Complete blood count is perhaps the most common method of laboratory diagnosis. In a modern civilized society, there is practically not a single person who would not have to repeatedly donate blood for a general analysis.

After all, this study is carried out not only for sick people, but also for completely healthy people during scheduled medical examinations at work, in educational institutions, and in the army.

And for various diseases, a complete blood count is mandatory and is included in the standard of any clinical research.

Hematocrit- this is the percentage of formed elements, dry residue to the total volume of blood. This dry residue is mainly represented by erythrocytes - the effect of other formed elements on hematocrit is not significant due to their relatively low content.

Normally, in men, the hematocrit is in the range of 39 - 49%, in women - 35 - 45%.

A decrease in hematocrit is most often due to blood loss, and an increase indicates blood clotting. The color indicator is the degree of saturation of the erythrocyte with hemoglobin. Normally, it ranges from 0.85 to 1.15. This indicator decreases with hypochromic iron deficiency anemia.

Leukocytes

Leukocytes are white blood cells. The main function of leukocytes is to protect the body from infection, pathological external influences, and neutralize various toxins.

In 1l. blood contains from 4 to 9 X 10 9 leukocytes.

An increase in the number of leukocytes (leukocytosis) is observed in many pathological conditions - infections, poisoning, injuries, diseases of internal organs, after blood loss and surgical interventions. Also, leukocytosis is noted during pregnancy, after abundant fatty foods and physical activity. A decrease in the number of leukocytes (leukopenia) is observed in debilitated and malnourished patients, after prolonged use of certain drugs. Leukopenia indicates a low resistance of the body and the danger of infectious diseases.

Leukocytes are not homogeneous in composition. The percentage of their varieties is displayed in the so-called. leukocyte formula.

• Eosinophils 0-5
• Basophils 0-1
• Neutrophils
• Band 1-5
• Segmented 47-72

• Lymphocytes 21-38
• Monocytes 4-10

All leukocytes are divided into 2 types - granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Granulocytes have a specific granularity in their cytoplasm. This granularity can be stained with acidic (eosinophils), basic (basophils), and neutral (neutrophils) stains.

In agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes) such granularity is absent.

An increase in the level of eosinophils is observed with helminthic invasions, tuberculosis and various allergic conditions, including bronchial asthma. The absence of eosinophils (aneosinophilia) is detected in infectious diseases, anemia, severe injuries, after surgical interventions. The number of basophils has no significant clinical significance.

Neutrophils- the most numerous (in adults) type of leukocytes. Their function is to neutralize microbial cells and foreign particles by phagocytosis. Neutrophils themselves can be mature (segmented) and maturing (stab). An increase in the number of neutrophils is observed with infections, mainly bacterial, trauma, myocardial infarction, and malignant tumors. In severe diseases, mainly stab neutrophils increase - the so-called. stab shift to the left. In especially severe conditions, purulent processes and sepsis, young forms can be detected in the blood - promyelocytes and myelocytes, which should not normally be present. Also, with severe processes in neutrophils, toxic granularity is detected.

An increase in the level of lymphocytes is observed with viral infections - influenza, viral hepatitis, rubella, as well as with tumors of the hematopoietic organs. The function of monocytes is phagocytosis. They increase with tuberculosis, syphilis, rheumatism, diseases of the hematopoietic organs. The reasons for the decrease in the level of agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) are serious illnesses leading to exhaustion of the patient, long-term use of certain drugs.

platelets

These are platelets, thanks to which blood coagulation and bleeding stop (hemostasis) is carried out.

Normally in 1l. blood contains from 200 to 300x10 9 .

A decrease in this indicator (thrombocytopenia) is observed with viral and bacterial infections, after blood loss and massive injuries, with some diseases of the connective tissue, with bone marrow tumors.

Thrombocytopenia is a dangerous sign indicating the risk of massive bleeding.

An increase in platelets (thrombocytosis) develops after removal of the spleen, surgical interventions, with malignant tumors. Thrombocytosis may also be secondary to hemodilution. The main danger of thrombocytosis is thrombosis, intravascular coagulation, leading to severe damage to organs and tissues. It should be noted that the level of platelets in the general blood test does not provide an exhaustive picture of blood coagulation. This requires another blood test - a coagulogram.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be noted that the data of the general blood test are mostly non-specific. And on the basis of this study alone, it is hardly possible to make a diagnosis. The existing deviations serve as a reason for a more in-depth diagnosis. In addition, the norms of general analysis are too different for both sexes and different age categories. This can be seen in the example of children, in whom the blood picture in the norm can differ significantly from that of adults. And the standards themselves are reviewed from time to time by clinicians and laboratory assistants. Therefore, in different sources you can find values ​​\u200b\u200bthat are slightly different from each other.

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Complete blood count is perhaps the most common method of laboratory diagnosis. In a modern civilized society, there is practically not a single person who would not have to repeatedly donate blood for a general analysis.

After all, this study is carried out not only for sick people, but also for completely healthy people during scheduled medical examinations at work, in educational institutions, and in the army.

This blood test includes determining the concentration of hemoglobin, the number of leukocytes and counting the leukocyte formula, determining the number of red blood cells, platelets, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and other indicators.

Thanks to the correct interpretation of the results of a general blood test, it is possible to establish the cause of certain symptoms in adults, determine the type of blood disease, internal organs, and choose the right treatment regimen.

What it is?

A general (detailed) blood test includes:

1. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.
2. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), which was formerly called the reaction (ROE).
3. Color indicator calculated by the formula, if the study was carried out manually, without the participation of laboratory equipment;
4. Determination of the content of cellular elements of blood: erythrocytes - red blood cells containing the pigment hemoglobin, which determines the color of the blood, and leukocytes that do not contain this pigment, therefore they are called white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes).

As you can see, a general blood test shows the reaction of this valuable biological fluid to any processes occurring in the body. Concerning correct analysis, then there are no complex, strict requirements regarding this testing, but there are certain limitations:

1. The analysis is carried out in the morning. The patient is forbidden to eat food, water 4 hours before taking a blood sample.
2. The main medical supplies that are used for taking blood are a scarifier, cotton wool, and alcohol.
3. For this examination, capillary blood is used, which is taken from a finger. Less commonly, according to the doctor's instructions, blood from a vein can be used.

After receiving the results, a detailed transcript of the blood test is made. There are also special hematology analyzers that can automatically determine up to 24 blood parameters. These devices are able to display a printout with a transcript of the blood test almost immediately after blood sampling.

Complete blood count: the norm of indicators in the table

The table shows the indicators of the normal number of blood elements. In different laboratories, these values ​​\u200b\u200bmay differ, therefore, in order to find out whether the blood test values ​​are correct, it is necessary to find out the reference values ​​\u200b\u200bof the laboratory in which the blood test was performed.

Table of normal indicators of the general blood test in adults:

Analysis:	Adult women:	Adult men:
Hemoglobin	120-140 g/l	130-160 g/l
Hematocrit	34,3-46,6%	34,3-46,6%
platelets	180-360×109	180-360×109
red blood cells	3.7-4.7×1012	4-5.1×1012
Leukocytes	4-9×109	4-9×109
ESR	2-15mm/h	1-10mm/h
color index	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15
Reticulocytes	0,2-1,2%	0,2-1,2%
thrombocrit	0,1-0,5%	0,1-0,5%
Eosinophils	0-5%	0-5%
Basophils	0-1%	0-1%
Lymphocytes	18-40%	18-40%
Monocytes	2-9%	2-9%
Average volume of erythrocytes	78-94 fl	78-94 fl
The average content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes	26-32 pg	26-32 pg
Band granulocytes (neutrophils)	1-6%	1-6%
Segmented granulocytes (neutrophils)	47-72%	47-72%

Each of the above indicators is important when deciphering a blood test, however, a reliable result of the study consists not only of comparing the data obtained with the norms - all quantitative characteristics are considered together, in addition, the relationship between various indicators of blood properties is taken into account.

red blood cells

Formed elements of blood. They contain hemoglobin, which is found in each of the red blood cells in the same amount. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.

Boost :

• Wakez's disease (erythremia) is a chronic leukemia.
• As a result of hypohydration with sweating, vomiting, burns.
• As a result of hypoxia in the body in chronic diseases of the lungs, heart, narrowing of the renal arteries and polycystic kidney disease. An increase in the synthesis of erythropoietin in response to hypoxia leads to an increase in the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

Decrease :

• Anemia.
• Leukemia, myeloma - blood tumors.

The level of erythrocytes in the blood also becomes lower in diseases that are characterized by increased breakdown of red blood cells:

• hemolytic anemia;
• iron deficiency in the body;
• lack of vitamin B12;
• bleeding.

The average lifespan of an erythrocyte is 120 days. These cells are formed in the bone marrow and destroyed in the liver.

platelets

Formed elements of the blood involved in hemostasis. Platelets are formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes.

An increase in the number of platelets (thrombocytosis) occurs when:

• bleeding;
• splenectomy;
• reactive thrombocytosis;
• treatment with corticosteroids;
• physical stress;
• iron deficiency;
• malignant neoplasms;
• acute hemolysis;
• myeloproliferative disorders (erythremia, myelofibrosis);
• chronic inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, liver cirrhosis).

A decrease in the number of platelets (thrombocytopenia) is observed when:

• decreased production of platelets;
• DIC;
• increased destruction of platelets;
• hemolytic-uremic syndrome;
• splenomegaly;
• autoimmune diseases.

The main function of this blood component is to participate in blood clotting. Platelets contain the bulk of clotting factors that are released into the blood if necessary (damage to the vessel wall). Due to this property, the damaged vessel is clogged by the forming thrombus and the bleeding stops.

Leukocytes

White blood cells. Produced in red bone marrow. The function of leukocytes is to protect the body from foreign substances and microbes. In other words, it is immunity.

Increase in leukocytes:

• infections, inflammation;
• allergy;
• leukemia;
• condition after acute bleeding, hemolysis.

Decrease in leukocytes:

• bone marrow pathology;
• infections (flu, rubella, measles, etc.);
• genetic anomalies of immunity;
• increased function of the spleen.

There are different types of leukocytes, so a change in the number of individual types, and not all leukocytes in general, is of diagnostic importance.

Basophils

Leaving the tissues, they turn into mast cells responsible for the release of histamine - a hypersensitivity reaction to food, drugs, etc.

• Increase: hypersensitivity reactions, chicken pox, hypothyroidism, chronic sinusitis.
• Decreased: hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, ovulation, stress, acute infections.

Basophils are involved in the formation of immunological inflammatory reactions of a delayed type. They contain a large amount of substances that cause tissue inflammation.

Eosinophils

Cells that are responsible for allergies. Normally, they should be from 0 to 5%. In the case of an increase in the indicator, it indicates the presence of allergic inflammation (allergic rhinitis). Importantly, the number of eosinophils can be increased in the presence of helminthic invasions! This is especially common in children. This fact should be taken into account by pediatricians in order to make the correct diagnosis.

Neutrophils

They are divided into several groups - young, stab and segmented. Neutrophils provide antibacterial immunity, and their varieties are the same cells of different ages. Thanks to this, it is possible to determine the severity and severity of the inflammatory process or damage to the hematopoietic system.

An increase in the number of neutrophils is observed with infections, mainly bacterial, trauma, myocardial infarction, and malignant tumors. In severe diseases, mainly stab neutrophils increase - the so-called. stab shift to the left. In especially severe conditions, purulent processes and sepsis, young forms can be detected in the blood - promyelocytes and myelocytes, which should not normally be present. Also, with severe processes in neutrophils, toxic granularity is detected.

MON - monocytes

This element is considered a variation of leukocytes in macrophage form, i.e. their active phase, absorbing dead cells and bacteria. The norm for a healthy person is from 0.1 to 0.7 * 10 ^ 9 e / l.

A decrease in the level of MON is due to severe operations and the use of corticosteroids, an increase indicates the development of rheumatoid arthritis, syphilis, tuberculosis, mononucleosis and other diseases of an infectious nature.

GRAN - granulocytes

Granular leukocytes are activators of the immune system in the process of fighting inflammation, infections and allergic reactions. The norm for a person is from 1.2 to 6.8 * 10 ^ 9 e / l.

The level of GRAN increases with inflammation, decreases with lupus erythematosus and aplastic anemia.

color index

Reflects the relative content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. It is used for the differential diagnosis of anemia: normochromic (normal amount of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte), hyperchromic (increased), hypochromic (decreased).

• A decrease in CPU occurs with: iron deficiency anemia; anemia caused by lead intoxication, in diseases with impaired hemoglobin synthesis.
• An increase in CP occurs with: vitamin B12 deficiency in the body; folic acid deficiency; cancer; polyposis of the stomach.

Color index norm (CPU): 0.85-1.1.

Hemoglobin

An increase in hemoglobin concentration occurs with erythremia (a decrease in the number of red blood cells), erythrocytosis (an increase in the number of red blood cells), as well as with thickening of the blood - a consequence of a large loss of body fluid. In addition, the hemoglobin index is increased with cardiovascular decompensation.

If the hemoglobin index is more or less than the normal range, this indicates the presence of pathological conditions. Thus, a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood is observed with anemia of various etiologies and with blood loss. This condition is also called anemia.

Hematocrit

Hematocrit is the percentage of the volume of the blood being examined to the volume occupied by red blood cells in it. This indicator is calculated as a percentage.

A decrease in hematocrit occurs when:

• anemia;
• fasting;
• pregnancy;
• water retention in the body (chronic renal failure);
• excessive content of proteins in plasma (multiple myeloma);
• heavy drinking or the introduction of a large number of solutions intravenously.

An increase in hematocrit above normal indicates:

• leukemia;
• true polycythemia;
• burn disease;
• diabetes mellitus;
• kidney diseases (hydronephrosis, polycystosis, neoplasms);
• fluid loss (profuse sweating, vomiting);
• peritonitis.

Normal hematocrit values: Men - 40-48%, women - 36-42%.

ESR

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate shows how quickly the blood is divided into two layers - the upper (plasma) and the lower (shaped elements). This indicator depends on the number of red blood cells, globulins and fibrinogen. That is, the more red cells a person has, the slower they settle. An increase in the amount of globulins and fibrinogen, on the contrary, accelerates erythrocyte sedimentation.

Causes of high ESR in the general blood test:

• Acute and chronic inflammatory processes of infectious origin (pneumonia, rheumatism, syphilis, tuberculosis, sepsis).
• Heart damage (myocardial infarction - damage to the heart muscle, inflammation, synthesis of "acute phase" proteins, including fibrinogen.)
• Diseases of the liver (hepatitis), pancreas (destructive pancreatitis), intestines (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), kidneys (nephrotic syndrome).
• Hematological diseases (anemia, lymphogranulomatosis, multiple myeloma).
• Endocrine pathology (diabetes mellitus, thyrotoxicosis).
• Injury to organs and tissues (surgical operations, wounds and bone fractures) - any damage increases the ability of red blood cells to aggregate.
• Conditions accompanied by severe intoxication.
• Lead or arsenic poisoning.
• Malignant neoplasms.

ESR below normal is typical for the following conditions of the body:

• Obstructive jaundice and, as a result, the release of a large amount of bile acids;
• High levels of bilirubin (hyperbilirubinemia);
• Erythremia and reactive erythrocytosis;
• sickle cell anemia;
• Chronic circulatory failure;
• Decreased fibrinogen levels (hypofibrinogenemia).

ESR, as a non-specific indicator of the disease process, is often used to monitor its course.

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Clinical blood test

Clinical blood test (AS) (complete blood count, complete blood count (CBC)) - a medical or nursing analysis that allows you to evaluate the hemoglobin content in the red blood system, the number of red blood cells, color index, the number of leukocytes, platelets. A clinical blood test allows you to consider the leukogram and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

With the help of this analysis, anemia can be detected (decrease in hemoglobin - leukocyte formula), inflammatory processes (leukocytes, leukocyte formula), etc.

Blood indicators

Currently, most of the indicators are performed on automatic hematological analyzers, which are able to simultaneously determine from 5 to 24 parameters. Of these, the main ones are the number of leukocytes, the concentration of hemoglobin, hematocrit, the number of erythrocytes, the average volume of an erythrocyte, the average concentration of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte, the average hemoglobin content in an erythrocyte, the half-width of the distribution of erythrocytes by size, the number of platelets, the average platelet volume.

• WBC(white blood cells - white blood cells) - the absolute content of leukocytes (norm 4-9 10 9 (\ displaystyle 10 ^ (9)) cells / l) - blood cells - responsible for recognizing and neutralizing foreign components, the body's immune defense against viruses and bacteria, elimination of dying cells of one's own body.
• RBC(red blood cells - red blood cells) - the absolute content of erythrocytes (norm 4.3-5.5 cells / l) - blood cells - containing hemoglobin, transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• HGB(Hb, hemoglobin) - concentration of hemoglobin in whole blood (normal 120-140 g/l). For analysis, a cyanide complex or cyanide-free reagents are used (as a replacement for toxic cyanide). It is measured in moles or grams per liter or deciliter.
• HCT(hematocrit) - hematocrit (normal 0.39-0.49), part (% \u003d l / l) of the total blood volume attributable to blood cells. Blood consists of 40-45% formed elements (erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes) and 60-55% of plasma. Hematocrit is the ratio of the volume of formed elements to blood plasma. It is believed that hematocrit reflects the ratio of the volume of erythrocytes to the volume of blood plasma, since erythrocytes mainly make up the volume of blood cells. Hematocrit depends on the amount of RBC and the value of MCV and corresponds to the product of RBC * MCV.
• PLT(platelets - platelets) - the absolute content of platelets (norm 150-400 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) cells / l) - blood cells - involved in hemostasis.

Erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC):

• MCV- the average volume of an erythrocyte in cubic micrometers (µm) or femtoliters (fl) (the norm is 80-95 fl). In the old analyzes indicated: microcytosis, normocytosis, macrocytosis.
• MCH- the average content of hemoglobin in an individual erythrocyte in absolute units (norm 27-31 pg), proportional to the ratio "hemoglobin / number of erythrocytes". Color indicator of blood in old tests. CPU=MCH*0.03
• MCHC- the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte mass, and not in whole blood (see HGB above) (the norm is 300-380 g / l, reflects the degree of saturation of the erythrocyte with hemoglobin. A decrease in MCHC is observed in diseases with impaired hemoglobin synthesis. However, this is the most stable hematological indicator Any inaccuracy associated with the determination of hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV leads to an increase in MCHC, therefore this parameter is used as an indicator of an instrument error or an error made during sample preparation for the study.

Platelet indices (MPV, PDW, PCT):

• MPV(mean platelet volume) - the average volume of platelets (normal 7-10 fl).
• PDW- the relative width of the distribution of platelets by volume, an indicator of platelet heterogeneity.
• PCT(platelet crit) - thrombocrit (normal 0.108-0.282), the proportion (%) of whole blood volume occupied by platelets.

Leukocyte indices:

• LYM% (LY%)(lymphocyte) - relative (%) content (normal 25-40%) of lymphocytes.
• LYM# (LY#)(lymphocyte) - absolute content (norm 1.2-3.0x 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) / l (or 1.2-3.0 x 10 3 (\displaystyle 10^(3)) / µl)) of lymphocytes.
• MXD% (MID%)- relative (%) content of the mixture (norm 5-10%) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils.
• MXD# (MID#)- the absolute content of the mixture (norm 0.2-0.8 x 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) / l) of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils.
• NEUT% (NE%)(neutrophils) - relative (%) content of neutrophils.
• NEUT# (NE#)(neutrophils) - absolute content of neutrophils.
• MON% (MO%)(monocyte) - relative (%) content of monocytes (normal 4-11%).
• MON# (MO#)(monocyte) - absolute content of monocytes (norm 0.1-0.6 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) cells/l).
• EO%- relative (%) content of eosinophils.
• EO#- absolute content of eosinophils.
• BA%- relative (%) content of basophils.
• BA#- absolute content of basophils.
• IMM%- relative (%) content of immature granulocytes.
• IMM#- absolute content of immature granulocytes.
• ATL%- relative (%) content of atypical lymphocytes.
• ATL#- absolute content of atypical lymphocytes.
• GR% (GRAN%)- relative (%) content (norm 47-72%) of granulocytes.
• GR# (GRAN#)- absolute content (norm 1.2-6.8 x 10 9 (\displaystyle 10^(9)) / l (or 1.2-6.8 x 10 3 (\displaystyle 10^(3)) / μl) ) granulocytes.

Erythrocyte indices:

• HCT/RBC- the average volume of erythrocytes.
• HGB/RBC- the average content of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte.
• HGB/HCT- the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte.
• RDW- Red cell Distribution Width - "erythrocyte distribution width" the so-called "erythrocyte anisocytosis" - an indicator of erythrocyte heterogeneity, calculated as a coefficient of variation of the average volume of erythrocytes.
• RDW-SD- relative width of distribution of erythrocytes by volume, standard deviation.
• RDW-CV- the relative width of the distribution of erythrocytes by volume, the coefficient of variation.
• P-LCR- coefficient of large platelets.
• ESR (ESR) (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) is a non-specific indicator of the pathological state of the body.

As a rule, automatic hematology analyzers also build histograms for erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes.

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin(Hb, Hgb) in a blood test is the main component of red blood cells that transports oxygen to organs and tissues. For analysis, a cyanide complex or cyanide-free reagents are used (as a replacement for toxic cyanide). It is measured in moles or grams per liter or deciliter. Its definition has not only diagnostic, but also prognostic value, since pathological conditions leading to a decrease in hemoglobin content lead to oxygen starvation of tissues.

• men - 135-160 g / l (gigamol per liter);
• women - 120-140 g / l.

An increase in hemoglobin is noted with:

• primary and secondary erythremia;
• dehydration (false effect due to hemoconcentration);
• excessive smoking (formation of functionally inactive HbCO).

A decrease in hemoglobin is detected when:

• anemia;
• hyperhydration (a false effect due to hemodilution - "dilution" of blood, an increase in plasma volume relative to the volume of the totality of formed elements).

red blood cells

red blood cells(E) in a blood test - red blood cells that are involved in the transport of oxygen to tissues and support the processes of biological oxidation in the body.

• men - (4.0-5.15) x 10 12 (\displaystyle 10^(12))/l
• women - (3.7-4.7) x 10 12 (\displaystyle 10^(12))/l
• children - (3.80-4.90) x 10 12 (\displaystyle 10^(12))/l

An increase (erythrocytosis) in the number of red blood cells occurs when:

• neoplasms;
• dropsy of the renal pelvis;
• the influence of corticosteroids;
• Cushing's disease and syndrome;
• disease Polycythemia vera;
• steroid treatment.

A slight relative increase in the number of red blood cells may be associated with thickening of the blood due to burns, diarrhea, diuretics.

A decrease in the content of red blood cells in the blood is observed with:

• blood loss;
• anemia;
• pregnancy;
• hydremia (intravenous administration of a large amount of fluid, i.e. infusion therapy)
• with the outflow of tissue fluid into the bloodstream with a decrease in edema (therapy with diuretic drugs).
• decrease in the intensity of the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow;
• accelerated destruction of red blood cells;

Leukocytes

Leukocytes(L) - blood cells produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. There are 5 types of leukocytes: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes and lymphocytes. The main function of leukocytes is to protect the body from antigens foreign to it (including microorganisms, tumor cells; the effect is also manifested in the direction of transplant cells).

An increase (leukocytosis) occurs when:

• acute inflammatory processes;
• purulent processes, sepsis;
• many infectious diseases of viral, bacterial, fungal and other etiologies;
• malignant neoplasms;
• tissue trauma;
• myocardial infarction;
• during pregnancy (last trimester);
• after childbirth - during the period of breastfeeding;
• after heavy physical exertion (physiological leukocytosis).

To decrease (leukopenia) leads to:

• aplasia, hypoplasia of the bone marrow;
• exposure to ionizing radiation, radiation sickness;
• typhoid fever;
• viral diseases;
• anaphylactic shock;
• Addison's disease - Birmer;
• collagenoses;
• under the influence of certain drugs (sulfonamides and some antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, antiepileptic drugs, antispasmodic oral drugs);
• damage to the bone marrow by chemicals, drugs;
• hypersplenism (primary, secondary);
• acute leukemia;
• myelofibrosis;
• myelodysplastic syndromes;
• plasmacytoma;
• metastases of neoplasms in the bone marrow;
• pernicious anemia;
• typhus and paratyphoid;
• collagenoses.

Leukocyte formula

Leukocyte formula (leukogram) - the percentage of different types of leukocytes, determined by counting them in a stained blood smear under a microscope.

In addition to the leukocyte indices listed above, leukocyte, or hematological, indices are also proposed, calculated as the ratio of the percentage of different types of leukocytes, for example, the index of the ratio of lymphocytes and monocytes, the index of the ratio of eosinophils and lymphocytes, etc.

color index

Main article: color indicator of blood

Color Index (CPU)- the degree of saturation of erythrocytes with hemoglobin:

• 0.85-1.05 - norm;
• less than 0.80 - hypochromic anemia;
• 0.80-1.05 - erythrocytes are considered normochromic;
• more than 1.10 - hyperchromic anemia.

In pathological conditions, there is a parallel and approximately the same decrease in both the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin.

A decrease in the CPU (0.50-0.70) occurs when:

• iron deficiency anemia;
• anemia caused by lead poisoning.

An increase in CPU (1.10 or more) occurs when:

• deficiency of vitamin B12 in the body;
• folic acid deficiency;
• cancer;
• polyposis of the stomach.

For a correct assessment of the color index, it is necessary to take into account not only the number of red blood cells, but also their volume.

ESR

(ESR) is a non-specific indicator of the pathological state of the body. Fine:

• newborns - 0-2 mm / h;
• children under 6 years old - 12-17 mm / h;
• men under 60 - up to 8 mm / h;
• women under 60 - up to 12 mm / h;
• men over 60 years old - up to 15 mm / h;
• women over 60 - up to 20 mm / h.

An increase in ESR occurs when:

• infectious and inflammatory disease;
• collagenoses;
• damage to the kidneys, liver, endocrine disorders;
• pregnancy, postpartum period, menstruation;
• bone fractures;
• surgical interventions;
• anemia;
• oncological diseases.

It can also increase under such physiological conditions as food intake (up to 25 mm/h), pregnancy (up to 45 mm/h).

A decrease in ESR occurs when:

• hyperbilirubinemia;
• increased levels of bile acids;
• chronic circulatory failure;
• erythremia;
• hypofibrinogenemia.

Comparison of the results of a general analysis of capillary and venous blood

Blood tests from a vein are the recognized “gold standard” of laboratory diagnostics for many parameters. However, capillary blood is a commonly used type of biomaterial for complete blood counts. In this regard, the question arises of the equivalence of the results obtained in the study of capillary (K) and venous (B) blood.

A comparative assessment of 25 indicators of the general blood test for different types of biomaterial is presented in the table as the average value of the analysis, :

Indicator, units	n	Blood		Difference		Significance differences
		B, unit	K, unit	(K-V), units	(K-V), % of V
WBC, *10 9 /l	52	6,347	5,845	-0,502 [-0,639; -0,353]	-7,901	W=1312 R MC<0,001
RBC, *10 12 /l	52	4,684	4,647	-0,5	-0,792	W=670 R MC=0.951
HGB, g/l	52	135,346	136,154	0,808	0,597	W=850,5 R MC=0.017
HCT, %	52	41,215	39,763	-1,452	-3,522	W=1254 p MC<0,001
MCV, fl	52	88,115	85,663	-2,452	-2,782	W=1378 p MC<0,001
MCH, pg	52	28,911	29,306	0,394	1,363	W=997 p MC<0,001
MCHC, g/l	52	328,038	342,154	14,115	4,303	W=1378 R MC<0,001
PLT, *10 9 /l	52	259,385	208,442	-50,942	-19,639	W=1314 R MC<0,001
BA, *10 9 /l	52	0,041	0,026	-0,015	-37,089	W=861 R MC<0,001
BA, %	52	0,654	0,446	-0,207	-31,764	W=865,5 R MC<0,001
P-LCR, %	52	31,627	36,109	4,482	14,172	W=1221 R MC<0,001
LY, *10 9 /l	52	2,270	2,049	-0,221	-9,757	W=1203 p MC<0,001
LY, %	52	35,836	35,12	-0,715	-1,996	W=987,5 R MC=0.002
MO, *10 9 /l	52	0,519	0,521	0,002	0,333	W=668,5 R MC=0.583
MO, %	52	8,402	9,119	0,717	8,537	W=1244 R MC<0,001
NE, *10 9 /l	52	3,378	3,118	-0,259	-7,680	W=1264 R MC<0,001
NE, %	52	52,925	52,981	0,056	0,105	W=743 R MC=0.456
PDW	52	12,968	14,549	1,580	12,186	W=1315 R MC<0,001
RDW-CV	52	12,731	13,185	0,454	3,565	W=1378 R MC<0,001
RDW-SD	52	40,967	40,471	-0,496	-1,211	W=979 R MC<0,001
MPV, fl	52	10,819	11,431	0,612	5,654	W=1159 R MC<0,001
PCT, %	52	0,283	0,240	-0,042	-14,966	W=245 R MC<0,001
EO, *10 9 /l	52	0,139	0,131	-0,007	-5,263	W=475 R MC=0.235
EO, %	52	2,183	2,275	0,092	4,229	W=621,5 R MC=0.074
ESR, mm/hour	52	7,529	7,117	-0,412	-5,469	W=156,5 R MC=0.339

All studied 25 parameters were divided into 3 groups: (1) statistically significantly decreasing in capillary blood relative to venous blood, (2) significantly increasing, and (3) not changing:

1) There are eleven indicators in this group, 4 of which are within -5% (HCT, MCV, LY%, RDW-SD) - their CIs are within the limits of the bias of -5% and 0%, but do not cross them. CIs for WBC, LY, NE, and PCT were not within the -5% bias. The indicators of PLT (-19.64%), BA (-37.09%) and BA% (-31.77%) decrease the most.

2) The scores in this group are 7. For MO%, P-LCR, PDW, and MPV, the bias is greater than 5%, but the MPV 95% CI includes a bias value of 5%. The deviations of the remaining 3 indicators of this group (MCH, MCHC, RDW-CV) are less than 5%.

3) There are 7 indicators in this group: RBC, HGB, MO, NE%, EO, EO%, ESR. No statistically significant differences were found for them.

When comparing the results of capillary and venous blood, it is necessary to take into account a significant decrease in the number of basophils and platelets in capillary blood (leads to an increase in the ratio of large platelets, distribution of platelets by volume, average platelet volume and a significant decrease in thrombocrit), as well as a less significant decrease in the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils, which causes some increase in the relative number of monocytes.

Third group parameters (RBC, HGB, MO, NE%, EO, EO%, ESR), along with blood parameters of the first and second groups, whose 95% CI included no more than 5% deviation (HCT, MCV, LY%, RDW -SD, MCH, MCHC, RDW-CV) can be determined in capillary blood under strict adherence to preanalytical rules without any compromise on the accuracy of the clinical assessment.

General blood test norms

Table of normal indicators of the general blood test

Analysis indicator	Norm
Hemoglobin	Men: 130-170 g/l
	Women: 120-150 g/l
RBC count	Men: 4.0-5.0 10 12 / l
	Women: 3.5-4.7 10 12 / l
White blood cell count	Within 4.0-9.0x10 9 / l
Hematocrit (the ratio of the volume of plasma and cellular elements of the blood)	Men: 42-50%
	Women: 38-47%
Average erythrocyte volume	Within 86-98 µm 3
Leukocyte formula	Neutrophils: Segmented forms 47-72% Band forms 1-6% Lymphocytes: 19-37% Monocytes: 3-11% Eosinophils: 0.5-5% Basophils: 0-1%
Platelet count	Within 180-320 10 9 /l
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)	Men: 3 - 10 mm/h
	Women: 5 - 15 mm/h

Norms of a general blood test for children under 1 year old

Index	Age
	newborn	7-30 days	1 – 6 months	6 -12 months
Hemoglobin	180-240	107 - 171	103-141	113-140
red blood cells	3,9-5,5	3,6-6,2	2,7-4,5	3,7-5,3
color index	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15	0,85-1,15
Reticulocytes	3-15	3-15	3-12	3-12
Leukocytes	8,5-24,5	6,5 -13,8	5,5 – 12,5	6-12
stab	1-17	0,5- 4	0,5- 5	0,5- 5
Segmented	45-80	16-45	16-45	16-45
Eosinophils	1 - 6	1 - 5	1 - 5	1 - 5
Basophils	0 - 1	0 - 1	0 - 1	0 - 1
Lymphocytes	15 - 35	45 - 70	45 - 70	45 - 70
platelets	180-490	180-400	180-400	160-390
ESR	2-4	4-10	4-10	4-12

Norms of a complete blood count for children aged 1 to 12 years

Index	Age
	1-2 years	2-3 years	3-6 years old	6-9 years old	9 -12 years old
Hemoglobin	100 - 140	100 - 140	100 - 140	120 - 150	120 - 150
red blood cells	3,7-5,3	3,9-5,3	3,9-5,3	4,0-5,2	4,0-5,2
color index	0,75-0,96	0,8-1,0	0,8-1,0	0,8-1,0	0,8-1,0
Reticulocytes	0,3-1,2	0,3-1,2	0,3-1,2	0,3-1,2	0,3-1,2
Leukocytes	6,0 - 17,0	4,9-12,3	4,9-12,3	4,9-12,2	4,5-10
stab	1 - 5	1 - 5	1 - 5	1 - 5	1 - 5
Segmented	28 - 48	32 - 55	32 - 55	38 - 58	43 - 60
Eosinophils	1 - 7	1 - 6	1 - 6	1 - 5	1 - 5
Basophils	0 - 1	0 - 1	0 - 1	0 - 1	0 - 1
Lymphocytes	37 - 60	33 - 55	33 - 55	30 - 50	30 - 46
platelets	160-390	160-390	160-390	160-390	160-390
ESR	4-12	4-12	4-12	4-12	4-12

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein containing an iron atom, which is able to attach and carry oxygen. Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells. The amount of hemoglobin is measured in grams/liter (g/l). Determining the amount of hemoglobin is very important, since when its level decreases, the tissues and organs of the whole body experience a lack of oxygen.
The norm of hemoglobin in children and adults age floor Units - g/l Up to 2 weeks 134 - 198 from 2 to 4.3 weeks 107 - 171 from 4.3 to 8.6 weeks 94 - 130 from 8.6 weeks to 4 months 103 - 141 at 4 to 6 months 111 - 141 from 6 to 9 months 114 - 140 from 9 to 1 year 113 - 141 from 1 year to 5 years 100 - 140 from 5 years to 10 years 115 - 145 from 10 to 12 years old 120 - 150 from 12 to 15 years old women 115 - 150 men 120 - 160 from 15 to 18 years old women 117 - 153 men 117 - 166 from 18 to 45 years old women 117 - 155 men 132 - 173 from 45 to 65 years women 117 - 160 men 131 - 172 after 65 years women 120 - 161 men 126 – 174	Causes of an increase in hemoglobin Dehydration (reduced fluid intake, profuse sweating, impaired kidney function, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, excessive vomiting or diarrhea, use of diuretics) Congenital heart or lung defects Lung failure or heart failure Kidney disease (renal artery stenosis, benign kidney tumors) Diseases of the hematopoietic organs (erythremia)
	Low hemoglobin - causes Anemia Leukemia Congenital blood diseases (sickle cell anemia, thalassemia) iron deficiency Vitamin deficiency Depletion of the body blood loss

RBC count

red blood cells are small red blood cells. These are the most numerous blood cells. Their main function is to carry oxygen and deliver it to organs and tissues. Erythrocytes are presented in the form of biconcave discs. Inside the erythrocyte contains a large amount of hemoglobin - the main volume of the red disk is occupied by it.
Normal red blood cell count in children and adults Age indicator x 10 12 / l newborn 3,9-5,5 1st to 3rd day 4,0-6,6 in 1 week 3,9-6,3 in 2 weeks 3,6-6,2 in 1 month 3,0-5,4 at 2 months 2,7-4,9 from 3 to 6 months 3,1-4,5 from 6 months to 2 years 3,7-5,3 from 2 to 6 years 3,9-5,3 from 6 to 12 years old 4,0-5,2 boys aged 12-18 4,5-5,3 girls aged 12-18 4,1-5,1 grown men 4,0-5,0 adult women 3,5-4,7	Causes of a decrease in the level of red blood cells A decrease in the number of red blood cells is called anemia. There are many reasons for the development of this condition, and they are not always associated with the hematopoietic system. Errors in nutrition (food poor in vitamins and protein) blood loss Leukemia (diseases of the hematopoietic system) Hereditary fermentopathies (defects in enzymes that are involved in hematopoiesis) Hemolysis (death of blood cells due to exposure to toxic substances and autoimmune lesions)
	Causes of an increase in the number of red blood cells Dehydration (vomiting, diarrhea, profuse sweating, decreased fluid intake) Erythremia (diseases of the hematopoietic system) Diseases of the cardiovascular or pulmonary system that lead to respiratory and heart failure Renal artery stenosis

Total white blood cell count

Leukocytes These are the living cells of our body that circulate with the bloodstream. These cells exercise immune control. In the event of an infection, damage to the body by toxic or other foreign bodies or substances, these cells fight against damaging factors. The formation of leukocytes occurs in the red bone marrow and in the lymph nodes. Leukocytes are divided into several types: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes. Different types of leukocytes differ in appearance and functions performed during the immune response.
	Causes of an increase in leukocytes Physiological increase in the level of leukocytes After eating After intense physical activity In the second half of pregnancy After vaccination During the period of menstruation Against the backdrop of an inflammatory response Purulent-inflammatory processes (abscess, phlegmon, bronchitis, sinusitis, appendicitis, etc.) Burns and injuries with extensive soft tissue damage After operation During an exacerbation of rheumatic fever During the oncological process With leukemia or with malignant tumors of various localization, the immune system is stimulated.
	Causes of a decrease in leukocytes Viral and infectious diseases (influenza, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis, sepsis, measles, malaria, rubella, mumps, AIDS) Rheumatic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus) Some types of leukemia Hypovitaminosis The use of anticancer drugs (cytostatics, steroid drugs) Radiation sickness

Hematocrit

Hematocrit- this is the percentage ratio of the volume of the studied blood to the volume occupied by erythrocytes in it. This indicator is calculated as a percentage.
Hematocrit norms in children and adults Age floor % up to 2 weeks 41 - 65 from 2 to 4.3 weeks 33 - 55 4.3 - 8.6 weeks 28 - 42 From 8.6 weeks to 4 months 32 - 44 4 to 6 months 31 - 41 6 to 9 months 32 - 40 9 to 12 months 33 - 41 from 1 year to 3 years 32 - 40 From 3 to 6 years 32 - 42 6 to 9 years old 33 - 41 9 to 12 years old 34 - 43 From 12 to 15 years old women 34 - 44 men 35 - 45 From 15 to 18 years old women 34 - 44 men 37 - 48 From 18 to 45 years old women 38 - 47 men 42 - 50 From 45 to 65 years women 35 - 47 men 39 - 50 after 65 years women 35 - 47 men 37 - 51	Causes of an increase in hematocrit erythremia Heart or respiratory failure Dehydration due to profuse vomiting, diarrhea, extensive burns, diabetes
	Causes of a decrease in hematocrit Anemia kidney failure second half of pregnancy

MCH, MCHC, MCV, color index (CPU)- norm

Color Index (CPU)- this is a classic method for determining the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. At present, it is being gradually replaced by the MSI index in blood tests. These indices reflect the same thing, only they are expressed in different units.

Leukocyte formula

The leukocyte formula is an indicator of the percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood of their total number of leukocytes in the blood (this indicator is discussed in the previous section of the article). The percentage of different types of leukocytes in infectious, blood diseases, oncological processes will change. Due to this laboratory symptom, the doctor may suspect the cause of health problems.

Types of leukocytes, norm

Neutrophils

Neutrophils there can be two types - mature forms, which are also called segmented immature - stab. Normally, the number of stab neutrophils is minimal (1-3% of the total). With the "mobilization" of the immune system, there is a sharp increase (by several times) in the number of immature forms of neutrophils (stab).
The norm of neutrophils in children and adults Age Segmented neutrophils, % Stab neutrophils, % newborns 47 - 70 3 - 12 up to 2 weeks 30 - 50 1 - 5 From 2 weeks to 1 year 16 - 45 1 - 5 1 to 2 years 28 - 48 1 - 5 From 2 to 5 years 32 - 55 1 - 5 From 6 to 7 years old 38 - 58 1 - 5 8 to 9 years old 41 - 60 1 - 5 From 9 to 11 years old 43 - 60 1 - 5 From 12 to 15 years old 45 - 60 1 - 5 From 16 years old and adults 50 - 70 1 - 3	An increase in the level of neutrophils in the blood - this condition is called neutrophilia. Causes of an increase in the level of neutrophils Infectious diseases (tonsillitis, sinusitis, intestinal infection, bronchitis, pneumonia) Infectious processes - abscess, phlegmon, gangrene, traumatic injuries of soft tissues, osteomyelitis Inflammatory diseases of the internal organs: pancreatitis, peritonitis, thyroiditis, arthritis) Heart attack (heart attack, kidney, spleen) Chronic metabolic disorders: diabetes mellitus, uremia, eclampsia Cancer tumors The use of immunostimulating drugs, vaccinations
	Decreased neutrophil levels - a condition called neutropenia Causes of a decrease in the level of neutrophils Infectious diseases: typhoid fever, brucellosis, influenza, measles, varicella (chickenpox), viral hepatitis, rubella) Blood diseases (aplastic anemia, acute leukemia) hereditary neutropenia High thyroid hormone levels Thyrotoxicosis Consequences of chemotherapy Consequences of radiotherapy The use of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral drugs
What is the shift of the leukocyte formula to the left and to the right? Shift of the leukocyte formula to the left means that young, "immature" neutrophils appear in the blood, which are normally present only in the bone marrow, but not in the blood. A similar phenomenon is observed in mild and severe infectious and inflammatory processes (for example, with tonsillitis, malaria, appendicitis), as well as in acute blood loss, diphtheria, pneumonia, scarlet fever, typhus, sepsis, intoxication. ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) is a laboratory analysis that allows you to evaluate the rate of separation of blood into plasma and red blood cells. The essence of the study: erythrocytes are heavier than plasma and leukocytes, therefore, under the influence of gravity, they sink to the bottom of the test tube. In healthy people, erythrocyte membranes are negatively charged and repel each other, which slows down the rate of sedimentation. But during an illness, a number of changes occur in the blood: Content is increasing fibrinogen, as well as alpha and gamma globulins and C-reactive protein. They accumulate on the surface of erythrocytes and cause them to stick together in the form of coin columns; Decreased concentration albumin, which prevents erythrocytes from sticking together; violated blood electrolyte balance. This leads to a change in the charge of red blood cells, due to which they cease to repel. As a result, red blood cells stick together. Clusters are heavier than individual erythrocytes, they sink to the bottom faster, as a result of which erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases. There are four groups of diseases that cause an increase in ESR: infections malignant tumors rheumatological (systemic) diseases kidney disease What you need to know about ESR The definition is not a specific analysis. ESR can increase with numerous diseases that cause quantitative and qualitative changes in plasma proteins. In 2% of patients (even with serious diseases), the ESR level remains normal. ESR increases not from the first hours, but on the 2nd day of the disease. After illness, ESR remains elevated for several weeks, sometimes months. This is evidence of recovery. Sometimes ESR rises to 100 mm/hour in healthy people. ESR rises after eating up to 25 mm / h, so the tests must be taken on an empty stomach. If the temperature in the laboratory is above 24 degrees, then the erythrocyte bonding process is disrupted and the ESR decreases. ESR is an integral part of the general blood test. The essence of the method for determining the erythrocyte sedimentation rate? The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the Westergren technique. It is used by modern laboratories to determine the ESR. But in municipal clinics and hospitals, the Panchenkov method is traditionally used. Westergren's method. Mix 2 ml of venous blood and 0.5 ml of sodium citrate, an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting. The mixture is collected in a thin cylindrical tube up to the level of 200 mm. The test tube is placed vertically in a rack. An hour later, measure in millimeters the distance from the upper border of the plasma to the level of erythrocytes. Often automatic ESR meters are used. ESR unit - mm/hour. Panchenkov's method. Examine capillary blood from a finger. In a glass pipette with a diameter of 1 mm, sodium citrate solution is collected up to the 50 mm mark. It is blown into a test tube. After that, blood is drawn 2 times with a pipette and blown into a test tube to sodium citrate. Thus, a ratio of anticoagulant to blood of 1:4 is obtained. This mixture is collected in a glass capillary to a level of 100 mm and set in a vertical position. The results are evaluated after an hour, as in the Westergren method. The determination according to Westergren is considered a more sensitive technique, therefore the level of ESR is slightly higher than in the study by the Panchenkov method. Reasons for increasing ESR Causes of reduced ESR Menstrual cycle. ESR rises sharply before menstrual bleeding and decreases to normal during menstruation. This is associated with a change in the hormonal and protein composition of the blood at different periods of the cycle. Pregnancy. ESR increases from the 5th week of pregnancy to the 4th week after delivery. The maximum level of ESR reaches 3-5 days after the birth of a child, which is associated with injuries during childbirth. During normal pregnancy, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate can reach 40 mm/h. Physiological (not associated with the disease) fluctuations in the level of ESR newborns. In infants, ESR is low due to low fibrinogen levels and a high number of red blood cells in the blood. Infections and inflammatory processes(bacterial, viral and fungal) infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract: tonsillitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia inflammation of the ENT organs: otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis dental diseases: stomatitis, dental granulomas diseases of the cardiovascular system: phlebitis, myocardial infarction, acute pericarditis urinary tract infections: cystitis, urethritis inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs: adnexitis, prostatitis, salpingitis, endometritis inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: cholecystitis, colitis, pancreatitis, peptic ulcer abscesses and phlegmons tuberculosis connective tissue diseases: collagenoses viral hepatitis systemic fungal infections Reasons for the decrease in ESR: recovering from a recent viral infection astheno-neurotic syndrome, exhaustion of the nervous system: fatigue, lethargy, headaches cachexia - extreme depletion of the body long-term use of glucocorticoids, which led to inhibition of the anterior pituitary gland hyperglycemia - elevated blood sugar levels bleeding disorder severe traumatic brain injury and concussion. Malignant tumors malignant tumors of any localization oncological diseases of the blood Rheumatological (autoimmune) diseases rheumatism rheumatoid arthritis hemorrhagic vasculitis systemic scleroderma systemic lupus erythematosus The use of medications can reduce ESR: salicylates - aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - diclofenac, nemid sulfa drugs - sulfasalazine, salazopyrin immunosuppressants - penicillamine hormonal drugs - tamoxifen, nolvadex vitamin B12 kidney disease pyelonephritis glomerulonephritis nephrotic syndrome chronic renal failure Injuries conditions after surgery spinal cord injury burns Drugs that can cause an increase in ESR: morphine hydrochloride dextran methyldopa vitamin D It must be remembered that uncomplicated viral infections do not cause an increase in ESR. This diagnostic sign helps to determine that the disease is caused by bacteria. Therefore, with an increase in ESR, antibiotics are often prescribed. Slow is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 1-4 mm/h. This reaction occurs when the level of fibrinogen responsible for blood clotting decreases. And also with an increase in the negative charge of erythrocytes as a result of changes in the electrolyte balance of the blood. It should be noted that taking these drugs can cause a falsely low ESR result in bacterial infections and rheumatoid diseases. Biochemical blood test: decoding Some norm values ​​for adults are shown in the table. Index Unit of calculation Valid values Notes Protein total Gram per liter 64-86 In children under 15 years of age, the age norm is lower Albumen Grams per liter or percentage of total protein 35-50 g/l 40-60 % There are separate rules for children. Transferrin Gram per liter 2-4 During pregnancy, the indicators increase, in old age they decrease. ferritin micrograms per liter Men: 20-250 Women: 10-120 For adult men and women, the norms are different Bilirubin total Bilirubin indirect Bilirubin direct micromoles per liter 8,6-20,5 0-4,5 0-15,6 Separate indicators for childhood Alpha fetoprotein Unit per ml 0 Perhaps the physiologically determined appearance of the factor in the 2nd-3rd trimester of gestation Globulin total Percentage 40-60 Rheumatoid factor Unit per ml 0-10 Regardless of age and gender Blood test for sugar and cholesterol: decoding and norm in the table Total cholesterol (Chol); LDL (low density lipoprotein, LDL) or "bad" cholesterol involved in the transport of lipid to organ cells. It is able to accumulate in the blood, provoking the development of life-threatening diseases - atherosclerosis, heart attack, and others; HDL (high-density lipoproteins, HDL) or “good” cholesterol, which cleanses the bloodstream of low-density lipoproteins and reduces the risk of vascular pathologies; Triglycerides (TG) - chemical forms of blood plasma that form, due to interaction with cholesterol, free energy for healthy body activity. total cholesterol Level Index mmol/l <15,8 Border from 5.18 to 6.19 High >6,2 LDL Degree Criterion mmol/l Optimal <2,59 Increased optimal from 2.59 to 3.34 border high from 3.37 to 4.12 High from 4.14 to 4.90 Very tall >4,92 HDL Level Indicator for men mmol/l Indicator for women mmol/l Increased Risk <1,036 <1,29 Protection against cardiovascular diseases >1,55 >1,55 A blood test, decoding in adults, the norm in the table sugar, cholesterol is as follows: For men For women The given transcript of a blood test for cholesterol in adults, the table, clearly shows the average lipid coefficient according to international calculations. Level mg/dl mmol/l Desirable <200 Upper bound 200–239 High 240 and > Optimal slightly elevated 5–6,4 Moderately high 6,5–7,8 Very tall >7,8

A complete blood count is referred to as routine research in any clinical laboratory - this is the first analysis that a person takes when he undergoes a medical examination or when he falls ill. In laboratory work, UAC is referred to as a general clinical research method (clinical blood test).

Even people who are far from all laboratory intricacies, full of a mass of hard-to-pronounce terms, were well versed in the norms, values, names and other parameters as long as the answer form contained cells of the leukocyte link (leukocyte formula), erythrocytes and hemoglobin with a color indicator. The ubiquitous settlement of medical institutions with all kinds of equipment did not bypass the laboratory service, many experienced patients found themselves in a dead end: some kind of incomprehensible abbreviation of Latin letters, a lot of all sorts of numbers, various characteristics of erythrocytes and platelets ...

Do-It-Yourself Decryption

Difficulties for patients are the general blood test, produced by an automatic analyzer and scrupulously rewritten into a form by the responsible laboratory assistant. By the way, no one has canceled the "gold standard" of clinical research (microscope and doctor's eyes), therefore, any analysis performed for diagnostics must be applied to glass, stained and viewed in order to identify morphological changes in blood cells. In the event of a significant decrease or increase in a certain cell population, the device may not be able to cope and “protest” (refuse to work), no matter how good it is.

Sometimes people try to find the differences between a general and clinical blood test, but there is no need to look for them, because a clinical analysis implies the same study, which is called general for convenience (shorter and clearer), but the essence of this does not change.

A general (detailed) blood test includes:

• Determination of the content of cellular elements of the blood: - red blood cells containing the pigment hemoglobin, which determines the color of the blood, and which do not contain this pigment, therefore they are called white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes);
• Level ;
• (in a hematological analyzer, although it can be approximately determined by eye after the erythrocytes spontaneously settle to the bottom);
• , calculated according to the formula, if the study was carried out manually, without the participation of laboratory equipment;
• , which was previously called the reaction (ROE).

A general blood test shows the reaction of this valuable biological fluid to any processes occurring in the body. How many red blood cells and hemoglobin it contains, performing the function of respiration (transferring oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide from them), leukocytes that protect the body from infection, participate in the coagulation process, how the body reacts to pathological processes, in a word, KLA reflects the state of the body itself at different periods of life. The concept of "detailed blood test" means that, in addition to the main indicators (leukocytes, hemoglobin, erythrocytes), the leukocyte formula (and cells of the agranulocytic series) is studied in detail.

It is better to entrust the interpretation of the blood test to the doctor, but if there is a special desire, the patient can try to independently study the result issued in the clinical laboratory, and we will help him with this by combining the usual names with the abbreviation of the automatic analyzer.

Table is easier to understand

As a rule, the results of the study are recorded on a special form, which is sent to the doctor or given to the patient. To make it easier to navigate, let's try to present a detailed analysis in the form of a table, in which we will enter the norm of blood indicators. The reader in the table will also see such cells as. They are not among the mandatory indicators of a complete blood count and are young forms of red blood cells, that is, they are the precursors of erythrocytes. Reticulocytes are examined to identify the cause of anemia. There are very few of them in the peripheral blood of an adult healthy person (the norm is given in the table), in newborns these cells can be 10 times more.

No. p / p	Indicators	Norm
1	Red blood cells (RBC), 10 x 12 cells per liter of blood (10 12 /l, tera / liter) men women	4,4 - 5,0 3,8 - 4,5
2	Hemoglobin (HBG, Hb), grams per liter of blood (g/l) men women	130 - 160 120 - 140
3	Hematocrit (HCT), % men women	39 - 49 35 - 45
4	Color Index (CPU)	0,8 - 1,0
5	Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV), femtoliter (fl)	80 - 100
6	Average content of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte (MCH), picograms (pg)	26 - 34
7	Mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), grams per deciliter (g/dL)	3,0 - 37,0
8	Erythrocyte anisocytosis (RDW), %	11,5 - 14,5
9	Reticulocytes (RET) % ‰	0,2 - 1,2 2,0 - 12,0
10	Leukocytes (WBC), 10 x 9 cells per liter of blood (10 9 /l, giga/liter)	4,0 - 9,0
11	Basophils (BASO), %	0 - 1
12	Basophils (BASO), 10 9 /l (absolute values)	0 - 0,065
13	Eosinophils (EO), %	0,5 - 5
14	Eosinophils (EO), 10 9 /l	0,02 - 0,3
15	Neutrophils (NEUT), % myelocytes, % young, % Stab neutrophils, % in absolute terms, 10 9 /l Segmented neutrophils, % in absolute terms, 10 9 /l	47 - 72 0 0 1 - 6 0,04 - 0,3 47 – 67 2,0 – 5,5
16	Lymphocytes (LYM), %	19 - 37
17	Lymphocytes (LYM), 10 9 /l	1,2 - 3,0
18	Monocytes (MON), %	3 - 11
19	Monocytes (MON), 10 9 /l	0,09 - 0,6
20	Platelets (PLT), 10 9 /l	180,0 - 320,0
21	Average platelet volume (MPV), fl or µm 3	7 - 10
22	Platelet anisocytosis (PDW), %	15 - 17
23	Thrombocrit (PCT), %	0,1 - 0,4
24	men women	1 - 10 2 -15

And a separate table for children

Adaptation to new living conditions of all body systems of newborns, their further development in children after a year and the final formation in adolescence makes blood counts different from those in adults. It should not be surprising that the norms of a small child and a person who has stepped over the age of majority can sometimes differ noticeably, so there is a table of normal values ​​​​for children.

No. p / p	Index	Norm
1	Erythrocytes (RBC), 10 12 /l first days of life up to a year 16 years 6 - 12 years old 12 - 16 years old	4,4 - 6,6 3,6 - 4,9 3,5 - 4,5 3,5 - 4,7 3,6 - 5,1
2	Hemoglobin (HBG, Hb), g/l first days of life (due to fetal Hb) up to a year 16 years 6 - 16 years old	140 - 220 100 - 140 110 - 145 115 - 150
3	Reticulocytes (RET), ‰ up to a year 16 years 6 - 12 12 - 16	3 - 15 3 - 12 2 - 12 2 - 11
4	Basophils (BASO), % of all	0 - 1
5	Eosinophils (EO), % up to a year 1 - 12 years over 12	2 - 7 1 - 6 1 - 5
6	Neutrophils (NEUT), % up to a year 1-6 years old 6 - 12 years old 12 - 16 years old	15 - 45 25 - 60 35 - 65 40 - 65
7	Lymphocytes (LYM), % up to a year 16 years 6 - 12 years old 12 - 16 years old	38 - 72 26 - 60 24 - 54 25 - 50
8	Monocytes (MON), % up to a year 1 - 16 years old	2 -12 2 - 10
9	Platelets10 9 cells/l up to a year 16 years 6 - 12 years old 12 - 16 years old	180 - 400 180 - 400 160 - 380 160 - 390
10	Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), mm/hour up to 1 month up to a year 1 - 16 years old	0 - 2 2 - 12 2 - 10

It should be noted that in different medical sources and in different laboratories, the values ​​\u200b\u200bof the norm may also differ. This is not due to the fact that someone does not know how many certain cells should be or what is the normal level of hemoglobin. Just, using various analytical systems and methods, each laboratory has its own reference values. However, these subtleties are unlikely to be of interest to the reader ...

Red blood cells in the general blood test and their characteristics

Or red blood cells (Er, Er) - the most numerous group of cellular elements of the blood, represented by non-nuclear discs of a biconcave shape ( the norm for women and men is different and is 3.8 - 4.5 x 10 12 / l and 4.4 - 5.0 x 10 12 / l, respectively). Red blood cells lead the overall blood count. Having numerous functions (tissue respiration, regulation of water-salt balance, transfer of antibodies and immunocomplexes on their surfaces, participation in the coagulation process, etc.), these cells have the ability to penetrate into the most inaccessible places (narrow and tortuous capillaries). To accomplish these tasks, erythrocytes must have certain qualities: size, shape, and high plasticity. Any changes in these parameters that are outside the norm are shown by a complete blood count (examination of the red part).

Red blood cells contain an important component for the body, consisting of protein and iron. This is a red blood pigment called. A decrease in erythrocytes in the blood usually entails a drop in the level of Hb, although there is another picture: there are enough red blood cells, but many of them are empty, then the KLA will also have a low content of red pigment. In order to find out and evaluate all these indicators, there are special formulas that doctors used before the advent of automatic analyzers. Now the equipment is engaged in similar cases, and additional columns with an incomprehensible abbreviation and new units of measurement have appeared in the form of a general blood test:

Indicator of many diseases - ESR

is considered an indicator (non-specific) of a wide variety of pathological changes in the body, so this test is almost never bypassed in a diagnostic search. The ESR norm depends on gender and age - in absolutely healthy women, it can be 1.5 times higher than this indicator in children and adult men.

As a rule, such an indicator as ESR is recorded at the bottom of the form, that is, it, as it were, completes the general blood test. In most cases, ESR is measured in 60 minutes (1 hour) in the Panchenkov tripod, which is indispensable to this day, however, in our high-tech time there are devices that reduce the determination time, but not all laboratories have them.

definition of ESR

Leukocyte formula

Leukocytes (Le) are a "motley" group of cells representing "white" blood. The number of leukocytes is not as high as the content of red blood cells (erythrocytes), their normal value in an adult varies between 4.0 - 9.0 x 10 9 /l.

In the KLA, these cells are represented as two populations:

1. Granulocyte cells (granular leukocytes), containing granules that are filled with biologically active substances (BAS): (rods, segments, young, myelocytes),;
2. Representatives of the agranulocytic series, which, however, can also have granules, but of a different origin and purpose: immunocompetent cells () and “orderlies” of the body - (macrophages).

The most common cause of an increase in leukocytes in the blood () is an infectious-inflammatory process:

• In the acute phase, the neutrophil pool is activated and, accordingly, increases (up to the release of young forms);
• A little later, monocytes (macrophages) are included in the process;
• The stage of recovery can be determined by an increased number of eosinophils and lymphocytes.

The calculation of the leukocyte formula, as mentioned above, is not fully trusted even by the most high-tech equipment, although it cannot be suspected of errors - the devices work well and accurately, they provide a large amount of information, significantly exceeding that when working manually. However, there is one tiny nuance - the machine can not yet fully see the morphological changes in the cytoplasm and the nuclear apparatus of the leukocyte cell and replace the doctor's eyes. In this regard, the identification of pathological forms is still carried out visually, and the analyzer is allowed to count the total number of white blood cells and divide leukocytes into 5 parameters (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes), if the laboratory has a high-precision class 3 analytical system .

Through the eyes of man and machine

Hematological analyzers of the latest generation are not only capable of performing a complex analysis of granulocyte representatives, but also of differentiating agranulocytic cells (lymphocytes) within a population (subpopulations of T-cells, B-lymphocytes). Doctors successfully use their services, but, unfortunately, such equipment is still the privilege of specialized clinics and large medical centers. In the absence of any hematological analyzer, the number of leukocytes can also be counted using the old-fashioned method (in the Goryaev chamber). Meanwhile, the reader should not think that this or that method (manual or automatic) is necessarily better, the doctors working in the laboratory monitor this, controlling themselves and the machine, and at the slightest doubt will suggest the patient to repeat the study. So, leukocytes:

1. WBC - this is the number of white blood cells (leukocytes). The calculation of the leukocyte formula is not trusted to any device, even the most high-tech (III class), since it is difficult for him to distinguish young from stab and neutrophils, for the machine everything is the same - neutrophilic granulocytes. The calculation of the ratio of different representatives of the leukocyte link is undertaken by the doctor, who sees with his own eyes what is happening in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells.
2. GR - granulocytes (in the analyzer). When working manually: granulocytes = all leukocyte cells- (monocytes + lymphocytes) - an increase in the indicator may indicate an acute phase of the infectious process (an increase in the population of granulocytes due to the neutrophil pool). Granulocytes in the general blood test are presented in the form of 3 subpopulations: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, and neutrophils, in turn, are present in the form of rods and segments or may appear without completing their maturation (myelocytes, young), when the hematopoietic process is disturbed or dry out reserve capabilities of the body (severe infections):
   • NEUT, neutrophils (myelocytes, young, rods, segments) - these cells, having good phagocytic abilities, first to defend organism from infections;
   • BASO, basophils (increase - allergic reaction);
   • EO, eosinophils (increase - allergy, helminthic invasion, recovery period).
3. 
   

   MON, Mo (monocytes) are the largest cells that are part of the MHC (mononuclear phagocytic system). They are present in the form of macrophages in all inflammatory foci and are in no hurry to leave them for some time after the process subsides.

4. LYM, Ly (lymphocytes) - assigned to the class of immunocompetent cells, their various populations and subpopulations (T- and B-lymphocytes) are involved in the implementation of cellular and humoral immunity. Elevated values ​​of the indicator indicate the transition of an acute process to a chronic one or to the stage of recovery.

Platelet link

The following abbreviation in the CBC refers to cells called platelets or. The study of platelets without a hematological analyzer is a rather laborious task, the cells require a special approach to staining, therefore, without an analytical system, this test is performed as needed, and is not a default analysis.



The analyzer, distributing cells, like red blood cells, calculates the total number of platelets and platelet indices (MPV, PDW, PCT):

• PLT- an indicator indicating the number of platelets (platelets). An increase in platelet count in the blood is called, a reduced level is classified as thrombocytopenia.
• MPV- the average volume of platelets, the uniformity of the size of the platelet population, expressed in femtoliters;
• PDW- the width of the distribution of these cells by volume -%, quantitatively - the degree of platelet anisocytosis;
• PCT() - an analogue of hematocrit, expressed as a percentage and denotes the proportion of platelets in whole blood.

Elevated platelets And change one way or the other platelet indices may indicate the presence of a rather serious pathology: myeloproliferative diseases, inflammatory processes of an infectious nature, localized in various organs, as well as the development of a malignant neoplasm. Meanwhile, the number of platelets can increase: physical activity, childbirth, surgical interventions.

decline the content of these cells is observed in autoimmune processes, angiopathy, infections, massive transfusions. A slight drop in platelet levels is noted before menstruation and during pregnancy, however a decrease in their number to 140.0 x 10 9 /l and below should already be a cause for concern.

Does everyone know how to prepare for analysis?

It is known that many indicators (especially leukocytes and erythrocytes) change depending on the circumstances.

1. Psycho-emotional stress;
2. Food (digestive leukocytosis);
3. Bad habits in the form of smoking or thoughtless use of strong drinks;
4. The use of certain drugs;
5. Solar radiation (before testing, it is undesirable to go to the beach).

Nobody wants to get unreliable results, in this regard, you need to go for an analysis on an empty stomach, on a sober head and without a morning cigarette, calm down in 30 minutes, do not run or jump. People must know that in the afternoon, after exposure to the sun and during heavy physical labor, some leukocytosis will be noted in the blood.

The female gender has even more restrictions, so the representatives of the fair half need to remember that:

• The ovulation phase raises the total number of leukocytes, but reduces the level of eosinophils;
• Neutrophilia is noted during pregnancy (before childbirth and during their course);
• Pain associated with menstruation and menstruation themselves can also cause certain changes in the results of the analysis - you will have to donate blood again.

Blood for a detailed blood test, provided that it is carried out in a hematological analyzer, is now in most cases taken from a vein, simultaneously with other analyzes (biochemistry), but in a separate test tube (vacutainer with an anticoagulant placed in it - EDTA). There are also small microcontainers (with EDTA) designed to take blood from the finger (earlobes, heels), which are more often used to take tests from babies.

The indicators of blood from a vein are somewhat different from the results obtained in the study of capillary blood - in the venous hemoglobin is higher, there are more erythrocytes. Meanwhile, it is believed that it is better to take OAC from a vein: cells are less injured, contact with the skin is minimized, in addition, the volume of venous blood taken, if necessary, allows you to repeat the analysis if the results are doubtful, or expand the range of studies (and suddenly it turns out what else needs to be done and reticulocytes?).

In addition, many people (by the way, more often adults), completely unresponsive to venipuncture, are terrified of a scarifier with which they pierce a finger, and fingers are sometimes blue and cold - blood is obtained with difficulty. An analytical system that produces a detailed blood test “knows” how to work with venous and capillary blood, it is programmed for different options, so it can easily “figure out” what's what. Well, if the device fails, then it will be replaced by a highly qualified specialist who will check, double-check and make a decision, relying not only on the ability of the machine, but also on his own eyes.

Video: clinical blood test - Dr. Komarovsky

A biochemical blood test is a diagnostic study that is widely used in all areas of medicine and allows you to judge the functioning of organs and systems and the whole organism as a whole. The results of this study can indicate with high accuracy the onset of inflammatory processes in the body, malignant pathologies, hormonal disruptions, and so on. In this material, we will consider the decoding of a biochemical blood test in adults in the table.

What does a biochemical blood test show?

A biochemical blood test shows the presence of pathological processes in the body at the earliest stages, that is, when clinical symptoms do not yet appear and the person is not even aware of the disease.

The correct interpretation of the results of the study allows you to determine the diagnosis and prescribe timely effective treatment. By and large, blood biochemistry shows how metabolic processes proceed in the body, what is the level of hormones, the presence of cancer cells and other pathological foci.

Indications for the study

A biochemical blood test is prescribed to all patients who turn to a therapist or other specialist with any complaints. The indications for this study are:

• diseases of the female reproductive sphere - infertility, failures and menstrual irregularities of unclear etiology, inflammation of the uterus and appendages, fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis;
• diseases of the liver and organs of the gastrointestinal tract - pancreatitis, gastritis, gastric ulcer, cholecystitis, enteritis, gastroenteritis;
• diseases of the endocrine system - diabetes mellitus, hypo and hyperthyroidism, dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, obesity, suspected tumors of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland;
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels - past heart attacks and stroke, hypercholesterolemia, cerebral ischemia, coronary heart disease;
• suspicion of renal or hepatic insufficiency - in order to identify pathology or control ongoing treatment;
• oncological diseases;
• inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system - arthritis, osteoporosis, arthrosis.

In some cases, a biochemical blood test is enough to make a correct diagnosis for the patient, and sometimes this requires additional diagnostic methods, which depends on the course of the disease and the characteristics of the patient's body.

How is a biochemical blood test done?

A biochemical blood test is a sampling of biological material from the cubital vein (or any other vein, if the cubital is not available for any reason) in the amount of 5 ml. Sometimes, up to 20 ml of blood is collected from a patient to conduct several diagnostic tests. In order for the results of the analysis to be truthful and as accurate as possible, you should properly prepare for the procedure.

Preparation for donating blood from a vein consists of the following steps:

1. 3 days before the study, the patient needs to follow a certain diet - fatty, sweet, spicy, alcohol, strong coffee and strong black tea, spices and smoked meats, pickles and canned food are excluded from the diet;
2. the day before the test and on the day of blood sampling, it is necessary to stop smoking, eating and taking medications - if it is impossible to stop taking medications for vital reasons, then you should definitely inform the doctor about this;
3. on the day of blood sampling, you can’t eat anything - the analysis is taken strictly on an empty stomach!;
4. avoid stress and overexertion the day before and on the day of blood sampling - test results such as blood for hormones may be unreliable if the patient is nervous or physically overloaded.

The results of the analysis are transmitted to the doctor who issued the referral for the examination, and the specialist will inform the patient about the presence of deviations, depending on which he will select the treatment.

Table of norms for a biochemical blood test in adults

The table shows the indicators of a biochemical blood test that doctors pay attention to, as well as the norms for men and women over 18 years of age.

Analysis indicator	Norm for men	Norm for women
total protein
Protein fractions: Albumins Globulins
Hemoglobin
Urea	2.5-8.2 mmol/l	2.4-8.2 mmol/l
Uric acid	0.12-0.42 mmol/l	0.24-0.54 mmol/l
	3.3-5.5 mmol/l	3.2-5.5 mmol/l
Creatinine	61-114 µmol/l	52-96 µmol/l
total cholesterol	3.4-6.4 mmol/l	3.4-6.4 mmol/l
	Up to 3 mmol/l	Up to 3 mmol/l
		0-1.2 mmol/l
Triglycerides	Up to 1.6 mmol/l	Up to 1.7 mmol/l
Bilirubin (total)	5-20 µmol/l	5-20 µmol/l
Bilirubin direct	2.2-5.0 µmol/l	2.2-5.0 µmol/l
ALT (alanine aminotransferase)	Not more than 45 units/l	Not more than 30 units/l
AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
Alkaline phosphatase	Up to 260 units/l	Up to 250 units/l
GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase)
Pancreatic amylase
Creatine kinase (CK)	Up to 180 units/l	Up to 180 units/l
	130-150 mmol/l	130-150 mmol/l
	3.3-5.3 mmol/l	3.35-5.3 mmol/l
Alpha amylase

total protein

The term "total protein" means the total amount of proteins that are generally contained in the blood. Proteins take an active part in the biochemical processes of the body:

• are catalysts for chemical reactions;
• transport substances to organs and tissues;
• take part in the immune defense of the body against infections.

Normally, in a healthy adult, the level of protein in the blood should not exceed 84 g / l. In the case of a significant increase in this rate, the human body becomes vulnerable to attack by viruses and infections.

Increased protein in the blood: causes

The main reasons for increasing the level of protein in the blood are:

1. rheumatism;
2. inflammation of the joints;
3. oncological neoplasms.

Reduced blood protein levels: causes

The causes of low protein in a blood test from a vein are:

• liver disease;
• intestinal pathology;
• disorders in the work of the kidneys;
• malignant tumors in the body.

When studying indicators of blood biochemistry, attention is also paid to albumin. Albumin is a protein produced by the human liver and is the main protein in blood plasma. An elevated level of albumin in the blood is observed with:

• extensive burns;
• intractable diarrhea;
• dehydration of the body.

A decrease in the level of albumin in the blood is characteristic of:

1. pregnant and lactating women;
2. cirrhosis of the liver or chronic hepatitis;
3. sepsis;
4. heart failure;
5. drug overdose and poisoning.

Glucose

Normally, in a biochemical blood test in an adult healthy person, from 3.5 to 5.5 mmol / l are detected (a glucose tolerance test is performed).

Increased glucose levels, causes

An increase in sugar levels in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of:

• diabetes;
• diseases of the endocrine system;
• tumor of the pancreas;
• hemorrhagic stroke;
• cystic fibrosis.

The short-term tolerable rise in blood sugar levels is due to overeating, stress, and eating too much sweets.

Low blood sugar: causes

A decrease in blood glucose below 3.5 mmol / l often occurs against the background of such conditions:

• liver disease;
• inflammatory diseases of the pancreas;
• hypothyroidism;
• alcohol poisoning;
• drug overdose;
• stomach cancer;
• adrenal cancer.

Uric acid

Uric acid is a breakdown product of nucleic acids (purine formations). Normally, in a healthy adult, uric acid does not accumulate in the body and is excreted by the kidneys with urine. In the blood, uric acid values ​​normally do not exceed 0.43 mmol / l.

Increased uric acid level

The reasons for the increase in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma are:

1. kidney failure;
2. lymphoma;
3. leukemia;
4. alcoholism;
5. exhausting long diets;
6. overdose of diuretics and salicylates.

Decreased uric acid levels

A decrease in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma of less than 0.16 mmol / l is noted under the following conditions:

1. Iron-deficiency anemia;
2. Allopurinol treatment;
3. hepatitis.

Urea

Urea is formed in the body as a breakdown product of proteins. An increase in the level of urea is observed in kidney diseases.

A decrease in the level of urea in the blood is typical for pregnant women, people who play sports or practice therapeutic starvation. A pathological decrease in the level of urea in the blood is associated with celiac disease, heavy metal poisoning, and cirrhosis of the liver.

Creatinine

Creatinine is a protein breakdown product that does not accumulate in the body, but is excreted by the kidneys unchanged. This substance is a product of protein metabolism occurring in skeletal muscles and the brain. The level of this product in the blood plasma directly depends on the condition of the kidneys and muscles.

Increased creatinine: causes

The reasons for the increased content of creatinine in the blood plasma are the following conditions:

• kidney failure;
• muscle injury;
• hyperfunction of the thyroid gland;
• excessive physical activity.

In some cases, an increase in creatinine in the blood can be caused by taking medications.

ALT (ALAT, alanine aminotransferase) and AST (AsAT)

ALT is an enzyme that is synthesized inside the liver cells and takes part in the functioning of the organ. With the development of any liver disease, its cells are destroyed, and part of the alanine aminotransferase enters the blood. Determining the level of ALT makes it possible to judge possible violations of liver function and the presence of diseases of this organ.

AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme that is located inside the cells of the heart muscle, liver, skeletal muscles, kidneys, nerve fibers and is actively involved in ananacid metabolism. An increase in the level of ALT above the level of AST is characteristic of liver diseases. In the case when the AST indicators exceed the ALT indicators, the patient in most cases has pathologies such as:

• myocardial infarction;
• angina;
• rheumatic heart disease;
• toxic hepatitis;
• acute pancreatitis;
• liver cancer;
• heart failure.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a constituent component of lipid metabolism, which takes an active part in the formation of cell membranes, the synthesis of hormones of the reproductive system and vitamin D. There are several types of cholesterol:

1. low density cholesterol (LDL);
2. high density cholesterol (HDL);
3. total cholesterol;
4. lipoprotein cholesterol.

Depending on the level of increase in cholesterol levels, there are:

1. mild degree of hypercholesterolemia - up to 6.5 mmol / l, the risk of developing atherosclerosis increases;
2. the average degree - up to 8 mmol / l, is corrected by a special low-lipid diet;
3. high degree - more than 8 mmol / l, requires the appointment of drugs.

Increased cholesterol: causes

The main reasons for high blood cholesterol levels are:

• atherosclerosis;
• hypothyroidism;
• diabetes mellitus in the stage of decompensation;
• chronic hepatitis;
• mechanical jaundice.

Cholesterol is lowered: causes

A decrease in blood cholesterol levels below normal is a consequence of the following conditions:

• cirrhosis of the liver;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• prolonged fasting;
• malignant tumors in the liver;
• violation of metabolic processes;
• hyperthyroidism;
• COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a red-yellow pigment that is formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Normally, in the blood of an adult, from 5 to 20 µmol / l.

High bilirubin

The causes of elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood are:

1. oncological diseases of the liver;
2. cholelithiasis;
3. acute cholecystitis;
4. cholangitis.

Decreased bilirubin level

A decrease in the level of bilirubin in the blood below the norm is observed in the following conditions:

1. acute hepatitis;
2. liver disease caused by a bacterial infection;
3. drug poisoning;
4. toxic hepatitis.

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that promotes the breakdown of carbohydrates and facilitates the digestion process. Amylase is found in the pancreas and salivary glands, there are diastase (alpha-amylase) and pancreatic amylase.

Increase in amylase

An increase in amylase in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of such conditions:

• pancreatitis;
• peritonitis;
• diabetes;
• stones in the pancreas;
• cholecystitis;
• kidney and liver failure.

Decreased amylase levels

A reduced level of amylase in terms of a blood test is characteristic of the following conditions:

• myocardial infarction;
• thyrotoxicosis;
• toxicosis of pregnant women;
• pancreatic necrosis.

Minerals: potassium and sodium in the blood

Potassium

Normally, the blood of a healthy adult contains from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol / l of potassium. A decrease in the level of this microelement is observed in such conditions:

• disease of the adrenal cortex;
• debilitating diets;
• insufficient intake of salt with food, prolonged salt-free diets;
• dehydration of the body as a result of vomiting and diarrhea;
• excessive levels of adrenal hormones in the blood, including an overdose of hydrocortisone in the form of injections;
• cystic fibrosis.

An increase in potassium in the blood is characteristic of:

• acute renal failure;
• kidney disease;
• insufficiency of the adrenal cortex;
• convulsions;
• severe injuries.

An increase in the level of potassium in the blood is called hyperkalemia, and a decrease is called hypokalemia.

Sodium

The main purpose of sodium in the blood is to maintain the physiological pH level and osmotic pressure in tissues and cells. The amount of sodium in the blood is controlled by the hormone of the adrenal cortex - aldosterone.

A decrease in sodium in the blood is observed in the following conditions:

• diabetes;
• chronic heart failure;
• swelling;
• nephrotic syndrome;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• abuse of diuretics.

An increase in sodium in the blood is observed with:

• salt abuse;
• diabetes insipidus;
• profuse sweat;
• intractable vomiting and prolonged diarrhea;
• diseases of the hypothalamus;
• coma.

As a conclusion

Biochemical analysis of blood is an integral part in the diagnosis of diseases of internal organs. Norms for men and women may differ slightly depending on the conditions of blood sampling, adherence to the rules of preparation and laboratory.