V. N. Sergeev

Everyone knows what a dictionary is. This is a collection of words (usually in alphabetical order) with explanations, interpretations, or translations of the meanings of words from another language.
There are different types of dictionaries. There are dictionaries for specialists, for a wide range of readers, and for schoolchildren.
Depending on the tasks of the dictionary, the composition of words will be different, they will be arranged and explained differently. To get real help from dictionaries, you need to not only know what they are, but also how to use them.
If you are interested in what this or that word means and in what cases it is appropriate to use it, please contact explanatory dictionary. In explanatory dictionaries, in addition to explaining the meanings of words, you will also find information about the stress in the word, its spelling, the most typical phrases, get a brief information about the origin of the word and other information. In explanatory dictionaries, the meanings of words are confirmed by examples from works of fiction, science, popular science and other literature. There are multi-volume and single-volume explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language.
The one-volume “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S. I. Ozhegov, the most famous of the explanatory dictionaries, has gone through many editions. The dictionary was first published in 1949, its 9th edition, corrected and expanded, and subsequent editions were published under the editorship of our famous linguist N. Yu. Shvedova.
If you have difficulty with stress and pronunciation, please contact spelling dictionary. Dictionaries of correct pronunciation provide information about stress and other pronunciation features of words. Here, for example, are some of these dictionaries: dictionary-reference book “Russian literary pronunciation and stress,” ed. R. I. Avanesova and S. I. Ozhegova (M., 1988); dictionary-reference book “Modern orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language” (edited by K. S. Gorbachevich. Publishing house: AST, 2010); dictionary-reference book “School dictionary on the culture of Russian speech” (compiled by L. I. Skvortsov. Edited by G. V. Karpyuk, Publishing house: Bustard, 2010).
It will help to understand the meaning of a particular phraseological expression phrasebook. In 2013, the 7th re-edition of the “School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by V. P. Zhukov, co-authored with A. V. Zhukov, was published (edited by G. V. Karpyuk, Publishing House: Prosveshchenie, 2010). An explanation of proverbs and sayings, popular words and figurative expressions will be provided by dictionaries of proverbs, sayings and popular words. Here are just a few of them: V. P. Zhukov. “Dictionary of Russian Proverbs and Sayings” (15th ed., Publishing house: Bustard, 2014); E. A. Vartanyan. “From the Life of Words” (2nd ed., Publishing house: Prosveshcheniye, 2010); S. N. Zigunenko, A. F. Istomin. “A unique illustrated explanatory dictionary of aphorisms and catchwords for children” (Publishing house: SovA, 2011).
Choosing a suitable synonym from a synonymous series will prompt synonym dictionary. For example, the Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language by Z. E. Alexandrova, which has already gone through many reprints (17th ed., Publishing house: Bustard, 2010).
Let us remember that there are a number of other dictionaries: spelling, in which you can learn how words are written; dictionaries of foreign words, explaining the meaning and origin of borrowed words; etymological dictionaries, providing information about the structure and origin of words since ancient times; historical dictionaries showing the development and change of vocabulary over a certain period of time; regional, or dictionaries of Russian folk dialects, explaining dialect words; writer's language dictionaries, giving a description of the entire vocabulary wealth of the writer; dictionaries of word usage difficulties, revealing the nature of the most typical language and speech errors and irregularities; toponymic dictionaries, explaining the history and origin of place names; Dictionaries of Russian word abbreviations, explaining the abbreviation of the word; dictionaries of proper names, explaining the origin of personal names used or used in the Russian language; dictionaries of antonyms, homonyms. The list of dictionaries could be continued.
Where do new words and old words that have new meanings go? Some dictionaries include neologisms as soon as they appear, others only after a certain period of time, when the neologism, having lost its novelty, becomes an ordinary word.
First of all, neologisms are included in special dictionaries and reference books, if they are new terms or professionalisms; new words must be included in writers' language dictionaries, if they represent literary neologisms; they are also placed in dictionaries of new words and meanings, the first to register the appearance of neologisms. Having become a fact of the national language, new words are introduced into explanatory dictionaries of the literary language. In explanatory dictionaries, as we have already said, you can get a wide variety of information about a word.

Dictionaries are a kind of “representatives” of a language, showing people its richness, diversity and beauty. Without dictionaries, it was problematic to study the languages ​​of other peoples, correctly understand the meanings of words and understand terminologies.

The meaning of dictionaries in our time

Compilers of dictionaries have lived and worked at all times. Without them, competent written speech would hardly ever have occurred. Today, scientists studying ancient languages ​​are faced with a problem such as a lack of vocabulary. Fortunately, this does not threaten our descendants.

Although modern people receive more information in a day than ancient people did in their entire lives, they still need dictionaries, and there are reasons for this. Today it is simply indecent to speak and write illiterately, since ignorant people do not achieve success in their careers, do not become popular and rich. A person’s vocabulary and the ability to use it correctly is the key to achieving any desires, since it is speech that helps to attract attention and success.

As a rule, all literate people know how to use dictionaries. Knowing the list of Russian language dictionaries and their authors, you can easily find both the meaning of a word and its synonym.

Types of dictionaries

If the first dictionaries of the Russian language were exclusively explanatory, then as literacy spread in the country, the need for spelling ones arose. Later, with the advent of new professions, books with narrowly focused terms began to be published, for example, dictionaries for sailors, medical, technical and others.

The most popular today are:

• spelling dictionaries;
• sensible;
• directories of synonyms;
• dictionaries of foreign words;
• phraseological;
• reference books on word compatibility.

All of them reveal the word and its concept to a person, and no matter how long the list of Russian language dictionaries is, their authors are those selfless people who devoted their lives to compiling them.

Dictionaries

Learning the meaning of words begins in people from early childhood and continues until death. This suggests that the Russian language is a constantly changing living “organism”, in which old cells (words) die off, and new ones appear all the time.

The first explanatory dictionary of the Russian language was published in 1860 thanks to fifty years of work by the ethnographer and collector Vladimir Dahl. Being the son of a Russified German woman and a Dane, he was fascinated by incomprehensible words, and he first began collecting and studying them at the age of fifteen.

Traveling a lot around the country, Dahl talked with people from different cities and villages, with literate townsfolk and illiterate peasants, recording everything in his diaries. Thanks to this work, Dahl’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language saw the light of day, which has no equal to this day. It has been reprinted several times, since many words have already gone out of use and have been replaced by new concepts.

No less famous is Ozhegov’s Dictionary, written on the basis of Dahl’s Explanatory Dictionary, edited by Ushakov. Being a Soviet linguist, Ozhegov made his colleague’s work more modern and expanded. If the author's first edition contained just over 50,000 words, then in subsequent editions their number constantly grew. The last edition of his “Dictionary of the Russian Language” was published in 1992 and already contained 70,000 words.

Spelling dictionaries

The task of a spelling dictionary is to show a person how to correctly write a word in various cases or declensions with an example of its use in speech.

Competent written speech in our time is a kind of “calling card” of a person communicating with friends or doing business on the Internet. Features such as SMS, chats and messages on social networks “force” people to write a lot and often.

The spelling dictionary of the Russian language should be a reference book for both every schoolchild and just a literate person. As a rule, works like this are compiled by learned linguists, who was, for example, Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov (1873-1942).

The most famous from school days is “Ushakov’s Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language,” which, like “Dal’s Explanatory Dictionary,” was repeatedly republished and edited by subsequent generations of linguists.

Synonym dictionary

As time shows, the list of Russian language dictionaries and their authors is constantly growing. For example, a reference book such as a phraseological dictionary helps people understand the figures of speech that our distant ancestors used in conversations. Without it, the concepts of many expressions would have been lost long ago.

The dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language was caused by the need of people to diversify their speech. Today, more than ever, there are a lot of clichés in speech patterns; to avoid this, literate people are looking for a replacement for them. This is why, for example, the “Dictionary of Synonyms” edited by Babenko is needed.

Russian language dictionaries today

There are active languages ​​on the planet that have not changed for thousands of years, but, as a rule, most of them undergo reforms from time to time. The Russian language did not escape this “fate” either.

As mentioned above, it is in continuous development, so dictionaries will appear until it stops. This can hardly be expected in the near future, since every year scientific discoveries occur in the world, new words and professions appear that need to be interpreted and written correctly.

Modern linguists constantly monitor changes in vocabulary, so it should not surprise anyone that new dictionaries of the Russian language are published every 5-10 years.

encyclopedic And linguistic .

Object for describing linguistic (language) dictionaries- linguistic units (words, word forms, morphemes). In such a dictionary, a word (word form, morpheme) can be characterized from different sides, depending on the goals, volume and tasks of the dictionary: from the side of semantic content, word formation, spelling, spelling, correct use.

Depending on how many features of a word are described in the dictionary, dictionaries are distinguished single-aspect And multidimensional .

Synchronic linguistic dictionaries reflect a cross-section of the language of a certain time (for example, the language of the 18th century, modern language).

Diachronic(for example, etymological) - reflect the development of language over time.

Encyclopedic(ancient Greek enkyklios and paideia, - “ full circle training"") dictionaries contain extralinguistic information about the language units being described; these dictionaries contain information about scientific concepts, terms, historical events, personalities, geography, etc.

The encyclopedic dictionary does not contain grammatical information about the word, but provides information about the object denoted by the word.

A special lexicographic genre is a variety of dictionaries addressed to schoolchildren.

Author	Dictionary
Baranov M.T.	School spelling dictionary of the Russian language.
Bystrova E.A., Okuneva A.P., Karasheva N.B.	School explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.
Krysin L.P.	School dictionary of foreign words.
Lvova S.I.	Brief word-formation dictionary for schoolchildren.
Tikhonov A.N.	School word-formation dictionary of the Russian language.
Lvov V.V.	School spelling dictionary of the Russian language.
Shansky N.M., Bobrova T.A.	School etymological dictionary of the Russian language.
Comp. Panov M.V.	Encyclopedic dictionary of a young philologist.
Rogozhnikova R.P., Karskaya T.S.	School dictionary of obsolete words of the Russian language.
Zhukov V.P., Zhukov A.V.	School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language.

Such dictionaries are compiled on the basis of a careful selection of lexical material: they contain the most commonly used words, as well as words that are most often encountered in students’ speech practice.

Information about the meaning, word-formation structure, usage, and origin of the word is presented in a simple and accessible form; In addition, this information is intended to be educational in nature.

orthographic dictionary Russian language. Gives the recognized correct spelling of the word, with emphasis, often indicating “ difficult» case endings.

Explanatory dictionary of Russian language. This dictionary provides a brief interpretation of words and examples of their use.

Russian phraseological dictionary language. It reflects the national specifics of the language, its originality, and serves to improve speech culture.

Synonym dictionary Russian language. It helps you choose the most successful word or phrase from those close in meaning to more accurately express your thoughts.

Dictionary of antonyms Russian language. For each word there are words that are opposite in meaning and synonyms for these opposite words.

Etymological dictionary. Explains the origin of the word and historical development.

With the development of computer technology, electronic dictionaries and online dictionaries are becoming more common. They are, as a rule, electronic analogues " paper» dictionaries. Searching for words is many times faster; words can be searched throughout the entire text of the dictionary.

Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. – M., 1986.

Ashukin N.S., Ashukina M.G. Winged words. – M., 1987.

Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language. – M., 1994.

Great Dictionary of Russian language. – St. Petersburg, 1998.

Bulokhov V.Ya. Dictionary of schoolchildren's erroneous spellings. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000.

Gorbachevich K.S., Khablo E.P. Dictionary of epithets of the Russian literary language. – L., 1979.

Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech: Experience of a frequency-stylistic dictionary of variants. – M., 1976.

Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language: In 4 vols. – St. Petersburg, 1996.

Eskova N.A. A brief dictionary of difficulties in the Russian language. Grammatical forms. Emphasis. – M., 1994.

Efremova T.F., Kostomarov V.G. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. – M., 1999.

Zhukovsky S.T. Words, words, words... An entertaining dictionary for high school students. – M., 1995.

Kalenchuk M.L., Kasatkina R.F. Dictionary of Russian pronunciation difficulties. – M., 1997.

Kvyatkovsky A.P. Poetic dictionary. – M., 1966.

Krysin L.P. Explanatory dictionary of foreign words. – M., 1998.

Lexical difficulties of the Russian language: Dictionary-reference book / Ed. A.A. Semenyuk. – M., 1994.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. – M., 1990.

Literary encyclopedic dictionary. – M.. 1987.

Lvov M.R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language / Ed. L.A. Novikov. – M., 1988.

Makarov V.I., Matveeva N.P. From Romulus to the present day... Dictionary of lexical difficulties in fiction. – M.. 1993.

Small explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 1994.

Nadel-Chervinskaya M.A., Chervinskaya A.P., Chervinsky P.P. Foreign language vocabulary of the Russian language. Linguistic and psychological dictionary-textbook for schools of the humanities (with the methodology of didactic games and creative tasks). – Rostov-on-Don, 1996.

Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M. (any edition).

Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 1994.

Spelling dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. S.G. Borkhudarova, S.I. Ozhegova, A.I. Shapiro. – M. (any stereotypical edition).

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / Ed. R.I. Avanesova. – M., 2000.

Proverbs of the Russian people: Collection by V.I. Dalia. – M., 1994.

Reginina K.V. and others. Stable phrases of the Russian language. – M., 1976.

Rosenthal D.E. Management in Russian: Dictionary-reference book. – M., 1986.

Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms: A manual for teachers. – M., 1985.

Russian language: Encyclopedia. – M., 1997.

Russian proverbs and sayings / Ed. V.P. Anikina. – M., 1988.

Samotik L.G. Dictionary-reference book on lexicology of the Russian language. – Krasnoyarsk, 1998.

Consolidated dictionary of modern Russian vocabulary. – M., 1990.

Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. – M., 1984.

Dictionary of foreign words. – M. (any edition).

Dictionary of Latin winged words. – M., 1988.

Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. – M., 1974.

Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / Ed. A.P. Evgenieva. – M., 1981.

Dictionary of synonyms: reference manual / Ed. A.P. Evgenieva. – L., 1977.

Dictionary of abbreviations of the Russian language / Ed. DI. Alekseeva, I.G. Goffman, G.V. Sakharov. – M., 1983.

Dictionary of compatibility of the Russian language. – M., 1983.

Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers / Ed. D.E. Rosenthal. – M. (any edition).

Dictionary of epithets of the Russian language. – M., 1976.

Modern dictionary of foreign words: About 20,000 words. – M., 1992.

Difficulties of the Russian language: Journalist's Handbook: In 2 parts / Ed. L.I. Rakhmanova. – M., 1994.

Difficulties of word usage and variants of the Russian literary language: Dictionary-reference book. – L., 1974.

Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language of the late 18th – 20th centuries. – M., 1995.

Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. A.I. Molotkov. – M., 1986.

Chernykh P.Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language: In 2 volumes - M., 1994.

Shvedova N.Yu., Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions. – M., 1999.

Linguistics. Larger encyclopedic dictionary / Ch. ed. V.N. Yartseva. – M., 1998.

School spelling dictionary. List of existing school spelling dictionaries

School spelling dictionaries are created specifically for elementary, middle and high school students.

1) O. D. Ushakova

“Write without mistakes. Schoolchild's Spelling Dictionary" (2002)

This is not just a spelling dictionary - it contains inflections of nouns and verb conjugations, which will greatly facilitate the learning process for schoolchildren.

2) M. O. Volodarskaya

“Dictionary for primary school “4 in one”: spelling, explanatory, phraseological, word structure” (2012)

In this book, all dictionary entries are selected in accordance with the primary school curriculum.

3) O. E. Gaibaryan

"School Spelling Dictionary" (2010)

The "School Spelling Dictionary" contains about 30,000 words of the modern Russian language, as well as a "Brief Spelling Reference Book", containing comments explaining spelling or containing rules according to which the spelling of certain words is determined.

4) A. N. Tikhonov, M. Yu. Kazak

“School spelling dictionary of the Russian language” (2009)

The dictionary reflects the most active part of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language - words, grammatical forms of words, figures of speech that cause spelling difficulties.

5) M. M. Baronova “New school universal dictionary of the Russian language” (2009)

This dictionary is a universal school textbook, since it combines several reference books: “Spelling Dictionary”, “Spelling Dictionary”, “Together or Separately”, “Capital or Small”, “Two Consonants or One”, etc.

6) N. G. Tkachenko

“Spelling dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren” (2010)

The spelling dictionary includes about 35,000 words and covers most of the commonly used vocabulary of the modern Russian language. Addressed to high school students, as well as applicants.

The role of using spelling dictionaries in Russian language lessons

written Russian spelling dictionary

The task of developing strong spelling skills in the younger generation of our country rests with secondary school.

The following sections are distinguished in Russian orthography:

· Spelling of significant parts of words (morphemes) - roots, prefixes, suffixes, endings;

· Continuous, separate or hyphenated writing;

· Use of lowercase and capital letters;

· Word hyphenation rules;

· Graphic abbreviations of words.

Spelling is studied in grades 5-7 on a cross-cutting basis on a phonetic-grammatical basis in the process of mastering the concepts of phonetics, morphemics and morphology.

The purpose of teaching spelling: based on the conscious assimilation of language concepts, to form strong spelling skills in students.

Objectives of teaching spelling (according to M.T. Baranov):

1) Introduce students to basic spelling concepts (spelling, spelling rule, spelling error, etc.);

2) To develop spelling skills in schoolchildren based on these concepts;

3) Teach schoolchildren to write words with untestable spellings;

4) Teach students to find spelling errors and correct them;

5) To develop in schoolchildren the ability to use a spelling dictionary.

A spelling dictionary should become a student’s reference book when performing all written work: selecting words with a certain spelling, selecting words with the same root, selecting words with the same structure, etc.

Everyone needs a spelling dictionary to prevent arbitrariness in the spelling of words, especially in cases where the spelling does not obey the rules, but is determined by the dictionary. As a result of private access to the dictionary, students develop visual and motor memory.

Since 1934, the “Spelling Dictionary” by D.N. Ushakova and S.E. Kryuchkova received a wide “registration” in high school. It can be found in almost every student. This circumstance makes it possible to widely use this dictionary not only as a spelling reference book, but also as a didactic aid for performing various exercises. Working with a dictionary makes it possible to introduce students to reference literature even in the early grades.

The spelling dictionary contains the alphabet and letter names. The appendix provides a list of male and female names used in modern language and partially in literary works of the past. Names are given in their official secular form. For example: Alexander, Alexey, Maria, Svetlana (not Sasha, Alyosha, Masha, Sveta). At the beginning of the dictionary there is a brief summary of the most important spelling rules (112 paragraphs in total).

The main body of the dictionary contains about 13,000 words. In some cases, the necessary explanations are given in parentheses after the title word. For example, in order for students not to confuse two words with the same root, or similar in sound, different, or partially coinciding in meaning, the dictionary briefly explains the lexical meaning and gives the grammatical form of the word. For example: subscriber (who subscribes), Australian (resident of Australia), Austrian (resident of Austria), addressee (who sends), addressee (who receives), etc.

From the first years of education, it is necessary to teach schoolchildren to use a spelling dictionary as a reference. The first exercises should be aimed at ensuring that students understand the essence of the alphabetical principle of arranging words in dictionaries, taking into account not only the first, but also subsequent letters. To do this, it is necessary first of all to achieve a solid mastery of the Russian alphabet.

It is especially important to use the dictionary as an effective aid in Russian language lessons and when doing homework. In this case, the tasks must be as specific as possible: it is necessary to clearly and accurately indicate a specific letter or page of the dictionary from which students must write down the given words. This will improve students' productivity and eliminate the need for them to continually flip through pages of the dictionary. Spelling tasks for prefixes can provide a wide opportunity for using the dictionary. For example: write out 10 words from the dictionary with the prefixes pre- and pre-, in which you can clearly distinguish the meanings of these prefixes.

Properly organized vocabulary and spelling work necessarily involves systematic, everyday work with dictionaries.

When performing independent work, students are given the opportunity to use a textbook, tables, and a spelling dictionary.

Students also keep individual dictionaries - reference books, which they can use in their work. But the main tool for memorizing the spelling of difficult words and preventing mistakes is the school “Spelling Dictionary,” which eliminates the possibility of memorizing incorrect spellings and provides information on the spelling of any word. Having it constantly at hand, students quickly get used to it and ask for help even without the teacher’s reminders.

The Dictionary is often used for special exercises. So, when repeating the spelling of a particle not with different parts of speech, such work is carried out. Write on the board:

indignant bad weather restless accidentally

perplex adversity incessantly by chance

dislike ignoramus unprepossessing unexpectedly

First, students read the words to themselves. Then each column is read aloud, the part of speech is indicated and the continuous spelling of “not” is explained.

Everyone is working intently with the Dictionary; the teacher monitors the work, providing assistance to those who have questions in the margins (c).

When the work is finished, it is checked. By performing this exercise, students not only consolidated their spelling, but also repeated the most important parts of speech, enriched their vocabulary, learned the spelling of new words, and practiced using the dictionary.

In the methodological literature on the Russian language, the idea of ​​the need to use various types of dictionaries and reference books as reference material in Russian language lessons has been repeatedly emphasized.

An analysis of repeated dictations and creative works confirmed that among the mistakes made by students, mistakes that could be prevented with the help of a dictionary occupy a large place: 40-50% of all mistakes made.

In creative works, the percentage of such errors is even higher.

Eliminating errors that can be eliminated by referring to a dictionary will greatly improve students' literacy, so the question arises about the need to teach children to use a dictionary in all necessary cases.

It would be desirable to have official permission to use dictionaries when performing various tests, including exams.

The school prepares students for life. It is clear that it is impossible to give the entire volume of knowledge on this subject over the years of studying at school.

Teachers, doctors, engineers constantly use various reference materials in their work, and no one blames them for this.

Only students who are still at the origins of science are deprived of this right. But students, especially in high school, use such words and construct syntactic structures that they have not encountered before. What is better: a student will look it up in a dictionary, write it correctly and remember the spelling of a given word, perhaps for the rest of his life - or a student who does not have the opportunity to clarify the spelling of a word will make a mistake in a given spelling, and then repeat it more than once? Which student (of these two) will be more adapted to the conditions in which he will find himself after school? Perhaps the first. By turning to the dictionary, he is able to independently resolve the doubt, i.e. correct the mistake.

The question arises about the effectiveness of dictionaries. When answering it, one cannot help but take into account psychological factors, namely: the student who found the right word in the dictionary, saw it spelled correctly (visual memory comes into play), and wrote it correctly. In the process of cognition and memorization, visual memory plays no less a role than auditory memory, therefore knowledge obtained through independent work with a dictionary is stable.

Of course, working with a dictionary is not the only means of fighting for students’ literacy. Let's try to determine this measure.

Students turn to a dictionary when they are unsure about their spelling. But the trouble is that they do not always doubt, although they make mistakes. Students do not turn to the dictionary not because they do not want to work with the dictionary, but because they do not see spelling patterns.

Therefore, the degree of dictionary use is approximately equal to the degree of spelling vigilance. To enhance the role of the dictionary, it is necessary to work on developing spelling vigilance.

It is necessary to teach children to check in the dictionary not only the word found in the text, but also related words of other parts of speech.

Students, for example, write the word “exiled” with one “s”, since this word is not in the dictionary. But the dictionary gives a related word “link”. Therefore, from the very beginning of working with the dictionary, it is necessary to explain to students how to use the dictionary and which parts of the word cannot be checked in the dictionary. In further work, skills and the ability to work with a dictionary must be consolidated practically, that is, include the following types of work:

1) Find a word in the dictionary with which you can check difficult spelling in the words: exile, meeting, settlement, converted, link.

2) Find spellings that cannot be checked using a dictionary: in the capital, on the Volga, I was at a meeting, from a neighboring village, the lake was hidden, in a dilapidated barn, etc.

Although the effectiveness of dictionaries depends on relative spelling vigilance, at the same time, the systematic use of a dictionary in turn contributes to the growth of spelling vigilance, and therefore to an increase in students’ literacy.

Working with a dictionary is one of the issues that requires a solution; it is necessary to continue to search for new methods of working with the dictionary, to find out new ways of using it.