasilievich headed the regional department for the Leningrad Region and the city of St. Petersburg. Then he led the economic security service, working as part of the department. In 2006, he received the rank of Colonel General of the FSB. According to some reports, he received the next rank of army general a few months later - in December of the same year.

In 2008, he headed the department, simultaneously taking the post of chairman of the national one. He is a member of various government and interdepartmental commissions on a wide range of issues.

Vladimir Kulishov

In order to get the most complete picture of the leadership of the FSB department, let us dwell on the personalities of the first deputies of the director of this department. There are currently two in total. All of them are generals of the FSB of Russia.

Vladimir Kulishov has the rank of Army General. He has been the First Deputy Director since March 2013. At the same time, he heads the Border Service of the Russian Federation, which is also part of the FSB.

Kulishov Vladimir Grigorievich was born in the Rostov region in 1957. He studied at the Institute of Civil Aviation Engineers, which was based in Kyiv. After receiving a diploma of higher education, he worked at a civil aviation plant.

In the structure of the state security bodies was in 1982. By that time, Kulishov Vladimir Grigorievich had already managed to graduate from the Higher School of the KGB. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, he continued to serve in the state security agencies. In 2000, he ended up in the central office of the FSB of Russia.

Then, for a year, he headed the department for the Saratov region. Since 2004, he began to supervise the anti-terrorism department, headed the FSB department for the Chechen Republic. Since 2008, he has served as Deputy Director of the Federal Office. In 2013, he received the post of first deputy and headed the Border Service.

He served in Chechnya, has the Order "For Military Merit" and the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" III degree.

Sergei Smirnov

The FSB general is another first deputy director of the agency. He comes from Chita, where he was born in 1950. In his infancy, the family moved to Leningrad, where he spent his childhood and youth. At school he was a classmate of Boris Gryzlov (ex-minister of internal affairs and ex-chairman of the State Duma) and Nikolai Patrushev (ex-director of the FSB of Russia).

He received his higher education at the Bonch-Bruevich Electrotechnical Institute, which was opened in Leningrad. In his student years, he was also closely acquainted with Gryzlov, they again studied together. He began working at the Central Research Institute of Communications.

He got into the structure of the KGB of the USSR in 1974. Since 1975 he has been working in the Leningrad administration. He held first operational and then leadership positions.

In 1998, he received a position in the central office of the FSB. Headed the Department of Homeland Security. In 2000, he became deputy director of the FSB, and since 2003 - first deputy. Has the rank of General of the Army.

First head of department

Throughout Russian history, 7 people led the federal department of the FSB. The very first in 1993 was Colonel General Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko. At that time, the structure was only being formalized and officially called the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation.

Golushko stayed in this post for only two months, after which he was appointed by President Boris Yeltsin as an adviser to the director of the FSB. During the years of Soviet power, he headed the KGB of the Ukrainian SSR.

Stepashin - director of the FSB

In March 1994, Lieutenant General Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin became head of the Federal Counterintelligence Service. Under him, the Federal Security Service was founded in April 1995. Formally, he became the first director of the FSB of Russia. True, in this position he stayed only two and a half months.

After that, he did not get lost in high government positions. Stepashin was the Minister of Justice, headed the post of first deputy and until 2013 headed the Accounts Chamber. Currently, he heads the supervisory board of a state corporation that promotes the reform of the Russian housing and communal services.

FSB leadership in the 90s

In 1995, General of the Army Mikhail Ivanovich Barsukov came to the post of director of the FSB. He has been in the KGB system of the Soviet Union since 1964. He was the commandant of the Moscow Kremlin, acted as a witness during the detention of the Deputy Prime Minister of one of the inspirers of the State Emergency Committee.

In the 90s, Barsukov was often criticized by his colleagues. In particular, accusing them of low professional qualities. For example, according to the ex-Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation Anatoly Sergeevich Kulikov, Barsukov's entire service took place in the Kremlin, he was responsible for the security of top officials of the state. Many believed that Barsukov was at the head of the security service only thanks to Yeltsin's security chief Alexander Korzhakov, who had a certain influence on the president.

In June 1996, he resigned after a scandal during Yeltsin's election campaign. His name is closely associated with the detention of activists from the campaign headquarters of President Lisovsky and Yevstafyev, who tried to take out half a million dollars in a paper box.

Director Nikolai Kovalev

In 1996, the service was headed by FSB General Nikolai Dmitrievich Kovalev. Unlike his predecessors, he spent a little more than two years in this post. Nikolai Kovalev has been in the service of state security agencies since 1974. He was appointed to the post of director of the FSB after a scandal involving alleged violations of the rules of foreign exchange transactions and the conduct of the presidential campaign of Boris Yeltsin in 1996.

During the leadership of the service, Nikolai Kovalev managed to establish a productive work of the department. Its employees began to appear less frequently on the pages of the press in connection with various scandals.

After being relieved of his post, he took the chair of the people's choice from the third to the seventh convocation inclusive. He is a member of the "United Russia" faction, heads the expert council of the "Officers of Russia" organization.

future president

Kovalev was replaced in July 1998 by the future president of Russia, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. He was the only head of the department who by that time did not have a military rank. Putin was only a reserve colonel.

The future head of state found himself in the KGB system back in 1975, immediately after graduating from Leningrad State University. He got into the KGB by assignment.

Having become the head of the FSB, he appointed well-known Patrushev, Ivanov and Cherkesov as his deputies. Reorganized the entire service. In particular, he abolished the department for economic counterintelligence, and also liquidated the counterintelligence department for providing strategic facilities. Instead, he created six new directorates. Achieved significant salary increases for employees and uninterrupted funding. Interestingly, Putin himself wished to be the first civilian director of the FSB, refusing the rank of major general that Yeltsin had proposed to him.

Putin left the post of director of the FSB on August 9, becoming chairman of the government. Two days earlier, Chechen fighters under the command of Khattab and Basayev entered Dagestan. The creation of the Islamic State of Dagestan was proclaimed.

Already prime minister, Putin led the operation against the militants. In mid-September, they were finally ousted from Dagestan.

Nikolai Patrushev

After the transition of Vladimir Putin to senior positions in the federal government, the FSB was headed by Nikolai Platonovich Patrushev. He held this post for 9 years.

Just for the period of his work, there was a confrontation between militants and terrorists. The Federal Security Service began to occupy a key position in matters of ensuring the country's security.

Patrushev currently holds the post of Secretary of the Federal Security Council.

FSB General Ugryumov

During these years, a large number of officers held the post of deputy director of the FSB. Perhaps the most notable of them was Admiral German Alekseevich Ugryumov. This is the only naval officer who has held such a high position.

Ugryumov, originally from Astrakhan, joined the Navy in 1967. In 1975 he ended up in the system of the Soviet KGB. Supervised a special department of the Caspian military flotilla. In the 90s, he became one of the initiators of the case against journalist Grigory Pasko, who was prosecuted for espionage.

As deputy director of the FSB, he oversaw the work of the Special Purpose Center. It was to this unit that the famous special groups "Vympel" and "Alpha" belonged. He was noted for conducting counter-terrorist operations in the Chechen Republic. In particular, the liberation of Gudermes in 1999, the capture of one of the militant leaders Salman Raduev, and the release of hostages in the village of Lazorevsky are associated with his figure.

In May 2001 he was promoted to the rank of admiral. The next day he died of a heart attack.

FSB general uniform

To distinguish the generals to whom our article is devoted is quite simple in form.

It was last updated in 2006. Now the uniform is khaki, it is distinguished by buttonholes and chevrons, as well as the cornflower blue color of the gaps on shoulder straps.

The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation is a unified centralized system of federal security service bodies that ensures the security of the Russian Federation. Today, the activities of the FSB are fighting crime and terrorism, and are also engaged in intelligence activities.

The history of the creation of the FSB began on December 20, 1917, when the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission headed by F.E. Dzerzhinsky was formed by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars. And almost immediately, constant reforms, renaming and transformations began in this structure: a few years later, the Cheka was abolished and the State Political Directorate under the NKVD of the RSFSR was formed. In 1934 the state security agencies were included in the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the USSR, which was led first by G.G. Yagoda, later by N.I. Yezhov, and until 1945 by L.P. Beria.

February 3, 1941 The NKVD of the USSR was divided into two independent bodies: the NKVD of the USSR and the People's Commissariat of State Security (NKGB) of the USSR. However, less than six months later, the NKGB of the USSR and the NKVD of the USSR were again merged into a single People's Commissariat - the NKVD of the USSR.

At the beginning of 1946 The NKGB was transformed into the Ministry of State Security, and in March 1953. It was decided to merge the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security into a single Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. Although a year later, opinions changed, and on March 13, 1954. after all, the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR was created.

December 3, 1991 MS Gorbachev signed the Law "On the reorganization of state security agencies." On the basis of the Law, the KGB of the USSR was abolished and, for the transitional period, the Inter-Republican Security Service and the Central Intelligence Service of the USSR (currently the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation) were created on its basis.

But after quite a bit of time, the then President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin signed a decree on the abolition of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation and the creation of the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation (FSK Russia). And on April 3, 1995, the President signed the Federal Law, in accordance with which the FGC of Russia was renamed the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, while, to everyone's surprise, no organizational and staffing events were carried out, the employees of the service (including the director and his deputies) remained on their positions without reassignment and recertification.

But the doubts and throwing did not end there. On August 14, 1996, the official name of the service was changed from "Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation" to "Federal Security Service of Russia", which was already canceled a couple of weeks later.

On April 22, 2010, the flag and banner of the FSB of Russia were established by decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The flag of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation is a rectangular panel, which depicts a four-pointed blue (cornflower blue) cross with expanding ends, bordered by a narrow white stripe, and with red corners between the ends of the cross. In the center of the cloth is a heraldic sign - the emblem of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.

By the way, before the formation of the new state, the holiday celebrated by Russian security officers - December 20 - had a completely different name - Chekist Day. Today, this holiday has been replaced by the Day of the Security Service of Russia or the Day of the FSB, which has an official status and has been celebrated on the territory of our country every year since 1995. This day is a professional holiday for employees of the FSB, foreign intelligence and the Federal Security Service, as well as specialists working in the Main Directorate for Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation.

Being an FSB officer is not an easy task, and only a strong-willed person will be able to adequately serve in these ranks. If you are one of them, or you have someone to congratulate on December 20, then it is on this occasion that our online store offers you to buy the FSB flag. Order it in our online store and you will be pleasantly surprised not only by a large assortment of goods on this subject, but also by low prices and excellent quality of goods along with fast delivery.